Malaysian Multidisciplinary Journal

Volume – 1, Issue – 1 : February – 2022

Residential Energy Management System Using IoT

Murugeswari P1,a), Sheik Dawood M1 and Devika R1

1
Sethu Institute of Technology, Virudhunagar, Tamil Nadu, India

a)
Corresponding Author: murugeswariece@sethu.ac.in

Abstract –

Using Energy efficiently in smart homes saves money, enhances sustainability and reduces carbon footprint at large.
Consequently, the need for smart energy management is on the rise for smart homes and for smart cities in general.
Residential Energy Management System is introduced and that was developed through Arduino, wireless
communication technology. An efficient method is proposed to monitor and control power consumption levels in the
home. The home appliances are connected to Wi-Fi hubs in the room, and these Wi-Fi hubs communicate the power
consumption levels and energy usage data. Based on the received data and users requirement, control commands are
initiated, and the home appliances can be controlled automatically from the home server. Load sharing information
will be displayed on the home server and webpage. If the power consumption levels exceed the user-determined
threshold, the system will automatically switch off, and warning is given to the consumer with a buzzer.

Keywords: Energy Management, Arduino, Load Consumption, Wifi Module

1. INTRODUCTION

Energy is one of the most crucial aspects of country’s technological progress. With the assessment of modern
technology, the usage of energy escalating gently. Almost amount of electrical energy demand are met by
conventional sources like coal, oil, gas etc. which are going to deplete in future, which lead to sever energy
demand in future. Increasing cost and demand of energy has led many organizations to finds mart ways for
monitoring, controlling and saving energy. A energy management system (EMS) can contribute towards
cutting the costs while still meeting the energy demand. Energy saving is one of the main challenge in our day
today life. Energy saving is done only when the energy consumed by the load is monitored. Once the load is
monitored, suitable control methods can be adopted to operate the load in a optimized way to save the energy.
There are different technology are developed to overcome this problem. IOT (internet of things) technology is
one of them. Residential Energy Management systems (REMS) has been developed and implemented recently
for residential customers. Although the appliances available are energy efficient it is not enough to save
energy these appliances need to be controlled and their switching times can be controlled using REMS the
advent of REMS has increased since because of the energy crisis in the recent years. The REMS is a device
which is installed for the residential customer i.e. the customer’s home to the help the customer monitor his
energy usage which can help the customer reduce his energy consumption ultimately reducing the Energy bills
of the customer. REMS can also help to manage energy consumption when the customer is away from his
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home using various communication technologies. A fully developed REMS considers and identifies the
customers priorities. REMS uses a combination of various hardware, software and measuring devices to help
the customer reduce its energy bills. Buildings, residential loads consume a lot of energy in the INDIA on the
other hand electrical consumption for residential loads has increased over 30% in the last 30 years, and it will
keep on increasing. Various research, study have proved that managing energy consumption does help to save
energy and reduce the electricity bills. In the era of energy crisis, we are facing issues of depleting fossil fuels,
and rising cost of energy hence proper management of energy and its consumption leading to savings in the
amount of energy has become the necessity of time. Energy management systems can be a solution to tackle
these issues. With the advent internet, the market of Residential Energy Management Systems (REMS) is
expanding to tackle Energy crisis and improve energy efficiency of a residential customer. Use of REMS
allows the customer to control, optimize and monitor the energy consumption and it can help greatly in
reducing energy bills. After researching on the benefits and features of REMS, it is recommended for the
customer to implement the REMS.

2. LITERATURE REVIEW

Electrical energy forms a vital constituent when it comes to human ease. Diverse activities wouldn’t be
possible without the aid of the electrical energy. The production and consumption of the electrical power
Influence on the human budget as well as the environment. To reduce the cost of the fossil fuel power, and to
reduce the impact on the environment, the installation of renewable energy sources increased dramatically in
the past two decades. REMS is a technology that can be used in homes to facilitate and automate energy
management. The following papers were studied to bring out the proposed methodology.

S.Manojet. Al., have analysed the REMS system that continuously monitor the load conditions of the specific
location. If the load increases beyond the specific location rated capacity, the microcontroller will
automatically shut down the specific location and intimates the same to the operator bysending a message
through a GSM modem. A modem provides the communication interface. It transports device protocols
transparently over the network through a serial interface A GSM modem is a wireless modem that works with
a GSM wireless network. At any point, if the operator wants to know the loads conditions and the
temperature, he has to send a predefined message to the modem which is interfaced with the microcontroller
and the controller acknowledges the operator with the required information. By using this system we cannot
monitor and control data from any place in the world. So monitoring and controlling of the devices cannot be
done from the personal computer in real time from anywhere is not possible.

Then Min et. al., demonstrated interfacing between Matlab and Arduino board for house hold equipment
monitoring and control. The purpose of this system was to create an interactive GUI to control the home
automation system. The use of a GUI through Matlab is quite extensive as it can be coupled with other
toolboxes in Matlab quite effectively.

Vivek G.V, et.al., were proposed a smart home automation is an integration of smaller electrical devices and
communicates with each other with a central processing unit. Power monitoring system is embedded within
the home automation system, it provides real time power monitoring system it is connected to the Internet
using Wi-Fi protocol to the local home router.

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Even if the user is not present in his house, he can monitor the power consumption and can compare the
power consumed over the past week so r months. The hand held device runs on Linux OS which is an open
source platform and can work on limited memory communication between the appliances a home automation
network through low power communication protocols such as ZigBee. A Graphical User Interface (GUI)
allows user to interact with the ambient environment settings. Here the disadvantage is the gate way access
the sensors for user interaction and bridges interconnection problems occurred between different protocols.

Xiang Yang et. al., were proposed the Home Intelligent System which used the AT91SAM9260 as the host
controller, and realized the interconnection with Internet through Embedded Internet technology. This system
has good safety, good generality, and simple operation. users can browse the home page of Home Intelligent
System in different regions through Internet Explorer, and control the household appliances, inquire about
their operational status. At the same time, users can monitor the security situation at home in real-time,
through the cameras, smoke sensors and body induction modules which install at home. As an indispensable
part of digital home, this system can meet common families needs, and it has a wide application prospect.
Disadvantage is design is more expensive due to the many internet wires that will need to be installed. Other
than that, installing a wired connection per electrical outlet or device will cause inconveniences compared to
wirelessly connected systems.

Rozita Teymourzadehet. al., proposed the HEMS system which used the incoming SMS message is sent from
the user phone to the GSM modem as a text message via cellular network. The GSM modem then sends the
commands in text mode to the PIC microcontroller using an RS232 interface. This system control home
appliances such as light, conditional system and security system via Short Message Service (SMS) text
messages. Home owners will be able to receive feedback status of any home appliances under control whether
switched on or off remotely from their mobile phones. P.Vedavalliet. al., were proposed the HEMS algorithm
to enhance the protection of information transmission in Bluetooth communication, a hybrid coding
algorithmic program supported DES and RSA is projected. The presently used coding algorithmic program
utilized by the Bluetooth to guard the confidentiality of information throughout transport between 2 or
additional devices could be a128-bit bilaterally symmetrical stream cipher known as E0.

Chathura Withanageet. al., were analysed the the popular home automation technologies used for HEMS. Z-
Wave is the leading technology in terms of performance, and is widely accepted in the market despite being
slightly costly than ZigBee systems. The main advantages of Z-Wave devices are flexibility and security.
ZigBee has been a preferred technology by many, mainly because of the fact that it is an open standard. In
addition, ZigBee offers high data security and reliability, and strong data encryption capabilities. But the
major disadvantage is its noncompliance by different manufacturers. However, ZigBee has the potential to
prevail as the market expands. INSTEON network operate in a mesh fashion and can work as repeaters,
increasing the overall transmission range.

Vinay Sagaret. al., were proposed a Wireless Home Automation system(WHAS) using IOT is a system that
uses computers or mobile devices to control basic home functions and features automatically through internet
from anywhere around the world, an automated home is sometimes called a smart home. Yashodeep Patinet.
al., were proposed an Advanced Home Automation system using Open source Android. An Android based
home automation system that allows multiple users to control the appliances by an Android application
developed as well as using a web server is created.

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The system used has three hardware components: raspberry pi a local connected device to transfer signals to
home appliances, a Web server to store customer records and support services to the other components, and a
smart mobile phone smart device running Android application.

Mulham B. Soudan et. al., were proposed the system design which tries to solve the growing problem of
unnecessary energy consumption in an individual's household using the concept of the IOT (internet of
things). The design monitors and analyzes the energy consumed by the electricity outlets in the household
using sensors and microcontrollers. The results varied depending on the used case. In some cases, it saved up
to 50% of energy consumption. The controller needs to be connected to a power supply all the time for the
system to work. If the controller is removed from the picture, then the system will collapse.

From the literature survey, Several methods are being used to control and monitor load consumption. This
system continuously monitor the load conditions of the specific location. A modem provides the
communication interface. . At any point, if the operator wants to know the loads conditions and the
temperature, he has to send a predefined message to the modem .By using this system we cannot monitor and
control data from any place in the world. So monitoring and controlling of the devices cannot be done from
the personal computer in real time from anywhere is not possible[1]. This system demonstrates interfacing
between Matlab and Arduino board for household equipment monitoring and control. The purpose of this
system was to create an interactive GUI to control the home automation system. The use of a GUI through
Matlab is quite extensive as it can be coupled with other toolboxes in Matlab quite effectively[2].

A smart home automation is an integration of smaller electrical devices and communicates with each other
with a central processing unit. Even if the user is not present in his house, he can monitor the power
consumption. Here the disadvantage is The gateway access the sensors for user interaction and bridges
interconnection problems occured between different protocols[3].The Home Intelligent System used
AT91SAM9260 as the host controller, an and it has a wide application prospect. Disadvantage is design is
more expensive duo to the many internet wires that will need to be installed. Other than that, installing a wired
connection per electrical outlet or device will cause inconveniences compared to wirelessly connected
system[4].The architecture consists of mobile phone and GSM modem. In this system incoming SMS
message is sent from the user phone to the GSM modem as a text message via cellular network. The
disadvantage is it could be a problem cost-wise. For every interaction the user would have to send an SMS
which is calculated as an extra cost to the cost.

3. MATERIALS AND METHOD

Energy is essential for most activities of modern society. Its use or consumption is generally taken as an index
of standard of living. A home energy management system is a technology platform comprised of both
hardware and software that allows the user to monitor energy usage and production and to manually control
and/or automate the use of energy within a household. The main goal of REMS is to improve energy
efficiency in homes and buildings. Additional goals may include electric utility benefits, such as controlling
energy usage to reduce peak demand and support load shifting.

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3.1 Microcontroller

Microcontroller support devices like Read only memory, Read Write memory, Tmer, Serial
interface, I/O ports are internal. There is no need of inter facing these support devices and this saves a
lot of time for the individual who creates the system. A micro controller is nothing but a
microprocessor system with all support devices integrated inside a single chip. There is no need of
any external interfacing in a micro controller unless you desire to create something beyond the limit,
like interfacing an external memory or DAC/ADC unit etc. To make
thismicrocontrollerfunction,giveaDCpowersupply,aresetcircuitanda quartz crystal (system clock)
from external source.

3.2 Arduino UNO

Fig. 1. Arduino UNO

The Arduino Uno is a microcontroller board based on the ATmega328 . It has14 digital input/output pins (of
which 6 can be used as PWM outputs), 6 analog inputs, a 16 MHz ceramic resonator, a USB connection, a
power jack, an ICSP header, and are set button. It contains everything needed to support the microcontroller.
Simply connect it to a computer with a USB cable or power it with a AC-to-DC adapter or battery to get
started. The Uno differs from all preceding boards in that it does not use the FTDI USB-to-serial driver chip.
Instead, it features the Atmega16U2 (Atmega8U2 up to version R2) programmed as a USB-to-serial
converter. The Uno board has a resistor pulling the 8U2 HWB line to ground, making it easier to put into DFU
mode.

3.3 Memory
The ATmega328 has 32 KB (with 0.5 KB used for the boot loader). It also has 2 KB of SRAM and 1 KB of
EEPROM (which can be read and written with the EEPROM library).Input and Output Each of the 14 digital
pins on the Uno can be used as an input or output, using pinMode(), digitalWrite() and digitalRead()
functions. They operate at 5 volts. Each pin can provide or receive a maximum of 40 mA and has an internal
pull-up resistor (disconnected by default) of 20-50 KOhms.

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Fig. 2. ATmega328

3.4 ACS712 - Current Sensor

TheACS712 is a fully integrated, hall effect-based linear current sensor with 2.1 kVRMS voltage isolation and
a integrated low-resistance current conductor. Technical terms aside, it’s simply put forth as a current sensor
that uses its conductor to calculate and measure the amount of current applied.

3.5 Relay

A relay is usually an electromechanical device that is actuated by an electrical current. The current flowing in
one circuit causes the opening or closing of another circuit. Relays are like remote control switches and are
used in many application because of their relative simplicity, long life, and proven high reliability. Relays are
used in a wide variety of applications throughout industry, such as in telephone exchanges, digital computers
and automation systems. Highly sophisticated relays are utilized to protect electric power systems against
trouble and power blackouts as well as to regulate and control the generation and distribution of power.

Fig. 3. Relay Module

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In the home, relays are used in refrigerators, washing machines and dishwashers, and heating and air-
conditioning controls. Although relays are generally associated with electrical circuitry, there are many other
types, such as pneumatic and hydraulic. Input may be electrical and output directly mechanical, or vice versa.

3.6 Wi-Fi Module

ESP8266 is Wi-Fi enabled system on chip (SoC) module developed by Espresso if system. It is mostly used
for development of IoT (Internet of Things) embedded applications.

Fig. 4. Wi-Fi module

3.7 Liquid Crystal Display

The LCD is a commonly used alphanumeric dot matrix liquid crystal display (LCD) controller developed. The
control interface and protocol is a de-facto standard for this type of display. The character set of the controller
includes ASCII characters, Japanese Kana characters, and some symbols in two 28 character lines. Using an
extension driver, the device can display upto 80 characters.

Fig. 5. Liquid Crystal Display

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3.8 Think Speak

Create a Channel
1. Sign In to ThingSpeak using your MathWorks Account credentials, or create
a new account.
2. Click Channels >MyChannels.
3. On the Channels page, click New Channel.
4. Check the boxes next to Fields 1–3. Enter these channel setting values

Fig. 6. Think Speak

4. WORKING SYSTEM

The major processing unit of the entire system is the Arduino unit, which is been connected to the various
modules. The primary connection measures the current consumed by various devices. Further a connection is
unified from this system to the relay and then further to other components current sensor, buzzer, LCD
display, relay module, Wi-Fi module. The 5V power supply module provides power to the micro controller
(Arduino), the present sensor (ACS712) and LCD display. The present consumed by each appliance is
measured with the assistance of a current sensor ACS712. The ACS712 Current Sensor may be a Hall Effect
current sensor that accurately measures current when induced. The magnetic flux round the AC wire is
detected which provide the equivalent analog output voltage. The analog voltage output is then processed by
the micro controller to live the present flow through the load. The AC current passing through the load is
sensed by the current sensor module (ACS712) and fed to the analog pin (A0) of the Arduino board. Once the
analog input is given to Arduino, the measurement of power / energy completed by Arduino sketch. Relays
can control high voltage electronic devices. The electromagnet is activated with a low voltage, for example 5
volts from amicro controller and it pulls a contact to make or break a high voltage circuit. Several circuits can
be controlled using relay. The calculated power and energy by the Arduino are displayed on a 16×2 LCD
display module. The Wi-Fi Module is connected to the Cloud Storage. So, you can monitor the parameters
like voltage, current and power incloud storage. When the voltage reaches the high level the Arduino control
load level to maintain the threshold level and alert through buzzer.

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Fig. 7. Hardware Design

Fig. 8. Received Output using Think Speak

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When input is given the IoT processor senses and sends the signal to arduino. According to the signal arduino
execute the program and sends the output to the driver circuit. Then driver circuit energies the respective
relay. The relay gets open and the load turns ON. Now, the sensors senses whether the load is ON or OFF and
sends the status of the load to arduino. Finally, the LCD display the status of the load with the help of arduino.

5. RESULTS

An efficient energy management system is proposed for the control of energy consumption during peak hours
using IoT. It controls the usage of home appliances according to the priority of the users and is cost effective.
The two modes of operation includes during normal time and peak time. All the home appliances will be
operated from AC mains during normal time. Whereas, during peak time, only low rating machines will be
operated from battery supply. The high rating machines are switched OFF, controlled by IoT, thus reduces the
energy consumption.

Fig. 9. Prototype of the System

Fig. 10. LCD Display

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6. CONCLUSION

The Proposed prototype model, a residential energy management system provides a solution for managing the
power and keep the power wastage in control. The analysis of power consumption levels will help the user to
under-stand what are the areas in which there is excess power usage and where the power is wasted. The
automatic power controls will be efficient to avoid power wastage. Installing a REMS is a win-win situation
for both the utility as well as the customer. While Residential Energy Management Systems are advancing in
technological capabilities, and the public is increasingly aware of their existence and advantages, it is a market
that has shown a lot of volatility and it's still struggling to find a solid consumer base and product portfolio to
grow. The industry needs to further understand the shifting consumer needs and concerns over the adoption of
these systems, and also make their implementation, interconnection and use simpler and more accessible to
the public. In addition, the consumer also needs to increase their involvement in their home energy
management. Ultimately, the global energy situation is one of the main drivers for the industry and consumer
behavior; it is very likely that the next energy crisis will cause a surge in both the demand and the offer of
these technologies.

7. FUTURE WORK

This Residential Energy Management System can be developed into a large scale project by expanding to
commercial and industrial applications by introducing various other parameters and features .In future the
Residential energy management system can also be implement in following places,

1. Industry - cost saving , sustainability , and climate change target during production
2. Hospitals- lighting and power distribution.
3. Army - indication of weather conditions.

REFERENCES

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2. Than Than Min , Saw Kay Thwe Moe , HninThae Mon,” Home automation system using arduino and
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3. G.V. Vivek,M.P. Sunil,“Enabling IOT services using WIFI - ZigBee gateway for a home automation
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5. Yang, Xiang, “Study and Design of Home Intelligent System Based on Embedded Internet.” in 2008
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