ABSTRACT

The electric line man safety system make use of a new concept of
password . It is found that fatal electrical accidents to the line man are
increasing during the electric line repair due to the lack of communication
and co-ordination between the maintenance staff and the electric substation
staff. Hence to avoid this we are implementing a password based circuit
breaker. When the user put a request the system generates passwords and a
relay switches to turn ON or OFF the circuit breakerThe one time passwords
mean the generated passwords are different at each time. These passwords
provide total control to the system to turn on or off the supply to each line.
The maintenance staff e.g. line man has the control to turn ON/OFF the line,
because the line man has to put a request to the system to its working. If
there is a problem in any particular section of the supply line, then staff
wants to turn off that line and repair it. For that the system generates a
onetime password . Using a matrix keypad he can enter it in the system.
Then the system compares the entered password with the generated
password. If the passwords are matched, then the supply to that line will be
made OFF and the password is expired. Now he can repair the line more
safely and after it is over he can turn on that line by using another password.
This ensures security of the worker because no one can turn on the line
without his permission. The activation or deactivation of the circuit breaker
is indicating by a lamp (ON/OFF). In this project Microcontroller are used
which controls all the operations in regarding the password system. For this
process we require the components like microcontroller,control circuitry,
power supply and key pad. This key pads are used for entering password for
operating different load which are connected to the controller. If suppose
password is wrong, then load will not be switched to the controller and then
the controller checks for the precaution instruction which is provided by the
developer. High voltage transmission lines can be worked live with proper
setups. The lineman must be isolated from the ground. The lineman wears
special conductive clothing that is connected to the live power line, at which
point the line and the lineman are at the same potential, allowing the
lineman to handle the wire. The lineman may still be electrocuted if he
completes an electrical circuit, for example by handling both ends of a
broken conductor. Such work is often done by helicopter by specially
trained linemen. Isolated line work is only used for transmission-level
voltages and sometimes for the higher distribution voltages. Live wire work
is common on low voltage distribution systems within the UK and Australia
as all linesmen are trained to work 'live'. Live wire work on high voltage
distribution systems .
 TABLE OF CONTENT

1.INTRODUCTION

1.1 OVERVIEW

1.2 DETAILED PROGRAM DEFINATION

1.3 COMMERCIAL USE OF PRODUCT

2. THEORY

2.1 BASIC PRINCIPLE

2.2 DESCRIPTION OF COMPONENT

3. WORKING

3.1 OVERVIEW

3.2 CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

4. CONCLUSION AND FUTURE SCOPE

4.1 FUTURE SCOPE

4.2 CONCLUSION

5.BIBLIOGRAPHY
INTRODUCTION
1.Introduction

1.1 OVERVIEW
Security is the prime concern in our day to day life. Everyone needs to be
secure as much as possible .The electric line man safety system is
designed to control a circuit breaker by using a password for the safety of
electric man . Critical electrical accidents to line men are on the rise
during electric line repair due to lack of communication and co-ordination
between the maintenance staff and electric substation staff .This proposed
system provides a solution that ensures safety of maintenance staff, i.e.,
line man . The control to turn on or off the line will be maintained by the
line man only because this system has an arrangement such that a
password is required to operate the circuit breaker (on/off) .The system is
fully controlled by a microcontroller from AVR family. A matrix keypad
is interfaced to the microcontroller to enter the password. The entered
password is compared with the password generated. If the password
entered is correct, only then the line can be turned ON/OFF. The basic
idea behind this project is shown in the following figure.1. To repair a
particular section of the electric supply line, the lineman wants to turn off
the supply to that line. For this he first put a request to the system. Then
the system responds to him using the LCD display to enter the password.
Then the system generates a password and it will be send to the phone (the
no of which is stored in the program).The password based circuit breaker
can also be implemented in automatic door locking system for providing
high security. And also can be implemented to control electronic
appliances to save the power.

1.2 OBJECTIVE OF PROJECT

A password is a word or string of characters used for user authentication
to prove identity or access approval to gain access to a resource
(example: an access code is a type of password), which is to be kept secret
from those not allowed access
The use of passwords is known to be ancient. Sentries would challenge
those wishing to enter an area or approaching it to supply a password or
watchword, and would only allow a person or group to pass if they knew
the password. In modern times, user names and passwords are commonly
used by people during a log in process that controls access to protected
computer operating systems, mobile phones, cable TV decoders,
automated teller machines (ATMs), etc. A typical computer user has
passwords for many purposes: logging into accounts, retrieving e-mail,
accessing applications, databases, networks, web sites, and even reading
the morning newspaper online.

Despite the name, there is no need for passwords to be actual words;

indeed passwords which are not actual words may be harder to guess, a
desirable property. Some passwords are formed from multiple words and
may more accurately be called a passphrase. The terms passcode and
passkey are sometimes used when the secret information is purely
numeric, such as the personal identification number personal identification
number (PIN) commonly used for ATM access. Passwords are generally
short enough to be easily memorized and typed.

Most organizations specify a password policy that sets requirements for

the composition and usage of passwords, typically dictating minimum
length, required categories (e.g. upper and lower case, numbers, and
special characters), prohibited elements (e.g. own name, date of birth,
address, telephone number). Some governments have national
authentication frameworks that define requirements for user authentication
to government services, including requirements for passwords.
Utility linemen do a hazardous and sometimes thankless job. They are
often called to work in the dead of night when power has gone out and the
weather is extreme—while the rest of us are safe at home—and regularly
work in close proximity to dangerous amounts of electricity. As if that
isn't enough, utility linemen are also at risk because of the physical
demands of the job.

1.3 COMMERCIAL USE OF PRODUCT

A review published in the International Journal of Occupational Medicine

and Environmental Health states that more than 50% of the total of
experienced linemen in the USA suffer from a musculoskeletal disorder.
The review identifies numerous possible risk factors for these injuries,
including equipment handling, climbing, lifting, and "the increased
vibration during traveling."

While the review notes that this area needs to be studied further in order
to directly connect the non-electricity related risk factors to injuries
among utility linemen, it points to a report by the Electric Power
Research Institute (EPRI) which showed that the lineman.

Even though both residential circuit breakers and industrial circuit

breakers perform the same job, they have their differences when it
comes to the capacity of electricity being handled. What’s important to
remember is that, regardless of the type of the breaker, the work that it
does concerns electricity and therefore this is a sensitive electrical
device.
 THEORY

2.1 BASIC OF PROJECT

The electric line man safety system ensures the safety of the staff. It
consists of only an embedded section. The major component is a micro
controller from AVR familyBased on the program done in the provides a
control to turn on or off the line and thereby microcontroller a relay
switches to turn on or off the circuit breaker. The system comprised of a
LCD display, buzzer, matrix keypad, and a relay. The main attraction of
this project is the OTP generation. It is an 8-bit micro- controller with
32KB memory and has 4 ports.Normally the supply to the line is always on
and it is indicated by using a lamp which is always on. If there is any
problem in any section of the supply line, then the line man wants to turn
off the supply to that section and repair it. The LCD display provided along
with the system gives visual assistance of ―LINE MAN SAFETY
SYSTEM ‖ for easy operation of the system. For that he first put a request
to the system if the system is ready. The LCD display gives an indication
of ―SYSTEM READY‖ if is ready to work. Then he put a request by
pressing a switch. This gives an indication to the system to turn off the
supply to the line. Then the system generates a 4-bit length onetime
password. AND ASK ―ENTER OTP‖. After enter it using the keypad, it
will be compared with the generated password (which is stored in the
ROM). If the passwords are matched, then the LCD displays ―OTP
MATCHED‖ and turn off the supply to the line i.e, the lamp will be turned
off. Therefore the line man can safely work on the line and repair it. When
repair is over, he will reach the substation and again put a request to turn on
the supply by pressing the switch. Then system generates another password
and using it he can turn on the line. If the passwords are not matched up to
or more than three times, an alarm will be activates. The PASSWORD in to
which the OTP is stored in the program. This number may be either of the
sub engineer’s number or of the line man’s number. It is possible to send
the number to more people. But it will be based on the security only. It is
also possible to use each password for a particular line. And also wireless
communication can also used depends on the distance The micro controller
used for the implementation of this system is ATmega32. It is an 8-bit
microcontroller with 32KB on-chip programmable flash memory. Based on
the program stored in the micro controller it will generate the OTP. And if
the passwords are matched or not, it will switches a relay also OTP
generation is the main part of this project. This is done by the micro
controller. The RISC based micro controller consists of four ports. In
which port A is dedicated for ADC.
2.2 DESCRIPTION OF PRODUCT

8051 Microcontroller (AT89C52)

8051 Development Board
8051 Programming Board (Programmer)
4 x 4 Matrix Keypad

4 – Channel Relay Module

16 x 2 LCD Display

10KΩ Potentiometer

4 Loads (Light Bulbs)

Power Supply

Connecting Wires

If 8051 Development Board is not used, then you need

0592 MHz Crystal

2 x 33pF Capacitor

2 x 10KΩ Resistors (1/4 Watt)

Push Button

10µF Capacitor (Electrolytic)

1KΩ x 8 Pull – up Resistor Pack

If Relay Module is not used, then

5V or 12V Relay

1KΩ Resistor (1/4 Watt)

BC547 NPN Transistor

LCD Display:
For ease of interaction with the user, this system uses an electronic display
module. Here a 16x2 LCD is used. This means in 2 lines it is possible to
display 16 characters per line. A 5x8 pixel matrix is used for display one
character. Two registers are associated with an LCD, such as data and
command. These modules are preferred since it is easily programmable.
For providing visual assistance to the lineman this module is unavoidable.
it injected across a forward-biased junction, it emits incoherent light. Most
of the commercial LEDs are realized using a highly doped n and a p
Junction.

Figure 2.1:16*2 Lcd display

Now, we know that each character has (5×8=40) 40 Pixels and for 32
Characters we will have (32×40) 1280 Pixels. Further, the LCD should
 also be instructed about the Position of the Pixels. Hence it will be a hectic
task to handle everything with the help of MCU, hence an Interface IC
like HD44780is used, which is mounted on the backside of the LCD
Module itself. The function of this IC is to get the Commands and
Data from the MCU and process them to display meaningful information
onto our LCD Screen. You can learn how to interface an LCD using the
above mentioned links. If you are an advanced programmer and would
like to create your own library.

MAX 232:

For long distance communication parallel data communication is faster. But for
this there may be more channels are necessary. Therefore the cost of the
communication system also increases. So here prefer the UART serial
communication. Here the baud rate used for data transmission is 9600. The
MAX 232 converts the signals from RS 232 serial port to signals suitable for
use in TTL compatible digital logic circuits. It provides a connection between a
serial port device to a serial port that uses RS 232 standard. For the working of
the system a power supply is needed. The micro controller needs only 5 volt DC
for its working. Therefore the incoming AC will be rectified filtered and
regulated by 7805 IC.

The receivers reduce TIA-232 inputs, which may be as high as ±25 volts, to
standard 5 volt TTL levels. These receivers have a typical threshold of 1.3 volts
and a typical hysteresis of 0.5 volts.
The MAX232 replaced an older pair of chips MC1488 and MC1489 that
performed similar RS-232 translation. The MC1488 quad transmitter chip
required 12 volt and -12 volt power, and MC1489 quad receiver chip required 5
volt power. The main disadvantages of this older solution was the +/- 12 volt
power requirement, only supported 5 volt digital logic, and two chips instead of
one.

Further the max232 IC is extended by the four receivers and transmitters

simultaneously with eight receivers and transmitters which are MAX238 and
MAX248 and there are many combinations of receivers and transmitters

FIG 2.6 MAX 232 CIRCUIT

The MAX232(A) has two receivers that convert from RS-232 to TTL voltage
levels, and two drivers that convert from TTL logic to RS-232 voltage levels.
As a result, only two out of all RS-232 signals can be converted in each
direction. Typically, the first driver/receiver pair of the MAX232 is used for TX
and RX signals, and the second one for CTS and RTS signals.

There are not enough drivers/receivers in the MAX232 to also connect the
DTR, DSR, and DCD signals. Usually, these signals can be omitted when, for
example, communicating with a PC's serial interface, or when special cables
render them unnecessary. If the DTE requires these signals, a second MAX232
or some other IC from the MAX232 family can be used.

The Max-232 IC is started by the maxim integrated products in 1987. It is an

integrated circuit which converts the signals from the RS232 serial port to the
proper signal which are used in the TTL compatible digital logic circuits. The
MAX232 can convert the signals like RX, TX, CTS, and RTS and it is a dual
driver/receiver. The driver increases the output voltage levels of TIA232 from a
5 volt supply to 7.5 volts by using the external capacitor and on chip charge
pumps. The MAX232(A) has two receivers that convert from RS-232 to TTL
voltage levels, and two drivers that convert from TTL logic to RS-232 voltage
levels. As a result, only two out of all RS-232 signals can be converted in each
direction. Typically, the first driver/receiver pair of the MAX232 is used for TX
and RX signals, and the second one for CTS and RTS signals.

The receivers reduce TIA-232 inputs, which may be as high as ±25 volts, to
standard 5 volt TTL levels. These receivers have a typical threshold of 1.3 volts
and a typical hysteresis of 0.5 volts.

There are not enough drivers/receivers in the MAX232 to also connect the
DTR, DSR, and DCD signals. Usually, these signals can be omitted when, for
example, communicating with a PC's serial interface, or when special cables
render them unnecessary. If the DTE requires these signals, a second MAX232
or some other IC from the MAX232 family can be used.

The MAX232 family was subsequently extended by Maxim to versions with

four receivers and transmitters (the MAX238) and a version with eight receivers
and transmitters (the MAX248), as well as several other combinations of
receivers and transmitters. A notable addition is the MAX316x which is able to
be electrically reconfigured between differential 5V (RS422,RS485) and single-
ended RS232 albeit at reduced voltage.
TRANSFORMER

A transformer is based on a simple fact about electricity: when a fluctuating

electric current flows through a wire, it generates a magnetic field (an invisible
pattern of magnetism) or "magnetic flux" all around it. The strength of the
magnetism (which has the rather technical name of magnetic flux density) is
directly related to the size of the electric current. The larger amount of current,
the stronger the magnetic field. When a magnetic field fluctuates around a piece
of wire, it generates an electric current in the wire. So if we put a second coil of
wire next to the first one, and send a fluctuating electric current into the first
coil, we will create an electric current in the second wire.

The current in the first coil is usually called the primary current and the current
in the second wire is the secondary current. What we've done here is pass an
electric current through empty space from one coil of wire to another. This is
called electromagnetic induction because the current in the first coil causes (or
"induces") a current in the second coil. We can make electrical energy pass
more efficiently from one coil to the other by wrapping them around a soft iron
bar (called a core).

To make a coil of wire, we simply curl the wire round into loops or "turns". If
the second coil has the same number of turns as the first coil, the current in the
second coil will be virtually the same size as the one in the first coil. But (and
here's the clever part) if we have more or fewer turns in the second coil, we can
make the secondary current and voltage bigger or smaller than the primary
current and voltage. One important thing to note is that this trick works only if
the current is fluctuating in some way. In other words, you have to use a type of
constantly reversing electricity called alternating current (AC) with a
transformer. Transformers do not work with direct current (DC), where a steady
current constantly flows in the same direction.
primary voltage: This is called a step-down transformer. If the second coil has
half as many turns as the first coil, the secondary voltage will be half the size of
the primary voltage; if the second coil has one tenth as many turns it has one
tenth the voltageSo a step-down transformer with 100 coils in the primary and
10 coils in the secondary will reduce the voltage by a factor of 10 but multiply
the current by a factor of 10 at the same time.

A varying current in the transformer's primary winding creates a varying

magnetic flux in the transformer core and a varying magnetic field impinging on
the secondary winding. This varying magnetic field at the secondary winding
induces a varying EMF or voltage in the secondary winding due to
electromagnetic induction. The primary and secondary windings are wrapped
around a core of infinitely high magnetic permeability so that all of the
magnetic flux passes through both the primary and secondary windings. With
a voltage source connected to the primary winding and load impedance
connected to the secondary winding, the transformer currents flow in the
indicated directions. (See also Polarity.)

According to Faraday's law, since the same magnetic flux passes through both
the primary and secondary windings in an ideal transformer, a voltage is
induced in each winding, in the secondary winding case, in the primary
winding case.The primary EMF is sometimes termed counter EMF. This is in
accordance with Lenz's law, which states that induction of EMF always opposes
development of any such change in magnetic field.

The transformer winding voltage ratio is thus shown to be directly proportional

to the winding turns ratio .common usage having evolved over time from 'turn
ratio' to 'turns ratio'. However, some sources use the inverse definition.

According to the law of conservation of energy, any load impedance connected

to the ideal transformer's secondary winding results in conservation of apparent,
real and reactive power consistent.
The ideal transformer identity shown in eq. is a reasonable approximation for
the typical commercial transformer, with voltage ratio and winding turns ratio
both being inversely proportional to the corresponding current ratio.

By Ohm's law and the ideal transformer identity:

• the secondary circuit load impedance can be expressed

• the apparent load impedance referred to the primary circuit is derived in eq. to

be equal .

Deviations from ideal transformer

The ideal transformer model neglects the following basic linear aspects in real
transformers:

(a) Core losses, collectively called magnetizing current losses, consisting

ofHysteresis losses due to nonlinear application of the voltage applied in the
transformer core, andEddy current losses due to joule heating in the core that are
proportional to the square of the transformer's applied voltage.

(b) Unlike the ideal model, the windings in a real transformer have non-zero
resistances and inductances associated with:

 Joule losses due to resistance in the primary and secondary windingsLeakage

flux that escapes from the core and passes through one winding only resulting
in primary and secondary reactive impedance.

(c) similar to an inductor, parasitic capacitance and self-resonance phenomenon

due to the electric field distribution. Three kinds of parasitic capacitance are
usually considered and the closed-loop equations are provided 

 Capacitance between adjacent turns in any one layer;

 Capacitance between adjacent layers;
 Capacitance between the core and the layer(s) adjacent to the core;
The transformer model with capacitance is quite complicated, and is rarely
attempted; even the ‘real’ transformer model’s equivalent circuit does not
include the parasitic capacitance. However, the capacitance can be measured by
comparing open-circuit inductance to a short-circuit inductance

Leakage flux

The ideal transformer model assumes that all flux generated by the primary
winding links all the turns of every winding, including itself. In practice, some
flux traverses paths that take it outside the windings. Such flux is
termed leakage flux, and results in leakage inductance in series with the
mutually coupled transformer windings. Leakage flux results in energy being
alternately stored in and discharged from the magnetic fields with each cycle of
the power supply. It is not directly a power loss, but results in inferior voltage
regulation, causing the secondary voltage not to be directly proportional to the
primary voltage, particularly under heavy load.Transformers are therefore
normally designed to have very low leakage inductance.

In some applications increased leakage is desired, and long magnetic paths, air
gaps, or magnetic bypass shunts may deliberately be introduced in a transformer
design to limit the short-circuit current it will supply.Leaky transformers may be
used to supply loads that exhibit negative resistance, such as electric
arcs, mercury- and sodium- vapor lamps and neon signs or for safely handling
loads that become periodically short-circuited such as electric arc welders.

Air gaps are also used to keep a transformer from saturating, especially audio-
frequency transformers in circuits that have a DC component flowing in the
windings.A now-obsolete form of transformer called a saturable reactor exploits
saturation of the core by DC-current in order to block the transformer action,
thereby controlling the flow of AC current through the transformer.
Knowledge of leakage inductance is also useful when transformers are operated
in parallel. It can be shown that if the percent impedance and associated winding
leakage reactance-to-resistance (X/R) ratio of two transformers were
hypothetically exactly the same, the transformers would share power in
proportion to their respective volt-ampere ratings (e.g. 500 kVA unit in parallel
with 1,000 kVA unit, the larger unit would carry twice the current). However,
the impedance tolerances of commercial transformers are significant. Also, the
Z impedance and X/R ratio of different capacity transformers tends to vary,
corresponding 1,000 kVA and 500 kVA units' values being, to illustrate,
respectively, Z ≈ 5.75%, X/R ≈ 3.75 and Z ≈ 5%, X/R ≈ 4.75.

Equivalent circuit

Referring to the diagram, a practical transformer's physical behavior may be

represented by an equivalent circuit model, which can incorporate an ideal
transformer.

Winding joule losses and leakage reactances are represented by the following
series loop impedances of the model:

 Primary winding: RP, XP
 Secondary winding: RS, XS.

In normal course of circuit equivalence transformation, RS and XS are in practice

usually referred to the primary side by multiplying these impedances by the
turns ratio squared, (NP/NS) 2 = a2.

Core loss and reactance is represented by the following shunt leg impedances of
the model:

 Core or iron losses: RC

 Magnetizing reactance: XM.

RC and XM are collectively termed the magnetizing branch of the model.

Core losses are caused mostly by hysteresis and eddy current effects in the core
and are proportional to the square of the core flux for operation at a given
frequency. The finite permeability core requires a magnetizing current IM to
maintain mutual flux in the core. Magnetizing current is in phase with the flux,
the relationship between the two being non-linear due to saturation effects.
However, all impedances of the equivalent circuit shown are by definition linear
and such non-linearity effects are not typically reflected in transformer
equivalent circuits.With sinusoidal supply, core flux lags the induced EMF
by 90°. With open-circuited secondary winding, magnetizing branch
current I0 equals transformer no-load current.

Fig. 2.7 INSTRUMENT TRANSFORMER

The resulting model, though sometimes termed 'exact' equivalent circuit based
on linearity assumptions, retains a number of approximations.]Analysis may be
simplified by assuming that magnetizing branch impedance is relatively high
and relocating the branch to the left of the primary impedances. This introduces
error but allows combination of primary and referred secondary resistances and
reactances by simple summation as two series impedances.

Transformer equivalent circuit impedance and transformer ratio parameters can

be derived from the following tests: open-circuit test,short-circuit test, winding
resistance test, and transformer ratio test.
Transformer EMF equation

If the flux in the core is purely sinusoidal, the relationship for either winding
between its rms voltage Erms of the winding, and the supply frequency f, number
of turns N, core cross-sectional area a in m2 and peak magnetic flux
density Bpeak in Wb/m2 or T (tesla) is given by the universal EMF equation:If the
flux does not contain even harmonics the following equation can be used
for half-cycle average voltage Eavg of any waveshape.

Polarity

A dot convention is often used in transformer circuit diagrams, nameplates or

terminal markings to define the relative polarity of transformer windings.
Positively increasing instantaneous current entering the primary winding's ‘dot’
end induces positive polarity voltage exiting the secondary winding's ‘dot’ end.

Three-phase transformers used in electric power systems will have a nameplate

that indicate the phase relationships between their terminals. This may be in the
form of a phasordiagram, or using an alpha-numeric code to show the type of
internal connection (wye or delta) for each winding.

Effect of frequency

The EMF of a transformer at a given flux increases with frequency.By operating

at higher frequencies, transformers can be physically more compact because a
given core is able to transfer more power without reaching saturation and fewer
turns are needed to achieve the same impedance. However, properties such as
core loss and conductor skin effect also increase with frequency. Aircraft and
military equipment employ 400 Hz power supplies which reduce core and
winding weight.Conversely, frequencies used for some railway electrification
systems were much lower (e.g. 16.7 Hz and 25 Hz) than normal utility
frequencies (50–60 Hz) for historical reasons concerned mainly with the
limitations of early electric traction motors. Consequently, the transformers used
to step-down the high overhead line voltages (e.g. 15 kV) were much larger and
heavier for the same power rating than those required for the higher frequencies.

Power transformer over-excitation condition caused by decreased frequency;

flux (green), iron core's magnetic characteristics (red) and magnetizing current
(blue).

Operation of a transformer at its designed voltage but at a higher frequency than

intended will lead to reduced magnetizing current. At a lower frequency, the
magnetizing current will increase. Operation of a large transformer at other than
its design frequency may require assessment of voltages, losses, and cooling to
establish if safe operation is practical. For example, transformers may need to be
equipped with 'volts per hertz' over-excitation, ANSI function 24, relays to
protect the transformer from overvoltage at higher than rated frequency.

One example is in traction transformers used for electric multiple unit and high-

speed train service operating across regions with different electrical
standards. The converter equipment and traction transformers have to
accommodate different input frequencies and voltage (ranging from as high as
50 Hz down to 16.7 Hz and rated up to 25 kV) while being suitable for multiple
AC asynchronous motor and DC converters and motors with varying harmonics
mitigation filtering requirements.

At much higher frequencies the transformer core size required drops

dramatically: a physically small and cheap transformer can handle power levels
that would require a massive iron core at mains frequency. The development of
switching power semiconductor devices and complex integrated circuits made
switch-mode power supplies viable, to generate a high frequency from a much
lower one (or DC), change the voltage level with a small transformer, and, if
necessary, rectify the changed voltage.

Large power transformers are vulnerable to insulation failure due to transient

voltages with high-frequency components, such as caused in switching or by
lightning.
Energy losses

Transformer energy losses are dominated by winding and core losses.

Transformers' efficiency tends to improve with increasing transformer capacity.
The efficiency of typical distribution transformers is between about 98 and 99
percent.

As transformer losses vary with load, it is often useful to tabulate no-load loss,
full-load loss, half-load loss, and so on. Hysteresis and eddy current losses are
constant at all load levels and dominate overwhelmingly without load, while
variable winding joule losses dominating increasingly as load increases. The no-
load loss can be significant, so that even an idle transformer constitutes a drain
on the electrical supply. Designing energy efficient transformers for lower loss
requires a larger core, good-quality silicon steel, or even amorphous steel for the
core and thicker wire, increasing initial cost. The choice of construction
represents a trade-off between initial cost and operating cost.

Transformer losses arise from:

Winding joule losses

Current flowing through a winding's conductor causes joule heating. As
frequency increases, skin effect and proximity effect causes the winding's
resistance and, hence, losses to increase.
Core losses
Hysteresis losses
Each time the magnetic field is reversed, a small amount of energy is lost due
to hysteresis within the core. According to Steinmetz's formula, the heat energy
due to hysteresis is given by

where, f is the frequency, η is the hysteresis coefficient and βmax is the maximum

flux density, the empirical exponent of which varies from about 1.4 to 1.8 but is
often given as 1.6 for iron.
Eddy current losses
Eddy currents are produced in the metal transformer core and cause heating of
the core. The eddy current loss is a complex function of the square of supply
frequency and inverse square of the material thickness. Eddy current losses can
be reduced by making the core of a stack of plates electrically insulated from
each other, rather than a solid block; all transformers operating at low
frequencies use laminated or similar cores.
Magnetostriction related transformer hum
Magnetic flux in a ferromagnetic material, such as the core, causes it to
physically expand and contract slightly with each cycle of the magnetic field, an
effect known as magnetostriction, the frictional energy of which produces an
audible noise known as mains hum or transformer hum. This transformer hum is
especially objectionable in transformers supplied at power frequencies and
in high-frequency flyback transformers associated with television CRTs.
Stray losses
Leakage inductance is by itself largely lossless, since energy supplied to its
magnetic fields is returned to the supply with the next half-cycle. However, any
leakage flux that intercepts nearby conductive materials such as the
transformer's support structure will give rise to eddy currents and be converted
to heat.

There are also radiative losses due to the oscillating magnetic field but these are
usually small.
 FIG 2.8 Transformer construction

Transformers in the home

There are huge transformers in towns and cities where the highvoltage
electricity from incoming power lines is converted into lower-voltages. There
are transformers in your home as well. Electric appliances such as washing
machines and dishwashers use voltages of 110-240 volts, but electronic devices
(laptop computers and chargers for MP3 players and mobile cellphones) use
lower voltages: a laptop needs about 15 volts, an iPod charger needs 12 volts,
and a cellphone typically needs less than 6 volts when you charge up its battery.
Thus, electronic appliances like these have small transformers built into them
(often mounted at the end of the power lead) to convert the 110-240 volt
domestic supply into a smaller voltage they can use.

FIG2.9 TRANSFORMER IN HOME

A transformer is an electrical device that transfers electrical energy between two

or more circuits through electromagnetic induction. A varying current in one
coil of the transformer produces a varying magnetic field, which in turn induces
a voltage in a second coil. Power can be transferred between the two coils
through the magnetic field, without a metallic connection between the two
circuits. Faraday's law of inductiondiscovered in 1831 described this effect.
Transformers are used to increase or decrease the alternating voltages in electric
power applications.
A wide range of transformer designs is encountered in electronic and electric
power applications. Transformers range in size from RF transformers less than a
cubic centimeter in volume to units interconnecting the power gridweighing
hundreds of tons.

What happens with an electric toothbrush, which has no power lead? It charges
up with a slightly different type of transformer, which has one of its coils in the
base of the brush and the other in the charger that the brush stands on. You can
read more about how it works in our article about induction chargers. Induction
chargers Photo: An electric toothbrush standing on its induction charger. The
battery in the brush charges up by induction: there is no direct electrical contact
between the plastic brush and the plastic charger unit in the base. Transformers
on the Electrical Grid Let's look at the electricity that comes to your home.

When electricity moves from a power plant it is put into a very high voltage to
be able to travel long distances. The high voltage lines can be as high 155,000
to 765,000 volts to travel many hundreds of miles. In order for your home or a
store to use the electricity, it has to be at a lower voltage than on the long-
distance lines. So, the electricity is "stepped-down to a lower level using a
transformer. This lower voltage electricity is put into the local electric wires at a
substation. The substation breaks the larger amount of power down into smaller
pieces at lower voltage. It then is stepped down again and again.

Once smaller transformers take that voltage down to usually 7,200, the power
leaves this substation. In your neighborhood, a transformer on top of a utility
pole, or one connected to underground wires, transforms the 7,200 volts into
220-240 volts. This is then sent into your home over three wires. The three
wires go through the electric meter, which measures how much electricity you
use. One of the three wires is the ground, and the other two are the positives.

Transformers Some of the electrical appliances in your home use the 220-240
volts. These are things like a water heater, stove and oven, or air conditioner.
They have very special connections and plugs. Other devices, like your TV or
computer only use one-half of the electricity - 110-120 volts. In a toy train set,
the voltage is reduced even more from 110-120 and is changed.
 RESISTANCE

The electrical resistance of an electrical conductor is a measure of the

difficulty to pass an electric current through that conductor. The inverse
quantity is electrical conductance, and is the ease with which an electric
current passes. Electrical resistance shares some conceptual parallels with
the notion of mechanical friction. The SI unit of electrical resistance is
the ohm (Ω), while electrical conductance is measured in siemens (S).

An object of uniform cross section has a resistance proportional to

its resistivity and length and inversely proportional to its cross-sectional
area. All materials show some resistance, except for superconductors,
which have a resistance of zero.The resistance (R) of an object is defined
as the ratio of voltage across it (V) to current through it (I), while the
conductance (G) is the inverse:

For a wide variety of materials and conditions, V and I are directly

proportional to each other, and therefore R and G are constant(although
they can depend on other factors like temperature or strain). This
proportionality is called Ohm's law, and materials that satisfy it are
called ohmic materials.

In other cases, such as a transformer, diode or battery, V and I are not directly

proportional. The ratio V/I is sometimes still useful, and is referred to as a
"chordal resistance" or "static resistance", since it corresponds to the inverse
slope of a chord between the origin and an I–V curve. In other situations,
the derivative  may be most useful; this is called the "differential resistance"

In the hydraulic analogy, current flowing through a wire (or resistor) is like

water flowing through a pipe, and the voltage drop across the wire is like
the pressure drop that pushes water through the pipe. Conductance is
proportional to how much flow occurs for a given pressure, and resistance is
proportional to how much pressure is required to achieve a given flow.
(Conductance and resistance are reciprocals.)

The voltage drop (i.e., difference between voltages on one side of the resistor

and the other), not the voltage itself, provides the driving force pushing current
through a resistor. In hydraulics, it is similar: The pressure difference between
two sides of a pipe, not the pressure itself, determines the flow through it. For
example, there may be a large water pressure above the pipe, which tries to push
water down through the pipe. But there may be an equally large water pressure
below the pipe, which tries to push water back up through the pipe. If these

pressures are equal, no water flows. (In the image at right, the water pressure
below the pipe is zero.)

The resistance and conductance of a wire, resistor, or other element is mostly

determined by two properties:

 geometry (shape), and

 material

Geometry is important because it is more difficult to push water through a long,

narrow pipe than a wide, short pipe. In the same way, a long, thin copper wire
has higher resistance (lower conductance) than a short, thick copper wire.

Materials are important as well. A pipe filled with hair restricts the flow of
water more than a clean pipe of the same shape and size.
Similarly, electrons can flow freely and easily through a copper wire, but cannot
flow as easily through a steel wire of the same shape and size, and they
essentially cannot flow at all through an insulator like rubber, regardless of its
shape. The difference between copper, steel, and rubber is related to their
microscopic structure and electron configuration, and is quantified by a property
called resistivity.
In addition to geometry and material, there are various other factors that
influence resistance and conductance, such as temperature

FIG2.10 RESISTANCE
The resistance of a given object depends primarily on two factors: What
material it is made of, and its shape. For a given material, the resistance is
inversely proportional to the cross-sectional area; for example, a thick copper
wire has lower resistance than an otherwise-identical thin copper wire. Also, for
a given material, the resistance is proportional to the length; for example, a long
copper wire has higher resistance than an otherwise-identical short copper wire.
The resistance R and conductance G of a conductor of uniform crossection,
therefore, can be computed as where is the length of the conductor, measured
in metres [m], A is the cross-sectional area of the conductor measured in square
metres[m²], σ (sigma) is the electrical conductivity measured in siemens per
meter (S·m−1), and ρ (rho) is the electrical resistivity (also called specific
electrical resistance) of the material, measured in ohm-metres (Ω·m). The
resistivity and conductivity are proportionality constants, and therefore depend
only on the material the wire is made of, not the geometry of the wire.
Resistivity and conductivity are reciprocals:  Resistivity is a measure of the
material's ability to oppose electric current.
This formula is not exact, as it assumes the current density is totally uniform in
the conductor, which is not always true in practical situations. However, this
formula still provides a good approximation for long thin conductors such as
wires.

.
 BLOCK DIAGRAM

LCD Display

Arduino UNO

GSM modem

Keypad

Switches array

Power Supply

Step down Bridge Filter Regulator Power supply

transformer Rectifier Circuit to all sections
 BLOCK DESCRIPTION

This above block diagram is just a lone diagram or layout diagram. This
line diagram gives a brief introduction about the parts or components used in
this project. When all the hardware required to run the applications is provided
on the chip. It is referred to as an embedded microcontroller; all that is typically
required to operate this device is power, reset and a clock.
Digital I/O pins are provided to allow interfacing with external devices.
Basically micro controller is a device, which integrates a number of components
of a microprocessor system on to an on-chip memory, microcontroller is
designed to execute only a single specific task to control a single system and
hence they are small and sophisticated and simplified. Relays are widely used
electronics circuits as remote controlled mechanical switches turn a sequence of
events ON and OFF. Relays are provided some mechanical contacts and with
their help they control operation of other circuits.
The terminology of both relays and switches is identical that is similar to
switches. Light-emitting diodes are elements for light signalization in
electronics. They are manufactured in different shapes, colors and sizes.They
perform similar to common diodes with the difference that they emit light when
current flows through them.
A telephone is used in the system in order to convey the alert message to
the concerned authorities. In the system, telephone plays a vital role, because
even if the alarm is not heard by anyone present in the vicinity of the system,
the message can be intimated to the required destination by the number, which
is already stored in it.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
 CIRCUIT DESCRIPTION

Arduino consists of both a physical programmable circuit board (often

referred to as a microcontroller) and a piece of software, or IDE (Integrated
Development Environment) that runs on your computer, used to write and
upload computer code to the physical board. In this project a 4×4 matrix keypad
is interfaced to the microcontroller, which is a 16-key keypad consisting of four
rows and four columns.

Here 16×2 LCD is connected to the A4 and A5 pins.

Here LCD is interfaced to the Arduino microcontroller in 4 bit mode. GSM

module TX and RX pins are connected to the RX and TX pins of controller
respectively.

Vcc pin is connected to the 5V and GND pin is connected to ground. Controller
communicates with GSM module using serial communication (UART protocol).

Use a baud rate of 9600 to communicate with GSM.

 COMPONENTS DETAILS

 ARDUINO MICROCONTROLLER

 POWER SUPPLY

 LCD DISPLAY

 KEYPAD

 IR SENSOR

 VIBRATION SENSOR

 BUTTON

 GSM MODEM

ARDUINO MICROCONTROLLER
 Arduino is an open-source electronics platform based on easy-to-use
hardware and software. Arduino senses the environment by receiving inputs
from many sensors, and affects its surroundings by controlling lights, motors,
and other actuators. Writing codes in the Arduino programming language and
using the Arduino development environment. Arduino consists of both a
physical programmable circuit board and a piece of software, or IDE (Integrated
Development Environment) that runs on computer, used to write and upload
computer code to the physical board.

Arduino Uno is a microcontroller board based on the ATmega328P. It has

14 digital input/output pins, a 16 MHz quartz crystal, a USB connection, a
power jack, an ICSP header and a reset button. Simply connect it to a computer
with a USB cable or power it with a AC-to-DC adapter or battery to get started.
A typical ARDUINO UNO board can be used for many applications based on
the coded program.

The Arduino platform has become quite popular with people just starting
out with electronics, and for good reason. Unlike most previous programmable
circuit boards, the Arduino does not need a separate piece of hardware (called a
programmer) in order to load new code onto the board can simply use a USB
cable. Additionally, the Arduino IDE uses a simplified version of C++, making
it easier to learn to program. Finally, Arduino provides a standard form factor
that breaks out the functions of the micro-controller into a more accessible
package.

The Uno is one of the more popular boards in the Arduino family. The
Uno is a great choice for first Arduino. It has 14 digital input/output pins (of
which 6 can be used as PWM outputs), 6 analog inputs, a USB connection, a
power jack, a reset button and more. It contains everything needed to support
the microcontroller; simply connect it to a computer with a USB cable or power
it with an AC-to-DC adapter or battery to get started.

Power (USB / Barrel Jack): Every Arduino board needs a way to be

connected to a power source. The Arduino UNO can be powered from a USB
cable coming from your computer or a wall power supply that is terminated in a
barrel jack.

Pins (5V, 3.3V, GND, Analog, Digital, PWM, AREF): The pins on
Arduino are the places where you connect wires to construct a circuit (probably
in conjuction with a breadboard and some wire. They usually have black plastic
‘headers’ that allow you to just plug a wire right into the board. The Arduino
has several different kinds of pins, each of which is labeled on the board and
used for different functions.

Fig. Arduino UNO

 GND (3): Short for ‘Ground’. There are several GND pins on the
Arduino, any of which can be used to ground your circuit.
 5V (4) & 3.3V (5): As you might guess, the 5V pin supplies 5 volts of
power, and the 3.3V pin supplies 3.3 volts of power. Most of the simple
components used with the Arduino run happily off of 5 or 3.3 volts.

 Analog (6): The area of pins under the ‘Analog In’ label (A0 through A5
on the UNO) is Analog In pins. These pins can read the signal from an
analog sensor (like a temperature sensor) and convert it into a digital
value that we can read.

 Digital (7): Across from the analog pins are the digital pins (0 through 13
on the UNO). These pins can be used for both digital input (like telling if
a button is pushed) and digital output (like powering an LED).

 PWM (8): You may have noticed the tilde (~) next to some of the digital
pins (3, 5, 6, 9, 10, and 11 on the UNO). These pins act as normal digital
pins, but can also be used for something called Pulse-Width Modulation
(PWM). We have a tutorial on PWM, but for now, think of these pins as
being able to simulate analog output (like fading an LED in and out).

 AREF (9): Stands for Analog Reference. Most of the time you can leave
this pin alone. It is sometimes used to set an external reference voltage
(between 0 and 5 Volts) as the upper limit for the analog input pins.
 Fig. Atmega 328

Reset Button: Just like the original Nintendo, the Arduino has a reset
button (10). Pushing it will temporarily connect the reset pin to ground and
restart any code that is loaded on the Arduino. This can be very useful if your
code doesn’t repeat, but you want to test it multiple times. Unlike the original
Nintendo however, blowing on the Arduino doesn’t usually fix any problems.

Power LED Indicator: Just beneath and to the right of the word “UNO”
on your circuit board, there’s a tiny LED next to the word ‘ON’ (11). This LED
should light up whenever you plug your Arduino into a power source. If this
light doesn’t turn on, there’s a good chance something is wrong. Time to re-
check your circuit!

TX RX LEDs: TX is short for transmit, RX is short for receive. These

markings appear quite a bit in electronics to indicate the pins responsible
for serial communication. In our case, there are two places on the Arduino UNO
where TX and RX appear – once by digital pins 0 and 1, and a second time next
to the TX and RX indicator LEDs (12). These LEDs will give us some nice
visual indications whenever our Arduino is receiving or transmitting data (like
when we’re loading a new program onto the board).

Main IC: The black thing with all the metal legs is an IC, or Integrated
Circuit (13). Think of it as the brains of our Arduino. The main IC on the
Arduino is slightly different from board type to board type, but is usually from
the ATmega line of IC’s from the ATMEL company. This can be important, as
you may need to know the IC type (along with your board type) before loading
up a new program from the Arduino software. This information can usually be
found in writing on the top side of the IC. If you want to know more about the
difference between various IC’s, reading the datasheets is often a good idea.

Voltage Regulator: The voltage regulator (14) is not actually something

you can (or should) interact with on the Arduino. But it is potentially useful to
know that it is there and what it’s for. The voltage regulator does exactly what it
says – it controls the amount of voltage that is let into the Arduino board. Think
of it as a kind of gatekeeper; it will turn away an extra voltage that might harm
the circuit. Of course, it has its limits, so don’t hook up your Arduino to
anything greater than 20 volts.

POWER SUPPLY

The circuit is powered by a 12V dc adapter, which is given to LM7805

voltage regulator by means of a forward voltage protection diode and is
decoupled by means of a 0.1 uf capacitor. The voltage regulator gives an output
of exactly 5V dc supply. The 5V dc supply is given to all the components
including the Microcontroller, the serial port, and the IR transmitters and
sensors.
 The AC supply which when fed to the step down transformer is leveled
down to 12 volts AC.  This is then fed to full wave rectifier which converts it in
to 12 volts DC. This is then passed to a filter to remove the ripples. Then it is
fed to a voltage regulator that converts 12 V to 5 V stable voltages and currents.

Regulated power supply is an electronic circuit that is designed to provide

a constant dc voltage of predetermined value across load terminals irrespective
of ac mains fluctuations or load variations. A regulated power supply essentially
consists of an ordinary power supply and a voltage regulating device, as
illustrated in the figure.

The output from an ordinary power supply is fed to the voltage regulating
device that provides the final output. The output voltage remains constant
irrespective of variations in the ac input voltage or variations in output (or load)
current.

An unregulated AC is to be converted into constant DC in order to

operate the electronic device. All devices will have a certain power supply limit
and the electronic circuits inside these devices must be able to supply a constant
DC voltage within this limit. This DC supply is regulated and limited in terms
of voltage and current. But the supply provided from mains may be fluctuating
and could easily break down the electronic equipment, if not properly limited.
This work of converting an unregulated alternating current (AC) or voltage to a
limited Direct current (DC) or voltage to make the output constant regardless of
the fluctuations in input, is done by a regulated power supply circuit.

A regulated power supply essentially consists of an ordinary power

supply and a voltage regulating device, as illustrated in the figure. The output
from an ordinary power supply is fed to the voltage regulating device that
provides the final output. The output voltage remains constant irrespective of
variations in the ac input voltage or variations in output (or load) current.
 Fig. Power Supply

Transformer

A step down transformer is used to step down the voltage from the input
AC to the required voltage of the electronic device. This output voltage of the
transformer is customized by changing the turn’s ratio of the transformer
according the electronic device specs. The input of the transformer being 230
Volts AC mains, the output is provided to a full bridge rectifier circuit.

Step-down Transformer

The step down transformer is used to step down the main supply voltage
from 230AC to lower value. This 230AC voltage cannot be used directly, thus
its stepped down. The transformer consists of primary and secondary coils. To
reduce or step down the voltage, the transformer is designed to contain less
number of turns in its secondary core. Thus the conversion from AC to DC is
essential. This conversion is achieved by using the rectifier circuit.

Full Wave Rectifier Circuit

 The Rectifier circuit is used to convert AC voltage into its corresponding
DC voltage. There are Half-Wave and Full-Wave rectifiers available for this
specific function. The most important and simple device used in rectifier circuit
is the diode. The simple function of the diode is to conduct when forward biased
and not to conduct when reverse biased. The forward bias is achieved by
connecting the diode’s positive with of positive of battery and negative with
battery’s negative.

The efficient circuit used is full wave bridge rectifier circuit. The output
voltage of the rectifier is in rippled form, the ripples from the obtained DC
voltage are removed using other circuits available. The circuit used for
removing the ripples is called Filter circuit. The FWR consists of 4 diodes
which rectify the output AC voltage or current from the transistor to its
equivalent DC quantity. As the name implies the FWR rectifies both half’s of
the AC input. The rectified DC output is given as input to the filter circuit.

Filter Circuit

Capacitors are used as filters. The ripples from the DC voltage are
removed and pure DC voltage is obtained.  The primary action performed by
capacitor is charging and discharging. It charges in positive half cycle of the AC
voltage and it will discharge in its negative half cycle, so it allows only ACC
voltage and does not allow the DC voltage.  This filter is fixed before the
regulator. Thus the output is free from ripples. The filter circuit is used to
convert the high rippled DC output of the FWR to ripple free DC content. A
filter is used to make the waveforms ripple free. The ac voltage, typically 230
Vrms is connected to a transformer which transforms that ac voltage to the level
for the desired dc output. A bridge rectifier then provides a full-wave rectified
voltage that is initially filtered by a filter to produce a dc voltage.
 The resulting dc voltage usually has some ripple or ac voltage variation.
A regulating circuit use this dc input to provide a dc voltage that not only has
much less ripple voltage but also remains constant even if the input dc voltage
varies somewhat or the load connected to the output dc voltage changes. The
regulated dc supply is available across a voltage divider.

Often more than one dc voltage is required for the operation of electronic
circuits. A single power supply can provide as many as voltages as are required
by using a voltage (or potential) divider, as illustrated in the figure. As
illustrated in the figure, a potential divider is a single tapped resistor connected
across the output terminals of the supply. The tapped resistor may consist of two
or three resistors connected in series across the supply. In fact, a bleeder resistor
may also be employed as a potential divider.

Regulator Unit

Regulator regulates the output voltage to be always constant. The output

voltage is maintained irrespective of the fluctuations in the input AC voltage. As
and then the AC voltage changes, the DC voltage also changes.

To avoid this, regulators are used.  Also when the internal resistance of
the power supply is greater than 30 ohms, the pull up gets affected. Thus this
can be successfully reduced here.  The regulators are mainly classified for low
voltage and for high voltage.

16X2 LCD DISPLAY

LCD (liquid crystal display) is the technology used for displays in

notebook and other smaller computers. Like light-emitting diode and gas-
plasma technologies, LCDs allow displays to be much thinner than cathode ray
tube technology.
 LCDs consume much less power than LED and gas-display displays
because they work on the principle of blocking light rather than emitting it.An
LCD is made with either a passive matrix or an active matrix display display
grid. The active matrix LCD is also known as a thin film transistor display.

To establish a good communication between human world and machine

world, display units play an important role. And so they are an important part of
embedded systems. Display units - big or small, work on the same basic
principle.

Besides complex display units like graphic displays and 3D displays, one
must know working with simple displays like 16x1 and 16x2 units. The 16x1
display unit will have 16 characters and are in one line. The 16x2 will have 32
characters in total 16in 1st line and another 16 in 2nd line.

Here one must understand that in each character there are 5x10=50 pixels
so to display one character all 50 pixels must work together. But we need not to
worry about that because there is another controller (HD44780) in the display
unit which does the job of controlling the pixels.
 Fig. LCD Display

The passive matrix LCD has a grid of conductors with pixels located at
each intersection in the grid. A current is sent across two conductors on the grid
to control the light. An active matrix has a transistorlocated at each pixel
intersection, requiring less current to control the luminance of a pixel.

A liquid-crystal display (LCD) is a flat-panel display or

other electronically modulated optical device that uses the light-modulating
properties of liquid crystals. Liquid crystals do not emit light directly, instead
using a backlight or reflector to produce images in color or monochrome. 

LCDs are available to display arbitrary images (as in a general-purpose

computer display) or fixed images with low information content, which can be
displayed or hidden, such as preset words, digits, and seven-segment displays,
as in a digital clock. They use the same basic technology, except that arbitrary
images are made up of a large number of small pixels, while other displays have
larger elements. LCDs can either be normally on (positive) or off (negative),
depending on the polarizer arrangement. For example, a character positive LCD
with a backlight will have black lettering on a background that is the color of
the backlight, and a character negative LCD will have a black background with
the letters being of the same color as the backlight. Optical filters are added to
white on blue LCDs to give them their characteristic appearance.

LCDs are used in a wide range of applications, including LCD

televisions, computer monitors, instrument panels, aircraft cockpit displays, and
indoor and outdoor signage. Small LCD screens are common in portable
consumer devices such as digital cameras, watches, calculators, and mobile
telephones, including smartphones. LCD screens are also used on consumer
electronics products such as DVD players, video game devices and clocks.

LCD screens have replaced heavy, bulky cathode ray tube (CRT) displays

in nearly all applications. LCD screens are available in a wider range of screen
sizes than CRT and plasma displays, with LCD screens available in sizes
ranging from tiny digital watches to very large television receivers.

KEYPAD
A 4x4 matrix keypad requiring eight Input/ Output ports for interfacing
issued as an example. Rows are connected to Peripheral Input/ Output (PIO)
pins configured as output. Columns are connected to PIO pins configured as
input. In this configuration, pull-up resistors are added in order to apply a high
level on the corresponding pins.
Features
• Contact debouncing.

• Easy to interface.

• Interfaces to any microcontroller or microprocessor.

Applications
 • Vending machines.

• Public phones.

• Ticketing.

Specifications
• Operating force: 60 +/- 20cN

• Key lifetime: 1x109 million operations

IR SENSOR
An infrared sensor is an electronic device that emits in order to sense
some aspects of the surroundings. An IR sensor can measure the heat of an
object as well as detects the motion. These types of sensors measures only
infrared radiation rather than emitting that is called as a passive IR sensor.
Usually in the infrared spectrum, all the objects radiate some form of thermal
radiations.
These types of radiations are invisible to our eyes that can be detected by
an infrared sensor. The emitter is simply an IR LED and the detector is simply
an IR photodiode which is sensitive to IR light of the same wavelength as that
emitted by the IR LED. When IR light falls on the photodiode, the resistances
and these output voltages, change in proportion to the magnitude of the IR light
received.
FEATURES
 Using SW-420 normally closed type vibration sensor.

 The comparator output signal is clean, good waveform, driving ability,

more than 15Ma

 The working voltage of 3.3V-5V

 The output format: digital switching outputs (0 and 1)

  A fixed bolt holes for easy installation

 Small PCB board size: 3.2cm x 1.4cm

 Using a wide voltage LM393 comparator

BUTTON
The pushbutton is a component that connects two points in a circuit when
you press it. The example turns on an LED when you press the button.
We connect three wires to the Arduino board. The first goes from one leg
of the pushbutton through a pull-up resistor (here 2.2 KOhms) to the 5 volt
supply. The second goes from the corresponding leg of the pushbutton to
ground. The third connects to a digital i/o pin (here pin 7) which reads the
button's state.

Fig. Push button

When the pushbutton is open (unpressed) there is no connection between
the two legs of the pushbutton, so the pin is connected to 5 volts (through the
pull-up resistor) and we read a HIGH. When the button is closed (pressed), it
makes a connection between its two legs, connecting the pin to ground, so that
we read a LOW. 
GSM MODEM
 The GSM system is the most widely used cellular technology in use in the
world today. It has been a particularly successful cellular phone technology for
a variety of reasons including the ability to roam worldwide with the certainty
of being able to be able to operation GSM networks in exactly the same way -
provided billing agreements are in place.
The SIM800 modem has a SIM800 GSM chip and RS232 interface while
enables easy connection with the computer or laptop using the USB to Serial
connector or to the microcontroller using the RS232 to TTL converter. Once
you connect the SIM800 modem using the USB to RS232 connector, you need
to find the correct COM port from the Device Manger of the USB to Serial
Adapter. Then you can open Putty or any other terminal software and open an
connection to that COM port at 9600 baud rate, which is the default baud rate of
this modem.
Once a serial connection is open through the computer or your
microcontroller you can start sending the AT commands. When send AT
commands for example: AT\r you should receive back a reply from the SIM800
modem saying OK or other response depending on the command send.

Fig. GSM modem

Features
0 Quadband850/900/1800/1900MHz

1 GPRS class 2/10

 2 Control via AT commands (3GPP TS 27.007, 27.005 and SIMCOM
enhanced AT command set)

3 Supply voltage 3.4-4.4V

4 Low power

5 Operating temperature -40+85C 

CONSTRUCTION

Embedded industrial security system with auto-dialer serves the best in

case of fire accidents, wall breaking, IR detction, fire detection and
unauthorized access. It has a number of real time applications, which can be
used at industries, Banks, Jeweler Shops, Home security, schools etc.it consists
of arduino microcontroller & 8 sensors.

This Project describes a design of effective security alarm system that can
monitor an industry with eight different sensors. Unauthorized access, Fire
accident, wall braking, IR detection, and fire detection can be monitored by the
status of each individual sensor and is indicated with an LED. This LED shows
whether the sensor has been activated and whether the wiring to the sensor is in
order.

Obviously, this burglar alarm also has an input to 'arm' the alarm, a
tamper input and a couple of outputs to control a siren and Auto dialing system.
The alarm is also fitted with a so-called 'panic button'. The burglar alarm is built
around the ARDUINO micro controller from Atmel. This micro controller
provides all the functionality of the burglar alarm. It also takes care of filtering
of the signals at the inputs. Only after an input has remained unchanged for 30
milliseconds, is this new signal level passed on for processing by the micro
controller program.

This time can be varied by adopting small changes in the source code. A
maximum of 8 sensors can be connected to the burglar alarm. These sensors
need to have their contacts closed when in the inactive state (i.e. Normally
Closed). In addition, each sensor needs to have its tamper connection wired as
well. A power supply voltage of +5 VDC is available for each sensor at the
corresponding wiring terminals. Eight LEDs indicate the status of the
corresponding sensors.

When the alarm has been activated, the LED of the sensor that caused the
alarm will light up, or flash in the event of a cable failure. When the alarm is
armed, the LED 'alarm armed' will flash during the exit-delay.

After the exit-delay, the LED will light continuously. The LED 'alarm
triggered LED' flashes during the entry-delay and will turn on continuously
once an actual alarm has been generated. 'Alarm triggered LED’ turns off only
when the alarm is switched off with key switch Sw1. When an alarm has taken
place, it can be determined afterwards which sensor (or tamper input) caused the
alarm to trigger.

The LED 'tamper' lights up when the tamper input is opened. This LED
will also continue to be on until the alarm is switched off. The uniqueness of
this project is not only alerting the neighbors by siren, it also dials a mobile
number, which is already programmed into the system. A mobile number or a
landline number can be programmed into the system. As this system works on
existing telephone line, it can dial the number even the subscriber is out of
station.

This project uses regulated 5V, 500mA power supply. 7805 three
terminal voltage regulator is used for voltage regulation. Bridge type full wave
rectifier is used to rectify the ac output of secondary of 230/12V step down
transformer.
 ADVANTAGES AND APPLICATIONS
ADVANTAGES
 Remote indication: With the use of GSM technology owner of the
industry get remote indication through SMS. So even if the user is away
from industry, he/she will be intimated about the hazardous or
undesirable conditions / situations inside the industry.

 This system is fully automated. So once this system is installed inside

industry, then it does not require any human interaction to operate.
With the use of this system we can save the life of person inside industry.
Since the accidents caused due to fire and LPG gas leakage can cause life
threat.

 Also the property inside industry and various materials inside the industry
are saved from to theft and from fire detection.

 This system is Cost effective. Also it is Fast and efficient

APPLICATIONS

 This project has its main application in security system. This project can
be used in home as SMS based domestic security system. It will be really
useful for the security of flat, bungalow or any row house.

 This system can also be used in industries as a GSM based home security
system.

 This project can be used in hospitals. We need to do little bit

modifications for use in hospital.

CONCLUSION
 The GSM based industry security system has been designed and tested
with the mobile network. The user can get alerts anywhere through the GSM
technology thus making the system location independent.

A flexible way to control and explore the services of the mobile, AT

commands is used in the system. The communication of home is only through
the SMS which has been tested with the mobile networks and is working on any
mobile network.

This system user friendly and software has many features. It will be more
easy to use and easy to replace. Similar softwares are available on internet
which will perform the same task. This type of system is useful when the owner
is out of station and the industry is locked.

Then intrusion mail can be received by police and fire also and necessary
action can be taken. The system has tested on the model of smart home and
further it will be tested in actual industries. The complexity of the algorithm of
the system can be increased by introducing number of sensors to make the
energy efficient industry.
 FUTURE WORK

This paper presents user friendly and low cost home and industrial
automation and security systems. It is a real-time monitorable system developed
with simple hardware which simplifies the possibility of error free security
system.

This system can be easily implemented with maximum reliability and the
high security with low cost is a special enhancement from the existing systems
for industry security. Voice announcement system can be added to indicate
device conditions.

We can add voice announcement system along with the buzzer so if there
are hazardous parameters detected then respective voice message will be
announced. We can add fingerprint sensor instead of password based door
operating. So entry will be allowed for the authorized person using their
fingerprints.

We can monitor and control more parameters and devices. We can

implement other related modules like fire sensor, wind sensor.
 BIBLIOGRAPHY

[1]. IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Magazine 15(1): 116-120,

1996 and 15(2):106-110, 1996.

[2].National Electrical Safety Code Committee, Accredited Standards

Committee C2 Rule
441 Table 441-1 AC Live Work Minimum Approach Distance (2002 Edition,
page 228) IR540.

[3].National Electrical Safety Code, 1997 Edition [4]. International Journal of

Engineering Trends and Technology (IJETT) – Volume 13 Number 3 – Jul
2014