Battery SOC evolution is accounted for by the method proposed in [17] using

model predictive control, which is a computationally onerous technique.

Furthermore, even though such a method reshapes the power profile to optimize the
owner’s income through market participation, it does not reduce the PMR.

This paper describes how to reduce PMR of the power profile by properly
modifying a previously developed energy management (EM) algorithm [18]. In
particular, the capability of such an algorithm to adhere to a reference power profile
in spite of disturbances is exploited. On the other hand, the devised EM technique
allows to freely choose the shape of the power profile, which is computed in a
different way compared to [18]. Furthermore, it is compatible with negotiation
schemes that require transmitting the expected power profile to the grid manager one
day ahead [7], [19]. Therefore, it can improve market participation of the PV
producer, since the daily power profile can be suitably agreed upon with the grid
manager.

Given the computed reference profile, the Online Replanning task, every 30
minutes, decides the power flows among the PV generator, the BESS, and the grid.
This task formulates and solves an optimization problem. The first variable of the
optimization problem is the battery SOC. For an easier formulation, the other chosen
variables are the power flows between couples of devices in the system. In order to
denote the power flows, the following rule has been used: the first letter is always
’p’ for power flow, the second is the supply of power transfer, and the third is the
recipient. For example, ppb stands for ‘power flow from PV generator to battery’,
ppg stands for ‘power flow from PV to grid’, and pbg stands for‘power from
battery to grid’. Choosing power flows instead of net powers implies a logic
representation that abstracts from the physical connection of such devices to the
power system.
Fig. 3 shows the two representations and the interaction between the energy manager
and the hardware devices. After the execution of the Online Replanning task, the
results are brought back to the physical domain, computing the net power at each
device, as follows: