TELE-ECG MONITORING SYSTEM

USING RASPBERRY PI
A PROJECT REPORT
Submitted by
DHIWAHAR.C.V (2016504009)
ARUN KUMAR.S (2016504005)
RAMAN.G (2016504030)

In partial fulfillment for the award of the degree

of

BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING
IN
ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

MADRAS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

ANNA UNIVERSITY:: CHENNAI 600 044
APRIL 2020

i
 BONAFIDE CERTIFICATE
Certified that this project report “TELE-ECG MONITORING SYSTEM
USING RASPBERRY PI” is the bonafide work of

DHIWAHAR.C.V (2016504009)

ARUN KUMAR. S (2016504005)

RAMAN.G (2016504030)

who carried out the project work under my supervision. Certified further that to
the best of my knowledge the work reported herein does not form part of any
other project report on the basis of which a degree or award was conferred on
this or any other candidate.

SIGNATURE SIGNATURE

Dr. GANESH MADHAN Mr. E.KONGUVEL

HEAD OF THE DEPARTMENT PROJECT GUIDE

Associate Professor Teaching Fellow

Department of Electronics Engineering, Department of Electronics

Engineering,

Madras Institute of Technology, Madras Institute of Technology,

Anna University, Anna University,

Chennai 600 044. Chennai 600 044

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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

We are extremely grateful to our project guide Mr. E. Konguvel, Teaching

Fellow, Department of Electronics Engineering, MIT Campus, for providing us
important advices on the problems we faced while doing the project and without
his extreme support like by letting us to use his hardware components whenever
we needed for our project we would not have completed it. Throughout the
course of project, we gained a great amount of knowledge through practical
implementation which was only possible through his continuous motivation. So
we take an immense pleasure in thanking him, for his continuous guidance
throughout this semester for the successful completion of the project.

We take exorbitant pleasure in thanking Prof. T. THYAGARAJAN, Dean,

Madras Institute of Technology, Anna University, for providing us with all the
facilities required for our project work. We are thankful to our Head of the
Department, Dr. M.GANESHMADHAN, Associate Professor, Department of
Electronics Engineering, MIT Campus, for giving us the opportunity to
undertake this project and for providing us with the state of the art facilities.

We take enormous pleasure in thanking Dr. M. Ganesh Madhan, Professor-in-

charge, MIT Central Library, Madras Institute of Technology, Anna University
for letting us to use the reference section of MIT Library whenever we needed
to test and implement our project there.

We sincerely thank all the Panel members for the valuable suggestions which
took our project to greater heights. We also thank our Project Coordinator,
Mr.E. Konguvel and all the teaching and nonteaching staff members of the
Department of Electronics Engineering for their support in all aspects

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 ABSTRACT

The healthcare monitoring systems has emerged as one of the most vital
system and became technology oriented from the past decade. Humans are
facing a problem of unexpected death due to various illness which is because of
lack of medical care to the patients at right time. The primary goal was to
develop a reliable patient monitoring system using IoT so that the healthcare
professionals can monitor their patients, who are either hospitalized or at home
using an IoT based integrated healthcare system with the view of ensuring
patients are cared for better. A mobile device based wireless healthcare
monitoring system was developed which can provide real time online
information about physiological conditions of a patient mainly consists of
sensors, the data acquisition unit, microcontroller (i.e., Raspberry pi), and
programmed with a software (i.e., python). The patient’s heart rate data are
monitored, displayed and stored by the system and sent to the doctor’s mobile
containing the application. Thus, IoT based patient monitoring system
effectively monitor patient’s health status and save life on time.

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 TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER TITLE PAGE NO

NO.

ABSTRACT iv
LIST OF FIGURES vii

1. INTRODUCTION

1.1 INTRODUCTION 1

1.2 LITERATURE SURVEY 5

2. SOFTWARE WORK FLOW

2.1 INTRODUCTION 8

2.2 USER ANDROID APP

2.2.1 LOGIN ACTIVITY 8

2.2.2 USER ACTIVITY 9

2.2.3 VISUALISE THE PATIENT ECG

DATA 10

2.2.4 GRAPHICAL REPRESENTATION

OF ECG DATA 11

2.3 REAL TIME DATABASE

2.3.1 AUTHENTICATION 13

2.3.2 UPDATING DATA IN DATABASE 13

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3. REAL TIME HARDWARE IMPLEMENTATION

3.1 HARDWARE MODEL IMPLEMENTATION

3.1.1 HEART MONITOR SENSOR 15

3.1.2 RASPBERRY PI 16

3.1.3 ANALOG TO DIGITAL

CONVERTER 17

3.2 HARDWARE DESIGN

3.3 HARDWARE MECHANISM

3.3.1 COLLECTED DATA IS SEND FROM

AD8232 TO MCP3008 19

3.3.2 MECHANISM BEHIND MCP3008

AND RASPBERRY PI INTERFACE 20

4 IMPLEMENTATION AND RESULTS

4.1 MERITS AND DEMERITS 26

5 CONCLUSION 27

REFRENCES 28

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 LIST OF FIGURES

FIGURE CAPTION PAGE NO.

NO.

1. INTRODUCTION

1.1 NORMAL ECG 3

1.2 RADIAL METHOD 4

1.3CAROTID METHOD 4

2. SOFTWARE WORKFLOW

2.1 ECG DATA PROCESSING 8

2.2 LOGIN ACTIVITY 9

2.3USER ACTIVITY 10

2.4 ECG READINGS OF THE PATIENT 11

2.5 GRAPHICAL REPRESENTATION OF

ECG DATA 12

2.6 AUTHENTICATION WINDOW 13

2.7 UPDATING DATA IN DATABASE 14

3. REAL TIME HARDWARE IMPLEMENTATION

3.1 ECG DATA COLLECTION 15

3.2 AD8232 16

3.3 RASPBERRY PI 17

3.4 MCP3008 17

3.5 (A) HARDWARE MODEL 18

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 (B) PIN DIAGRAM OF HARDWARE MODEL 19

3.6 EINTHOVEN TRIANGLE 20

3.7 CONNECTION BETWEEN RASPBERRY PI

AND ADC 22

4. IMPLEMENTATION AND RESULTS

4.1 VERIFICATION OF LOGIN DETAILS 23

4.2 TRANSFER OF DATA FROM DATABASE

TO ANDROID APP 24

4.3 GRAPHICAL REPRESENTATION OF

ECG DATA 25

4.4 SINGLE NORMAL ECG PATTERN 2

viii
 CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

1.1 INTRODUCTION

Heart diseases have become one of the leading causes of human fatalities
around the world and patient care demands on hospitals are on the rise in
parallel with the growth of the world population and the accompanying rise in
chronic diseases.. For instance, approximately 2.8 million people die each year
as a result of being overweight or obese as obesity can lead to adverse metabolic
effects on blood pressure and cholesterol which ultimately increases the risks of
coronary heart disease, is chemic stroke ,diabetes mellitus ,and a number of
common cancers . According to WHO, it has been estimated that heart disease
rate might increase to 23.3% worldwide by the year 2030. The treatment of such
chronic diseases requires continuous and long term monitoring to control threat.
Instrumentation and measurement (I and M) are a keystone to diagnose each
disease.

Wireless technology is ruling worldwide and has invaded the medical area with
wide range of scope and capabilities. Patient Health monitoring using IoT is a
technology to enable monitoring of patients outside of conventional clinical
settings (e.g. in the home), which may increase access to care and decrease
healthcare delivery costs. This can significantly improve an individual's quality
of life. It allows patients to maintain independence, prevent complications, and
minimize personal costs.

This system facilitates these goals by delivering care right to the home. In
addition, patients and their family members feel comfort knowing that they are
being monitored and will be supported if a problem arises.

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The ubiquitous social connectivity can be used in telemedicine for remote
monitoring and offsite diagnoses. It should be noted that over 94% of the world
population, that is, 6.8 billion people, are the subscribers of cell phone and
about 2.7 billion subscribers are using Internet. Cell phone subscription is
increasing rapidly and might reach the level of 8.5 billion by the end of 2016
with 70% of smart phone users from developing countries. In addition, smart
phones technology comprises various services such as location tracking, short
message service, and access of WLAN/GPRS/3G which provide subiquitous
connectivity. There are extensive studies on use of mobile phones in health care
and clinical practices illustrating the use of inbuilt applications of smart phones
like GPS and location enabled services which offer independent survival of old
age patient with fragilities . Existing studies have also highlighted the uses of
inbuilt apps in continuous monitoring and maintaining individual records .For
instance, in another study, the authors discussed the benefits of existing smart
phone health apps considering their credibility for continuous dataflow,
feasibility, portability, and power consumption. Nevertheless, the discrepancies
such as battery consumption, calibration, and generation of false alarms have
challenged the capabilities of smart phone apps in the implementation of real-
time health monitoring and diagnosis.

An alternative to inbuilt smart phone sensors is wearable sensors that have been
used for continuous monitoring, storing, and sending medical data to healthcare
givers over distance.

Existing studies with wearable sensors offer monitoring in applications like

physiological, biochemical, and motion sensing . These sensors have been used
in monitoring health indicators and body positions of the patients,as well as in
keeping track of sports and other activities . These wearable sensors are

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becoming promising due to the fact that these sensors are low cost , easily
available, user friendly, accurate, and reliable.

Many studies explored the clinical applications of wearable sensors in

cardiovascular, neurological, asthma, and hypertension diseases. For instance ,
developed a system to monitor congestive heart failure in patients , comprising
a bio sensor in the form of a ring that monitors heart data.

Electrocardiograph:

Electrical current flows from the heart and a small fraction of it

makes it way to the body surface as the cardiac impulse go through the heart.
Electrocardiograph or ECG for short detects and records these electrical signals
that are responsible for pumping blood by the heart all around the body.

A normal electrocardiogram is shown in Figure.

Fig.1.1 Normal ECG

ECG is an indication of the patient’s heart health by recording the electrical

activity to be read by specialized doctors which able to extract vital signs from
it. Hence, HR can be calculated from ECG

There are several methods to measure the heart rate, the most used methods:

Radial:

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It is taking the Pulse on the Wrist. By holding the palm of theright hand facing
upwards, placing the tips of the middle three fingers from the left hand on the
wrist joint and count the number of beats for six seconds. If we multiplied this
number by ten it gives the BPM.

Fig.1.2 Radial method

Carotid:

It is taking the pulse on the Throat. By placing two fingers (first and second)
lightly on the side of the throat just below the angle of the jaw. A pulse would
be felt from the jugular vein. Count the number of beats for six seconds.
Multiplying this number by ten will give the BPM.

Fig.1.3 Carotid method

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1.2 LITERATURE SURVEY

S. J. Jung and W. Y. Chung studied the Flexible and scalable

patient’s health monitoring system . The main advantage of this enabling factor
is the combination of some technologies and communications solution. The
results of Internet of Things are synergetic activities gathered in various fields
of knowledge like telecommunications, informatics and electronics

K. S. Shin and M. J. Mao Kaiver studied a cell phone based

health monitoring system with self analysis which incorporates IoT [13] a new
paradigm that uses smart objects which are not only capable of collecting the
information from the environment and interacting the physical world, but also to
be interconnected with each other through internet to exchange data as well as
information.

Gennaro tartarisco and Tabilo Paniclo had studied a Maintaining

sensing coverage and connectivity in large sensor networks mainly includes the
information about how to build or develop a new computational technology
based on clinical decision support systems, information processing, wireless
communication and also data mining kept in new premises in the field of
personal health care.

Cristina Elena Turcua studied Health care applications a solution

based on the Internet of Things survey aims to present a detailed information
about how radio frequency identification, multi-agent and Internet of Things
technologies can be used to develop and improve people’s access to quality and
health care services and to optimize the health care process.

Gubbi, Jayavardhana, Buyya, Rajkumar, Marusic, Slaven,

Palaniswami, Marimuth studied the Internet of Things (IoT): A vision,
architectural elements, and future direction which proposes on demand
positioning and tracking system. It is based on Global Positioning enabled

5
devices and suitable for large environments. Smart phones between two
terminals are used for making initial communication. The initial communication
is performed by synchronization phase.

Loren Schwiebert, Sandeep K.S. Gupta and Jennifer Weinmann

studied the strength of smart sensors which are developed from the combination
of sensing materials along with combined circuitry for other biomedical
applications .

Gentili G.B proposed a simple microwave technique to monitor the

cardiac activity. This technique is dependent on changes in modulation
envelope of amplitude modulated waves passing through the body . It explained
the use of wireless microsensors networks for medical monitoring and
environmental sensing.

Reza S.Dilmaghani in their study found the design of Wi-Fi

sensor network that is capable of monitoring patient’s chronic diseases at their
home itself via a remote monitoring system. So immerging of wireless sensor
technology individual test like only blood pressure, heart rate, temperature etc.
can be measured .

The First System which the researchers made patient health-

monitoring system using Atmega-8 microcontroller with Wireless Body part
Sensing-Network (WBPSN).In this work, the sensors which are utilized here are
Temperature sensor, BPM sensor,Heart beat sensor.

a.) These sensors are put on human body which are screens the wellbeing
condition without irritating the day by day timetable of the patient and
Wellbeing observing framework comprises of sensors, microcontroller,
LCD show and GSM modem to transmit or get wellbeing related
information to or from the specialist. Thus, at doctor's facility same GsM
modem is utilized. It takes small amount of time to tell the patients and

6
 their loved ones about the results and delivers the report directly with no
interruption.
b.) The second one uses similar technique to monitor the parameters.
Monitored parameters are sent by utilizing RFID per user, Bluetoothv2,
GSM and UMTS. This framework offers office to screen the circulatory
strain of patient. The wellbeing parameter straightforwardly sends to the
specialist utilizing GSM and UMTS. This framework comprises of three
sections: Touch-pad, remote level server and perusing of the Tag-ID and
BPM. For perusing the Tags ID and BPM, utilize a microcontroller unit
(MCU) as a part. The customer touch-pad get the BPM information a
RFID through Bluetoothv2. Customer touch-pad send the information to
the wellbeing parameter. Likewise, these wellbeing parameters are
specifically send to remote server farm and remote server farm to the
specialist utilizing GSM and UMTS remote innovation. Information
gets transmitted as the bundles. This framework stores past information.
c.) The third one is similar to the First system but it instead it uses Atmega-
328 micro-controller and the wifi module is employed to transmit the
data to the doctor and the loved ones of the patient. The Wi-Fi module
fetches the parameters and uploads it in the php server that can be easily
monitored by the doctor. It shows the value of Bpm , Temp and Ecg in a
table with their timestamps.

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 CHAPTER 2

SOFTWARE WORK FLOW

2.1 INTRODUCTION

To obtain the health status of the patient, we are using wearable sensors to
obtain the biological health conditions of the patients in terms of electrical
pulses. It can generate a lot of data. So, we need a storage space to store the data
And as well as update the data from the sensor to the storage space
simultaneously. For this purpose, we are using an online database that can store
and update the data simultaneously. And also create an android application
where the Electrocardiograph is displayed.

Fig.2.1 ECG data processing

2.2 USER ANDROID APP

2.2.1 LOGIN ACTIVITY

This page contains two input text boxes for username and
password. Unique username and password are given to each user .Every time
the username and password which are entered in the text boxes will be checked

8
with the data in the firebase authentication window. If the given data
mismatches with the data in the firebase, then it proceeds with a toast (error)
message. Otherwise, it proceeds to next activity. The login activity page shown
in fig.2.2

Fig.2.2 Login Activity

2.2.2 USER ACTIVITY

This page contains the list of patients who has been monitored.
If you select the patient in the drop down list box, then it displays the
information about the selected patient in the next activity.

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 Fig.2.3 User Activity

2.2.3 VISUALISE THE PATIENT ECG DATA

This page shows the values of the selected patient ECG data. It
retrieves the ECG data from the database and updated simultaneously in
this activity. If you select the graph icon in the top right corner page is
shown in fig.2.4, it will show the ECG values of the selected patient in
the graphical format.

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 Fig.2.4 ECG readings of the patient

2.2.4 GRAPHICAL REPRESENTATION OF ECG DATA

This activity shows the ECG data in form of graph. So, the
specialist can visualise and analyse the graphical response of the patient’s ECG
data.

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 Fig.2.5 Graphical representation of ECG data.

2.1 REAL TIME DATABASE

Store and sync data with our NoSQL cloud database. Data is
synced across all clients in realtime, and remains available when your app goes
offline. The Firebase Realtime Database is a cloud-hosted database. Data is
stored as JSON and synchronized in realtime to every connected client. When
you build cross-platform apps with our iOS, Android, and JavaScript SDKs, all
of your clients share one Realtime Database instance and automatically receive
updates with the newest data.

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2.3.1 AUTHENTICATION
This window checks the data from the android app with the
available data to confirm whether the user is one of our patient or not.
If it matches with the available information in the authentication page, it allow
access to the patient details.

Fig.2.6 Authentication window

2.3.2 UPDATING DATA IN DATABASE

This window displays the ECG values of all the patients who has
been monitored by the hospital and also updates the ECG data . Raspberry pi
looks for the parameters such as API key, auth domain in the database. If the
parameters matches with the parameters in the given raspberry program, then it
start receiving the values from the raspberry pi. The ECG values from the
raspberry pi are transferred to the database to update the existing ECG values.
These data can be updated simultaneously from the raspberry pi to realtime
database.

13
Application Programming Interface (API) Key:
An application programming interface key is a unique identifier used to
authenticate a user, developer, or calling program to an API. API keys provide
project authorization. By identifying the calling project, you can use API
keys to associate usage information with that project.

Fig.2.7 updating data in database

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 CHAPTER 3

REAL TIME HARDWARE IMPLEMENTATION

3.1 HARDWARE MODEL IMPLEMENTATION

Our hardware architecture consists of two IoT devices a smart

phone and ECG data acquisition device with the communication module. The
sensor is connected to the Raspberry pi which is a single board computer which
contains a SOC (System On Chip - Has multi core processor, GPU, ROM, I/O
Peripherals inside it.), DDR RAM memory, Ethernet port, USB host, micro
HDMI on it. A 9V battery is used to power the device, making it portable and
easy to use.

Fig.3.1 ECG data collection

3.1.1 HEART MONITOR SENSOR

The AD8232 is a 4mm x 4mm single lead heart rate monitor that is
operational at 3.3 volts, between -40 and 85 degrees Celsius and with low
current supply of about 170 µA. The circuit is designed to extract, amplify, and
filter small bio-potential signals in the presence of noisy conditions, such as
those created by motion or remote electrode placement. It has an integrated
filter coupled with an amplifier that produces a high gain signal (G=100) and a

15
high pass filter in a single stage, thus allowing the AD8232 to recover quickly
so that it takes valid measurements after connecting the electrodes to the
subject, thus saving cost and space. Three electrodes are connected to the body
as shown in Fig. 3.2, with a 3.5mm jack for the Biomedical Pad Connection on
the other end connected to the heart rate monitor through which analog readings
are read continuously and sent to the output pin. On the board, we also have an
LED indicator that will simulate the rhythm of heart beat

Fig.3.2 AD8232

3.1.2 RASPBERRY PI

Raspberry Pi is a credit-card sized, fully featured computer which

runs the Linux operating system . Raspberry Pi has all the necessary connection
ports where user can plug peripheral devices. A monitor can be plugged through
an HDMI, a mouse and a keyboard to the USB ports and for the speakers
Raspberry provides a 3.5mm audio jack.

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 Fig.3.3 Raspberry pi

3.1.2 ANALOG TO DIGITAL CONVERTER

It is an 8-channel, 10-bit analog to digital converter. The 8-channel

part means that it can accept up to 8 different analog voltages, however it can
only convert one voltage at any one time. The 10-bit property is the resolution
of the ADC, or the precision to which it can measure a voltage. The range of
analog voltages is represented as a 10-bit number on the output. If the ADC is
measuring voltages from 0-3.3V, each step in the output value represents a
change of .003volts.

Fig.3.4 MCP3008

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3.2 HARWARE DESIGN

Hardware circuitry needs a AD8232 heart beat sensor to measure

the electrical activity of a heart. This electrical activity can be charted as an
ECG or Electrocardiogram and output as an analog reading. ECGs can be
extremely noisy, the AD8232 acts as an op amp to help obtain a clear signal
from the PR and QT intervals. Because of raspberry pi doesn’t accept analog
signals we use a MCP3008 which is a low cost 8-channel 10-bit analog to
digital converter. The MCP3008 converts an analog signal into a digital signal
which is acceptable by the raspberry pi. The obtained signal is transferred to the
raspberry pi which is a very cheap computer that runs linux, but it also provides
a set of GPIO pins that allow you to control electronic components and explore
the Internet of Things (IoT). Above mentioned design is shown in Fig.3.5.

Fig.3.5 a) Hardware model

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 Fig.3.5 b) Pin diagram of hardware model

3.3 HARDWARE MECHANISM

3.3.1 COLLECTED DATA IS SEND FROM AD8232 TO MCP3008

The ECG electrodes are placed either to the patient’s chest or
patient’s arms. These electrodes are placed in patient’s body to form an
einthoven’s triangle. The einthoven’s triangle is an imaginary formation of three
limb leads in a triangle used in cardiography, formed by the two shoulders and
pubis. This shape forms an inverted equilateral triangle with the heart at the
center. It is shown in fig.3.2. These electrodes are connected to the AD8232
heart rate sensor which senses the electrical activity of a heart.

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 Fig.3.6 Einthoven triangle

3.3.2 MECHANISM BEHIND MCP3008 AND RASPBERRY PI

INTERFACE
The analog output from this sensor is sent to the raspberry pi
through MCP3008. The MCP3008 connects to the Raspberry Pi using a SPI
serial connection. You can use either the hardware SPI bus, or any four
GPIO pins and software SPI to talk to the MCP3008.
The Serial Peripheral Interface (SPI) is a communicating protocol used to
transfer data between micro-computers like Raspberry Pi and peripheral
devices. These peripheral devices may be either sensors or actuators. An
analog to digital sensor takes voltage and converts it into a digital number
that can be understood by the Raspberry Pi.

SPI uses four separate connections to communicate with the target device.
These connections are the serial clock (CLK), Master In Slave out (MISO),
Master Out Slave In (MOSI) and Chip Select (CS).

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  The clock pin sense pulses at a regular frequency, the speed at which
the Raspberry Pi and SPI device agree to transfer data to each other.
For the ADC, clock pulses are sampled on their rising edge, on the
transition from low to high.
 The MISO pin is a data pin used for the master (in the case of
Raspberry Pi) to receive data from the ADC. Data is read from the
bus after every clock pulse.
 The MOSI pin sends data from the Raspberry Pi to the ADC. The
ADC will take the value of the bus on the rising edge of the clock.
This means the value must be set before the clock is pulsed.
 Finally, the Chip Select line chooses which particular SPI device in
use. If there are multiple SPI devices, They can all share the same
CLK, MOSI, and MISO. However, only the selected device has the
Chip Select line set low, while all other devices have their CS lines
set high. A high Chip Select line tells the SPI device to ignore all of
the commands and traffic on the rest of the bus.

The following formula is used to calculate the digital output from the
analog input

Then, the Raspberry Pi sends the digital ECG data to the online firebase
database where the collected ECG data is stored.

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Fig.3.7 Connection between Raspberry Pi and ADC

22
 CHAPTER 4
IMPLEMENTATION AND RESULTS

The user who needs to see the patient’s ECG data enter the login details in the
android mobile app. Each patient is given by private login details. Whenever the
user enter the individual login id and password, it checks the data with database
authentication window.

If the given login details is

It checks the login details with
correct , it proceeds to the
the database authentication
next page in the android
page
mobile app. Otherwise, it
display a toast (error)
message as

“ Cannot Sign in. Please

check your email id and
password”

Fig.4.1Verification of Login details

23
After logging in to the android app, it asks to select the name of the patient in
the next activity page. If you select the name of the patient, it starts showing the
ECG values of the selected patient (i.e., it receives the data from the database
and displays the values in the android app in both numeric and graphical
format)

The values in the

database are updated
simultaneously to the
android mobile app and
displays the values of
the patient’s ECG data .

Fig.4.2 Transfer of data from database to Android app

24
The patient’s obtained ECG data is displayed in graphical representation

Fig.4.3 Graphical representation of ECG data

Fig.4.4 Single normal ECG pattern

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4.1 MERITS AND DEMERITS
4.1.1 MERITS
 Patient monitoring can be done in real-time.
 Drastically cutting down the need for doctors going out and making
visits.
 Connected home care facilities will also help reduce hospital stays
and re-admissions.
 With real-time data healthcare providers can continuously monitor
patients and they can spot any disease before it spreads and becomes
serious.
 It allows patients to be monitored in the comfort of their own homes.
 Sensors are installed onto various pieces of medical apparatus (e.g.
heart rate monitors) by the bedside of a patient.
 The data gathered is sent to the hospital where a qualified member of
staff analyses it for any abnormalities.

 It also reduces costly visits to doctors and hospital admissions and

makes testing more affordable.

4.1.2 DEMERITS
 The leak of sensitive information about the patient’s health and
location and meddling with sensor data can have grave consequences,
which would counter the benefits of IoT.
 Failure or bugs in the hardware or internet failure or even power
failure can impact the performance of sensors and connected
equipment placing healthcare operations at risk.
 And also skipping a scheduled software update may be even more
hazardous than skipping a doctor check up.

26
  There’s no consensus regarding IoT protocols and standards, so
devices produced by different manufacturers may not work well
together. The lack of uniformity prevents full-scale integration of
IoT, therefore limiting its potential effectiveness.

CONCLUSION
Increasing rate of chronic diseases in aging population is becoming a
serious concern due to lack of sufficient facilities and extremely high cost. The
situation is even worse for the people residing in remote areas far from medical
facilities as delay in diagnosis and treatment may lead to death. Timely
diagnosis and treatment can solve these issues to a great extent. The
advancements in wireless communications and wearable sensor technology
open up the opportunity of real time healthcare monitoring systems. In this
study a real time heart monitoring system for heart patients located in remote
areas has been proposed. The developed system is comprised of wearable
sensors, Android handheld device, and database. The proposed system of patient
health monitoring can be highly used in emergency situations as it can be daily
monitored, recorded and stored as a database. In future the IOT device can be
combined with the cloud computing so that the database can be shared in all the
hospitals for the intensive care and treatment.

27
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