EC7601

ANTENNAS AND WAVE PROPAGATION

ANTENNA AND WAVE PROPAGATION

 UNITI FUNDAMENTALS OF RADIATION

 UNITII APERTURE AND SLOT ANTENNAS
 UNITIII ANTENNA ARRAYS
 UNITIV SPECIAL ANTENNAS
 UNITV PROPAGATION OF RADIOWAVES
UNIT I FUNDAMENTALS OF RADIATION
 Definition of antenna parameters :
 Gain,
 Directivity,
 Effective aperture,
 Radiation Resistance,
 Band width,
 Beam width,
 Input Impedance.
• Matching – Baluns,
• Polarization mismatch,
• Antenna noise temperature,
• Radiation from oscillating dipole, Half wave dipole.
Folded dipole, Yagi array.
 What is an Antenna?
➢ An antenna is a way of converting the guided waves
present in a waveguide, feeder cable or transmission
line into radiating waves travelling in free space or
vice versa.

➢ Converts Electrons to EM energy.

➢Itis a transducer which interfaces a circuit and free

space.
Only accelerated (or decelerated) charges radiate EM waves.
A current with a time-harmonic variation (AC current) satisfies this
requirement.

5
RADIATION PATTERN LOBES

Main lobe

Full Null
Beamwidth
Between
1st NULLS
Side lobes Back lobes
ONLY ACCELERATING CHARGES PRODUCE RADIATION.
Idealized Point Radiator Vertical Dipole Radar Dish

Isotropic Omnidirectional Directional

 ISOTROPIC ANTENNA VS
OMNIDIRECTIONAL ANTENNA

 An isotropic antenna is a theoretical antenna

that radiates power equally in all directions.
Think of it as a sphere.

 An omnidirectional antenna, on the other hand,

radiates power equally all around the antenna in
the horizontal plane but only over a limited range
of directions in the vertical plane. Think of it as
a disc.
 ISOTROPIC ANTENNA
 It’s an hypothetic antenna, i.e., it does not exist in real
life, yet it’s used as a measuring bar for real antenna
characteristics.

 It’s a point source that occupies a negligible space. Has

no directional preference.

 Its pattern is simply a sphere so it has ,

beam area (WA) = Wisotropic= 4p [steradians].

W isotropic   (1)dW
4p
p 2p


 

0 0
(1) sin  d d  4p
 OMNIDIRECTIONAL ANTENNA

The figure above shows an

omnidirectional radiation pattern,
here red colour corresponds to
highest radiation intensity and sky
blue represents lowest.

we can see azimuthally, the antenna

radiates equally in all directions with
highest radiation intensity, but with
respect to elevation angle, radiation
is lowest at the top, then gradually
increases to peak at 90 degrees from
top, then again goes to minimum as
it goes to bottom.

This is shown in two separate 2D polar plots for elevation angle and azimuthal
angle. This is what an omnidirectional antenna is.

Simpler than that, Omnidirectional antennas radiate in the horizontal plane,

Finally ,we conclude that there are 3 types of radiators. They are
Isotropic Radiator:
A hypothetical lossless antenna having equal radiation in all directions.

Omnidirectional Radiator:
An antenna having an essentially nondirectional pattern in a given plane (e.g., in
azimuth) and a directional pattern in any orthogonal plane.

Directional Radiator:
An antenna having the property of radiating or receiving more effectively in some
directions than in others. Usually the maximum directivity is significantly greater
than that of a half-wave dipole.
REGIONS:

• oNear field or Fresnel region: The region within the

radius of the smallest sphere which completely encloses the
antenna is called Fresnel region.

• In sitting an antenna ,it’s crucial to keep objects out of the

near field region to avoid coupling the currents in the
antenna with objects.

• oFar Field or Fraunhofer region: The region beyond

Fresnel region is called Fraunhofer region
 Largest
dimension of
the antenna

Pattern is
well formed
with dominant
Main lobe

Patten is flat (no

main lobes are Main lobe
formed) begins to
develop
infinite distances are not realizable in practice, the most commonly used criterion
for minimum distance of far-field observations is 2D2/λ.
 1.Radiation Pattern
 2.Directivity
 3.Radiation Resistance and Efficiency
 4.PowerGain
 5.Bandwidth
 6.Reciprocity
 7.Effective Aperture
8. Beamwidth and Directivity
9. The Friis Formula:Antennas in Free Space
10.Polarisation Matching
AJAL.A.J- AP ECE UNIVERSAL ENGG COLLEGE
 NORMALIZED PATTERN

 Normalization=particular value/max.value
 RADIATION PATTERN
 A radiation pattern is a three-dimensional, graphical representation of the
far-field radiation properties of an antenna as a function of space
coordinates.

 The far-field region is a region far enough for the radiation pattern to
be independent of the distance from the antenna.

 The radiation pattern of a particular antenna can be measured by

experiment or can be calculated, if the current distribution is known.

 Typically measured in two planes:

 E Plane
 H Plane

E ( ,  )
Field pattern: En ( ,  ) 
Emax ( ,  )

P ( ,  ) U ( ,  )
Power pattern:
Fn ( ,  )  
Pmax ( ,  ) U max ( ,  )
RADIATION PATTERN CHARACTERISTICS
 3 dB beamwidth (HPBW)
 Sidelobes

27
 Nulls

 Front-to-back ratio

 Gain (approximate)

Maximum signal

position
Antenna Pattern Parameters
SPHERICAL COORDINATES
=0
z (zenith)


=90
=90

 y

= azimuth x
=90
= elevation =0
 BEAM AREA OR BEAM SOLID ANGLE

 In 2 ways we calculate Beam Area

 i)Using normalized power pattern

 Ii)Using Half power points.

BEAM AREA (OR BEAM SOLID ANGLE)
BEAM AREA (OR BEAM SOLID ANGLE)
 RADIATION INTENSITY

 Is the power density per solid angle:

U  r Pr2
[W/sr]
where
Pr  ½ Re {E  H*}r [W/m ]
ˆ 2

is the power density also

known as Poynting vector.
BASICS…RECOLLECT…

 The equatorial circumference of Earth is about 24,900

miles (40,070 km).
 Velocity of light(EM waves): 300,000 kilometers per
second
 EM waves covers the earth approximately 8 times the
earth in sec.

 What is antenna? Necessary condn?

 Types of Antenna?

 Radiation Pattern?

 Beamwidh?

 Beam Area?

 Radian?Stredian?normalization?

 Beam efficiency?Stray factor?

 Animation of a half-wave dipole antenna radiating radio
waves, showing the electric field lines.

 The antenna in the center is two vertical metal rods

connected to a radio transmitter (not shown). T

 he transmitter applies an alternating electric current to

the rods, which charges them alternately positive (+)
and negative (−).

 Loops of electric field leave the antenna and travel away

at the speed of light; these are the radio waves.

 In this animation the action is shown slowed down

enormously.
Diagram of the electric fields (E) and magnetic fields (H) of radio waves emitted
by a monopole radio transmitting antenna (small dark vertical line in the center).
The E and H fields are perpendicular as implied by the phase diagram in the
lower right.
Antenna Bandwidth
 ANTENNA BANDWIDTH

 Antenna Bandwidth is the range of frequency over

which the antenna maintains certain required
characteristics like gain, front to back ratio or SWR
pattern (shape or direction), polarization and
impedance.

 It is the bandwidth within which the antenna maintains

a certain set of given specifications.
w  w2  w1  wr / Q  Bandwidth
f  f 2  f1  f r / Q
1
f 
Q
fr=Centre or Resonant Frequency

Q= 2π Total Energy Stored by antenna

Energy Radiated or Dissipated per cycle

Lower the “Q” of antenna higher is the bandwidth

and vice versa
 ANTENNA BANDWIDTH

Most antenna technologies can support operation over a

frequency range that is 5 to 10% of the central
frequency

(e.g., 100 MHz bandwidth at 2 GHz)

To achieve wideband operation requires specialized

antenna technologies
(e.g., Vivaldi, bowtie, spiral)

51
 ANTENNA BANDWIDTH
 The bandwidth of an antenna is the range of frequencies over
which it is effective, usually centered around the operating or
resonant frequency.

 The bandwidth of an antenna may be increased by several

techniques, including using
 Thicker wires,

 Tapering antenna components ( like in a feed horn),

 Combining multiple antennas into a single

assembly(Arrays) and

 Allowing the natural impedance to select the correct

antenna.
 Bandwidth
• For broadband antennas, the bandwidth is usually expressed as
the ratio of the upper-to-lower frequencies of acceptable
operation.

For example, a 10:1 bandwidth indicates that the upper frequency

is 10 times greater than the lower.

• For narrowband antennas, the bandwidth is expressed as a

percentage of the frequency difference (upper minus lower) over
the center frequency of the bandwidth.

For example, a 5% bandwidth indicates that the frequency

difference of acceptable operation is 5% of the center frequency of
the bandwidth.
 Table I. The Bandwidth for Several Common Antennas.

• The bandwidth is often specified in terms of

its Fractional Bandwidth (FBW).

• The FBW is the ratio of the frequency range (highest

frequency minus lowest frequency) divided by the center
frequency.
 DIRECTIVITY

Directivity of an antenna in a given

direction is the ratio of the maximum
radiation intensity to the radiation
intensity averaged over all directions.
1 (or 0 dB).
Directivity and GAIN
 Directivity and GAIN
Directivity is “the ratio of the radiation intensity in a given
direction from the antenna to the radiation intensity averaged over
all directions.”
Max Radiation intensity from subject or test antenna
D=
Max Radiation Intensity from reference (Isotropic)antenna
with same power input.

: radiation efficiency
G=ηD (0.5 - 0.75)

Directivity is a component of its Gain, If lossless

antenna, G=D.
 GAIN, DIRECTIVITY, RADIATION
EFFICIENCY

• The radiation intensity,

G (,)  D(,)
directivity and gain are measures of the
P
ability of an antenna to concentrate  T

power in a particular direction. P 0

• Directivity relates to the power radiated • : radiation efficiency (0.5 - 0.75)

by antenna (P0 )

• Gain relates to thepower delivered to

antenna (PT)
Effective Aperture
 Effective Aperture

“A useful parameter in calculating the received power of

an antenna is the effective area or effective aperture”
 Effective area or Effective aperture (square meters)

• The effective area corresponds to the effective absorbance

area presented by an antenna to an incident plane wave.

• For an aperture antenna, it is equal to or smaller than the

physical aperture.

• The relationship between the gain and the wavelength is

4p
G  2 Ae

 Effective Aperture

It is also defined as the ratio of power received at the

antenna load terminal to the poynting vector(or power
density)in Watts/meter2 of the incident wave.
Thus

Effective Area= Power Received

Poynting Vector of incident wave

Ae = W/P
 ANTENNA GAIN AND EFFECTIVE
AREA
• Measure of the effective absorption area presented by an
antenna to an incident plane wave.
• Depends on the antenna gain and wavelength

2
Ae   G( ,  ) [m ]
2

4p
Aperture efficiency: a = Ae / A

A: physical area of antenna’s aperture, square meters

Antennas – Efficiency
 Antennas – Efficiency
Efficiency

Power is fed to an antenna through a T-Line and

the antenna appears as a complex impedance
Z ant  Rant  jX ant .
where the antenna resistance consists of
radiation resistance and and a dissipative
resistance.
Rant  Rrad  Rdis
j
For the antenna is driven by phasor current I o  I s e

The power radiated by the antenna is The power dissipated by ohmic losses is
1 1
Prad  I o2 Rrad Pdiss  I o2 Rdiss
2 2
An antenna efficiency e can be defined as the ratio of the radiated power
to the total power fed to the antenna.
Prad Rrad
e 
Prad  Pdiss Rrad  Rdiss
Radiation Resistance
 RADIATION RESISTANCE
 The antenna is a radiating device in which power is radiated into
space in the form of electromagnetic waves .

 Hence there must be power dissipation which may be expressed

in usual manner as
W=I2R

 If it is assumed that all this power appears as electromagnetic

radio waves then this power can be divided by square of current
i.e
Rr=W/I2

at a point where it is fed to antenna and obtain a fictitious resistance

called as Radiation resistance.
 RADIATION RESISTANCE

The value of Radiation Resistance depends on:

✓ Configuration of Antenna

✓ The Point where radiation resistance is considered

✓ Location of antenna with respect to ground and other

objects.

✓ Ratio of length of diameter of conductor used

✓ Corona Discharge-a luminous discharge round the

surface of antenna due to ionization of air etc.
RECOLLECT……
Antenna Mechanism
 Types of an Antenna
G=ηD
• : radiation efficiency (0.5 - 0.75)

4p
G  2 Ae


Rant  Rrad  Rdis

Prad Rrad
e 
Prad  Pdiss Rrad  Rdiss
Antenna Impedance
 Antenna Impedance
Antenna Input impedance is very important because it is
generally desired to supply maximum available power from
the transmitter to the antenna or to extract maximum
amount of received energy from the antenna.

ZA

 An antenna is “seen" by the generator as a load with

impedance ZA , connected to the line.

Z A  Rrad  RL   jX A
 Antenna Impedance
The radiation resistance does not correspond to a real resistor
present in the antenna but to the resistance of space coupled
via the beam to the antenna terminals.
 TRANSMITTING ANTENNA EQUIVALENT
CIRCUIT

Antenna

Transmitter Transm. line Radio wave

jXG jXA
Generator

RG
Rr

VG Rl
POWER TRANSFER

• The maximum power

is delivered to (or
from) the antenna the
when antenna
impedance and the
impedance of the
equivalent generator (or
load) are matched
IMPEDANCE MATCHING
R A  Rr  Rl  Rg
X A
 X g
2
Vg
PA 
4R A
2
Vg
Pg   PA 
4Rg
Rr
Pr  PA
R r  Rl 
Rl
Pl  P A
R r  Rl 
Baluns
 Baluns
➢A balun is a device that joins a balanced line (one that has two
conductors, with equal currents in opposite directions, such as
a twisted pair cable) to an unbalanced line (one that has just one
conductor and a ground, such as a coaxial cable).

➢ So it's used to convert an unbalanced signal to

a balanced one or vice versa.

➢Baluns isolate a transmission line and provide

a balanced output.

➢A typical use for a balun is in television antenna.

 Baluns As Impedance Transformers

Transition from a 50Ώ coaxial cable to a 300 Ώ half-wave folded dipole through a four-to-
one impedance transformation balun
Baluns As Impedance Transformers
 Balanced Unbalanced

Television receiver Coaxial cable network

Television receiver Coaxial antenna system

FM broadcast receiver Coaxial antenna system

Dipole antenna Coaxial transmission line

Parallel-wire transmission line Coaxial transmitter output

Parallel-wire transmission line Coaxial receiver input

Parallel-wire transmission line Coaxial transmission line

TYPES OF BALUN

 Classical transformer type

 Autotransformer type
 Transmission-line transformer type
 Delay line type

 A current balun
 A voltage balun
 A choke balun
 A ferrite core balun
 Coaxial balun.
 Sleeve balun.
 Stub balun.
Polarization

P.Jothilakshmi, AP/EC-
 POLARIZATION
• Defined as the orientation of the electric field
(E- plane) of an electromagnetic wave
• Types of polarization
– Linear
• Horizontal
• Vertical
– Circular
– Elliptical
 POLARIZATION
❖ Vertically Polarized Antenna
– Electric field is perpendicular to the Earth’s surface
– e.g., Broadcast tower for AM radio, “whip” antenna on an automobile
❖ Horizontally Polarized Antenna
– Electric field is parallel to the Earth’s surface
– e.g., Television transmission (U.S.)
❖ Circular Polarized Antenna
– Wave radiates energy in both the horizontal and vertical planes and all
planes in between
POLARIZATION
POLARIZATION OF EM WAVES

AR = Axial Ratio
Friis Transmission Equation
 Friis Transmission Equation
 The usefulness of Aperture concept is expressed by Friis
Transmission Formula. Assume Antenna…Isotropic.
 Derived in 1945 by Bell Labs worker Harald T.Friss

 Gives the amount of power an antenna receivedunder ideal

conditions from another antenna.

 – Antennas must be in far field.

 – Antennas are in unobstructed free space.

 – Bandwidth is narrow enough that a single wavelength can be

assumed.
 – Antennas are correctly aligned and polarized.
SIMPLE FORM OF FRIIS EQUATION

 Pr : Power at the receiving antenna

 Pt : output power of transmitting antenna

 Gt, Gr: gain of the transmitting and receiving

antenna, respectively
 λ: wavelength

 R: distance between the antenna

 Duality of Antennas
A circuit device on the one hand and space device on
the another hand.
Antenna noise temperature
 Antenna Noise Temperature
➢The temperature depends on its gain pattern and the thermal
environment that it is placed in. Antenna temperature is also
sometimes referred to as Antenna Noise Temperature.

➢Temperature distribution (T(θ,Ф)(temperature in every direction

away from the antenna in spherical coordinates)

➢An antenna's temperature will vary depending on whether it is

directional and pointed into space or staring into the sun.

➢For an antenna with a Radiation Pattern R(θ,Ф), The Antenna

noise temperature is mathematically defined as:
➢The Noise Power received from an antenna at temperature (TA
) can be expressed in terms of the bandwidth (B) the antenna (and
its receiver) are operating over:
PTA =K TA B

k is Boltzmann’s constant (1.38×10−23 J/K).

Any object whose temperature is above the absolute zero radiates

EM energy. Thus, each antenna is surrounded by noise sources,
which create noise power at the antenna terminals.

Two types of Antenna Noise:

- Noise due to the loss resistance of the antenna itself;
- Noise, which the antenna picks up from the
surrounding environment.
Sources of Antenna noise temperature

•Galactic radiation (Due to Cosmic Rays)

•Earth heating
•The sun
•Electrical devices
•The antenna itself
 Dipole
DIPOLE ANTENNA

Current distribution
MONOPOLE ANTENNA

Capacitive Load

Monopole

Helix

Ground
FOLDED DIPOLE
MONOPOLE ANTENNA ABOVE GROUND
=DIPOLE ANTENNA

Ground
 TERMINOLOGY
 Antenna – structure or device used to collect or radiate
electromagnetic waves
 Array – assembly of antenna elements with dimensions,
spacing, and illumination sequency such that the fields of
the individual elements combine to produce a maximum
intensity in a particular direction and minimum
intensities in other directions
 Beamwidth – the angle between the half-power (3-dB)
points of the main lobe, when referenced to the peak
effective radiated power of the main lobe
 Directivity – the ratio of the radiation intensity in a
given direction from the antenna to the radiation
intensity averaged over all directions
 Effective area – the functional equivalent area
from which an antenna directed toward the
source of the received signal gathers or absorbs
the energy of an incident electromagnetic wave
 Efficiency – ratio of the total radiated power to
the total input power
 Far field – region where wavefront is considered
planar
 Gain – ratio of the power at the input of a loss-
free isotropic antenna to the power supplied to
the input of the given antenna to produce, in a
given direction, the same field strength at the
same distance
 Isotropic – radiates equally in all directions

 Main lobe – the lobe containing the maximum power

 Null – a zone in which the effective radiated power is at

a minimum relative to the maximum effective radiation
power of the main lobe

 Radiation pattern – variation of the field intensity of

an antenna as an angular function with respect to the
axis
 Radiation resistance – resistance that, if inserted in
place of the antenna, would consume that same amount
of power that is radiated by the antenna
 Side lobe – a lobe in any direction other than the main
lobe
Radiation from oscillating dipole
 RADIATION FROM OSCILLATING DIPOLE
➢A device that uses an oscillating distribution to produce
electromagnetic radiation is called an antenna.

➢A simple example of an antenna is an oscillating

electric dipole,
▪An oscillating dipole antenna can be
constructed in various ways, depending
on frequency.

▪One technique that works well for radio

frequencies is to connect two straight
conductors to the terminals of an ac
source
PRODUCTION OF ELECTROMAGNETIC
WAVES
Oscillating charges will produce electromagnetic waves:
PRODUCTION OF ELECTROMAGNETIC
WAVES
Far from the source, the waves are plane waves:
 CROSS SECTION OF THE RADIATION PATTERN AT ONE INSTANT

Representation of the electric field (red lines) and the magnetic

field (blue dots and crosses) in a plane containing an oscillating
electric dipole. During one period the loop of E shown closest to
the source moves out and expands to become the loop shown
farthest from the source.
 Cont.,
3-dimensional field pattern is donut shaped
-antenna is shaft through donut center
radiation pattern determined by taking slice of donut
- if antenna is horizontal  slice reveals figure 8
- maximum radiation is broadside to antenna’s arms

Elevation Pattern Polar Radiation Pattern

 Derive an Expression for radiation from
Oscillating current element or
short dipole or
Hertizian dipole or
infinite small current element Idl.
: 2

FOLDED DIPOLE ANTENNA

CONTENT
➢ Introduction
➢ Folded Dipole Basis
➢ Types Of Folded Dipole
➢ Design
➢ Properties
➢ Radiation Pattern
➢ Polar Diagram
➢ Advantage
➢ Application
➢ Reference

02
 3
FOLDED DIPOLE ANTENNA

INTRODUCTION
➢dipoleantenna, with the ends
folded back, and connected to
each other

➢width‘d’ of the folded dipole is

much smaller than the length ‘L’
Fig. Folded Dipole

13
PRESENTATION ON:
4
FOLDED DIPOLE ANTENNA

FOLDED DIPOLE ANTENNA BASIC

➢ Basic Format is
shown in fig

➢ consists of a basic
dipole with an added
conductor

Fig. Folded Dipole Antenna Basis

13
PRESENTATION ON:
5
FOLDED DIPOLE ANTENNA

TYPES OF FOLDED DIPOLE:

1. Unequal conductor
folded dipoles

2. Multi-conductor folded
dipoles

Fig. Folded Dipole

13
PRESENTATION ON:
6
FOLDED DIPOLE ANTENNA

1.Unequal Conductor Folded Dipoles

➢varying the effective diameter of the two conductors:
top and bottom, different ratios can be obtained.

Fig. Unequal Conductor

Folded Dipole
PRESENTATION ON:
7
FOLDED DIPOLE ANTENNA
The impedance step up ratio provided by the
folded dipole is:

Impedance Where,
➢ d1 = conductor diameter for
2
𝑙𝑜𝑔 2𝑆 the feed arm of the dipole.
𝑟= 1+ 𝑑1
➢ d2 = conductor diameter for
𝑙𝑜𝑔 2𝑆
𝑑2 the non-feed arm of the dipole
➢ s =distance between the
conductors
➢ r is the step up ratio
PRESENTATION ON:
8
FOLDED DIPOLE ANTENNA

2.Multi-conductor folded
dipoles
➢ folded dipole antenna often implies the
use of one extra conductor

➢ concept can be extended further by adding

additional 'folds' or conductors

Fig. Multi-Conductor Folded

Dipole
14
PRESENTATION ON:
9
FOLDED DIPOLE ANTENNA

Impedance of Multi-conductor
folded dipoles
➢special
case where all the conductors have
the same diameter

then the impedance is increased by a factor

of three squared, i.e. 9.

09
PRESENTATION ON:
10
FOLDED DIPOLE ANTENNA

DESIGN
➢The Length of folded
dipole
* La = 145 / freq ( MHz )
➢Length of coil
*for 75 ohm cable : Lb
= La x 0.8
*for 50 ohm cable: Lb = La
x 0.66
Fig. Folded Dipole Design

14
PRESENTATION ON:
11
FOLDED DIPOLE ANTENNA

PROPERTIES OF FOLDED DIPOLE

➢Impedance properties
➢Ease of construction
➢Structural rigidity
➢Wider bandwidth than λ/2 dipole

14
PRESENTATION ON:
12
FOLDED DIPOLE ANTENNA

Radiation Pattern

Fig. Radiation Pattern

14
PRESENTATION ON:
13
FOLDED DIPOLE ANTENNA

Radiation Pattern

➢ reflects the 'sensitivity' of the antenna in

different directions

➢ knowledge of this allows the antenna to be

orientated in the optimum direction to ensure
the required performance

14
PRESENTATION ON:
15
FOLDED DIPOLE ANTENNA

ADVANTAGES:

➢ Increase in impedance

➢ Wide bandwidth

147
PRESENTATION ON:
16
FOLDED DIPOLE ANTENNA

APPLICATION

➢Folded dipoles find more uses when

a dipole is incorporated.

➢Domestic television

➢VHF FM broadcast antennas

148
The Yagi-Uda antenna
 INTRODUCTION

The Yagi-Uda antenna or Yagi Antenna is one of the most brilliant

antenna designs. It is simple to construct and has a high gain
typically greater than 10 dB.

The Yagi-Uda antennas typically operate in the HF to UHF bands

(about 3 MHz to 3 GHz) and Covers 40 to 60 Km.

A Directional Antenna System Consisting of an array of Coupled

Parallel Dipoles. This is commonly known as Yagi-uda or Simply Yagi
Antenna.

Yagi-uda Antenna is familiar as the Commonest

kind Of Terrestrial TV Antenna to be found on the
Roof tops of houses.
 PRINCIPLE

Yagi-uda antenna is an electromagnetic device that collects radio

waves.

An antenna tuned to a particular frequency will resonate to a radio

signal of the same frequency
 CONSTRUCTION

THERE ARE THREE TYPES OF ELEMENTS:

THE REFLECTOR (R)

THE DRIVEN ELEMENT (D)
THE DIRECTORS (DI)
 CONSTRUCTION

DRIVEN ELEMENT :
The driven element of a Yagi is the feed point where the feed line
is attached from the transmitter to the Yagi to perform the transfer
of power from the transmitter to the antenna.

A dipole driven element will be "resonant" when its electrical

length is 1/2 of the wavelength of the frequency applied to its feed
point.

The feed point in the picture above is on the center of the driven
element.
 CONSTRUCTION
DIRECTOR :
The director is the shortest of the parasitic elements and this end of
the Yagi is aimed at the receiving station. It is resonant slightly higher
in frequency than the driven element, and its length will be about 5%
shorter, progressively than the driven element.

The directors lengths can vary, depending upon the director spacing,
the number of directors used in the antenna, the desired pattern,
pattern bandwidth and element diameter.

The amount of gain is directly proportional to the length of the

antenna array and not by the number of directors used.
 CONSTRUCTION
REFLECTOR
The reflector is the element that is placed at the rear of the driven
element (The dipole).

It's resonant frequency is lower, and its length is approximately 5%

longer than the driven element. It's length will vary depending on the
spacing and the element diameter

The spacing of the reflector will be between .1 wavelength and .25

wavelength. It's spacing will depend upon the gain, bandwidth, F/B
ratio, and side lobe pattern requirements of the final antenna design.
 WORKING
Reflector here derives it’s main Power from a driver , it reduces the
signal strength in it’s own direction and thus reflectes the radiation
towardes the driver and directors.
The driven element is where the signal is intercpeted by the
receiving equipment and has the cable attached that takes the
recevied signal to the receiver
The radiator and driver can be placed more closer to increase the
radiation length towards the directors.
 WAVELENGTH = 3*10^8
FERQUENCY(MHz)

To Determine The Wave-length Of A Radio Station With A

Frequency Of 92.1 Mhz , SIMPLY DIVIDE THE SPEED OF LIGHT
( 300,000,000 METERS PER SECOND) BY 92,100,000 CYCLES
PER SECOND.

The Seconds Cancels Out In The Formula With The Wave-

length Ending Up At 3.26 Meters. In Other Words The Waves
Passing You Buy Right Now From A Radio Station Transmitting
At 92.1 Mhz ARE 3.26 Meters Long.
 FIVE ELEMENT YAGI-UDA

DRIVER

REFLECTOR
 RADIATION PATTERN FORMED BY
THE DIRECTIONAL ANTENNA

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RADIATION PATTERN FORMED BY THE
DIRECTIONAL ANTENNA
The antenna exhibits a directional pattern consisting of a
main forward lobe and a number of spurious side lobes.

The main one of these is the reverse lobe caused by

radiation in the direction of the reflector.

The antenna can be optimised to either reduce this or

produce the maximum level of forward gain.

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PICTURE OF ANTENNA
FORWARD
DIRECTION

ELEVEN ELEMENT’S OF YAGI-UDA ANTENNA

 SIGNAL RECEPTION

The Yagi antenna is a particularly useful form of RF antenna

design. It is widely used in applications where an RF antenna
design is required to provide gain and directivity. In this way the
optimum transmission and reception conditions can be obtained.
 PICTURE OF ANTENNA IN RADAR

Radar using group of Yagi-antenna with antenna gain G = 69

 ADVANTAGES
It has a Moderate Gain Of About 7 (dB).

It is a Directional Antenna.

Can be used at High Frequency.

Adjustable from to Back Ratio.

 DISADVANTAGES

The Gain is not Very High.

Needs a large number of Elements to be used.

 APPLICATIONS

Yagi-uda antenna is a unidirectional antenna. Used for

television recivers.They provide better tunning because
of large bandwidth and has decent gain.