IOT BASED PATIENT HEALTH

MONITORING SYSTEM

A PROJECT REPORT

Submitted by

KAMLESH RAWAT (17EI19)

MANSINGH MEENA (17EI23)
PRIYANKA TIWARI (17EI39)

Impartial fulfillment for the award of the degree

Of

BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
IN
ELECTRONICS INSTRUMENTATION & CONTROL ENGINEERING

ENGINEERING COLLEGE, AJMER

RAJASTHAN TECHNICAL UNIVESITY, KOTA RAJASTHAN
AUGUST, 2021
 DECLARATION

We hereby declare that the project work entitled, “IOT BASED PATIENT HEALTH
MONITORING SYSTEM” submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the
award of degree of “Bachelor of Technology” in Electronics Instrumentation & control
Engineering, Rajasthan Technical University, Kota, is an authentic record of our own
work carried out during VIII semester under the Guidance of Dr. Ajay Dadhich and
Mr. Divakar Kumar, Assistant professor and Mr. Rajkumar Yadav, Assistant
professor, Engineering College Ajmer.

1. Mr. Kamlesh Rawat (17EEAEI019)

2. Mr. Man Singh Meena (17EEAEI023)

3. Ms. Priyanka Tiwari(17EEAEI039)

Date:
 CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that following students of VIII semester B. Tech (Electronics

Instrumentation and Control Engineering) 2020-2021 have successfully completed the
project titled “IOT BASED PATIENT HEALTH MONITORING SYSTEM” in partial
fulfillment for the award of the bachelor of technology under Rajasthan Technical
University, Kota.

1. Mr. Kamlesh Rawat (17EEAEI019)

2. Mr. Mansingh Meena (17EEAEI023)
3. Ms. Priyanka Tiwari (17EEAEI039)

Date:

Guide Name CO-Guide Name Project Coordinator

(Mr. Divakar Kumar) (Dr. Ajay Dadhich) (Dr. H.S. Mewara/Mr. Raj Kumar)

Dr. H.S. Mewara

(Head, EICE)
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

The project stage-I report on “IOT BASED PATIENT HEALTH MONITORING

SYSTEM” is outcome of guidance, moral support and devotion bestowed on us
throughout our work. For this, we acknowledge and express our profound sense of
gratitude and thanks to everybody who have been a source of inspiration during the project
preparation.
We offer our sincere phrases of thanks with to our Project Guide, Mr. Divakar Kumar
and Dr. Ajay Dadhich without whose support and guidance it would not have been
possible for this Project to have materialized and taken a concrete shape.
I would also like to express our gratitude to our Project Coordinator Dr. H.S.
Mewara/Mr. Raj Kumar Yadav, to provide us a better facility to enhance our practical
knowledge.

We are thankful to Dr. H.S. MEWARA (HOD, EICE), Engineering College Ajmer.

At last but not the least, I am thankful to all our colleagues and other staff members, who
helped us directly or indirectly in the Project work.

1. Mr. Kamlesh Rawat (17EEAEI019)

2. Mr. Mansingh Meena (17EEAEI023)
3. Ms. Priyanka Tiwari (17EEAEI39)

Date:
 ABSTRACT

The healthcare monitoring systems has emerged as one of the most vital system and
became technology oriented from the past decade. Humans are facing a problem of
unexpected death due to various illnesses which is because of lack of medical care to
the patients at right time.
The primary goal was to develop a reliable patient monitoring system using IOT so that
the healthcare professionals can monitor their patients, who are either hospitalized or at
home using an IOT based integrated healthcare system with the view of ensuring patients
are cared for better. A mobile device based wireless healthcare monitoring system was
developed which can provide real time online information about physiological conditions
of a patient mainly consists of sensors, the data acquisition unit, microcontroller (i.e.,
Arduino), and programmed with a software (i.e., JAVA). The patient’s temperature, heart
beat rate, EEG data are monitored, displayed and stored by the system and sent to the
doctor’s mobile containing the application. Thus, IOT based patient monitoring system
effectively monitors patient’s health status and save life on time.
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

CONTENTS PAGE NO.

CANDIDATE’S DECLARATION

CERTIFICATE

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

ABSTRACT

CONTENTS

LIST OF FIGURE

CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1-2

CHAPTER 2 HEALTH MONITORING SYSTEM 3-4

2.1 Definition 3
2.2 About the project 4

CHAPTER 3 SYSTEM COMPONENTS DESCRIPTION 5-29

3.1 List of components 5
3.2 Pulse sensor 5
3.2.1 Pin configuration 6
3.2.2 Working and applications 7

3.3 Temperature sensor 8-11

3.3.1 Type of temperature sensor 8
3.3.2 Selection of temperature 9
3.3.3 Lm 35 temperature sensor 10
3.4 ESP8266 Wi-Fi module 11-12

3.5 Arduino Uno 13-18

3.6 potentiometer 18-22
3.7 LED 23-25
3.8 Resistors 26
3.9 Jumper wires 27
3.10 Breadboard 28
CHAPTER 4 SYSTEM DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT 30-34

4.1 Block diagram 30

4.2 Hardware description 31
4.2.1 Arduino Uno 32
4.2.2 Pulse sensor 34

CHAPTER 5 APPLICATION 35-41

5.1 IOT for patients 35
5.2 IOT for physicians 35
5.3 IOT for hospital 36
5.4 IOT for health insurance companies 36
5.5 Advantages 37
5.6 Benefits 38

CHAPTER 6 CONCLUSION AND FUTURE SCOPE 42-43

6.1 Conclusion 42
6.2 Future scope 42
6.3 Reference 44
 LIST OF FIGURES

S. No. Topic Page no.

1 3.1 Pulse Sensor 8
2 3.2 LM35 Temperature sensor 11
3 3.3 ESP8266 Module 13
4 3.4 Arduino Uno 14
5 3.6 potentiometer 20
6 3.7 LCD display 21
7 4.1 Circuit Diagram 34
 CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION

1.1 OBJECTIVE OF THE PROJECT:-

The core objective of this project is the design and implementation of a smart patient
health tracking system. The sensors are embedded on the patient body to sense the
temperature and heartbeat of the patient. Two more sensors are place at home to sense the
humidity and the temperature of the room where the patient is staying. These sensors are
connected to a control unit, which calculates the values of all the four sensors. These
calculated values are then transmitted through an IOT cloud to the base station. From the
base station the values are then accessed by the doctor at any other location. Thus based on
the temperature and heart beat values and the room sensor values, the doctor can decide
the state of the patient and appropriate measures can be taken. Sensors. The temperature
sensor connected to the analog pin of the Arduino controller is converted into digital value
with the help of ADC. Using this digital data, the controller converts it into the actual
temperature value in degree Celsius using the equation:
Temperature (°C) = [raw ADC value*5/4095- (400/1000)]*(19.5/1000).
The heartbeat sensor is based on the principle of photo phlethy smography. It measures
the change in volume of blood through any organ of the body which causes a change in the
light intensity through that organ (a vascular region) [7]. The digital pulses are given to a
microcontroller for calculating the heat beat rate, given by the formula:
BPM (Beats per minute) = 60*f, where f is the pulse frequency
A humidity sensor (or hygrometer) senses, measures and reports both moisture and air
temperature. Humidity sensors work by detecting changes that alter electrical currents or
temperature in the air. The relative humidity is calculated as given below:
Voltage = (ADC Value/1023.0)*5.0;
Percent relative humidity = (Voltage-0.958)/0.0307;
IOT Server at whatever points the patient goes to the healing center premises, sensors
sense the physiological signs and these signs are changed over to electrical signs. Then

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simple electrical flag is changed over to advanced flag (computerized information) which
is put away in RFID. The put way computerized information is transmitted through
ZigBee.
Protocol to the neighborhood server ZigBee is appropriate convention for this framework.
It comprises of greatest number of cell hubs. It is more favored for gadgets which are
littler in measure and expend less vitality. From nearby server the information is
exchanged to the therapeutic server through WLAN. Medicinal server comprises of
substantial database as given in Table I. At the point when the information is exchanged to
the therapeutic server, it checks whether the patient has any past medicinal record then the
server adds the new information to that record and exchanges to the specialist. In the event
that patient does not have any past therapeutic record then the server makes new ID and
stores the information in its database. This information is exchanged to the specialist for
diagnosis.

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 CHAPTER 2
HEALTH MONITORING SYSTEM

2.1 ABOUT THE PROJECT:-

Health is always a major concern in every growth the human race is advancing in terms of
technology. Like the recent corona virus attack that has ruined the economy of China to an
extent is an example how health care has become of major importance. In such areas
where the epidemic is spread, it is always a better idea to monitor these patients using
remote health monitoring technology. So Internet of Things (IOT) based health monitoring
system is the current solution for it. Remote Patient Monitoring arrangement empowers
observation of patients outside of customary clinical settings (e.g. at home), which
expands access to human services offices at bring down expenses. The core objective of
this project is the design and implementation of a smart patient health tracking system that
uses Sensors to track patient health and uses internet to inform their loved ones in case of
any issues. The objective of developing monitoring systems is to reduce health care costs
by reducing physician office visits, hospitalizations, and diagnostic testing procedure.
Each of our bodies utilizes temperature and also pulse acknowledging perusing
understanding wellbeing. The sensors are linked to a microcontroller to track the status
which is thus interfaced to a LCD screen and additionally remote association with have the
capacity to exchange alarms. If framework finds any sudden changes in understanding
heart beat or body temperature, the framework consequently alarms the client about the
patients’ status over IOT and furthermore indicates subtle elements of pulse and
temperature of patient live in the web. In this manner IOT set up tolerant wellbeing
following framework viably utilizes web to screen quiet wellbeing measurements and
spare persists time. There is a significant capability.
The increased use of mobile technologies and smart devices in the area of health has
caused great impact on the world. Health experts are increasingly taking advantage of the
benefits these technologies bring, thus generating a significant improvement in health
care in clinical settings. Likewise, countless ordinary users are being served from the
advantages of the Thing Speak application to improve, help and assist their health.

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Patient Health monitoring using IOT is a technology to enable monitoring of patients
outside of conventional clinical settings (e.g. in the home), which may increase access to

Care and decrease healthcare delivery costs. This can significantly improve an
individual's quality of life. It allows patients to maintain independence, prevent
complications, and minimize personal costs. This system facilitates these goals by
delivering care right to the home. In addition, patients and their family members feel
comfort knowing that they are being monitored and will be supported if a problem arises.

With tons of new healthcare technology start-ups, IOT is rapidly revolutionizing the
healthcare industry. In this project, we have designed the IOT Based Patient Health
Monitoring System using ESP8266 & Arduino. The IOT platform used in this project
is Thing Speak. Thing Speak is an open-source Internet of Things (IOT) application and
API to store and retrieve data from things using the HTTP protocol over the Internet or
via a Local Area Network. This IOT device could read the pulse rate and measure the
surrounding temperature. It continuously monitors the pulse rate and surrounding
temperature and updates them to an IOT platform.
The Arduino Sketch running over the device implements the various functionalities of
the project like reading sensor data, converting them into strings, passing them to the IoT
platform, and displaying measured pulse rate and temperature on character LCD.

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 CHAPTER 3
SYSTEM COMPONENTS DESCRIPTION

3.1 LIST OF COMPONENTS:-

The components used in the health monitoring system are as below:
1. Pulse sensor

2. Temperature sensor

3. Arduino Uno board

4. ESP 8266-01 (Wi-Fi module)

5. Potentiometer

6. LCD display

7. LED

8. Resistors (2k ohm,1kohm)

9. Jumper wires

10. Breadboard

3.2 Pulse sensor:-

A pulse wave is the change in the volume of a blood vessel that occurs when the heart
pumps blood, and a detector that monitors this volume change is called a pulse sensor.
First, there are four main ways to measure heart rate: electrocardiogram, photoelectric
pulse wave, blood-pressure measurement, and phonocardiography. Pulse sensors use the
photoelectric method.
Pulse sensors using the photoelectric pulse wave method are classified into 2 types
depending on the measurement method: transmission and reflection.
Transmission types measure pulse waves by emitting red or infrared light from the body
surface and detecting the change in blood flow during heart beats as a change in the
amount of light transmitted through the body.
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This method is limited to areas where light can easily penetrate, such as the fingertip or
earlobe.
ROHM is currently developing a reflection-type pulse sensor (Optical Sensor for Heart
Rate Monitor).

The reflection-type pulse sensor (Optical Sensor for Heart Rate Monitor) is explained
below.

Reflection-type pulse sensors (Optical Sensors for Heart Rate Monitor) emit infrared, red,
or green light (~550nm) towards the body and measure the amount of light reflected
using a photodiode or phototransistor. Oxygenated hemoglobin present in the blood of
the arteries has the characteristic of absorbing incident light, so by sensing the blood flow
rate (change in blood vessel volume) that changes following heart contractions over time
we are able to measure the pulse wave signal.

The Pulse Sensor is a plug-and-play heart-rate sensor for Arduino. It can be used by
students, artists, athletes, makers, and game & mobile developers who want to easily
incorporate live heart-rate data into their projects. The essence is an integrated optical
amplifying circuit and noise eliminating circuit sensor. Clip the Pulse Sensor to your
earlobe or fingertip and plug it into your Arduino, you can ready to read heart rate. Also,
it has an Arduino demo code that makes it easy to use.
The pulse sensor has three pins: VCC, GND & Analog Pin.

3.2.1 Pin Configuration:-

The pulse sensor pin configuration includes three pins which are discussed below.

• Pin1 (Ground): This is a black color wire, used to connect to the GND terminal of the
system
• Pin2 (VCC): This is a red color wire, used to connect to +3.3V/+5V voltage supply
• Pin3 (Signal): This is a purple color wire, used to connect the output signal which is
pulsating.

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The specifications of the pulse sensor include the following:-

• The maximum current is 100mA

• Heartbeat deduction output LED
• VCC is +5v DC through high-quality regulation
• Light source – 660nm super Red LED
• Output data level is 5V TTL

3.2.2 Working:-

The working principle of the pulse sensor is extremely simple. This sensor includes two
faces where the first face is connected with an LED including an ambient light sensor
whereas another face is connected with circuitry. This circuit aids in noise cancellation as
well as amplification.

On the front side, the LED is connected to a vein of a human body (ear tips or Fingertip),
however, it should be located directly on top of a vein. The LED produces light that will
drop directly on the vein.

The veins in the body will have a flow of blood within them simply once the heart is
pumping. So if we check the blood flow we can check the heartbeats also. If the blood
flow is noticed then the sensor like ambient light will receive more light as they will be
reflected through the blood, this small modification within received light can be analyzed
on time to decide our heartbeats.

3.2.3 Applications:-

The pulse sensor applications include the following:-

• Sleep Tracking
• Monitoring of anxiety
• Alarm system
• Remote patient monitoring

7
• Health bands
• Advanced gaming consoles

Fig.3.1 Pulse sensor

3.3 Temperature sensor:-

A temperature sensor is a device used to measure temperature. This can be air

temperature, liquid temperature or the temperature of solid matter.

There are different types of temperature sensors available and them each use different
technologies and principles to take the temperature measurement.

3.3.1 Types of temperature sensors:-

1. Thermistors can be very small in size. They consist of a sensing element which
can be either glass or epoxy coated and have 2 wires so they can be connected to
an electric circuit. They measure temperature by measuring the change in
resistance of the electric current. Thermistors are available as either NTC or PTC
and are often low cost.
2. RTDs or Resistance Temperature Detectors work in a similar way to Thermistors
and measure ohmic resistance to measure temperature. They are connected to a

8
 circuit in a similar way to a thermistor but they have a much wider temperature
range and can measure extreme temperatures.
3. Thermocouples use two conductors, made up of different metals that are joined at
the end to form a junction. When this junction is subjected to heat, a voltage is
produced that is directly proportional to the temperature input. They are highly
versatile as different metal combinations allow for different measurement ranges;
however, they lack the fine accuracy of NTC’s and RTD’s making them the least
precise out of the three types.
4. Temperature Probes are a very common and diverse type of temperature sensor.
They consist of a thermistor, a thermocouple or RTD sensing element and can be
finished with a terminal head. All three types of sensor can be manufactured into a
variety of housing types – stock and bespoke. This allows for enhanced utility, that
may span over a multitude of different environments and media that they
encounter.

3.3.2 Applications:

Temperature sensors are used to measure temperature in many different applications and
industries. They are all around us; present in both everyday life and more industrial
settings.

Some application examples are;

• Industrial Applications – Monitoring various machinery and environments,

power plants, manufacturing.
• Scientific and laboratory applications – Science and biotech monitoring.
• Medical Applications – Patient monitoring, medical devices, gas analysis, thermo
dilution cardiac catheters, humidifiers, ventilator flow tubes, dialysis fluid
temperature.
• Motorsport – Exhaust gas, inlet air temperature, oil temperature and engine
temperature measurements.
• Domestic appliances – Kitchen appliances (ovens, kettles etc) as well as white
goods.

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 • HVAC applications – Heating ventilation and air conditioning devices either
commercial or domesticated.
• Transit – Refrigerated vans and Lorries.

3.3.3 Selection of temperature sensor:-

When selecting a temperature sensor for use in your application you should take the
following into consideration;

• Temperature range – Different temperature sensors can measure different ranges

and might be more accurate over a certain range. Make sure you check the range of
the temperature sensor and the expected range of your application before
purchasing. The range of the temperature sensor should be available on the
datasheet.
• Accuracy and stability – Your application may require a certain degree of
accuracy; thermocouples have a higher variance in long term stability compared to
thermistors and RTDs, so this is something to be aware of. The temperature sensor
with the highest accuracy tends to be the glass coated NTC thermistors.
• Size and Package – The space available within the application will have an effect
on the type of temperature sensor selected. If space is limited, then a smaller
device will be required. Package style is also important as this will determine how
the temperature sensor is connected into the application and how the temperature
will be measured.

3.3.4 LM35 temperature sensor:-

The LM35 series are precision integrated-circuit temperature devices with an output
voltage linearly-proportional to the Centigrade temperature. The LM35 device has an
advantage over linear temperature sensors calibrated in Kelvin, as the user is not required
to subtract a large constant voltage from the output to obtain convenient Centigrade
scaling. The LM35 device does not require any external calibration or trimming to
10
provide typical accuracies of ±¼°C at
Room temperature and ±¾°C over a full −55°C to 150°C temperature range.

3.3.5Working of LM35 temperature sensor:-

In principle, the sensor will perform sensing when the temperature changes every 1 ºC
temperature will show a voltage of 10 mV. In placing the LM35 can be affixed with
adhesive or can be cemented on the surface but the temperature will be slightly reduced by
about 0.01 ºC being absorbed in the surface temperature. In this way the expected
difference between the air temperature and the surface temperature can be detected by a
sensor LM35 same temperature as the surrounding, if the surrounding air temperature is
much higher or much lower than the surface temperature, the LM35 is the surface
temperature and the temperature of the surrounding air.
The long distance necessary liaison which is not affected by interference from the outside,
so use the cable sheath is earthed so that it can act as an antenna receiver and deviation
therein, can also act as a rectifier which corrects in such cases, using the method of bypass
capacitors from VIN to be earthed. So we can conclude LM35 sensor working principle as
follows.

1. The ambient temperature in the detection using the IC part temperature sensitive
2. The ambient temperature is converted into electrical voltage by a circuit in the IC,
where the temperature change is proportional to the output voltage changes.
In the series LM35
3. Every change of 1 ° C would produce a change in output voltage of 10mV s ebesar.

Fig.3.2 LM35 Temperature sensor

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3.4 ESP8266:-

The ESP8266 is a very user-friendly and low-cost device to provide internet connectivity
to your projects. The module can work both as an Access point (can create hotspot) and
as a station (can connect to Wi-Fi), hence it can easily fetch data and upload it to the
internet making the Internet of Things as easy as possible. It can also fetch data from the
internet using API’s hence your project could access any information that is available on
the internet, thus making it smarter. Another exciting feature of this module is that it can
be programmed using the Arduino IDE which makes it a lot more user friendly.
The ESP8266 module works with 3.3V only, anything more than 3.7V would kill the
module hence be cautions with your circuits. Here is its pins description.

Pin1: Ground: Connected to the ground of the circuit

Pin2: Tx/GPIO–1: Connected to Rx pin of programmer/uC to upload program

Pin3: GPIO–2: General purpose Input/output pin

Pin4: CH_EN: Chip Enable/Active high

Pin5: Flash/GPIO – 0: General purpose Input/output pin

Pin6: Reset: Resets the module

Pin7: RX/GPIO – 3: General purpose Input/output pin

Pin8: VCC: Connect to +3.3V only

3.4.1 ESP8266 Functions

ESP8266 has many applications when it comes to the IOT. Here are just some of the
functions the chip is used for:

• Networking: The module’s Wi-Fi antenna enables embedded devices to connect

to routers and transmit data
• Data Processing: Includes processing basic inputs from analog and digital sensors
for far more complex calculations with an RTOS or Non-OS SDK

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 • P2P Connectivity: Create direct communication between ESPs and other devices
using IOT P2P connectivity.
• Web Server: Access pages written in HTML or development languages.
• ESP8266 Applications

• The ESP8266 modules are commonly found in the following IOT devices:

• Smart security devices, including surveillance cameras and smart locks.

• Smart energy devices, including HVACs and thermostats.
• Smart industrial devices, including Programmable Logic Controllers (PLCs)
• Smart medical devices, including wearable health monitors

Fig. 3.3 ESP8266 Module

3.5Arduino UNO:-

The Arduino Uno is an open-source microcontroller board based on the Microchip

ATmega328P microcontroller and developed by Arduino.cc. The board is equipped with
sets of digital and analog input/output (I/O) pins that may be interfaced to various
expansion boards (shields) and other circuits. The board has 14 digital I/O pins (six
capable of PWM output), 6 analog I/O pins, and is programmable with the Arduino IDE
(Integrated Development Environment), via a type B USB cable. It can be powered by

13
the USB cable or by an external 9-volt battery, though it accepts voltages between 7 and
20 volts. It is similar to the Arduino Nano and Leonardo. The hardware reference design
is distributed under a Creative Commons Attribution Share-Alike 2.5 license and is
available on the Arduino website. Layout and production files for some versions of the
hardware are also available.

The word "Uno" means "one" in Italian and was chosen to mark the initial release of
Arduino Software. The Uno board is the first in a series of USB-based Arduino boards; it
and version1.0 of the Arduino IDE were the reference versions of Arduino, which have
now evolved to newer releases. The ATmega328 on the board comes preprogrammed
with a boot loader that allows uploading new code to it without the use of an external
hardware programmer.

Fig. 3.4 Arduino Uno

3.5.1 Features of the Arduino UNO:-

• Microcontroller: ATmega328
• Operating Voltage: 5V
• Input Voltage (recommended): 7-12V
• Input Voltage (limits): 6-20V
• Digital I/O Pins: 14 (of which 6 provide PWM output)
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 • Analog Input Pins: 6
• DC Current per I/O Pin: 40 MA
• DC Current for 3.3V Pin: 50 MA
• Flash Memory: 32 KB of which 0.5 KB used by boot loader
• SRAM: 2 KB (ATmega328)
• EEPROM: 1 KB (ATmega328)
• Clock Speed: 16 MHz

3.5.2 The major components of Arduino UNO board are as follows:

• USB connector
• Power port
• Microcontroller
• Analog input pins
• Digital pins
• Reset switch
• Crystal oscillator
• USB interface chip
• TX RX LEDs

3.5.3 Arduino Uno Pin out Configuration:-

1. VIN: The input voltage or VIN to the Arduino while it is using an exterior
power supply opposite to volts from the connection of USB or else RPS
(regulated power supply). By using this pin, one can supply the voltage.
2. 5Volts: The RPS can be used to give the power supply to the
microcontroller as well as components which are used on the Arduino board.
This can approach from the input voltage through a regulator.
3. 3V3: A 3.3 supply voltage can be generated with the onboard regulator, and the
highest draw current will be 50 MA
4. GND: GND (ground) pins

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5. Memory: The memory of an ATmega328 microcontroller includes 32 KB and
0.5 KB memory is utilized for the Boot loader), and also it includes SRAM-2
KB as well as EEPROM-1KB.
6. Input and Output: We know that an arguing Uno R3 includes 14-digital pins
which can be used as an input otherwise output by using the functions like pin
Mode (), digital Read(), and digital Write(). These pins can operate with 5V,
and every digital pin can give or receive 20mA, & includes a 20k to 50k
ohm pull up resistor. The maximum current on any pin is 40mA which cannot
surpass for avoiding the microcontroller from the damage. Additionally, some
of the pins of an Arduino include specific functions.
7. Serial Pins: The serial pins of an Arduino board are TX (1) and RX (0) pins
and these pins can be used to transfer the TTL serial data. The connection of
these pins can be done with the equivalent pins of the ATmega8 U2 USB to
TTL chip.
8. External Interrupt Pins: The external interrupt pins of the board are 2 & 3,
and these pins can be arranged to activate an interrupt on a rising otherwise
falling edge, a low-value otherwise a modify in value
9. PWM Pins: The PWM pins of an Arduino are 3, 5, 6, 9, 10, & 11, and gives an
output of an 8-bit PWM with the function analog write ().
10. SPI (Serial Peripheral Interface) Pins: The SPI pins are 10, 11, 12, 13
namely SS, MOSI, MISO, SCK, and these will maintain the SPI
communication with the help of the SPI library.

11. LED Pin: An arguing board is inbuilt with a LED using digital pin-13.
Whenever the digital pin is high, the LED will glow otherwise it will not glow.
12. TWI (2-Wire Interface) Pins: The TWI pins are SDA or A4, & SCL or A5,
which can support the communication of TWI with the help of Wire library.

13. AREF (Analog Reference) Pin: An analog reference pin is the reference
voltage to the inputs of an analog I/P using the function like analog Reference
().

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14. Reset (RST) Pin: This pin brings a low line for resetting the microcontroller,
and it is very useful for using an RST button toward shields which can block
the one over the Arduino R3 board.

15. Communication: The communication protocols of an Arduino Uno include

SPI, I2C, and UART serial communication.

16. UART: An Arduino Uno uses the two functions like the transmitter digital
pin1 and the receiver digital pin0. These pins are mainly used in
UART TTL serial communication.

17. I2C: An Arduino UNO board employs SDA pin otherwise A4 pin & A5 pin
otherwise SCL pin is used for I2C communication with wire library. In this,
both the SCL and SDA are CLK signal and data signal.

18. SPI Pins: The SPI communication includes MOSI, MISO, and SCK.
19. MOSI (Pin11): This is the master out slave in the pin, used to transmit the data
to the devices
20. MISO (Pin12): This pin is a serial CLK, and the CLK pulse will synchronize
the transmission of which is produced by the master.
21. SCK (Pin13): The CLK pulse synchronizes data transmission that is generated
by the master. Equivalent pins with the SPI library is employed for the
communication of SPI. ICSP (in-circuit serial programming) headers can be
utilized for programming AT mega microcontroller directly with the boot
loader.

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 Fig. 3.5 ATMEGA328P pin diagram

3.6 POTENTIOMETER:-

A potentiometer is a three-terminal resistor with a sliding or rotating contact that forms an

adjustable voltage divider. If only two terminals are used, one end and the wiper, it acts as
a variable resistor or rheostat.

The measuring instrument called a potentiometer is essentially a voltage divider used for
measuring electric potential (voltage); the component is an implementation of the same
principle, hence its name. Potentiometer is a type of position sensor. They are used to
measure displacement in any direction. Linear potentiometers linearly measure
displacement and rotary potentiometers measure rotational displacement.

The mechanical construction of rotary and linear potentiometers is very similar, each type
consists of a contact wiper and a conductive element or track. In Linear Potentiometers the
track is straight and in Rotary potentiometers the track is circular. The wiper moves along
the track to measure the displacement through proportionally dividing the input voltage.

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Potentiometers are used throughout many industries for a whole host of applications. They
can be used in;

• Motorsport
• Automotive
• Medical
• Agriculture
• Entertainment
• Transport
• Industrial

3.6.1 Working principle:-

The principle of a potentiometer is that the potential dropped across a segment of a wire of
uniform cross-section carrying a constant current is directly proportional to its length. The
potentiometer is a simple device used to measure the electrical potentials (or compare the
E.M.F. of a cell). One form of potentiometer is a uniform high-resistance wire attached to
an insulating support, marked with a linear measuring scale. In use, an adjustable
regulated voltage source E, of greater magnitude than the potential to be measured, is
connected across the wire so as to pass a steady current through it.

Between the end of the wire and any point along it will be a potential proportional to the
length of wire to that point. By comparing the potential at points along the wire with an
unknown potential, the magnitude of the unknown potential can be determined. The
instrument used for comparison must be sensitive, but need not be particularly well-
calibrated or accurate so long as its deflection from zero position can be easily detected.

3.6.2 Characteristics of Potentiometer:-

The following are the important characteristics of the potentiometer.

1. The potentiometer is very accurate because its works on the comparing method rather
than the deflection pointer method for determining the unknown voltages.

19
 2. It measures the null or balance point which does not require power for the
measurement.

3. The working of the potentiometer is free from the source resistance because no
current flows through the potentiometer when it is balanced.

Fig.3.6 Potentiometer Circuit Diagram

3.7 LCD DISPLAY:

We always use the devices which are made up of LCDs such as CD players, DVD players,
digital watches, computers, etc. These are commonly used in the screen industries to
replace the utilization of CRTs. Cathode Ray Tubes use huge power when compared with
LCDs, and CRTs heavier as well as bigger. These devices are thinner as well power
consumption is extremely less. The LCD 16×2 working principle is, it blocks the light
rather than dissipate. This article discusses an overview of LCD 16X2, pin configuration
and its working.
The term LCD stands for liquid crystal display. It is one kind of electronic display module
used in an extensive range of applications like various circuits & devices like mobile
phones, calculators, computers, TV sets, etc. These displays are mainly preferred for
multi-segment light-emitting diodes and seven segments. The main benefits of using this
module are inexpensive; simply programmable, animations, and there are no limitations
for displaying custom characters, special and even animations, etc.

20
 Fig. 3.7 LCD display

Pin configuration:-

• Pin1 (Ground/Source Pin): This is a GND pin of display, used to connect the GND
terminal of the microcontroller unit or power source.
• Pin2 (VCC/Source Pin): This is the voltage supply pin of the display, used to connect
the supply pin of the power source.
• Pin3 (V0/VEE/Control Pin): This pin regulates the difference of the display, used to
connect a changeable POT that can supply 0 to 5V.
• Pin4 (Register Select/Control Pin): This pin toggles among command or data register,
used to connect a microcontroller unit pin and obtains either 0 or 1(0 = data mode, and
1 = command mode).
• Pin5 (Read/Write/Control Pin): This pin toggles the display among the read or writes
operation, and it is connected to a microcontroller unit pin to get either 0 or 1 (0 =
Write Operation, and 1 = Read Operation).
• Pin 6 (Enable/Control Pin): This pin should be held high to execute Read/Write
process, and it is connected to the microcontroller unit & constantly held high.
• Pins 7-14 (Data Pins): These pins are used to send data to the display. These pins are
connected in two-wire modes like 4-wire mode and 8-wire mode. In 4-wire mode, only
21
 four pins are connected to the microcontroller unit like 0 to 3, whereas in 8-wire mode,
8-pins are connected to microcontroller unit like 0 to 7.
• Pin15 (+ve pin of the LED): This pin is connected to +5V
• Pin 16 (-ve pin of the LED): This pin is connected to GND.

Fig.3.8 LCD pin configuration

3.7.1 The features of this LCD:-

• The operating voltage of this LCD is 4.7V-5.3V

• It includes two rows where each row can produce 16-characters.
• The utilization of current is 1mA with no backlight
• Every character can be built with a 5×8 pixel box
• The alphanumeric LCDs alphabets & numbers
• Is display can work on two modes like 4-bit & 8-bit
• These are obtainable in Blue & Green Backlight
• It displays a few custom generated characters

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3.7.2 Working Principle of LCD Display:-

The principle behind the LCDs is that when an electrical current is applied to the liquid
crystal molecule, the molecule tends to untwist. This causes the angle of light which is
passing through the molecule of the polarized glass and also causes a change in the angle
of the top polarizing filter. As a result, a little light is allowed to pass the polarized glass
through a particular area of the LCD.

Thus that particular area will become dark compared to others. The LCD works on the
principle of blocking light. While constructing the LCDs, a reflected mirror is arranged at
the back. An electrode plane is made of indium-tin-oxide which is kept on top and a
polarized glass with a polarizing film is also added on the bottom of the device. The
complete region of the LCD has to be enclosed by a common electrode and above it
should be the liquid crystal matter.

Next comes the second piece of glass with an electrode in the form of the rectangle on the
bottom and, on top, another polarizing film. It must be considered that both the pieces are
kept at the right angles. When there is no current, the light passes through the front of the
LCD it will be reflected by the mirror and bounced back. As the electrode is connected to
a battery the current from it will cause the liquid crystals between the common-plane
electrode and the electrode shaped like a rectangle to untwist. Thus the light is blocked
from passing through. That particular rectangular area appears blank.

3.8 LED:-
A light-emitting diode (LED) is a semiconductor light source that emits light
when current flows through it. Electrons in the semiconductor recombine with electron
holes, releasing energy in the form of photons. The color of the light (corresponding to the
energy of the photons) is determined by the energy required for electrons to cross the band
gap of the semiconductor.[5] White light is obtained by using multiple semiconductors or a
layer of light-emitting phosphor on the semiconductor device.

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 Fig.3.9 LED and its symbol

LEDs are used in applications as diverse as aviation lighting, fairy lights, automotive
headlamps, advertising, general lighting, traffic signals, camera flashes, lighted
wallpaper, horticultural grow lights, and medical devices.

LEDs have many advantages over incandescent light sources, including lower power
consumption, longer lifetime, improved physical robustness, smaller size, and faster
switching. In exchange for these generally favorable attributes, disadvantages of LEDs
include electrical limitations to low voltage and generally to DC (not AC) power, inability
to provide steady illumination from a pulsing DC or an AC electrical supply source, and
lesser maximum operating temperature and storage temperature. (In contrast to LEDs,
incandescent lamps can be made to intrinsically run at virtually any supply voltage, can
utilize either AC or DC current interchangeably, and will provide steady illumination (due
to thermal inertia) when powered by AC or pulsing DC even at a frequency as low as 50
Hz. LEDs usually need electronic support components to function, while an incandescent
bulb can and usually does operate directly from an unregulated DC or AC power source.

3.8.1 Color selection:-

By selection of different semiconductor materials, single-color LEDs can be made that

emit light in a narrow band of wavelengths from near-infrared through the visible
spectrum and into the ultraviolet range. As the wavelengths become shorter, because of the

24
larger band gap of these semiconductors, the operating voltage of the LED increases.

1. Blue and ultraviolet:-

Blue LEDs have an active region consisting of one or more InGaN quantum
wells sandwiched between thicker layers of GaN, called cladding layers. By varying the
relative in/Ga fraction in the InGaN quantum wells, the light emission can in theory be
varied from violet to amber.

Fig.2.10Blue LED

2. White light:-

There are two primary ways of producing white light-emitting diodes. One is to use
individual LEDs that emit three primary colors—red, green and blue—and then mix all the
colors to form white light. The other is to use a phosphor material to convert
monochromatic light from a blue or UV LED to broad-spectrum white light, similar to
a fluorescent lamp. The yellow phosphor is cerium-doped YAG crystals suspended in the
package or coated on the LED.

Fig.3.11 White LED

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3.8.2 How does it work?

When the forward biased current IF is applied through the p-n junction of the diode,
minority carrier electrons are injected into the p-region and corresponding minority carrier
electrons are injected into the n-region. Photon emission occurs due to electron-hole
recombination in the p-region.
Electron energy transitions across the energy gap, called radioactive recombination’s,
produce photons (i.e., light), while shunt energy transitions, called non-radioactive
recombination’s, produce phonons (i.e., heat).

3.9 Resistors:-
A resistor is a passive two-terminal electrical component that implements electrical
resistance as a circuit element. In electronic circuits, resistors are used to reduce current
flow, adjust signal levels, to divide voltages, bias active elements, and
terminate transmission lines, among other uses. High-power resistors that can dissipate
many watts of electrical power as heat may be used as part of motor controls, in power
distribution systems, or as test loads for generators. Fixed resistors have resistances that
only change slightly with temperature, time or operating voltage. Variable resistors can be
used to adjust circuit elements (such as a volume control or a lamp dimmer), or as sensing
devices for heat, light, humidity, force, or chemical activity.

The RX pin of ESP8266 works on 3.3V and it will not communicate with the Arduino
when we will connect it directly to the Arduino. So, we will have to make a voltage
divider for it which will convert the 5V into 3.3V. This can be done by connecting the
2.2K & 1K resistor. Thus the RX pin of the ESP8266 is connected to pin 10 of Arduino
through the resistors.

3.10 Jumper Wires:-

Jumper wires are simply wires that have connector pins at each end, allowing them to be
used to connect two points to each other without soldering. Jumper wires are typically

26
used with breadboards and other prototyping tools in order to make it easy to change a
circuit as needed.

Fig.3.12 jumper wires

3.10.1 Types of jumper wires:-

There are different types of jumper wires. Some have the same type of electrical
connector at both ends, while others have different connectors. Some common connectors
are:

• Solid tips – are used to connect on/with a breadboard or female header connector.
The arrangement of the elements and ease of insertion on a breadboard allows
increasing the mounting density of both components and jump wires without fear
of short-circuits. The jump wires vary in size and color to distinguish the different
working signals.
• Crocodile clips – are used, among other applications, to temporarily bridge
sensors, buttons and other elements of prototypes with components or equipment
that have arbitrary connectors, wires, screw terminals, etc.
• Banana connectors – are commonly used on test equipment for DC and low-
frequency AC signals.
• Registered jack (RJnn) – are commonly used in telephone (RJ11) and computer
networking (RJ45).
• RCA connectors – are often used for audio, low-resolution composite video
signals, or other low-frequency applications requiring a shielded cable.
27
 • RF connectors – are used to carry radio frequency signals between circuits, test
equipment, and antennas.
• RF jumper cables - Jumper cables is a smaller and more bendable corrugated cable
which is used to connect antennas and other components to network cabling.

• Jumpers are also used in base stations to connect antennas to radio units. Usually
the most bendable jumper cable diameter is 1/2".

3.11 Breadboard:-

A breadboard is used to build and test circuits quickly before finalizing any circuit design.
The breadboard has many holes into which circuit components like ICs and resistors can
be inserted.
The bread board has strips of metal which run underneath the board and connect the holes
on the top of the board. The metal strips are laid out as shown below. Note that the top and
bottom rows of holes are connected horizontally while the remaining holes are connected
vertically.

Fig.3.13 breadboard

To use the bread board, the legs of components are placed in the holes. Each set of holes
connected by a metal strip underneath forms a node. A node is a point in a circuit where
two components are connected. Connections between different components are formed by
putting their legs in a common node. The long top and bottom row of holes are usually
used for power supply connections. The rest of the circuit is built by placing components

28
and connecting them together with jumper wires. ICs are placed in the middle of the board
so that half of the legs are on one side of the middle line and half on the other.

3.11.1 Breadboard tips:-

It is important to breadboard a circuit neatly and systematically, so that one can debug it
and get it running easily and quickly. It also helps when someone else needs to understand
and inspect the circuit. Here are some tips:

• Always use the side-lines for power supply connections. Power the chips from the
side-lines and not directly from the power supply.

• Use black wires for ground connections (0V), and red for other power connections.

• Keep the jumper wires on the board flat, so that the board does not look cluttered.

• Route jumper wires around the chips and not over the chips. This makes changing the
chips when needed easier.

• You could trim the legs of components like resistors, transistors and LEDs, so that
they fit in snugly and do not get pulled out by accident.

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 CHAPTER 4
SYSTEM DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT

4.1 BLOCK DIAGRAM DESCRIPTION:-

The proposed IOT-based health monitoring system was developed using Arduino
microcontroller which is the brain of the project.

Arduino collects real-time health data from a pulse sensor that measures heart rate in
minutes or BPM (beats per minute). An Arduino digital temperature sensor measures the
patient's body temperature. One temperature sensor is connected to Arduino to measure
room temperature so that

we can adjust the room temperature according to our health and body temperature, and we
use a humidity sensor to measure the humidity in the area so that it does not affect health.

30
The buzzer produces beeps that are audible when the patient's heartbeat occurs / is
detected. This provides a brief understanding of health care professionals of how a
patient's heart works in a particular health condition. Unusual heartbeat can be detected by
listening only to the beeps.

The standard ESP8266 IOT module connects to Arduino via UART is responsible for
connecting the machine to the internet and sending health data to the IOT (Thing speak)
server for storage and monitoring.

This region can not only send patient health data to the server but can also display real-
time data on a 16 × 2 LCD display. This is helpful for health care professionals who
actively monitor the patient on site.

4.2 HARDWARE DESCRIPTION:-

The hardware required for this project is

• Arduino UNO

• Pulse sensor/ Heartbeat sensor

• Temperature sensor

• ESP8266

• LCD display

4.2.1 Arduino UNO:-

Arduino board open-source micro controller based on ATmega328p micro controller. It is

one of the most popular development boards used for experimental purposes and serves as
an Internet of Things (IOT) link.

31
The board contains other items such as serial connection, crystal oscillator, voltage
regulator etc. It contains 2 kB of RAM, 1 kB of ROM, flash memory of 32 kB and can be
easily formatted with open-source Arduino IDE software.

There are many GND pins in Arduino; any of them can be used to grind your circuit. 5V
(4) & 3.3V (5): there is one 5V pin provides 5 volts power to Arduino UNO, and the 3.3V
pin provides an influence of 3.3 volts. Most straightforward the components used with the
Arduino vary jubilantly from five or 3.3 volts.

ANALOG (6): subtitle space beneath 'Analog In' label (A0 to A5 in UNO) by Analog In
pins … DIGITAL (7): on the far side the analog pins digital pins (0 to 13 in UNO). These
pins is used for each digital input (such as telling once a button is pressed) and digital
output (such as semiconductor diode power supply). PWM (8): These anchors act as
standard digital pins, however also can be used with one thing referred to as Pulse- Width
breadth Variation.

4.2.2 Pulse sensor/ Heartbeat sensor:-

The Pulse Sensor is a plug-and-play heart-rate sensor for Arduino. It can be used by

students, artists, athletes, makers, and game & mobile developers who want to easily

incorporate live heart-rate data into their projects. The essence is an integrated optical

amplifying circuit and noise eliminating circuit sensor. Clip the Pulse Sensor to your

earlobe or fingertip and plug it into your Arduino, you can ready to read heart rate. Also, it

has an Arduino demo code that makes it easy to use.

The pulse sensor has three pins: VCC, GND & Analog Pin. There is also a LED in the

center of this sensor module which helps in detecting the heartbeat. Below the LED, there

is a noise elimination circuitry that is supposed to keep away the noise from affecting the

readings.

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4.2.3 Temperature sensor:

The LM35 series is a well-integrated heat-resistant heat exchanger with Centigrade

temperature. The LM35 device has an advantage over Kelvin's limited direct temperature
sensors, as the user does not have to emit large, uninterruptible power outages for easy
Centigrade measurements. The LM35 device does not require external measurement or
cutting to provide normal details of ± ¼ ° C at room temperature and ± ¾ ° C in
addition to the full temperature range of 55°C to 150°C.

4.2.4 ESP8266:

ESP8266 can be a very simple and cheap tool for net production. The module will work
individually as an Associated Objective access point (can display hotspot) and as a
channel (can connect to Wi-Fi), where it will simply download information and transfer it
to the web creating a Web of things as simple as accessibility. It can also download
information from the web exploitation API where any project can access any information
available on the web, so it builds smarter. Another interesting feature of this module is that
it is often programmed to exploit Arduino IDE which makes it easy to use a lot. The
ESP8266 module works with 3.3V only; sometime 3.7V can kill the module when it alerts
you and your circuits. Here is the description of its anchors.

4.2.5 LCD Display:-

LCD is a flat optical display device which uses liquid crystals' light-modulating properties
combined with polarizer’s. Liquid crystals do not directly emit light, but use a backlight or
reflector to create color or monochrome images.

4.3 ASSEMBLING OF HARDWARE COMPONENTS:

For designing IOT Based Patient Health Monitoring System using ESP8266 & Arduino,
assemble the circuit as shown in the figure below.

1. Connect Pulse Sensor output pin to A0 of Arduino and other two pins to VCC &GND.

2. Connect LM35 Temperature Sensor output pin to A1 of Arduino and other two

33
 pins to VCC &GND.

3. Connect the LED to Digital Pin 7 of Arduino via a 220-ohmresistor.

4. Connect Pin 1, 3,5,16 of LCD to GND.

5. Connect Pin 2, 15 of LCD to VCC.

6. Connect Pin 4,6,11,12,13,14 of LCD to Digital Pin12, 11, 5,4,3,2 of Arduino.

7. The RX pin of ESP8266 works on 3.3V and it will not communicate with the
Arduino when we will connect it directly to the Arduino. So, we will have to
make a voltage divider for it which will convert the 5V into 3.3V. This can be
done by connecting the 2.2K & 1K resistor. Thus the RX pin of the ESP8266 is
connected to pin 10 of Arduino through the resistors.

8. Connect the TX pin of the ESP8266 to pin 9 of the Arduino.

Fig.4.1 Circuit Diagram

34
 CHAPTER 5
APPLICATION:-

Before Internet of Things, patients’ interactions with doctors were limited to visits, and
tale and text communications. There were no way doctors or hospitals could monitor
patients’ health continuously and make recommendations accordingly.

IoT is undoubtedly transforming the healthcare industry by redefining the space of

devices and people interaction in delivering healthcare solutions. IoT has applications in
healthcare that benefit patients, families, physicians, hospitals and insurance companies.

5.1 Applications of this project:-

1. IOT for Patients:-

Devices in the form of wearables like fitness bands and other wirelessly connected
devices like blood pressure and heart rate monitoring cuffs, glucometer etc. give patients
access to personalized attention. These devices can be tuned to remind calorie count,
exercise check, appointments, blood pressure variations and much more.
IOT has changed people’s lives, especially elderly patients, by enabling constant tracking
of health conditions. This has a major impact on people living alone and their families.
On any disturbance or changes in the routine activities of a person, alert mechanism
sends signals to family members and concerned health providers.

2. IOT for Physicians:-

By using wearable’s and other home monitoring equipment embedded with IOT,
physicians can keep track of patients’ health more effectively. They can track patients’
adherence to treatment plans or any need for immediate medical attention. IOT enables
healthcare professionals to be more watchful and connect with the patients proactively.
Data collected from IOT devices can help physicians identify the best treatment process
for patients and reach the expected outcomes.

35
3. IOT for Hospitals:-

Apart from monitoring patients’ health, there are many other areas where IOT devices
are very useful in hospitals. IOT devices tagged with sensors are used for tracking real
time location of medical equipment like wheelchairs, defibrillators, nebulizers, oxygen
pumps and other monitoring equipment. Deployment of medical staff at different
locations can also be analyzed real-time.

The spread of infections is a major concern for patients in hospitals. IOT-enabled

hygiene monitoring devices help in preventing patients from getting infected. IOT
devices also help in asset management like pharmacy inventory control, and
environmental monitoring, for instance, checking refrigerator temperature, and humidity
and temperature control.

4. IOT for Health Insurance Companies:-

There are numerous opportunities for health insurers with IOT-connected intelligent
devices. Insurance companies can leverage data captured through health monitoring
devices for their underwriting and claims operations. This data will enable them to detect
fraud claims and identify prospects for underwriting. IOT devices bring transparency
between insurers and customers in the underwriting, pricing, claims handling, and risk
assessment processes. In the light of IOT-captured data-driven decisions in all operation
processes, customers will have adequate visibility into underlying thought behind every
decision made and process outcomes.

Insurers may offer incentives to their customers for using and sharing health data
generated by IOT devices. They can reward customers for using IOT devices to keep
track of their routine activities and adherence to treatment plans and precautionary health
measures. This will help insurers to reduce claims significantly. IOT devices can also
enable insurance companies to validate claims through the data captured by these
devices.

36
5.2 Advantages:-

The major advantages of IOT healthcare include:

• Cost Reduction: IOT enables patient monitoring in real time, thus

significantly cutting down unnecessary visits to doctors, hospital stays andre-
admissions.

• Improved Treatment: It enables physicians to make evidence-based

informed decisions and brings absolute transparency.

• Faster Disease Diagnosis: Continuous patient monitoring and real time

data helps in diagnosing diseases at an early stage or even before the disease
develops based on symptoms.
• Proactive Treatment: Continuous health monitoring opens the doors for
providing proactive medical treatment.
• Drugs and Equipment Management: Management of drugs and medical
equipment is a major challenge in a healthcare industry. Through connected
devices, these are managed and utilized efficiently with reduced costs.

• Error Reduction: Data generated through IoT devices not only help in
effective decision making but also ensure smooth healthcare operations with
reduced errors, waste and system costs.

5.3 Benefits:-
1) Simultaneous Reporting and Monitoring:
Real-time monitoring via connected devices can save a million lives in the event of a
medical emergency like heart failure, diabetes, asthma attacks, etc.
With the real-time monitoring of the condition in place by means of a smart medical
device connected to a Smartphone app, connected devices can collect useful medical and
health-related data.
The connected IOT device collects and transfers health data such as information about

37
blood pressure, oxygen, and blood sugar levels, weight, and ECGs.
The data is stored in the cloud and can be shared with an authorized person as per the
sharing access authority. The said person could be a physician, an insurance company, a
participating health firm or an external consultant, and it will allow them to look at the
collected data regardless of their location and time!

2) End-to-End Connectivity and Affordability:-

IOT can help in automating healthcare and patient healthcare workflow through healthcare
mobility solutions. IOT in healthcare enables interoperability, machine to machine
communication, information exchange, and data movement that make the delivery of
healthcare service extremely cost-effective. This technology-driven setup can bring down
the costs by cutting down unnecessary visits and utilizing better quality resources. Thereby
improving the process of allocation and resource planning.

3) Data Assortment and Analysis:-

For healthcare professionals, managing a vast amount of data is not as easy as it sounds.
Data collected in real-time through IOT-enabled mobile devices can be analyzed and
segregated through mobility solutions powered by IOT. This will reduce the collection of
raw data and can drive vital healthcare analytics and data-driven insights, which ultimately
reduce errors and speed up decision-making.

4) Tracking and Alerts:

Real-time tracking and alerts in life-threatening situations can turn as a savior to safeguard
a critical patient’s health with constant notifications and real-time alerts for proper
monitoring, analysis, and diagnosis. Healthcare mobility solutions powered by IoT
enable real-time tracking, alerting, and monitoring. This permits hands-on treatments,
better accuracy and apt intervention by doctors hence improving the complete patient care
delivery results.

38
5. Remote Medical Assistance:-

It is a terrible situation for a patient looking for medical assistance, yet being unable to
connect to a doctor due to hindrances such as location and lack of knowledge. The
problem has got its fixture in the IOT-enabled mobility solutions that can help patients
with proper medical assistance on the go.
Patients can take medical prescriptions right at home through healthcare delivery chains
connected to patients through IOT devices.

5.3.1 Implantable Glucose monitoring systems:-

Patients who suffer from diabetes can have devices with sensors implanted in them, just
below their skin. The sensors in the devices will send information to a patient’s mobile
phone when his or her glucose levels get too low and will record historical data for them
too. This way, patients will also be able to tell when they are most likely to be at risk for
low glucose levels in the future, as well as in the present.

5.3.2 Activity Trackers during Cancer Treatment:-

Usually the right treatment for a cancer patient relies on more than just his or her weight
and age. Their lifestyles and fitness levels also play a huge role in what the proper
treatment plan for them will entail. Activity trackers track a patient’s movements, fatigue
levels, appetite, etc. Plus, the data collected from the tracker prior to treatment and after
treatment has started will tell healthcare professionals what adjustments need to be made
to the recommended treatment plan.

5.3.3HeartMonitorswithReporting:-

Patients can wear devices that monitor their heart rates, and that can determine whether
they have high blood pressure. Healthcare providers will have access to reporting of
patient’s heart monitor data when they need to pull it during checkups and exams. The
wearable devices can even alert healthcare professionals when patients are experiencing

39
arrhythmias, palpitations, strokes, or full-blown heart attacks. Ambulances can then be
dispatched in a timely fashion, which can be the difference between life and death.

5.3.4 Medical Alert Systems:-

Individuals can wear something that looks like jewelry but is designed to alert family
members or friends in case of an emergency. For instance, if an individual is wearing a
medical alert bracelet and fell out of bed in the middle of the night, the people they
designate to help in the case of an emergency would be immediately notified on their
smart phone sthat their help was needed.

5.3.5IngestibleSensors:-
Patients can now swallow devices with sensors that look like pills. Once the sensors are
ingested, they relay information to a patient’s mobile app that will help them follow the
proper dosages for their medications. Most medications aren’t taken as prescribed due to
forgetfulness or other human error. This ingestible sensor works to ensure patients are
taking the right medications, at the right time, in the right dosages. Some ingestible
sensors are also being used to more accurately diagnose patients with things like irritable
bowel syndrome and colon cancer.

5.3.6 Medication Dispensers:-

Devices can now be implanted in a patient that dispenses medication in steady doses
throughout the day. Patients will be notified when they need to refill their medications.
Doctors can also be informed of missed doses during routine visits.

5.3.7 Wireless Sensors:-

Wireless sensors are being used in labs and hospital refrigerators to ensure blood samples,
chilled medications, and other biomedical materials are always kept at the proper
temperatures.

40
5.3.8 Track able Inhalers:-

IOT inhalers are telling patients what they’re doing or experiencing to cause asthma
attacks, by transmitting information to their smart phones or tablets. That information can
also be shared with their physicians. The connected inhalers also remind patients when to
take their medications.

4.3.9WearablestoFightDepression:-

Apple has designed an app for its Apple Watch that helps manic depressive patients cope
with their depression. The app tracks a patient’s episodes outside of their scheduled
appointments and helps to monitor cognitive and mood functions.

5.3.10 Connected Contact Lenses:-

Currently, connected contact lenses are reading glucose levels of diabetes patients. But
soon enough, they’ll be able to help restore the eye’s focus and improve vision.

5.3.11 Location Services:-

Items like wheelchairs, scales, defibrillators, nebulizers, pumps, or monitoring equipment,
can be tagged with IOT sensors and located easily by healthcare staff. A lot of times
physical equipment can be misplaced or is hard to track down, but with IOT, staff will
know where everything is.

41
 CHAPTER 6
CONCLUSION AN FUTURE SCOPE

6.1 CONCLUSION
The Internet of Things is considered now as one of the feasible solutions for any remote
value tracking especially in the field of health monitoring. It facilitates that the individual
prosperity parameter data is secured inside the cloud, stays in the hospital are reduced for
conventional routine examinations and most important that the health can be monitored
and disease diagnosed by any doctor at any distance. In this paper, an IOT based health
monitoring system was developed. The system monitored body temperature, pulse rate and
room humidity and temperature using sensors, which are also displayed on a LCD. These
sensor values are then sent to a medical server using wireless communication. These data
are then received in an authorized personals smart phone with IOT platform. With the
values received the doctor then diagnose the disease and the state of health of the patient.
Healthcare IOT is not without challenges. IOT-enabled connected devices capture huge
amounts of data, including sensitive information, giving rise to concerns about data
security.

Implementing apt security measures is crucial. IOT explores new dimensions of patient
care through real-time health monitoring and access to patients’ health data. This data is
a goldmine for healthcare stakeholders to improve patient’s health and experiences while
making revenue opportunities and improving healthcare operations. Being prepared to
harness this digital power would prove to be the differentiator in the increasingly
connected world.

6.2 FUTURE SCOPE:-

• IOT based Remote Patient Monitoring System can be enhanced to detect and
collect data of several anomalies for monitoring purpose such as home ultrasound,
Brain signal monitoring, Tumor detection etc.
• More research on problems associated with having data online, data privacy as IOT

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 is managed and run by multiple technologies and multiple vendors are involved in
it. Security algorithms and certain precautions by the users will help avoid any
security related threats in IOT network.
• The interface can be designed to control which sensors can be used by consumers
according to their needs.
• Web UI can be enhanced to perform several activities which include controlling
the hardware, real-time graphs, history and analysis graphs to observe anomalies
etc.

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 REFERENCES

RESEARCH PAPER:-

– “Arduino Architecture” https://www.engineersgarage.com/what-is-gsm-gprs-

module [Oct. 1, 2017]
– “Systems design” https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Systems_design [Oct. 15, 2017]
– “UML - Standard Diagrams”
https://www.tutorialspoint.com/uml/uml_standard_diagrams.htm [Oct. 18, 2017]
– “The Internet of Things in healthcare: an overview”
https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=Y4opLB8AAAAJ&hl=en [Sept. 7,
2017]
– “Envisioning inclusive futures: technology-based assistive sensory and action
substitution” https://www.infona.pl/resource/bwmeta1.element.elsevier-3d45bfdd-
fe55-359f-84e4- 674a21cae024 [Sept 4, 2017]
– “A multiple communication standards compatible IOT system for medical usage”
http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/6577775/?reload=true [Sept 5, 2017]
– https://how2electronics.com/iot-patient-health-monitoring-system-
esp8266/#Block_Diagram
– https://www.projectsof8051.com/arduino-and-iot-based-patient-health-monitoring-
system-project/

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