TENDER HEARTS SCHOOL

PROJECT – 1

Submitted By : Arpti Kumar 10 th

B

Submitted To : Mr. Nikhil Mishra

TOPIC: WIRE LESS ENERGY
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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I would like to express my special thanks of gratitude to my teacher

as well as our principal who gave me the golden opportunity to do

this wonderful project on the topic (wireless energy), which also

helped me in doing a lot of researchand I came to know about so

many new things I am really thankful to them Secondly would also

like to thank my parents and friends who helped me a lot in finalizing

this project with in the limited time frame

Date Name of Student

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 INTRODUCTION

WIRELESS POWER TRANSFER (WPT),

WIRELESS POWER TRANSMISSION,
WIRELESS ENERGY TRANSMISSION (WET), OR
ELECTROMAGNETIC POWER TRANSFER

WTP to WET is the transmission of electrical energy without wires as a physical link. In
a wireless power transmission system, a transmitter device, driven by electric power from
a power source, generates a time-varying electromagnetic field, which transmits power
across space to a receiver device, which extracts power from the field and supplies it to
an electrical load. The technology of wireless power transmission can eliminate the use of
the wires and batteries, thus increasing the mobility, convenience, and safety of an
electronic device for all users. Wireless power transfer is useful to power electrical
devices where interconnecting wires are inconvenient, hazardous, or are not possible.

Wireless power techniques mainly fall into two categories, near field and far-field. In
near field or non-radiative techniques, power is transferred over short distances by
magnetic fields using inductive coupling between coils of wire, or by electric fields using
capacitive coupling between metal electrodes. Inductive coupling is the most widely used
wireless technology; its applications include charging handheld devices like phones and
electric toothbrushes, RFID tags, induction cooking, and wirelessly charging or
continuous wireless power transfer in implantable medical devices like artificial cardiac
pacemakers, or electric vehicles.

In far-field or radiative techniques, also called power beaming, power is transferred by

beams of electromagnetic radiation, like microwaves or laser beams. These techniques
can transport energy longer distances but must be aimed at the receiver. Proposed
applications for this type are solar power satellites, and wireless powered drone aircraft.

An important issue associated with all wireless power systems is limiting the exposure of
people and other living beings to potentially injurious electromagnetic fields.

As a new type of power transmission mode, wireless powertransfer (WPT) technology

has been widely developed indifferent working environment and application fields
withthe deepening of its research. In particular, dynamic WPTtechnology provides
wireless power for relative motionequipment, which effectively solves the problems of
frictionloss, contact arc, and inconvenient installation. WPTtechnology is an effective
and feasible power supply schemeto realize safe, long-term, and stable operation of
relative moving equipment. For the dynamic wireless power supply of relativemoving
equipment, the most widely used fields are thedynamic wireless charging of electric
vehicles and rail trainsand the wireless power supply of rotating equipment.

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In2015, Korea Academy of Science and Technology proposedan I-type structure bipolar
core track and S-type bipolar coretrack for wireless power supply of trams. I-core track
has theadvantages of narrow width, large air gap, higher outputpower, and low
construction cost. The U-core track issmaller than the I-type track, with the maximum
efficiencyreaching 91%, and the power is 9.5 kW. In 2016,

SeoulUniversity of South Korea proposed a WPT system with SStype coupling structure
and achieved 300 kW power transferwith 96% efficiency under 7 cm air gap through the
builtexperimental platform .

In 2016, German FraunhoferInstitute of Integrated Systems and Device

Technologyproposed an inductive wireless power supply technology forrotating
equipment.

The system consists of three parts:bearing, rotating shaft, and rotary transformer and
sensorload fixed on the shaft. It is small in size and easy to install. Itcan realize 20 W
wireless power transmission under 89.7% transfer efficiency.

In 2017, Tianjin University of Technology proposed an asymmetric coupling wireless

powersupply system with single rectangular coil at the transmitterand multisquare coil at
the receiving end. A 10:1 reducedexperimental model was established, and it was verified
thatthe transfer efficiency of the system could reach 91.4% andthe maximum load power
was 139 Wunder different coil offset degrees when the transfer distance was 5 cm.

In2018, Harbin Institute of Technology proposed a wirelesspower supply system for

rotating equipment. The systemuses a solenoid nested coupling mechanism with a
skeletonmagnetic core. Rough the experimental system, the 3 kWpower level wireless
power transfer is realized with 87.1%transmission efficiency under 1 cm ga.

Compared with the traditional space planar coil and spiralcoil, the primary side U-shaped
coupling mechanism canreduce the size of the primary side coil structure and facilitate
the installation in a narrow space. The U-shaped corestructure can enhance the coupling
coefficient and themagnetic field distribution of the power transmissionchannel. Based on
the circuit topology of U-type couplingmechanism WPT system, the expressions of
system transmission efficiency and power are derived, the system simulation model is
established, the spatial magnetic fielddistribution of the system is analyzed, and the
feasibility ofthe system is verified by setting up an experimental platform.

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Overview
Generic block diagram of a wireless power system

Wireless power transfer is a collective term for various technologies for transmitting
energy using electromagnetic fields. The techniques listed in the table below differ in the
distance at which energy can be transmitted efficiently, whether the transmitter needs to
be directed at the receiver, and the type of electromagnetic energy used (time-varying
electric field, magnetic field). .. Field, radio, microwave, infrared or visible light.

A wireless power system typically consists of a "transmitter" device connected to a

power source, such as a power line that converts power into a time-varying
electromagnetic field, and one or more "receiver" devices that receive power. It then
converts it back into direct current or alternating current used by the electrical load. At
the transmitter, the input power is converted into an oscillating electromagnetic field by
some kind of "antenna" device. The word "antenna" is loosely used here ; it could be a
coil of wire that produces a magnetic field, a metal plate that produces an electric field,
an antenna that emits radio waves, or a laser that produces light. I have. A similar antenna
or coupling device in the receiver converts the vibration field into an electric current. An
important parameter that determines the nature of a wave is the frequency that determines
its wavelength.

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Wireless energy uses the same fields and waves as wireless communication devices such
as radios. This is another well-known technology that wirelessly transmits electrical
energy over the electromagnetic fields used in mobile phones, radio, television
broadcasts, and WiFi. Since the purpose of wireless communication is to transmit
information, the amount of energy that reaches the receiver is not so important as long as
it is sufficient to receive the information in an easy-to-understand manner. With wireless
communication technology, only a small amount of energy reaches the receiver. In
contrast, in wireless power transfer, the amount of received power is important, so
efficiency (percentage of transmitted power received ) is a more important parameter.
For this reason, wireless energy technology can be more limited by distance than wireless
communication technology.

Wireless power transfer may be used to power up wireless information transmitters or

receivers. This type of communication is known as wireless powered communication
(WPC). When the harvested power is used to supply the power of wireless information
transmitters, the network is known as Simultaneous Wireless Information and Power
Transfer (SWIPT); whereas when it is used to supply the power of wireless information
receivers, it is known as a Wireless Powered Communication Network (WPCN).

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 These are the different wireless power technologies:

Freque Antenna Current and/or possible

Technology Range Directivity
ncy devices future applications

Electric tooth brush and

Hz – razor battery charging,
Inductive coupling Short Low Wire coils
MHz induction stovetops and
industrial heaters.

Charging portable
devices (Qi), biomedical
Tuned wire
implants, electric
Resonant inductive kHz – coils, lumped
Mid- Low vehicles, powering
coupling GHz element
buses, trains,
resonators
MAGLEV, RFID, smartca
rds.

Charging portable
devices, power routing in
kHz – Metal plate
Capacitive coupling Short Low large-scale integrated
MHz electrodes
circuits, Smartcards,
biomedical implants.[5][6][7]

Charging electric
Magnetodynamic Rotating
Short N.A. Hz vehicles,[25] biomedical
coupling magnets
implants.[27]

Parabolic Solar power satellite,

dishes, phased powering drone aircraft,
Microwaves Long High GHz
arrays, rectenna charging wireless
s devices

Charging portable
Lasers,
devices,[28] powering
Light waves Long High ≥THz photocells,
drone aircraft, powering
lenses
space elevator climbers.

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Field regions
Electric and magnetic fields are created by charged particles in matter such as electrons.
A stationary charge creates an electrostatic field in the space around it. A steady current
of charges (direct current, DC) creates a static magnetic field around it. The above fields
contain energy, but cannot carry power because they are static. However time-varying
fields can carry power. Accelerating electric charges, such as are found in an alternating
current (AC) of electrons in a wire, create time-varying electric and magnetic fields in the
space around them. These fields can exert oscillating forces on the electrons in a
receiving "antenna", causing them to move back and forth. These represent alternating
current which can be used to power a load.

The oscillating electric and magnetic fields surrounding moving electric charges in an
antenna device can be divided into two regions, depending on distance Drange from the
antenna. The boundary between the regions is somewhat vaguely defined. The fields have
different characteristics in these regions, and different technologies are used for
transferring power:

Near-field or non-radiative region– This means the area within about 1

wavelength (λ) of the antenna. In this region the oscillating electric and magnetic fields
are separate and power can be transferred via electric fields by capacitive coupling
(electrostatic induction) between metal electrodes,or via magnetic fields by inductive
coupling (electromagnetic induction) between coils of wire. These fields are not
radiative, meaning the energy stays within a short distance of the transmitter. If there is
no receiving device or absorbing material within their limited range to "couple" to, no
power leaves the transmitter. The range of these fields is short, and depends on the size
and shape of the "antenna" devices, which are usually coils of wire. The fields, and thus
the power transmitted, decrease exponentially with distance, so if the distance between
the two "antennas" Drange is much larger than the diameter of the "antennas" Dant very
little power will be received. Therefore, these techniques cannot be used for long range
power transmission.

Resonance, such as resonant inductive coupling, can increase the coupling between the
antennas greatly, allowing efficient transmission at somewhat greater distances, although
the fields still decrease exponentially. Therefore the range of near-field devices is
conventionally divided into two categories:

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Short range – up to about one antenna diameter: Drange ≤ Dant. This is the range over
which ordinary non-resonant capacitive or inductive coupling can transfer practical
amounts of power.

Mid-range – up to 10 times the antenna diameter: Drange ≤ 10 Dant. This is the range
over which resonant capacitive or inductive coupling can transfer practical amounts of
power.

Far-field or radioactive region– Beyond about 1 wavelength (λ) of the antenna,

the electric and magnetic fields are perpendicular to each other and propagate as an
electromagnetic wave; examples are radio waves, microwaves, or light waves. This part
of the energy is radiative, meaning it leaves the antenna whether or not there is a receiver
to absorb it. The portion of energy which does not strike the receiving antenna is
dissipated and lost to the system. The amount of power emitted as electromagnetic waves
by an antenna depends on the ratio of the antenna's size Dant to the wavelength of the
waves λ, which is determined by the frequency: λ = c/f. At low frequencies f where the
antenna is much smaller than the size of the waves, Dant<< λ, very little power is
radiated. Therefore the near-field devices above, which use lower frequencies, radiate
almost none of their energy as electromagnetic radiation. Antennas about the same size as
the wavelength Dant ≈ λ such as monopole or dipole antennas, radiate power efficiently,
but the electromagnetic waves are radiated in all directions (omnidirectionally), so if the
receiving antenna is far away, only a small amount of the radiation will hit it. Therefore,
these can be used for short range, inefficient power transmission but not for long range
transmission.

However, unlike fields, electromagnetic radiation can be focused by reflection or

refraction into beams. By using a high-gain antenna or optical system which concentrates
the radiation into a narrow beam aimed at the receiver, it can be used for long range
power transmission. From the Rayleigh criterion, to produce the narrow beams necessary
to focus a significant amount of the energy on a distant receiver, an antenna must be
much larger than the wavelength of the waves used: Dant>> λ = c/f. Practical beam
power devices require wavelengths in the centimeter region or below, corresponding to
frequencies above 1 GHz, in the microwave range or above.

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History
19th century developments and dead ends

The 19th century saw many developments of theories, and counter-theories on how
electrical energy might be transmitted. In 1826, André-Marie Ampere discovered a
connection between current and magnets. Michael Faraday described in 1831 with his
law of induction the electromotive force driving a current in a conductor loop by a time-
varying magnetic flux. Transmission of electrical energy without wires was observed by
many inventors and experimenters but lack of a coherent theory attributed these
phenomena vaguely to electromagnetic induction. A concise explanation of these
phenomena would come from the 1860s Maxwell's equations by James Clerk Maxwell,
establishing a theory that unified electricity and magnetism to electromagnetism,
predicting the existence of electromagnetic waves as the "wireless" carrier of
electromagnetic energy. Around 1884 John Henry Poynting defined the Poynting vector
and gave Poynting's theorem, which describe the flow of power across an area within
electromagnetic radiation and allow for a correct analysis of wireless power transfer
systems. This was followed on by Heinrich Rudolf Hertz' 1888 validation of the theory,
which included the evidence for radio waves.

During the same period two schemes of wireless signaling were put forward by William
Henry Ward (1871) and Mahlon Loomis (1872) that were based on the erroneous belief
that there was an electrified atmospheric stratum accessible at low altitude. Both
inventors' patents noted this layer connected with a return path using "Earth currents"'
would allow for wireless telegraphy as well as supply power for the telegraph, doing
away with artificial batteries, and could also be used for lighting, heat, and motive power.
A more practical demonstration of wireless transmission via conduction came in Amos
Dolbear's 1879 magneto electric telephone that used ground conduction to transmit over a
distance of a quarter of a mile.

Tesla

Tesla demonstrating wireless transmission by "electrostatic induction" during an 1891

lecture at Columbia College. The two metal sheets are connected to a Tesla coil
oscillator, which applies high-voltage radio frequency alternating current. An oscillating
electric field between the sheets ionizes the low-pressure gas in the two long Geissler
tubes in his hands, causing them to glow in a manner similar to neon tubes.

After 1890, inventor Nikola Tesla experimented with transmitting power by inductive
and capacitive coupling using spark-excited radio frequency resonant transformers, now
called Tesla coils, which generated high AC voltages. Early on he attempted to develop a
wireless lighting system based on near-field inductive and capacitive coupling and
conducted a series of public demonstrations where he lit Geissler tubes and even
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incandescent light bulbs from across a stage. He found he could increase the distance at
which he could light a lamp by using a receiving LC circuit tuned to resonance with the
transmitter's LC circuit. using resonant inductive coupling. Tesla failed to make a
commercial product out of his findings but his resonant inductive coupling method is
now widely used in electronics and is currently being applied to short-range wireless
power systems.(left) Experiment in resonant inductive transfer by Tesla at Colorado
Springs 1899. The coil is in resonance with Tesla's magnifying transmitter nearby,
powering the light bulb at bottom. (right) Tesla's unsuccessful Wardenclyffe power
station.

Tesla went on to develop a wireless power distribution system that he hoped would be
capable of transmitting power long distance directly into homes and factories. Early on he
seemed to borrow from the ideas ofMahlon Loomis, proposing a system composed of
balloons to suspend transmitting and receiving electrodes in the air above 30,000 feet
(9,100 m) in altitude, where he thought the pressure would allow him to send high
voltages (millions of volts) long distances. To further study the conductive nature of low
pressure air he set up a test facility at high altitude in Colorado Springs during 1899.
Experiments he conducted there with a large coil operating in the megavolts range, as
well as observations he made of the electronic noise of lightning strikes, led him to
conclude incorrectly that he could use the entire globe of the Earth to conduct electrical
energy. The theory included driving alternating current pulses into the Earth at its
resonant frequency from a grounded Tesla coil working against an elevated capacitance
to make the potential of the Earth oscillate. Tesla thought this would allow alternating
current to be received with a similar capacitive antenna tuned to resonance with it at any
point on Earth with very little power loss. His observations also led him to believe a high
voltage used in a coil at an elevation of a few hundred feet would "break the air stratum
down", eliminating the need for miles of cable hanging on balloons to create his
atmospheric return circuit. Tesla would go on the next year to propose a "World Wireless
System" that was to broadcast both information and power worldwide. In 1901, at
Shoreham, New York he attempted to construct a large high-voltage wireless power
station, now called Wardenclyffe Tower, but by 1904 investment dried up and the facility
was never completed.

Near-field and non-radiative technologies

Inductive power transfer between nearby wire coils was the earliest wireless power
technology to be developed, existing since the transformer was developed in the 1800s.
Induction heating has been used since the early 1900s.

With the advent of cordless devices, induction charging stands have been developed for
appliances used in wet environments, like electric toothbrushes and electric razors, to
eliminate the hazard of electric shock. One of the earliest proposed applications of
inductive transfer was to power electric locomotives. In 1892 Maurice Hutin and Maurice
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Leblanc patented a wireless method of powering railroad trains using resonant coils
inductively coupled to a track wire at 3 kHz.

In the early 1960s resonant inductive wireless energy transfer was used successfully in
implantable medical devices including such devices as pacemakers and artificial hearts.
While the early systems used a resonant receiver coil, later systems implemented
resonant transmitter coils as well. These medical devices are designed for high efficiency
using low power electronics while efficiently accommodating some misalignment and
dynamic twisting of the coils. The separation between the coils in implantable
applications is commonly less than 20 cm. Today resonant inductive energy transfer is
regularly used for providing electric power in many commercially available medical
implantable devices.

The first passive RFID (Radio Frequency Identification) technologies were invented by
Mario Cardullo (1973) and Koelle et al. (1975) and by the 1990s were being used in
proximity cards and contactless smartcards.

The proliferation of portable wireless communication devices such as mobile phones,

tablet, and laptop computers in recent decades is currently driving the development of
mid-range wireless powering and charging technology to eliminate the need for these
devices to be tethered to wall plugs during charging. The Wireless Power Consortium
was established in 2008 to develop interoperable standards across manufacturers.Its Qi
inductive power standard published in August 2009 enables high efficiency charging and
powering of portable devices of up to 5 watts over distances of 4 cm (1.6 inches). The
wireless device is placed on a flat charger plate (which can be embedded in table tops at
cafes, for example) and power is transferred from a flat coil in the charger to a similar
one in the device. In 2007, a team led by Marin Soljacic at MIT used a dual resonance
transmitter with a 25 cm diameter secondary tuned to 10 MHz to transfer 60 W of power
to a similar dual resonance receiver over a distance of 2 meters (6.6 ft) (eight times the
transmitter coil diameter) at around 40% efficiency.

In 2008 the team of Greg Leyh and Mike Kennan of Nevada Lightning Lab used a
grounded dual resonance transmitter with a 57 cm diameter secondary tuned to 60 kHz
and a similar grounded dual resonance receiver to transfer power through coupled electric
fields with an earth current return circuit over a distance of 12 meters (39 ft). In 2011, Dr.
Christopher A. Tucker and Professor Kevin Warwick of the University of Reading,
recreated Tesla's 1900 patent 0,645,576 in miniature and demonstrated power
transmission over 4 meters (13 ft) with a coil diameter of 10 centimeters (3.9 in) at a
resonant frequency of 27.50 MHz, with an effective efficiency of 60%.

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WEBLIOGRAPHY

1. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wireless_power_transfer.

2. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/265565291_Introduction_to_Wirel
ess_Power_Transmission.

3. https://www2.ece.ohio-state.edu/~anderson/Outreachfiles/WET2015-10-
08.pdf.

4. https://interestingengineering.com/welcome-to-the-age-of-wireless-electricity.

5. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5TxDRDlMPXA.

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