International Journal of Scientific & Innovative Research Studies
rqylh dk dkO; vkSj leUo; dh ps’Vk
xksLokeh rqylhnkl th ds thou&o`r ds ckjs esa
fo}kuksa ds fofo/k er izLrqr fd;s gSA
& f”ko ljkst jfpr ^ewy xkslkbZ pfj=^ rFkk
egkRek j?kqoj jfpr ^^rqylh pfj=^ esa
xksLokeh th dk tUe lEor 1554 bZ0 ekuk x;k
gS A
& f”kokesg ljkst esa xksLokeh th dk tUe
lEor~ 1554 bZ0 ekuk x;k gS A
& fetkZijq ds izfl} jkeHkDr ifxzr jkexqyke
f}osnh us tuJqfr ds vk/kkj ij budk tUe
lEor~ 1589 bZ0 Lohdkj fd;k gS A
& rqylhnkl dh e`R;q lu~ 1680 vFkkZr 1623
bZ0 esa gqbZ mudh e`R;q ds lUnHkZ esa nksgk gS &
^^lor~ lksyg lkS vlh] vlh xax ds rhj
Jko.k “kqDy lIreh] rqylh rT;kS “kjhj^^
xksLokeh th ds fir ds tud vkRekjke nqcs
rFkk ekrk dk uke gqylh Fkk A budk
ckyddky fo’ke ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa xqtjk dgk
tkrk gS fd budh ek¡ dh e`R;q izHkwfrdky esa gh
gks xbZ A budk ikyu iks’k.k eqfudk uke dh
nklh us fd;k A bUgksus ujgfjnkl ls
f”k{kk&nh{kk yh vkSj bUgh xq: ls rqylhjke dks
jkedFkk lquus dks feyh A ujgfjnkl th ds
lkFk rqylh tks dk”kh vk x, ,oa ije fo}ku
“ks’k lukruth dh ikB”kkyk esa 15 o’kZ rd
v/;;u djds “kkL= ikjaxr cus vkSj tUeHkwfe
jk;iqj ykSVs A rqylhnkl th dk fookg
jRukoyh uked L=h ls gqvk ;s viuh iRuh ds
Vol (5), No.1, January, 2017
ISSN : 2347-7660 (Print) | ISSN : 2454-1818 (Online)
T;ksfr dqekjh]
“kks/kkFkhZ
Jyotikumari30011993@gmail.com
izfr cgqr vuqjDr Fks A dgk tkrk gS fd
budh iRuh ,d ckj ek;ds xbZ rks rqylhnkl
th muds fcuk jg ugha ik,a vkSj p<+h unh esa
rSjdj muds ikl tk igqWps rc budh iRuh
jRukoyh us bUgsa f/kUdkjrs gq, dgk &
ykt u ykxr vkidks nkSjs vk;gq lkFk A
f/kd &f/kd ,sls izse dks dgk dgkS eSa ukFk AA
vfLFk peZ ee nsg ;g rk lks ,slh izhfr A
usdq tks gksrh jke ls rks dkgs vc Hkhfr AA
blds ckn rqylhnkl us jke ds izfr vuqjDr
gksdj dbZ xzUFkksa dh jpuk dh ftuesa ls ckjg
xzUFk izkekf.kd ekus tkrs gS %& csjkX; lanhiuh]
jkeyky ugNw jkekKk iz”u] cjcS jkek;.k]
tkudh eaxy] Jh d`’.k xhrkoyh] ikoZrh eaxy]
xhrkoyh] nksgkoyh] dforkoyh (HkfDr jkek;.k)
fou if=dk jkepfjr ekul A
bUgksus osjkX; lanhiuh esa ^vf[ky tku
dk lkj^ dgk gS rFkk rqylh us ^jkepfjrekul^
dh jpuk laor~ 1631 vFkkZr~ 1574 bZ0 esa vkjEHk
dh tSlk fd bl vihyh ls Li’V gS %&
^^laor~ lksyg lkS bDrhlk A
Djm% D;k gfjij ij lhlk AA^^
rqylh fgUnh ds vR;Ur yksdfiz; dfo gS A mUgsa
fgUnh dk ^tkrh; dfo^ dgk tkrk gS A mUgksus
vo/kh vkSj cztHkk’kk dks leku vf/kdkj ls jpuk
dh gS A bUgksus ohjxkFkk dkO; dh NIie i}fr]
fo|kifr vkSj lwjnkl dh xhr i}fr] xax vkfn
dfo;ksa dh dforksa dh HkfDr loS;k i}fr ]
IJSIRS 41
International Journal of Scientific & Innovative Research Studies
jghe ds lkeu nksgsa vkSj cjosa vkSj tk;lh dh
rjg nksgk&pkSikbZ i}fr ls jupuk,a dh gS %&
jkepfjr ekul esa lkr dk.M gS A
okyke.M] v;ks/;k dk.M] v[;dk.M]
fdf.k/kkdk.M] lqUnjdk.M] yadk&dk.M vkSj
mRrjdk.M A
mRrjkdk.M esa Kku vkSj HkfDr dk
fo”kq} foospu gS A
O;fDrxr ,dkafrd vuqewfrZ;ksa dh
vfHkO;fDr dh n`f’V ls fou; if=dk HkfDr
dkO; esa vuwBh gS A blesa 280 in] Hkk’kk czt
vkSj “kkar jl dh izKkurk gS A rqylh us
^xhrkoyh^ vkSj ^dforkoyh^ esa eqDrdksa esa D;k
dgha gS A bu nksuksa d`fr;ksa esa lkr&lkr dk.M
gS A bu eqDrdksa dks ,d lkFk if<;s rks izca/k
dkO; dk vkSj vyx&vyx if<+;s rks eqDrd
dkO; dk vkuUn nsrs gS A dfork jkek;.k
xhrkoyh dfoR; loS;k “kSyh dh jpuk gS A
blesa Hkh lkr dk.M gS blesa Hkh eqDrj vkSj
izcU/k dkO; dk vkuUn feyrk gS A ^jkekKk
iz”u^ esa lkr lxZ gS A izR;sd lxZ esa lkr es’Bj
gS vkSj izR;sd dks’Bd esa lkr nksgs gS A
rqylhnkl us ^jkekKk iz”u^ dh jpuk ek= Ng
?kUVs esa dh Fkh A nksgkoyh esa rqylhjke }kjk
le;&le; ij fy[ks x, 573 nksgk vkSj 22
lksj.k laxzghr gS A ^oSjkX; lnhiuh^ dks 64
nksg]s 2 lksjBs vkSj 14 pkSikbZ;k gS A ;g xaUFk
pkj Hkkxksa esa foHkkftr gS & eaxykpj.k vkSj
oLrq ladsr] lar LoHkko dk o.kZu] lar efgek
o.kZu] “kkfUr o.kZuA rqylh th us ojoS jkek;.k
dh jpuk jghe ds cjoS ukf;dk Hksn ls izHkkfor
gksdj dh FkhA cjoS jkek;.k 69 cjoS Nnksa dk
,d NksVk lk dkO; gSA ;g lkr e.Mks esa
foHkDr gS A e.Mks dk foLrkj vuqikr jfgr gS
rFkk blesa ^eaxykpj.k^ ugh gSA ikoZrh eaxy esa
f”ko&ikoZrh fookg of.kZr gSA bldk vk/kkj
dkyhnkl d`r ^dqekjlEHko^ gSA tkudh eaxy esa
42 | Vol (5), No.1, January, 2017
ISSN : 2347-7660 (Print) | ISSN : 2454-1818 (Online)
vk/kkj ^okYehfd jkek;.k^ gSA blesa jke lhrk ds
fookg dk o.kZu gSA ^jkeyyk^ egNw esa 20 nksgk
Nan vo/kh Hkk’kk ds gSA
rqylh dk dkO; vkSj leUrR;okn
fgUnq /keZ d vorkj ds :Ik esa rqylh nkl us
ekuo tkfr dks iru gksus ls cpk;k ;s ckr
ns[kdj ^xhrk^ dks ,d “yksd dh vksj /;ku
tkrk gSA
^^;nk ;nk fg /keZL; XykfuHkofr Hkkjr A
vH;qRFkkue /keZL; rnkReku l`tkEge~
ifj=k.kke lk/kwuk] fouk”kki p nq’d`rke~
/keZ laLFkkiukFkZ; lEHkofu ;qx&
s ;qx^s ^ A
vFkkZr~ tc&tc /keZ dh gkfu gksrh gS A
rc&rc /keZ ds mRFkku ds fy, lk/kqvksa ds
ifjR;kx ds mRFkku ds fy, rFkk nq’V vkRekvksa
ds fouk”k ds fy;s eSa vorkj fy;k djrk gwW A
Hkkjr Hkwfe deZ Hkwfe gS A tc&tc blij
vR;kpkj vkSj vukpkj gqvk rc le; ds
vuqdwy fdlh lr ,oe~ egkRek dk vorkj
gksrk jgk gS A
rqylh HkfDrdky ds lcls cM+s
leUo;oknh dfr Fks A ftl le; budk tUe
gqvk Fkk ml le; ds lekt ds vkxs mWpk
vkn”kZ ugh Fkk A lekt ds mPp Lrj ds yksx
foykflrk ds id esa eXu Fks A fupys Lrj ds
iq:’k vkSj L=h] nfjnz vf”kf{kr jksx xzLr Fks A
osjkxh gks tkuk ekewyh ckr Fkh A ftlds ?kj esa
lEifRr u’V gks x;h ;k L=h ej xbZ lalkj esa
vkd’kZ.k ugh jgk] og lU;klh gks tkrk Fkk A
lkjk ns”k vusd izdkj ds lk/kqvksa ls Hkjk gqvk
Fkk A lekt esa /keZ dh e;kZnk c<+ jgh FkhA
nfjnzrk ghurk dk y{k.k le>h tkrh Fkh A
iafMrksa vkSj Kkfu;ksa dk lekt ds lkFk dksbZ Hkh
lEidZ ugh Fkk A lkjk ns”k fc[kjk gqvk]
IJSIRS
International Journal of Scientific & Innovative Research Studies
vknZ”kghu vkSj fcuk y{; dk gks jgk Fkk A ,sls
le; esa ,d ,slh vkLFkk dh vko”;drk Fkh tks
bl ijLij ffPNr vkSj Hkz’V VqdM+ksa esa ;ksx&l=
LFkkfir djs rqylhnkl dk vfoZHkkr ,sls gh
le; esa gqvk Fkk A
(1)+ lkfgR;d Hkk’kk vkSj tuHkk’kk dk
leUo;%
rqylh us fou; if=dk esa viuh
leU;oknh izfrek dk ifjp; fn;k gS
rFkk lkFk esa Hkk’kk ds {ks= esa Hkh ;ksxnku
fn;k gS A mUgksus mls f}okuks ,oa
lkekU;tuksa ds fy, leku :Ik ls
mi;ksxh cukus ds fy, mlesa laLd`r
xkfer rFkk uhy&pky dh “kCnkoyh ls
eqDr nksuksa izdkj dh Hkk’kk dk iz;ksx
fd;k gS
^^Jh jkepUnz d`ikyq Hkjr eu gj.k Hko
e; nk:u A
uoDju ykspu dat eq[k dj dat ij
datk:u^^ AA
tuHkk’kk dk mnkgj.k% &
^^/kwr EgkS vo/kwr DgkS^^
tud esa Hkw[kksa fHk[kkjh gks xjhc
fuokt
(2) HkfDr vkSj Kku dk leUo;%
rqylh ewyr% HkDr dfo Fks vr% HkfDr
esa mUgksus loZJs’B cryk;k gS A fdUrq
lkFk gh Kku dh egRrk esa Hkh mUgksus
Js’Brk iznku dh gS A oLrqr% mUgksaus
Kku vkSj HkfDr esa dksbZ Hksn ugh fd;k
A fu’kkn jk; dks xys yxrks gq,s fn[kkdj
(3) lxq.k vkSj fuxqZ.k dk leUo;%
Vol (5), No.1, January, 2017
ISSN : 2347-7660 (Print) | ISSN : 2454-1818 (Online)
rqylh ds le; esa HkDrksa esa czge ds
fuxqZ.k dk lxq.k Lo:Ik ij Ik;kZIr la?k’kZ
py jgk Fkk blh la?k’kZ py jgk Fkk A
blh l?k’kZ ds ifj.keLo:Ik lwjnkl us
vius ^Hkzej^ xhr ls czge ds fuxqZ.k :Ik
dk [kaMu djds lxq.k dh egRrk dk
izfriknu fd;k Fkk A rqylh us lxq.k
ok fuxqZ.k ds Hksn dks feVkrs gq,
lekUo; LFkkfir fd;k mUgksus dgk fd
,d gh czge ds nks mikluk i}kfr;ka gS
A buesa Hksn ugha gS A
tSls & ^^vxqdfg euqefg ugh Dgq Hksnk
A xkjfg iqjku oq/k Hksnk AA^^
(4) “ksZo o osZ’.ko er dk leUo;%
Hkkjrh; fopkjk/kkj esa f=osn dh dYiuk
dh xbZ gS A czgek] fo’.kq vkSj egs”k esa rhu
izeq[k nso gS A fo’.kq esa viuk loZLo ekuus okys
osZ’.ko vkSj f”ko dks viuk loZLo ekuus okys
“ksZo dgykrs gS A rqylh ds le; bu nksuksa dks
izcy fojks/k Fkk rqylh us vius ^ekul^ esa bl
fojks/k dks lekIr djus dk iz;kl fd;k A
mUgksus ,d vksj rks f”ko ds eq¡g dks
& ^lksbZ ee b’Vnso j?kchj A
lsDr tkfg lnk eqfu /khjk^^
dgyokdj f”ko esa jke dk
mikld fl} dj fn;k vkSj nwljh
vksj jke ds eqWg ls
& ^^f”ko nzkgs heunkl lks cj
Eksfg liusgq ukgh Hkkok^^
(5) czge.k ,oe~ lqn dk leUo;%
rqylh +us ekul esa xq: of”k’V dks
czge.k ok lwn leUo; fd;k muds
le; esa tkfrxr HksnHkko cgqr vf/kd
IJSIRS 43
International Journal of Scientific & Innovative Research Studies
Qsyk gqvk Fkk ml Hksn dks nwj djus ds
fy;s turk ds le; mPp vkn”kZ izLrqr
djuk vko”;d Fkk A rqylh us ;fg
fd;k A
(6) lkekftd leUo;%
rqylh le; ds latx izgjh Fks muds
dkO; esa yksdfgr dh Hkkouk iw.kZ:is.k
ikbZ tkrh gS A mUgksus vius dkO;
^jkepfjr ekul esa^ lkekftd vkSj
vkarfjd thou dh fo’kerk dks nwj dj
mlesa leUo; LFkkfir djus dh ps’Vk
dh A mUgksus ikfjokfjd thou esa
HkkbZ&HkkbZ] ifr&iRuh] firk&iq=]
ekrk&iq= vkfn ds lEcU/kksa dk vkn”kZ
:Ik izLrqr fd;k A e;kZnkvksa dk ifo=
lans”k nsus ds fy, mUgksaus e;kZnk
iq:’kksRre jke esa yksxksa ds lkeus j[kk
gS A jke dk pfj= gj {ks= esa vkn”kZ gS
A muds lkFk&tqM+s gq, y{e.k
Hkjr&lhrk guqeku rFkk eSKy;k vkfn
ds pfj= Hkh vkn”kZ gS A bl izdkj
lkekftd e;kZnk dk fuokZg rqylh
dkO; dk egRoiw.kZ lans”k gS A ;s dke
mUgksus ugh fd;k gksrk rks jken”kjFk d
iq= ,d jke gh cus gksrs o vUrZ;keh
jke ugh gks ikrsA
(7) jktuhfr {ks= esa leUo;%
rqylh ds dky esa jk/kk vkSj iztk ds
chp xgjh [kkbZ curh tk jgh Fkh A
jk/kk iztk ls dgha vf/kd Js’B mUur
,oe~ egku le>k tkrk Fkk vkSj bZ”oj
dk :Ik ekuk tkrk Fkk A rqylh us
vius eR; esa jk/kk vkSj iztk ds drZO;ksa
dk fu/kkZj.k djrs gq, nksuks ds leh;r
:Ik dh O;oLFkk dh vksj crk;k fd %
^^ eqf[k;k eq[k lks pkfg, [kku&iku DgqW ,d
44 | Vol (5), No.1, January, 2017
ISSN : 2347-7660 (Print) | ISSN : 2454-1818 (Online)
iyb iks’kb lDy max rqylh lfgr foosd^^
(8) uj ,oe~ ukjk;.k dk leUo;%
rqqylhnkl esa ^^Hk; izdV d`ikyk nhu
n;kyk dkS”kY;k fgrdkjh^^ dgdj mUgha
czgek dks dkS”ky;k iq= Fkk A n”kjr
iq= ds :Ik esa fn[kkdj vius bZ’V nso
dk lk/kkj.k ekuo ;k uj ls mij mBrs
gq, A ukjk;.k ds czge~ in ij vklhu
dj fn;k gS A bl izdkj rqylh us jke
ds :Ik esa uj vkSj ukjk;.k dk vFkok
ekuo vkSj czge dk lqUnj leUo;
fd;k gS A
(9) xzgfLFk;ksa vkSj R;kfx;ksa esa leUo;%
rqylhnkl ds le; es xzgfLFk;ksa vkSj
R;kfx;ksa ds chp xgjh [kkbZ [kqnh gqbZ
FkhA rqylh us bl [kkbZ dks Hkh ikVus
dh ps’Vk dh gS A muds jkepfjr ekul
ds jke xzgLFk gksdj Hkh R;kxh gS vkSj
R;kxh gksdj Hkh xzgLFk D;ksafd iwjs pkSng
o’kZ rd ds R;kxh dh rjg ou esa jgs A
(10) yksd ijyksd dk leUo;%
rqylh th dh leUo;oknh n`f’V yksd
ijyksd ds leUo; dk Hkh cM+k egRo gS
A muds ^jke^ Hkxoku gksrs gq, Hkh balku
gS A Hkxoku blfy, gS D;ksafd fo’.kq ds
vorkj gS vkSj balku blfy, gS fd
lhrk gj.k ds ckn taxy esa jksrs
ekjs&ekjs fQjrs gS A fo;ksxkoLFkk esa jke
dh n”kk ns[kus ;ksX; gS A os Ik”kq&if{k;ksa
rd ls lhrk dk irk iwNrs gS A
^^gs [kx! e`x gS! e/kqdj Js.kh A
rqe ns[kh lhrk e`x uSuh AA
(11) HkkX; vkSj iq:’kkFkZ esa leUo;%
IJSIRS
International Journal of Scientific & Innovative Research Studies
rqylh ,d egku dykdkj Fks mUgksus
HkkX;okn vkSj iq:ikFkZokn esa leUo;
LFkkfir fd;k A iq:’kkFkZ ds fo’k; esa
mudk fopkj gS A
^^dje iz/kku fol jfp jk[kk A
Tkks tl djb lks rlQyw uk[kk AA^^
(12) lkfgR;d leUo;%
rqylh ds dkO; esa muds le; esa
izpfyr lHkh Hkk’kkvksa vkSj lkSfy;ksa dk
Hkh leUo; gqvk gS A dqN jpuk vo/kh
esa fy[kh gS A dqN czt Hkk’kk esa dgha
dgh eSfFkyh Hkk’kk dk Hkh iz;ksx mUgksus
fd;k gS A tgkW rd “kSyh dk iz”u gS A
izcU/kd “kSyh esa mUgksus jkepfjr ekul
dh jpuk dh gS A eqDrd “kSyh esa
^nksgkoyh^ ^xhrkoyh^ fou; if=dk dh
jpuk dh gS A
(13) jke dkO; /kkjk vkSj d`’.k dkO;/kkjk esa
leUo;%
rqylh ds lkfgR; esa ,d ugh vusd
phtsa ,slh vnHkwr feyrh gS A ftudk
leUo; djds mugksus lalkj dk cM+k
midkj fd;k gS A bldk izek.k bl
ckr ls feyrk gS fd rqylh Lo;~
jkedkO; /kkjk ds izfrfuf/k dfo Fks A
fQj Hkh d`’.k pfj= dks ysdj mUgksus
d`’.k xhrkoyh dh jpuk dh A
(14) ekuorkoknh fopkj/kkjk esa leUo;%
Ykksduk;d rqylhnkl ds lkfgR; dk
v/;;u djus ds Ik”pkr~ ;gh dg ldrs
gS fd mUgksus ekuo dh leLr
xfrfof/k;ksa dk vius dkO; esa leUo;
Vol (5), No.1, January, 2017
ISSN : 2347-7660 (Print) | ISSN : 2454-1818 (Online)
fd;k gS A dgus dk vfHkizk; ;g gS fd
mudk lkfgR; ^^lR;e~ f”koe~ lqUnje~^^
mudh lQy vfHkO;fDr gS A rqylh us
vius le; dh leLr n”kkvksa dk cM+k
xgu v/;;u djds vius lkfgR; ds
ek/;e ls lek/kku izLrqr fd;k A
dfoR; dh n`f’V ls rqylh dks ek/kqeZ
vkSj vkyksd vuqie dFkk ekuo thou
dk lokZax fu:i.k djrh gS A e;kZnk
vkSj la;e dh lk/kuk esa xksLokeh th
lalkj ds loZJs’B dfo gS A
rqylh dk leUo; thou vkSj eO;
leuo; mudk lkjk dkO; leUo; dh
fojkV ps’Vk gS A yksd vkSj “kkL= dk
leUo;d xzgLFk vkSj oSjkE; dk leUo;
HkfDr vkSj Kku dk leuo;] Hkk’kk vkSj
laLd`fr dk leUo;d fuxqZ.k vkSj lxq.k
dk leUo;] dFkk vkSj rRo Kku dk
leUo;] iafMR; vkSj vaifMR; dk
leUo; jkepfjrekul izkjEHk ls ysdj
var rd leUo; dk eR; gS A
lUnHkZ xzUFk
1. jkepfjr ekul & Vhedkj guqeku
izlkn iks}kj] xhr izzsl xksj[kiqj A
2. rqylhnkl vkSj mldk ;qx & KkueMy
fyfeVsM] cukjl A
3. xksLokeh rqylhjke leUo; lk/kuk izFke
Hkkx & xksLokeh rqylhjke A
4. fgUnq lekt ds izFke;Vd rqylhnkl l
+ fo”oukFk A
5. fgUnh lkfgR; dk bfrgkl & jkepUnz
“kqDy] ukxjh izpkfj.kh lHkk A
IJSIRS 45
International Journal of Scientific & Innovative Research Studies ISSN : 2347-7660 (Print) | ISSN : 2454-1818 (Online)

Copyright © 2017, Jyoti Kumari. This is an open access refereed article distributed under the creative common
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original work is properly cited.

46 | Vol (5), No.1, January, 2017 IJSIRS