A Mini Project Report on

USING 74154 IC DEMONESTRATE 4 LINE TO 16 LINE RUNNING WHEEL

Submitted in partial fulfillment of requirements for the award of the degree of

BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY

IN

ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

Submitted by

M.SAI ESWAR 18A31A0447

Under the esteemed guidance of

Mr.M.Srinivas
ASSISTANT PROFESSOR

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

PRAGATI ENGINEERING COLLEGE

(AUTONOMOUS)
(Approved by AICTE, Permanently Affiliated to JNTU KAKINADA & Accredited by NAAC with ‘A’ Grade)

1-378, A.D.B. Road, Surampalem, Near Peddapuram-533437

2018-2022
 PRAGATI ENGINEERING COLLEGE
(AUTONOMOUS)

(Approved by AICTE, Permanently Affiliated to JNTU KAKINADA & Accredited by NAAC with ‘A’ Grade)

1-378, A.D.B. Road, Surampalem, Near Peddapuram – 533437

CERTIFICATE
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

This is to certify that the Project Report entitled “USING 74154 IC DEMONESTRATE 4 LINE
TO 16 LINE RUNNING WHEEL” is being submitted by M.SAI ESWAR (18A31A0447) in
partial fulfilment for the award of the Degree of Bachelor of Technology in Electronics &
Communication Engineering, Pragati Engineering College is record of bonafied work carried
out by me.

Dr. NAGESH DEEVI Mr.M.Srinivas

HEAD OF THE DEPT. ASSISTANT PROFESSOR
ECE DEPARTMENT PROJECT GUIDE
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

We express our thanks to project guide Mr.M.Srinivas, Assistant Professor of

Electronics and Communication Engineering, who deserves a special note of thanks and
gratitude, for having extended their fullest co-operation and guidance, without this, the
project would never have materialized.

I am thankful to Dr. NAGESH DEEVI, Head of the Department, Electronics and

Communication Engineering, Pragati Engineering College, Surampalem, for his co-operation
and facilities giving in the department, his constant encouragement and valuable support
throughout the course of the project.

I hereby express my sincere gratitude to Dr. S. SAMBHU PRASAD, Principal of Pragati

Engineering College, Surampalem who rendered me with his constant encouragement and
suggestions to complete my project work successfully.

My profound thanks to Dr. G. RAGHURAM, Director (Academics) and respected Dr.

P. KRISHNA RAO, Chairman and Sri. M. V. HARANATHA BABU, Director (Management), and
Sri. M. SATISH, Vice-President for their encouragement and blessing.

I am also thankful to supporting staff of ECE department and the management of

PRAGATI for their valuable suggestions to improve the quality of work.

With regards,

M.SAI ESWAR,

18A31A0447
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

S.NO CONTENT PAGE NO.

Chapter1 Introduction 1
1.1 Project Introduction 1
Chapter2 Design Process 2
2.1 Component list 2
Chapter 3 Design implementation 11
3.1 Circuit Diagram 11
3.2 Working 11
3.3 Interface of components 12
3.4 Software Tool Used 15
Chapter 4
4.1 Advantages and Disadvantages 16
4.2 Applications 17
4.3 Conclusion 17
4.4 Result 17
4.5 References 20
 INTRODUCTION
1.1 PROJECT INTRODUCTION
Today’s world LED technology plays an important role, for that we are going to make
running wheel (running lights) that can be used in different ways like store attractions,
occasions, decorative lighting or fancy lighting purposes which are used in shopping malls,
commercial establishments and many other occasions that depends on your creativity and
desired application. This proposed system is designed with a 7493 IC and 74154 IC to which
led’s are connected. 7493 IC which is also known as binary counter, will provide a series of
changes as pulses was received from the timer circuit while 74154 demultiplexer will give
corresponding output based on the given proper controlled input signal.
The circuit shown will incorporate a mixture of discrete and integrated components,
these of which will light up LED, one the other. The circuit itself is a sequential circuit in
which, the LEDs light up one after the other, thus the depiction of it being a sequential
circuit.

CHAPTER 2
2.1 COMPONENT LIST
 Resistors
 Capacitors
 NE-555 Timer
 Binary counter
 Demultiplixer
 Led’s
 Jumper wires
 Preset
 Power supply

2.1.1 RESISTORS
A resistor is a passive two-terminal electrical component that implements electrical
resistance as a circuit element. In electronic circuits, resistors are used to reduce current
flow, adjust signal levels, to divide voltages, bias active elements, and terminate
transmission lines, among other uses.

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 Fig 2.2 RESISTOR

It is an electrical component that limits or regulates the flow of electrical current in

an electronic circuit. Resistors can also be used to provide a specific voltage for an
active device such as a transistor.

2.1.2 CAPACITORS
A capacitor (originally known as a condenser) is a passive two-terminal electrical
component used to store energy electrostatically in an electric field. Unlike a resistor,
a capacitor does not dissipate energy. Instead, a capacitor stores energy in the form of an
electrostatic field between its plates.

Fig 2.3 CAPACITOR

2.1.3 NE-555
1. DESCRIPTION
The 555 Timer, designed by Hans Camenzind in 1971, can be found in many electronic devices
starting from toys and kitchen appliances to even a spacecraft.  It is a highly stable integrated circuit
that can produce accurate time delays and oscillations. The 555 Timer has three operating modes,
bistable, monostable and astable mode.

Fig 2.4 NE-555

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Pin 1:

It is the ground pin directly connected to the negative rail. It should not be connected using a
resistor, because all the semiconductors inside the IC will heat up due to stray voltage accumulating
in it.

Pin 2:

It is the Trigger pin to activate the IC’s timing cycle. It is generally low signal pin and the timer is
triggered when voltage on this pin is below one third of the supply voltage. The trigger pin is
connected to the Inverting input of the comparator inside the IC and accepts negative signals. The
current required for triggering is 0.5 uA for a period of 0.1uS.The triggering voltage maybe 1.67 V if
the supply voltage is 5V and 5 V if the supply voltage is 15V. The triggering circuit inside the IC is too
sensitive so that the IC will show false triggering due to noise in the surroundings. It requires a pull
up connection to avoid false triggering.

Pin 3:

It is the output pin. When the IC triggers via pin 2, the output pin goes high depending on the
duration of the timing cycle. It can either sink or source current which is at maximum 200mA. For
logic zero output, it is sinking current with voltage slightly greater than zero. For logic high output, it
is sourcing current with the output voltage slightly lesser than Vcc.

Pin 4:

It is the reset pin. It should be connected to the positive rail to work the IC properly. When this pin is
grounded, the IC will stop working. The reset voltage required for this pin should be 0.7 volts at a
current of 0.1mA.

Pin 5:

Control pin – The 2/3 supply voltage point on the terminal voltage divider is brought to the control
pin. It requires to be connected to an external DC signal to modify the timing cycle. When not in use,
it should be connected to the ground through a 0.01uF capacitor; otherwise the IC will show erratic
responses

Pin 6:

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It is the Threshold pin. The timing cycle is completed when voltage on this pin is equal to or greater
than two-third of Vcc. It is connected to the non-inverting input of the upper comparator so that it
accepts the positive going pulse to complete the timing cycle. Typical threshold current is 0.1 mA as
in the case of Reset pin. The time width of this pulse should be equal or greater than 0.1uS.

Pin 7:

Discharge pin. It provides a discharge path for the timing capacitor through the collector of the NPN
transistor, to which it is connected. The maximum allowable discharging current should be less than
50 mA otherwise the transistor may damage. It can be also used as an open collector output.

Pin 8:

It is positive rail connected pin which is connected to positive terminal of the power supply. It is also
known as Vcc.  IC555 works in a wide range of voltage from 5V to 18 V DC whereas the CMOS
version 7555 works with 3 Volts.

2. FEATURES
 Typical operating voltage is +5V, can withstand a maximum of +18V.
 The source/sink current of the output pin is 200mA.
 Consumes up to 3mA when operating at +5V.
 Trigger Voltage is 1.67 when operating at +5V.
 Operating Temperature is 70 degree Celsius.
 Available in 8-pin PDIP, SOIC, and VSSOP packages.

3. APPLICATIONS
555 timer is most important  integrated circuit (chip) used widely in digital electronics.
Some common uses and application of 555 timer IC are as follow:
 PWM (Pulse Width Modulation) &  PPM (Pulse Position Modulation)
 Duty Cycle Oscillator
 Lamp Dimmer
 Pulse detector
 Timer Switch

2.1.4 BINARY COUNTER

74LS93 or SN74LS93 is a 4-bit binary counter. Counters have a major role in every
electronics device. The output of the counters can be used in multiple devices as pulse
counting or for generating interrupts, etc. . . . Both these types of counters use the flip flops
to count the binary digits.

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 Fig 2.5 BINARY COUNTER

The 74LS93 is a 4-bit binary counter made of two up-counters. The IC consists of a mode-2 up-
counter and a mod-8 up counter. Can be combined as mod-8 counter or divide by 2 or divide by 8
applications. It is built using four JK Flip Flops. Each of these 4-line-to-16-line decoders utilizes TTL
circuitry to decode four binary-coded inputs into one of sixteen mutually exclusive outputs when
both the strobe inputs, G1 and G2, are LOW. The demultiplexing function is performed by using the
4 input lines to address the output line, passing data from one of the strobe inputs with the other
strobe input LOW. When either strobe input is HIGH, all outputs are HIGH. These demultiplexers are
ideally suited for implementing high-performance memory decoders. All inputs are buffered and
input clamping diodes are provided to minimize transmission-line effects and thereby simplify
system design.

 4-Bit Binary Counter IC

 Typical Operating Voltage: 5V
 Operating Voltage Range: 4.5V to 5.5V
 Output High Voltage: 3.5V

2.1.5 DEMULTIPLIXER
1. DESCRIPTION
74154 4 Line to 16 Line Demultiplexer / Decoder. Each of the 16 outputs can be connected
through a resistor and then through an LED to serve as a simple 16 LED controller. ... This chip is
often used in demultiplexing applications, such as digital clocks, LED matrices, and other graphical
outputs. However, due to the internal structure of the 74154, only one output can be enabled at a
time. This chip is often used in demultiplexing applications, such as digital clocks, LED matrices, and
other graphical outputs

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 Fig 2.6 DEMULTIPLIXER

2. FEATURES
1. Ideal for High−Performance Memory Decoding.
2. Designed for Power−Critical Applications.
3. Decodes 4 Binary−Coded Inputs into One of 16 Mutually Exclusive Outputs.
4. Performs the Demultiplexing Functions by Distributing Data From One Input Line to Any One of
16 Outputs.
5. Input−Clamping Diodes Simplify System Design.
6. High Fan−Out, Low−Impedance, Totem−Pole Outputs.
7. Fully Compatible with most TTL, DTL, and MSI Circuits .
3. APPLICATIONS
1. Demultiplexer is used to connect a single source to multiple destinations. The main
application area of demultiplexer is communication system, where multiplexers are used.
Most of the communication system are bidirectional i.e., they function in both ways
(transmitting and receiving signals). Hence, for most of the applications, the multiplexer and
demultiplexer work in sync. Demultiplexer are also used for reconstruction of parallel data
and ALU circuits.
2. Communication System – Communication system use multiplexer to carry multiple data like
audio, video and other form of data using a single line for transmission. This process make
the transmission easier.  The demultiplexer receive the output signals of the multiplexer and
converts them back to the original form of the data at the receiving end. The multiplexer and
demultiplexer work together to carry out the process of transmission and reception of data
in communication system.
3. Serial to Parallel Converter – A serial to parallel converter is used for reconstructing parallel
data from incoming serial data stream.  In this technique, serial data from the incoming
serial data stream is given as data input to the demultiplexer at the regular intervals. A
counter is attach to the control input of the demultiplexer. This counter directs the data
signal to the output of the demultiplexer where these data signals are stored. When all data
signals have been stored, the output of the demultiplexer can be retrieved and read out in
parallel.
2.1.6 LED’S
1. DESCRIPTION
In the simplest terms, a light-emitting diode (LED) is a semiconductor device that emits light
when an electric current is passed through it. Light is produced when the particles that carry the
current (known as electrons and holes) combine together within the semiconductor material.  The

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color of the light (corresponding to the energy of the photons) is determined by the energy required
for electrons to cross the band gap of the semiconductor. White light is obtained by using multiple
semiconductors or a layer of light-emitting phosphor on the semiconductor device.

Fig 2.7 Led’s

2. CHARACTERSTICS
 Temperature will Affect LED Efficacy
 Light Generated by LED is Directional
 Low Energy Consumption
 Long Life

2.2.7 JUMPER WIRES

Wires use for connections to be properly connected and to organize those connections clearly.
JUMPER WIRE are used to connect on/with a breadboard or female header connector. The
arrangement of the elements and ease of insertion on a breadboard.

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 Fig 2.8 Jumper Wires

2.2.8 JUMPER WIRES

A preset is a three legged electronic component which can be made to offer varying
resistance in a circuit. The resistance is varied by adjusting the rotary control over it.
The adjustment can be done by using a small screw driver or a similar tool. The
resistance does not vary linearly but rather varies in exponential or logarithmic
manner. Such variable resistors are commonly used for adjusting sensitivity along with
a sensor.

 
The variable resistance is obtained across the single terminal at front and one of the two
other terminals. The two legs at back offer fixed resistance which is divided by the front
leg. So whenever only the back terminals are used, a preset acts as a fixed resistor.
Presets are specified by their fixed value resistance.

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 Fig 2.9 Preset

2.2.9 POWER SUPPLY

Power supply components:

 Diodes
 Transformer
 Capacitors
 Regulators(7805)

DIODES: A PN Junction Diode is one of the simplest semiconductor devices around, and which has
the characteristic of passing current in only one direction only. However, unlike a resistor, a diode
does not behave linearly with respect to the applied voltage as the diode has an exponential current-
voltage ( I-V ) relationship and therefore we cannot described its operation by simply using an
equation such as Ohm’s law.

Fig 2.10 Diode

CAPACITOR: A capacitor is a passive electronic component that stores energy in the form of an
electrostatic field. In its simplest form, a capacitor consists of two conducting plates separated by an
insulating material called the dielectric. The capacitance is directly proportional to the surface areas
of the plates, and is inversely proportional to the separation between the plates. Capacitance also
depends on the dielectric constant of the substance separating the plates.

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 Fig 2.11 Capacitor

Transformer: A transformer is a static electrical device that transfers electrical energy between two
or more circuits. A varying current in one coil of the transformer produces a varying magnetic flux,
which, in turn, induces a varying electromotive force across a second coil wound around the same
core. Electrical energy can be transferred between the two coils, without a metallic connection
between the two circuits.

Fig 2.12 Transformer

REGULATOR: Voltage sources in a circuit may have fluctuations resulting in not providing fixed
voltage outputs. A voltage regulator IC maintains the output voltage at a constant value. 7805 IC, a
member of 78xx series of fixed linear voltage regulators used to maintain such fluctuations, is a
popular voltage regulator integrated circuit (IC). The xx in 78xx indicates the output voltage it
provides. 7805 IC provides +5 volts regulated power supply with provisions to add a heat sink.

Fig 2.13 LM785 PINOUT DIAGRAM

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 CHAPTER 3
DESIGN IMPLEMENTATION
3.1 CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

Fig 3.1 Circuit diagram

3.2 WORKING
NE555 is the popular timer IC wired in the Astable Multivibrator mode. Resistors R1, RV1 and
capacitor C1 act as the timing components and the output pulses are available from the output pin 3
of IC1. These pulses are given to the input pin 14 of the Johnson decade counter IC 74LS93. Out of
the 4 outputs of IC2, four outputs are used to connect to demultiplixer. The pin 2&3 are connected
to ground. Where as in demultiplixer also pin 19&20 are connected to ground. The four output pins
of decoder are connected to the four input pins of demultiplixer& the output of demultiplixer is
connected to resistors to led’s. With the value of C1, each LED remains on for 1second. When one
LED turns off, the second on turns on. This cycle repeats giving the running light appearance.
Resistor R3 keeps the input pin 14 of IC2 low after each pulse.RV1 adjusts the speed of LED chasing.

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3.3 INTERFACE OF COMPONENTS
1. FIRST STAGE
Actually, the circuit of the project has 3 major stages or parts. The first one is the picture
below which is the NE555 area which serves as the timer of the circuit produces pulses
depends upon the value combination of resistors.

Fig 3.2 First Stage

The purple circle is the Potentiometer which can be adjusted to produce a certain speed of
the frequency. As the resistance increases, the frequency per seconds will becomes slower
or smaller while the red arrow represents for the output of this stage.

2. SECOND STAGE
In this stage, Referring to 7493 IC, its CKA or clock input receives the
pulse signal from the first stage or the timer circuit stage.
To briefly understand its pin configuration see table below
7493 (4-bit binary counter)
Pin Symbol Description
1 CKA clock input, 2nd, 3rd and 4th section (high-to-low edge-triggered)
2 R0 (1) asynchronous master reset

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Pin Symbol Description

3 R0 (2) asynchronous master reset

4 NC no connection
5 Vcc supply voltage
6 NC no connection
7 NC no connection
8 QC counter output
9 QB counter output
10 GND ground
11 QD counter output
12 QA counter output
13 NC no connection
14 CKB clock input, 1st section (high-to-low edge-triggered)

Fig 3.3 Second Stage

3. THIRD STAGE

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 The main component of the third stage is the 74154 Demultiplexer IC. The simple theory behind
DEMUX is just to decode four input signals (signals from 7493) into 16 output signals
This component is very important to produce many outputs from few input frequency signals and for
us to make many combinations of led designs.

Fig 3.4 Third Stage

3.4 SOFTWARE TOOL USED

Proteus Software

 Open the Proteus Software

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 Fig 3.5 Proteus Software

 Click on "New Project"

Fig 3.6 New Project

 Find and select all the needed Components

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 Save the project and the picture below only shows the main components since the
other components are very easy to find by just typing their specific name like resistors,
capacitor and LEDs.

Fig 3.6 Main Components needed

4.1 ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES

ADVANTAGES OF RUNNING WHEEL:

 These are ideally suited for implementing high performance decoders.

 All inputs are buffered and input clamping diodes are provided to minimize the transmission

line effects thereby simplifying system design.

 The time increments are incredibly adjustable such as from milliseconds to hours.

 Less power consumption and less power dissipation .

DISADVANTAGES OF RUNNING WHEEL:

 To count truncated sequence not equal to 2^n, extra feedback logic is required.

 Counting large number of bits, propagation delay by successive stages may become

undesirably large.

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  In the running wheel as the LEDs are connected in series if one LED stop working it effects

the whole wheel.

4.2 APPLICATIONS OF 4 TO 16 LINE RUNNING WHEEL

APPLICATIONS:
 Used in seven segment display.

 Used for data distribution and demultiplexing.

 It is used to decorate the wheels of vehicles such as cars, bicycles, bikes etc., to make them

appear more attractive.

4.2 CONCLUSION

CONCLUSION:

We therefore conclude that this project is indeed suitable for Electronics Engineering students
especially to those students who are interested in coding and decoding circuits in their Electronic
Communications Theory subject and students interested in crafting as well. Through this project, we
have now seen an exact application of our lessons such as Oscillators, digital IC applications,
multiplexing and demultiplexing, logic design and more.

4.3 RESULT

RESULT:

The demonstration of 4 line to 16 line running wheel using 74154 IC is verified i.e. when 5v
supply is applied to the circuit the LEDs glowed in a specified manner.

RESULT BEFORE STIMULATION

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RESULT AFTER STIMULATION

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 4.4 REFERENCES
REFERENCES:

 https://steemit.com/utopian-io/@thinkvincent/electronic-project-4-a-guide-on-how-to-
make-running-lights-using-7493-ic-binary-counter-and-74154-demultiplexer-ic-electronics

 https://www.scribd.com/document/406825603/LED-CHASER-CIRCUIT-docx

 https://www.electronicshub.org/led-running-lights-circuit/

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