 Basic antenna parameters

 Antenna Arrays

 Antenna parameter measurements

 Different types of antennas

 Radio wave propagation

 Balanis, Antenna Theory and Design, 3/e, Wiley
Publications

 John D. Krauss, Antennas for all Applications, 3/e,

TMH.
 Antenna is the
transitional structure
between a guiding device
and free-space or vice
versa
 To create radiation , there must be an acceleration of
charge or a time varying current .

 If a charge is not moving , there is no electric current and thus

there will not be any radiation

 If a charge is moving with uniform velocity

 There is no radiation if the wire is straight
 There will be radiation if the wire is curved , discontineous

terminated or truncated .
 If a charge is oscillating , it radiated even if the wire is
straight
ANTENNA PARAMETERS
 Radiation pattern
 Beam width

 Radiation power density

 Radiation Intensity

 Directivity

 Gain

 Beam solid angle

 Radiation resistance

 Effective length

 Effective area

 Antenna temperature

 Polarization
RADIATION PATTERN

 Mathematical function or a graphical representation of the

radiation properties of the antenna as a function of space
coordinates.

 Radiation pattern is determined in the far field region and is

represented ass a function of the directional coordinates

 A trace of the received electric (magnetic) field at a

constant radius is called the amplitude field pattern
 A graph of the spatial variation of the power density along a
constant radius is called an amplitude power pattern.
 Often the field and power patterns are normalized with
respect to their maximum value, yielding normalized field
and power patterns.
RADIATION PATTERN
RADIATION PATTERN LOBES
 A radiation lobe is a “portion of the radiation pattern
bounded by regions of relatively weak radiation
intensity.”
 A major lobe ( main beam) is defined as the radiation
lobe containing the direction of maximum radiation

 A minor lobe is any lobe except a major lobe

 A back lobe is a radiationlobe whose axis makes an

angle of approximately 180◦ with respect to the main
lobe of an antenna
TYPES OF RADIATION PATTERN

 An Isotropic radiator is defined as a hypothetical

lossless antenna having equal radiation in all directions.

 A directional antenna : having the property of radiating

or receiving electromagnetic waves more effectively in
some directions than in others

 An Omnidirectional antenna : having an essentially

nondirectional pattern in a given plane (in this case in
azimuth) and a directional pattern in any orthogonal
plane (in this case in elevation). An omnidirectional
pattern is then a special type of a directional pattern
FIELD REGION
 The space surrounding an antenna is usually subdivided
into three regions:

 (a) reactive near-field,

 (b) radiating near-field (Fresnel)
 (c) far-field (Fraunhofer) regions
FIELD REGION

 Reactive near-field region : portion of the near-field region

immediately surrounding the antenna wherein the reactive field
predominates

 Radiating near-field (Fresnel) region : region of the field of an

antenna between the reactive near-field region and the far-field
region wherein radiation fields predominate and wherein the
angular field distribution is dependent upon the distance from the
antenna.

 Far-field (Fraunhofer) region : region of the field of an antenna

where the angular field distribution is essentially independent of
the distance from the antenna
RADIAN
 The measure of a plane angle is a radian.

 One radian is defined as the plane angle with its vertex at

the center of a circle of radius r that is subtended by an
arc whose length is r.
STERADIAN

 The measure of a solid angle is a steradian.

 One steradian is defined as the solid angle with its vertex

at the center of a sphere of radius r that is subtended by a
spherical surface area equal to that of a square with each
side of length r
 The infinitesimal area dA onthe surface of a sphere of
radius r

 The element of solid angle dΩ of a sphere

RADIATION POWER DENSITY
 Electromagnetic waves are used to transport information
through a wireless medium or a guiding structure, from
one point to the other.

 The time average Poynting vector (average power density)

 The 1/2 factor appears because the E and H fields

represent peak values, and it should be omitted for RMS
values
 imaginary part represent the reactive (stored) power
density associated with the electromagnetic fields.
AVERAGE POWER RADIATED BY AN
ANTENNA
PROBLEM 1
The radial component of the radiated power density of an
antenna is given by

where A0 is the peak value of the power density, θ is the

usual spherical coordinate, and ar is the radial unit vector.

Determine the total radiated power.

 An isotropic radiator is an ideal source that radiates
equally in all directions

 The total power radiated

 The Average power density

RADIATION INTENSITY
 Radiation intensity in a given direction is defined as the
power radiated from an antenna per unit solid angle.

 The radiation intensity is a far-field parameter

 It can be obtained by multiplying the radiation density

by the square of the distance.
 U = radiation intensity (W/unit solid angle)

 Wrad = radiation density (W/m2)

 The total power is obtained by integrating the radiation

intensity, over the entire solid angle of 4π

 dΩ = element of solid angle = sinθ dθ dφ

 For an isotropic source U will be independent of the
angles θ and φ, as was the case for Wrad.

 The radiation intensity of an isotropic source as

DIRECTIVITY
 The ratio of the radiation intensity in a given direction
from the antenna to the radiation intensity averaged over
all directions

 The average radiation intensity is equal to the total

power radiated by the antenna divided by 4π

 If the direction is not specified, the direction of

maximum radiation intensity is implied
 If the direction is not specified, it implies the direction of
maximum radiation intensity

 D = directivity (dimensionless)
 D0 = maximum directivity (dimensionless)

 U = radiation intensity (W/unit solid angle)

 Umax = maximum radiation intensity (W/unit solid angle)

 U0 = radiation intensity of isotropic source (W/unit solid angle)

 Prad = total radiated power (W)
 For an isotropic source, the directivity is unity
PROBLEM
PROBLEM
BEAM SOLID ANGLE
 The beam solid angle ΩA is defined as the solid angle
through which all the power of the antenna would flow if
its radiation intensity is constant (and equal to the
maximum value of U) for all angles within ΩA

 The total radiated power

 For antennas with one narrow major lobe and very
negligible minor lobes, the beam solid angle is
approximately equal to the product of the half-power
beamwidths in two perpendicular planes
RADIATION RESISTANCE
 Antenna is a device which interfaces the circuit and
space . From the circuit point of view the antenna
appears to the transmission line as a resistance Rr called
the Radiation resistance

 It is a fictitious resistance which when substituted with

an antenna will consume the same power as actually
radiated by the antenna
INPUT IMPEDANCE
 The impedance presented by an antenna at its terminals
or the ratio of the voltage to current at a pair of terminals
or the ratio of the appropriate components of the electric
to magnetic fields at a point.
ANTENNA EFFICIENCY
 Losses associated with an antenna

 Reflection due to mismatch between transmission line and

the antenna

 I2 R losses (Conduction and dielectric losses )

 Total efficiency
ANTENNA RADIATION EFFICIENCY
 The resistance RL is used to represent the conduction-
dielectric losses.

 The conduction-dielectric efficiency ecd is defined as the

ratio of the power delivered to the radiation resistance Rr
to the power delivered to Rr and RL
GAIN
 the ratio of the Radiation intensity, in a given direction,
to the radiation intensity that would be obtained if the
power accepted by the antenna were radiated
isotropically

 The gain of the antenna is closely related to the

directivity

 it is a measure that takes into account the efficiency of

the antenna as well as its directional capabilities.
 When the direction is not stated, the power gain is
usually taken in the direction of maximum radiation

 Gain is always less than or equal to Directivity

EFFECTIVE LENGTH
 Effective length of a linearly polarized antenna receiving
a plane wave in a given direction is defined as the ratio
of the magnitude of the open-circuit voltage developed at
the terminals of the antenna to the magnitude of the
electric-field strength in the direction of the antenna
polarization
 Voc = E le

 Voc = open-circuit voltage at antenna terminals

 E = incident electric field

 le = vector effective length

EFFECTIVE AREA
 The ratio of the available power at the terminals of a
receiving antenna to the power flux density of a plane
wave incident on the antenna from that direction, the
wave being polarization-matched to the antenna.
 maximum effective aperture
POLARIZATION

 Polarization of an antenna ina given direction is defined

as “the polarizationof the wave transmitted (radiated) by
the antenna

 In practice, polarization of the radiated energy varies

with the directionfrom the center of the antenna, so that
different parts of the pattern may have different
polarizations.
 Polarization of a radiated wave is defined as that
property of an electromagnetic wave describing the time-
varying direction and relative magnitude of the electric-
field vector
 specifically, the figure traced as a function of time by
the extremity of the vector at a fixed location in space,
and the sense in which it is traced, as observed along the
direction of propagation.
DUALITY OF ANTENNAS
RECIPROCITY
THEOREM
 If an EMF is applied to the terminals of an antenna A and
the current measured at the terminals of another antenna
B , then equal current ( in both amplitude and phase )
will be obtained at the terminals of the Antenna A if the
same EMF is applied to the terminals of Antenna B .