TLRF QB UNIT Full QB

DHANALAKSHMI SRINIVASAN COLLEGE OF ENGINEERINNG, COIMBATORE
EC8651 TRANSMISSION LINES AND RF SYSTEMS

DEPARTMENT OF ECE

UNIT 1 TRANSMISSION LINE THEORY
PART A (2MARK)
1. Explore the primary constants and secondary constants of a transmission line?
The four line parameters resistance(R), inductance (L), capacitance(C) and conductance (G) are termed as
primary constants of a transmission line. Propagation constant and characteristic impedance are the
secondary constants of a transmission line
2. When will a transmission line deliver maximum power to a load?
A transmission line will deliver maximum power to the load when the load resistance is equal to
the characteristic resistance.
3. How many types of line distortion?
Line distortion is usually of two types:

1. Frequency distortion
2. Delay distortion
4. Explore the condition for a distortion less line.
A line in which there is no phase or frequency distortion is called a distortion less line. The condition for
a distortion less line is given as
Batch: 2018-22 Prepared By:

Academic Year: 2020-21 III-ECE S.G.RAMA PRIYANGA– AP/ECE
DEPARTMENT OF ECE
The condition for a distortion less line is R/L=G/C
5. Draw the equivalent circuit of a unit length of a transmission line.
6. Review about the loaded lines?
To achieve distortion less condition in transmission line, inductance L has to be increased, increasing the
value by inserting inductance in series with line is termed as loading and such lines are called loaded lines
7. Illustrate phase or delay distortion?
When a signal having many frequency components are transmitted along the line, all the frequencies will
not have same time of transmission, some frequencies being delayed more than others. So the received end
waveform will not be identical with the input waveform at the sending end because some frequency
components will be delayed more than those of other frequencies. This type of distortion is called phase
or delay distortion.
8. Illustrate about frequency distortion?
A complex voltage transmitted on a transmission line will not be attenuated equally and the
received waveform will not be identical with the input waveform at the transmitting end. This variation is
known as frequency distortion.
9. How can distortion be reduced in a transmission line?
Frequency distortion is reduced by the use of equalizers. Delay distortion is avoided by the
coaxial cable.
10. Explain infinite line.
input impedance equal to the characteristic impedance

of the transmission line.

DEPARTMENT OF ECE
sending end as an infinite line.
11. Summarize properties of Infinite line?
a. As the line has infinite length, no waves will never reach the receiving end and hence threre no
possibility to reflections at the receiving end. Thus there cannot be reflected waves returning to the
sending end. The line absorbs the complete power applied at the sending end.
b. As the reflected waves are absent the characteristic impedance at sending end will decide the
current flowing, when a voltage applied at the sending end. The current will not be affected by the
terminating impedance Zr at the receiving end
12. Determine the values of VSWR in the case of (a)Zr=0 (b) Zr=Zo
(a) Zr=0, |K|=1, SWR= ∞
(b)Zr=Zo, K=0, SWR=1
13. Define SWR.

The ratio of the maximum to minimum value is known as the voltage standing wave ratio (VSWR) or
standing wave ratio (SWR).
SWR = |VMAX/VMIN| = | Imax/Imin|
where:
VMAX = maximum amplitude of the standing wave
VMIN = minimum amplitude of the standing wave
14. Determine the Reflection coefficient values various load termination. (Nov-2014)
Impedance of transmission
Reflection Coefficient, K
line termination (ZL)
ZL = 0 (short circuit) -1
0 < | ZL | < Z0 −1 ≤ 𝐾 ≤ 0
Z L = Z0 0
Z0< | ZL | < 0≤𝐾≤1
ZL = (open circuit) +1
15. How are practical lines made to appear as infinite lines? Or How finite line become as an
infinite line?

DEPARTMENT OF ECE
A finite line terminated in a load equivalent to the characteristic impedance appears to the sending end as
an infinite line
16. Illustrate reflection factor.
Reflection factor indicates the change in current in the load due to reflection at the mismatchedjunction
2√Z 1* Z 2
𝑘=| |
Z1+Z2
17. Illustrate waveform distortion?

If the received waveform on a transmission line is not identical with the input waveform at the sending
end, it is called the waveform distortion. This id due to the fact that all frequencies applied on the transmitted
line are not equally attenuated and are not delayed equally.
18. Analyze the need for loading?

The condition for distortion less line is
R/G = L/C
To achieve this, L has to be increased. This can be done by loading. The need for loading is to make the transmission
line a distortion less or Loss less line one
19. When does reflection take place on a transmission line?
When the load impedance (ZR) is not equal to characteristic impedance ( Zo ) of the
transmission line, ( ZR ≠ Zo) reflection takes place.
20. Define reflection coefficient.
Reflection coefficient is defined as the ratio of reflected voltage to the incident voltage at the receiving
end of the line
𝑅𝑒f𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑎𝑡 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝑉𝑅

=
𝐼𝑛𝑐i𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑎𝑡 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑉i
𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑
Z𝑅 − Z0
𝑅𝑒f𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡i𝑜𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑒ffi𝑐i𝑒𝑛𝑡 (𝐾) =
Z 𝑅+ Z 0
21. Write the formula for reflection coefficient.

Z 𝑅 − Z0
𝑅𝑒f𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡i𝑜𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑒ffi𝑐i𝑒𝑛𝑡 (𝐾) =
Z 𝑅+ Z 0
where:
Z0 is the characteristic impedance of the transmission line

DEPARTMENT OF ECE
ZR is the load impedance

22. A lossless line has a characteristics impedance of 400 ohms. Determine the standing wave
ratio ifthe receiving end impedance is 800+ j 0.0 ohms.
ANS:
Z0=400ohm, ZR=800+j0.0ohms.
𝑍𝑅 − 𝑍0 800 − 400 1
(𝐾) = = ̳=
𝑍𝑅 + 𝑍 0 800 + 400 3
1
1 + |𝐾| = 1 3 = 2
𝑆W𝑅 =
1 − |𝐾| + 1−
1
3
23. A transmission line whose characteristic impedance is 300 ohms is terminated in a load
resistance of 100 ohms. What is the SWR?
1 + |𝐾|
𝑆W𝑅 =
1 − |𝐾|

DEPARTMENT OF ECE
24.The transmission line has Z0=745 ,<12 degree ohms and is terminated is ZR=100ohm calculate
thereflection loss in dB.
Answer: k=0.6475, 1/|k|=3.7751 dB
25. Illustrate about Characteristic impedance.
The characteristic impedance or surge impedance of a uniform transmission line, is the ratio of the
amplitudes of a single pair of voltage and current waves propagating along the line in the absence of
reflections. The SI unit of characteristic impedance is the ohm.
Characteristic impedance is the impedance measured at the sending end of the line. It is given by
where Z = R + jωL is the series impedance
Y = G + jωC is the shunt admittance
26. Define Propagation constant
Propagation constant is defined as the natural logarithm of the ratio of the sending end current or voltage
to the receiving end current or voltage of the line. It gives the manner in the wave is propagated along a
line and specifies the variation of voltage and current in the line as a Propagation Constant function of
frequency .
Propagation constant is a complex quantity and is expressed as

DEPARTMENT OF ECE
γ =α + j β
The real part is α called the attenuation constant whereas the imaginary part of Propagation constant is
called the phase constant β
27. Write down the significance of this line?
A finite line is a line having a finite length on the line. It is a line, which is terminated, in its characteristic
impedance (ZR=Z0), so the input impedance of the finite line is equal to the characteristic impedance
(ZS=Z0).
28. How could you define is an infinite line?
An infinite line is a line in which the length of the transmission line is infinite. A finite line, which is
terminated in its characteristic impedance, is termed as infinite line. So for an infinite line, the input
impedance is equivalent to the characteristic impedance.
29. How to avoid the distortion that occurs in the line?
In order to reduce frequency distortion occurring in the line, By using equalizers at the line terminals by
which minimize the delay distortion. Equalizers are networks whose frequency and phase characteristics
are adjusted to be inverse to those of the lines, which result in a uniform frequency response over the desired
frequency band, and hence the phase is equal for all the frequencies.
In order to reduce delay distortion occurring in the line,
a) The phase constant β should be made dependent of frequency.
b) The velocity of propagation is independent of frequency.
30. How the telephone line can be made a distortion less line?
For the telephone cable to be distortion less line, the inductance value should be increased by placing
lumped inductors along the line.
31. Illustrate continuous loading.

DEPARTMENT OF ECE
Continuous loading is the process of increasing the inductance value by placing a iron core or a magnetic
tape over the conductor of the line.
32. Explore about Impedance matching?
If the load impedance is not equal to the source impedance, then all the power that are transmitted from the
source will not reach the load end and hence some power is wasted. This is called impedance mismatch
condition. So for proper maximum power transfer, the impedances in the sending and receiving end are
matched. This is called impedance matching.
33. When reflection occurs in a line?
Reflection occurs because of the following cases:
*when the load end is open circuited
*when the load end is short-circuited
*when the line is not terminated in its characteristic impedance When the line is either open or short
circuited, then there is not resistance at the receiving end to absorb all the power transmitted from the source
end. Hence the entire power incident on the load gets completely reflected back to the source causing
reflections in the line. When the line is terminated in its characteristic impedance, the load will absorb some
power and some will be reflected back thus producing reflections.
34. Summarize conditions for a perfect line? What is a smooth line?
For a perfect line, the resistance and the leakage conductance value were neglected. The conditions for a
perfect line are R=G=0.
A smooth line is one in which the load is terminated by its characteristic impedance and no reflections occur
in such a line. It is also called as flat line.
35. How do you explain a transmission line?

DEPARTMENT OF ECE
Transmission lines are considered to be impedance-matching circuits designed to deliver power
from the transmitter to the antenna and maximum signal from antenna to the receiver.
36. Define propagation constant.
Propagation constant ( ) is defined as the natural logarithm of the ratio of
sending endcurrent to the receiving end current.
γ=ln(IS / IR)
γ =ᾳ+jβ
where,
ᾳ attenuation constant in neper
β phase constant in radian
37. Give the equations for voltage and current at any point on the transmission line at a
distance S from receiving end.
Where, Z0=characteristic
impedance S-distance
from the receiving end
ER& IR are the receiving end voltage and current respectively
38. Define phase velocity

Phase velocity or velocity of propagation (v) is defined as the velocity which the wave
istransmitted in the transmission line. It is given by,
V=ω/β
39. Summarize the advantages of continuous loading?

1.The attenuation is independent of frequency and it is same for all frequencies
2.The value of ᾳ can be reduced by increasing L provided R is not increased greatly
3.The increase in the inductance up to 100mH per unit length of the line is possible.
40. State the disadvantages of reflection?
• Reflected wave appears as echo at the sending end

• The efficiency is reduced
• The output reduces as load rejects part of the energy

DEPARTMENT OF ECE
• If generator impedance is not Z0, then reflected wave is again reflected at sending
end as newincident wave. This continuous back and forth till all the energy is dissipated
as the line losses
41. Summarize the disadvantages of continuous loading?
i) This method is very expensive. The existing lines cannot be
modified by thismethod
ii) Extreme precision care should be taken while manufacturing
continuous loadedcable. Otherwise it becomes irregular
iii) for an AC signal there will be large eddy current and hysteresis loss. Eddy current
loss variesdirectly with square of frequency while the hysteresis loss varies directly with
frequency.
42. A resonant transmission line carries 81 watts in the forward direction and 9 watts in
the reversedirection. What is the SWR on the line?
43. Summarize the advantages of lumped loading?

i)There is no practical limit to the value by which the inductance can be
increasedii)The cost involved is small
iii)With this method, the existing lines can be tackled and
modifiediv)Hysteresis and eddy current losses are small
44. Summarize the disadvantages of lumped loading?
i) After particular frequency the line acts as a low pass filter and above the cutoff frequency
the attenuation increases
ii) The cutoff frequency must be at the top of voice frequency. Hence fractional loading
must be used. Care must be taken while installing the lumped inductors so as to maintain the exact
balancing of the circuit
43. Explore about group velocity
The velocity which is produced by a group of frequency traveling along the system

DEPARTMENT OF ECE
is calledgroup velocity. It is defined as,

Vg=dω/dβ
44. Illustrate disadvantages of reflection?
1. Reflected wave appears as echo at the sending end
2. The efficiency is reduced
3. The output reduces as load rejects part of the energy
4. If generator impedance is not Z0, then reflected wave is again reflected at sending end as new
incidentwave. This continuous back and forth till all the energy is dissipated as the line losses
45. Outline the wavelength of a line?
The distance the wave travels along the line while the phase angle is changing through 2π
radians iscalled a wavelength.
46. Elaborate drawback of using ordinary telephone cables?
In ordinary telephone cables, the wires are insulated with paper and twisted in pairs, therefore
there will not be flux linkage between the wires, which results in negligible inductance, and
conductance. If this is the case, there occurs frequency and phase distortion in the line.
47. Define patch loading

It is the process of using sections of continuously loaded cables separated by sections of unloaded
cables which increases the inductance value
48. How could you define lumped loading?
Lumped loading is the process of increasing the inductance value by placing lumped inductors at
specific intervals along the line, which avoids the distortion
49.Define reflection loss
Reflection loss is defined as the number of nepers or decibels by which the current in the
load underimage matched conditions would exceed the current actually flowing in the load
50. Elaborate the term insertion loss
The insertion loss of a line or network is defined as the number of nepers or decibels by which the
currentin the load is changed by the insertion .Insertion loss=Current flowing in the load without
insertion of the network/Current flowing in the load with insertion of the network
51.Explore the different types of transmission lines used in practice?

DEPARTMENT OF ECE
1. open wire line

2. cables
3. co-axial cables
4. wave guides
PAR B(8MARKS)
1. Could you explain that how many types of waveform distortion are there in transmission line?
Waveform Distortion: Signal transmitted over lines are normally complex and consists of many frequency
components. For ideal transmission, the waveform at the line-receiving end must be the same as the
waveform of the original input signal. The condition requires that all frequencies have the same attenuation
and the same delay caused by a finite phase velocity or velocity of propagation.
When these conditions are not satisfied, distortion exists. The distortions occurring in the transmission line
are called waveform distortion or line distortion Waveform distortion is of two types:
a) Frequency distortion
b) Phase or Delay Distortion.
2. How can you reduce the distortion less line and analyze the condition for distortion less line.
Condition for a distortion less line
The condition for a distortion less line is RC=LG. Also,
a) The attenuation constant _ should be made independent of frequency. α = RG
b) The phase constant _ should be made dependent of frequency. β = ω LC
c) The velocity of propagation is independent of frequency. V=1 / LC
3. In ordinary telephone cables, the wires are insulated with paper and twisted in pairs, therefore there will
not be flux linkage between the wires, which results in negligible inductance, and conductance. If this is
the case, there occurs frequency and phase distortion in the line. What kind of protection will you take to
avoid such distortion?
Quarter wave length
For the case where the length of the line is one quarter wavelength long, or an odd multiple of a quarter
wavelengths long, the input impedance becomes
Zin= Zo2/Zr
Matched load:
Another special case is when the load impedance is equal to the characteristic impedance of the line (i.e.
the line is matched), in which case the impedance reduces to the characteristic impedance of the line so
that
Zin=ZL=Zr
4. Analyze the line not terminated in Z0.
The insertion loss of a line or network is defined as the number of nepers or decibels by which the current
in the load is changed by the insertion. Insertion loss=Current flowing in the load without insertion of the
Network Current flowing in the load with insertion of the network
Coaxial line
Microstrip line
Twisted pair line
Balanced line
Single wire line
DEPARTMENT OF ECE
5. Express and outline the wavelength, velocity and propagation of the infinite line?
Wavelength
The distance the wave travels along the line while the phase angle is changed through 2Πradians is called
wavelength.
λ =2п/ ß
The change of 2п in phase angle represents one cycle in time and occurs in a distance of one wavelength,
λ= v/f
VeIocity
V= f λ
V=ω/ ß
This is the velocity of propagation along the line based on the observation of the change in the phase angle
along the line. It is measured in miles/second if ß is in radians per meter.
Propagation:
We know that
Z = R + j ωL
Y= G+j ωC
In a perfect line R=0 and G = 0 , Then the above equation would be
β = ω √ ( LC)
And the velocity of propagation for such an ideal line is given by
γ=ω√β
Thus the above equation showing that the line parameter values fix the velocity of propagation.
6. Analyze the expression for Reflection coefficient and summarize the reason for reflection?
Reflection coefficient:
The reflection coefficient is used in physics and electrical engineering when wave propagation in a medium
containing discontinuities is considered. A reflection coefficient describes either the amplitude or the
intensity of a reflected wave relative to an incident wave. The reflection coefficient is closely related to the
transmission coefficient.
Reflection occurs because of the following cases:
1) When the load end is open circuited
2) When the load end is short-circuited
3) When the line is not terminated in its characteristic impedance.
When the line is either open or short circuited, then there is not resistance at the receiving end to absorb all
the power transmitted from the source end. Hence the entire power incident on the load gets completely
reflected back to the source causing reflections in the line. When the line is terminated in its characteristic
impedance, the load will absorb some power and some will be reflected back thus producing reflections.
Reflection Coefficient can be defined as the ratio of the reflected voltage to the incident voltage at the
receiving end of the line Reflection Coefficient K=Reflected Voltage at load /Incident voltage at the load.
K=Vr/Vi
7. How could you find the Voltage and current at any points on the transmission line?
General solution for transmission line is used to find out the voltage and current at any point on the
transmission line.
8. A generator of 1V, IkHz supplies power to a 100km long line terminated in Zo and having
the following constants R=10.4 Ω/km, L=0.00367 H/ km ,G = 0.8x10-6 ᶷ/ km and C=0.00835 x
DEPARTMENT OF ECE
10-6 F/km. Calculate Zo, attenuation constant ᾳ, phase constant β, wavelength λ, velocity of
propagation v, received current IR, voltage ER and power PR
Solution:
Zo =694.32<11.7030 Ω
ᾳ= 0.007928 nepers I km
β= 0.03553 radians/ km
λ=176.841km
v=1.95×104km/sec
IR=6.518×10-4 <-191.87oA
ER=0.4525<-203.570 V
PR=288×10-6Watts
9.A generator of1V, IkHz supplies power to a 100km open wire line terminated in 200Ω
resistance. The line parameters are K=10Ω/km, L = 3.8mH/km, G = 1x10-6 ᶷ/km and C = 0.0085
μF/km. Calculate the Z0,γ,ᾳ,β, reflection coefficient K, input impedance Zs , input power Ps,
output power PR and transmission efficiency.
Solution:
Zo=696.204 <-10.8250Ω
γ=0.0076+j0.03637
ᾳ = 0.0076 nepers/km
β=0.03637 rad/km
K=0.5609<173.2910Ω
Zs= 625.61222<1.5640Ω
Ps=1.598×10-3W
Pr=2.3897×10-4W
η % = 14.954%
10.A telephone transmission line 100 km long has Z = 685 <-120 Ω, ᾳ = 0.00497 N/km, β =
0.0352 rad/km at 10Hz. The line is terminated in ZR= 2000 + j0Ω and is supplied by a generator
with an emf of 10V and Zg= 700Ω. Calculate the values of Zs,Is,lR, ER, Ps,PR and % η.
Solution:
Zs = 847.98-j 380.385 Ω
Is= 6.2734 x 10-3 <13.80 A
lR=2.2921 x 10-3 <156.170 A
ER= 4.5842 <156.17° V
Ps= 0.06092W
PR=0.0105 W
% η.=17.2479%
11.A generator of 10 V, 7.5 kHz supplies power to a 50 km long line terminated in Zo, and
having the following constants, R = 2.6Ω/km, L = 2.4 mH/ Km, C=0.0078 μF / km and G = 0.11
μƱ/ km,. Calculate the power consumed in the load.
DEPARTMENT OF ECE
Solution:
PR= 8.7048 x 0.01569 x cos (0.65°)
=136.54 mW
12.An open wire line which is 200 km long is properly terminated. The generator at the sending
end has Eg = 10V, f= 1kHz and internal impedance Zg = 500Ω. At that frequency Zo of the line
is 700 -j 100 and γ = 0.007 + j 0.04 per km. Determine the sending and receiving end voltage,
current and power.
Solution:
Is= 8.3 mA
Es=5.869 V
Ps=48.7 mW
ER = 1.45 V
IR = 2.05 mA
PR=2.97 mW
13. The characteristic impedance of a line is 728<-15.5° Ω and its propagation constant is
0.00875+j 0.0291 per km. The line is 200 km long and is terminated in an impedance of 400<
450Ω. Find current through the load if the sending end voltage is I volts.
Solution:
IR=0.4342<-71.50 mA
14.A lossless transmission line has a characteristic impedance of 200 Ω and is quarter
wavelength long. What is the voltage at the open circuited receiving end if the sending end is
connected to a generator which has 40 Ω internal impedance and a voltage of 5 volts ?
Solution:
ER = 4.16<-90° V
15.A cable has ᾳ= 0.4029 nepers/km and β = 0.28 rad/km if 3V are applied to the sending end,
what will be the voltage at point 10 km down the line, when the line is terminated in its
characteristic impedance?
Solution
ER= 0.05337<-160.440 V
16.A transmission line has the following primary constants measured per km, R =10.15 Ω, L=
3.93 mH, C =0.00797 μF and G = 0.29μƱ. Determine Z0 and Y at 796 Hz. Also calculate the
ratio of current at point which is 100 km down the line to the current at the sending end if the
line is terminated in its characteristic impedance.
Solution
Z0= 744.97<-13.45° Ω
DEPARTMENT OF ECE
γ = 0.00711 +j 0.0288
Therefore ᾳ = 0.00711 nepers / km and β = 0.0288 rad/ kmn
Now IR = 0.49115<-165.0240
17.An open wire line is 200 km long is correctly terminated. The generator at the sending end
has E, = 10KV,f = I kHz and internal impedance of 500 Ω. At that frequency Zo= 683 -j 138
and γ= 0.0074+ j 0.0356 per km. Determine the sending and receiving end voltage, current and
power.
Solution:
Is= 8.4 mA
Es= 5.83 V
Ps= 48.3 mW
ER = 1.33<-48° V
IR= 1.91 mA
PR=2.49 m W
18.A stimulated line is composed of T sections of pure resistance Z1 =50Ω and Z2= 4000Ω find
Z0 and γ. A line composed of 50 such sections in series is terminated in its characteristic
impedance with a generator of IV and 400Ω internal resistance at the sending end. Find I s and
IR.
Solution
Zo=447.9Ω
Γ=0.117
IS= 1.17mA
IR=3.369mA
19.A cable has ᾳ = 0.01 nepers/ km and β=0.0018 radian /km and having length of 100 km. Find
receiving end voltage. When the line is terminated in its characteristic impedance and Es= 5V.
Solution:
ER=1.84 < 10.3oV
20.The constants of a transmission line are R= 6Ω/km, L=2.2mH/km G=0.25x106Ʊ/km and C

= 0.005x 10-6 F/ km. Determine the characteristic impedance and propagation constant at 1000
Hz.
Solution:
Z0=692.575<-11.510Ω
The propagation constant is given by
γ = 0.0045+ j0.02127

DEPARTMENT OF ECE
21.A cable has the following parameters R = 48.75 Ω/ km, L=1.09mH/km, G=38.75 μ/km and
C= 0.059 μF/km. Determine the characteristic impedance, propagation constant and wavelength
for a source of f=1600Hz and Es = 1Volts.
Solution
The characteristic impedance is given by
Z0=289.93<-36.790Ω
The propagation constant is given by
γ= 0.1119+ j0.13095
Equating real and imaginary parts,
ᾳ= 0.1119 nepers/ km and β = 0.13095 rad/km
The wavelength is given
λ = 47.9815km
22.The characteristics impedance of a transmission line at 8MHz is (40-j2)Ω and the propagation
constant is (0.01+j0.18) per metre. Find the primary constants.
Solution
Given that
Zo=40.05 <-2.86
γ= 0.1803< 86.82o
R= 0.7598 Ω/m
L = 0.1428μH/m
G= 25.1426 x 10-6 μ/m
C= 89.5445pF/m
23.The characteristic impedance of a uniform transmission line is 2309.62 at a frequency of 800
MHz. At this frequency, the propagation constant is 0.054 (0.0366+j 0.99). Determine R and L.
Solution
Zo= 2309.6
γ= 0.054 (0.0366 + j0.99)
R =4.5647 +j 123. 4712
Equating real and imaginary parts,
R= 4.5647Ω
L= 0.02456μH
24.The characteristic impedance of a 805m long transmission line is 942-23.2 2, the attenuation
constant is 74.5x 10-6 nepers/m and the phase shift constant is 174x10-6 rad/m at 5kHz. Calculate
the line parameters R, L, G, C and the phase velocity on the line.
Solution
R= 0.01287Ω/m
L=0.3905μH/m
2nx5x 10
DEPARTMENT OF ECE
G=0Ʊ /m
C=64.092pF/m
V= 180x106 m/s
25.A transmission line has L=10mH/m, C=10-7 F/m, R=20Ω/m and G= 10-5Ʊ/ m. Find the input
impedance at a frequency of (5000/2ᴨ)Hz, if the line is very long.
Solution:
If the line is very long, then input impedance is equal to its characteristic impedance. Therefore
Zs= 328.1816<-10.330Ω
26.A 2 meter long transmission line with characteristic impedance of 60 +i40Ω is operating at
ω = 106 rad/sec has attenuation constant of 0.921 nepers/m and phase shift constant of 0 rad/m.
If the line is terminated by a load of 20 + j50 Ω, determine the input impedance of this line.
Solution:
Zs= 71.53<34.57oΩ
27.A transmission line has Z0=745<-120 Ω and is terminated in ZR = 100Ω. Calculate the
reflection loss in db.
Solution
Reflection factor, k= 0.6475
Therefore Reflection loss = 3.7751 db
28.Calculate the reflection coefficient of an open and short circuited line.

Solution
For short circuit line ZR =0
Then K = -1 = 1<1800
For open circuit line ZR = infinity
Then K =1 =1<00
29.Find the reflection coefficient of a 50Ω transmission line when it is terminated by a load
impedance of 60+j40Ω.
Solution
K=0.3522 <55.90
30.Find the attenuation and phase shift constant of a wave propagating along the line whose
propagation constant is 1.048 x 10-4<88.8o.
Solution
ᾳ =2.1947x10-6 neper/ m
β=1.04777 x 10-4rad/ m

DEPARTMENT OF ECE
31.Find the characteristic impedance of a line where Z = 1520 216 2 and

Zoc=2.86<- 400 at 700Hz.
Solution
The characteristic impedance of a line is given by
Z0= 659.33< - 120 Ω
32.A distortion less line has R =0.1151 Ω/m, L = 250 nH/m and C = 0.1 nF/m. Find G ,velocity
of propagation, ᾳ and β at IkHz.
Solution
The condition for distortion less line is LG = CR
Therefore G = 46.04 μΩ/m
The velocity of propagation is,
V = 2x 108 m/s
The attenuation constant is,
ᾳ=0.0023 nepers /m
The phase constant is,
β= 3.1416x 10 -5rad /m
33.A distortion less line has Zo = 60Ω , ᾳ = 20 m Np/m and v = 1.8 x 108 m/s, Find R,L,G,C and
λ at 100 MHz.
Solution:
For a distortionless line,
RC = GL
R = ᾳ Zo = 1.2 Ω/m
L = 333 n H/m
G = 333μƱ/m
C= 92.59 pF/m
34.A telephone cable of 60km long has a resistance of 10Ω/ km and a capacitance of 0.008
μF/km. Calculate wavelength of the line at 1600Hz.
Solution:
Given that length of the telephone cable is 60km. Therefore total resistance and total capacitance
of telephone cable are,
R = 600Ω
C = 0.48x 10-6 F
β=1.2028 rad/m
λ= 5.221l m
35.A transmission line h as the following parameters per unit length L=0.1 μH, R= 5Ω, C = 300
pF and G=0.01Ʊ. Calculate the propagation constant and characteristic impedance of the line at
500 MHz. Obtain the same parameters for the lossless line.
DEPARTMENT OF ECE
Solution:
Z0= 18.2583<-0.1510Ω
Y = 0.2285 + j17.2069
ᾳ = 0.2285 nepers/ km
β=17.2069 rad/ km
For the lossless line R=G=ᾳ=0. Therefore
Zo= 18.2574 Ω
β=17.2069 rad/km
36.A voltage of 45 V is applied to a 10 km long field quad cable. The receiving end voltage is
7.868 V and it lags behind by 110.2°. Calculate the attenuation and phase constant of the cable,
if it is properly terminated.
Solution
β= 0.1923 rad/ km
ᾳ = 0.1743 nepers/ km
37.A 10% voltage drop across in 2 km of a uniformly loaded transmission line terminated by its
characteristic impedance and there is a phase change of 200 over the same distance at a frequency
of 796 Hz. Find the value of ᾳ in db/kmn and β rad/km.
Solution:
ᾳ=0.916 db for 2 km
For 1 km, ᾳ= 0.458 db/ km

v= 28656 km/ sec
38.Given the line parameters R = = 10.15 Ω/ km, L=3.93 m H/ Km, G=0.29 μƱ/ km C = 0.0079
μF / km. It is loaded at ω = 5000 rad/sec. It is loaded with loading coil of 0.246 H and 7.3 Ω at
interval of 7.88 km. Assuming the loading to be distributed find Z0
Solution:
L=0.035148 H/km
R = 11.076Ω/ km
Z0= 2102.887 <-1.595 Ω
39.Express 5 nepers in decibels and 5 decibels in nepers.

Solution:
ᾳ (db) = 8.686 N = 8.686 x5 = 43.43 db
N= 0.5756 nepers
40.A transmission line operating at 106 rad / sec has ᾳ= 8 db / m, β = 1 rad / m and Z0 = 60+ j
40Ω and is 2m long. f the line is connected to a source of 10 < 0° V with Zg = 40Ω, determine
the current at the middle of the line.
DEPARTMENT OF ECE
Solution:
Given that ᾳ= 0.921 N/m

I= 35.27 <2800 mA
41.Calculate the characteristic impedance, ᾳ and β of a transmission line if the following

measurements have been made on the line
Zoc = 550<- 600Ω and Zsc = 550 < - 14° Ω.
Solution:
Zo=4418.807-j315.594Ω
ᾳ = 0.7924 nepers / km
β = 0.7237 rad / km
42. A generator of 1V, IkHz supplies power to a 100km long line terminated in Zo and having
the following constants R=10.4 Ω/km, L=0.00367 H/ km ,G = 0.8x10-6 ᶷ/ km and C=0.00835 x
10-6 F/km. Calculate velocity of propagation v, received current I R, voltage ER and power PR
Solution:
Zo =694.32<11.7030 Ω
ᾳ= 0.007928 nepers I km
β= 0.03553 radians/ km
λ=176.841km
v=1.95×104km/sec
IR=6.518×10-4 <-191.87oA
ER=0.4525<-203.570 V
PR=288×10-6Watts
43. .A generator of1V, IkHz supplies power to a 100km open wire line terminated in 200Ω
resistance. The line parameters are K=10Ω/km, L = 3.8mH/km, G = 1x10-6 ᶷ/km and C = 0.0085
μF/km. Calculate the input power Ps, output power PR and transmission efficiency.
Solution:
Zo=696.204 <-10.8250Ω
γ=0.0076+j0.03637
ᾳ = 0.0076 nepers/km
β=0.03637 rad/km
K=0.5609<173.2910Ω
Zs= 625.61222<1.5640Ω
Ps=1.598×10-3W
Pr=2.3897×10-4W
η % = 14.954%
44. A telephone transmission line 100 km long has Z = 685 <-120 Ω, ᾳ = 0.00497 N/km, β =
0.0352 rad/km at 10Hz. The line is terminated in Z R= 2000 + j0Ω and is supplied by a generator
with an emf of 10V and Zg= 700Ω. Calculate the values of Ps,P R and % η.
DEPARTMENT OF ECE
Solution:
Zs = 847.98-j 380.385 Ω
Is= 6.2734 x 10-3 <13.80 A
lR=2.2921 x 10-3 <156.170 A
ER= 4.5842 <156.17° V
Ps= 0.06092W
PR=0.0105 W
% η.=17.2479%
UNIT II HIGH FREQUENCY TRANSMISSION LINES

1. Illustrate dissipation less line?
A line for which the effect of resistance R is completely neglected is called dissipation less line.
Draw the equivalent circuit of Lossless line
2. Summarize nodes and antinodes on a line?

The points along the line where magnitude of voltage or current is zero are called nodes, while the points along the
lines where magnitude of voltage or current is maximum are called antinodes or loops.
3. How do you define standing wave ratio?
The ratio of the maximum to minimum magnitudes of voltages or currents on a line having standing waves is called
standing wave ratio.
4. Express is the range of values of standing wave ratio?

The range of values of standing wave ratio is theoretically 1 to ∞.
5. Distinguish clearly between open and shorted line.
A shorted line means having zero receiving end voltage and impedance i.e. Z R = 0 and ER = 0. And open circuited
line means having infinite receiving end impedance and zero receiving end current i.e. ZR = -∞ and IR = 0.
6. Summarize the advantages of dissipation line?
The advantages of properly terminate line are as follows.
i) The line acts as a smooth line.
ii) No reflection takes place at the receiving end.
iii) The standing waves are not produced.
7.If VSWR of line is 1 then calculate its reflection coefficient.
VSWR = [1+|K|]/[1-|K|] = 1
1+|K| = 1-1|K|
2|K| = 1-1 = 0
|K| = 0
8. How could you define the values of SWR for open circuit, short circuit & matched load?
DEPARTMENT OF ECE
When a load is either open circuit or short circuit, the value of |K| = 1.
Hence the value of SWR is given by,
SWR = [1+|K|]/[1-|K|] = [1+1]/[1-1] = ∞
When load is matched with characteristic impedance, the value of |K| is
SWR = [1+|K|]/[1-|K|] = [1+0]/[1-0] = 1
9. Why are short circuited stubs preferred over open circuited stub?
At high frequencies, open circuited stubs radiated some energy which is not the case with short circuited stub. Hence
over open circuited stubs are preferred.
10. Express the electrical length of the line.
The length of transmission line expressed interms of wavelength is called an electrical length of line. (eg) Eighth
wave line( λ/8), quarter wave line ( λ/4), etc.
11. Summarize about standing waves.
The points of minimum and maximum voltage or current are called nodes and antinodes respective. A line reflected
back from the load consisting nodes and antinodes is called standing wave. If the transmission is not terminated in
its characteristic impedance, then there will be two waves traveling along the line which gives rise to standing waves
having fixed maxima and fixed minima.
14.A 50Ω line is terminated in load ZR = 90 + j60Ω. Determine VSWR due to
this Load.
K = [ZR-Z0]/[ZR+Z0] = [90+j60-50]/[ 90+j60+50] = [40+j60]/[140+j60]
= [72.111 56.3o]/[152.315 23.2o] = 0.473 33.1o
VSWR = [1+|K|]/[1-|K|] = 1+0.473/1-0.473 = 2.795
15. Analyze and summarize the assumptions for the analysis of the performance of the radio frequency line.
1. Due to the skin effect, the currents are assumed to flow on the surface of the conductor. The internal inductance
is zero.
2. The resistance R increases with f while inductance L increases with f. Hence ωL>>R.
3. The leakage conductance G is zero
16. State the expressions for inductance L of a open wire line and coaxial Line.
For open wire line ,
For coaxial line,
17. State the expressions for the capacitance of an open wire line and coaxial Line.
For open wire line ,

DEPARTMENT OF ECE
for coaxial Line
18. What is the nature and value of Z0 for the dissipation less line?
For the dissipation less line, the Z0 is purley resistive and given by,
19. State the values of α ,β and v(velocity of propagation) for the dissipation less line.
20. State the relation between standing wave ratio and reflection coefficient.
21. How will you make standing wave measurements on coaxial lines?
For coaxial lines it is necessary to use a length of line in which a longitudinal slot, one half wavelength or more long
has been cut. A wire probe is inserted into the air dielectric of the line as a pickup device, a vacuum tube voltmeter
or other detector being connected between probe and sheath as an indicator. If the meter provides linear indications,
S is readily determined. If the indicator is non linear, corrections must be applied to the readings obtained.
22. Give the input impedance of dissipation less line.
The input impedance of dissipation less line is given by,
23.Give the maximum and minimum input impedance of the dissipation less line.
Maximum input impedance,
Minimum input impedance,

DEPARTMENT OF ECE
24. Express the input impedance of open and short circuited lines.
The input impedance of open and short circuited lines are given by,
25. Why the point of voltage minimum is measured rather than voltage maximum?
The point of a voltage minimum is measured rather than a voltage maximum because it is usually possible to
determine the exact point of minimum voltage with greater accuracy.
26. Summarize the advantages of dissipation line?
The advantages of properly terminate line are as follows.
The line acts as a smooth line.
No reflection takes place at the receiving end.
The standing waves are not produced.
27. If VSWR of line is 1.5 then calculate its reflection coefficient.
VSWR = [1+|K|]/[1-|K|] = 1.5
1+|K| = 1.5-1.5|K|
2.5|K| = 1.5-1 = 0.5
|K| = 0.2
28. What are the values of SWR for open circuit, short circuit & matched load?
When a load is either open circuit or short circuit, the value of |K| = 1.
SWR = [1+|K|]/[1-|K|] = [1+1]/[1-1] = ∞
When load is matched with characteristics impedance, the value of |K| is
SWR = [1+|K|]/[1-|K|] = [1+0]/[1-0] = 1
29. A 50Ω line is terminated in load ZR = 90 + j60Ω. Determine VSWR due to
this Load.
K = [ZR-Z0]/[ZR+Z0] = [90+j60-50]/[ 90+j60+50] = [40+j60]/[140+j60]
= [72.111 56.3o]/[152.315 23.2o] = 0.473 33.1o
VSWR = [1+|K|]/[1-|K|] = 1+0.473/1-0.473 = 2.795
30. Mention skin effect significance.
The phenomenon whereby field intensity in a conductor rapidly decreases is known as skin effect. Skin depth is
defined as that depth in which the wave has been attenuated to 1/e or approximately 37% of its original value. At
very high frequency, skin effect is considerable. Skin effect is defined as the effect in which the current may flow on
the surface of conductor. Now the internal inductance of conductor becomes zero.
31.Express an effective cross section of a conductor?
32.What are the assumptions for the analysis of radio frequency line?
i) Due to skin effect, the currents are assumed to flow on the surface of the conductor.
ii) the leakage conductance is zero
iii) the resistance increases with frequency wile inductance L increases with f . Hence L>>R.

DEPARTMENT OF ECE
33. Illustrate surge impedance.

When a dc source is suddenly switched on to an open circuited line the dc source does not know
that the line is of finite length and hence sees are an input impedance Z Hence this impedance is
referred to as a surge impedance.
34. Explore the expression for characteristic impedance of an open wire line and coaxial cable.
Open wire line,
Ro=120 In(d/a)Ω
Coaxial line, Ro = 60/(εr)^1/2 ln (b/a)Ω
35. Analyze the nature and value of Z, for the dissipation less line?
For the dissipation less line, the Z, is purely resistive and is given by
Z0=R0=(L/C)>^1/2
36. State the value of ᾳ and β for the dissipation less line.
Attenuation constant, ᾳ= 0
Phase shift constant, β = ω(LC)^1/2
37. Express the range of values of standing wave ratio?
The range of values of standing wave ratio is theoretically 1 to infinity.
38. How will you make standing wave measurements on coaxial lines?
For coaxial lines it is necessary to use a length of line in which a longitudinal slot, one half
wavelength or more long has been cut. A wire probe is inserted into the air dielectric of the line
as a pickup device, a vacuum tube voltmeter or other detector being connected between probe
and sheath as an indicator. If the meter provides linear indications, standing wave ratio is readily
determined. If the indicator is non linear, corrections must be applied to the readings obtained.
39. Give the maximum and minimum input impedance of the dissipation less link.
Maximum input impedance is given by.
R max = Ro{1+|K| / 1-|K|}=SR0Ω
40. Why the point of voltage minimum is measured rather than voltage maximum?
The point of a voltage minimum is measured rather than a voltage maximum because it is usually
possible to determine the exact point of minimum voltage with greater accuracy.
41. Illustrate small dissipation?
When R is small compared with ωL, then such a line is called as small dissipation line. In the
applications where line is considered as a circuit element or properties of resonance are involved,
this concept of small dissipation line is very much small.
42. Illustrate skin effect.
At very high frequency, skin effect in considerable. Skin effect is defined as effect in which the
current may allow on the surface of the conductor. Now internal inductance of conductor become
zero
43. Differentiate line at radio and power frequencies.
The power transmission lines are electrically short in length not exceeding 1/10 power efficiency
of power transmission lines in high as compared to other source. The design considerations arc
simple for power transmission system as frequency f operation is fixed either 50 Hz or 60 Hz.
44. Summarize the use of tapered line section?
DEPARTMENT OF ECE
The tapered line section is useful in making transitions between lines and configuration in long
lines without appreciable reflections.
45. Bring out the significance of a half wavelength line.
A half wavelength line may be considered as a one to one transformer. It has its greatest utility
in connecting load to a source in case where the load and source cannot be made adjacent.
46. State the application of half line.
The expression for the input impedance of the line is given by Zs = ZR Thus the line repeats its
terminating impedance. Hence it is operated as one to one transformer its application is to
connect load to source where they cannot made adjacent.
47. State the expression for voltage and current on dissipation less line.
The expression for voltage and current on a dissipation less line is given by
E= ER cos βs + jIR R0 sinßs V
I = IR Cos βs + j ER/R0 sinßs A
48. Define real power and reactive power.
The real power is expressed in Watts or kW. That is
P = VI cos θ
The reactive power is expressed in VAR or k VAR. That is
P = VI sin θ
49. Write the expression for minimum and maximum distance at resistive input impedance.
The minimum distance of input impedance is given by
S =φ/2β
The maximum distance of input impedance is given by
S =φ+ᴨ/2β
50. Write the expression for input impedance with open circuited, short circuited and matched
load for dissipation less line.
For short circuited load (ZR = 0)
Zsc= jRo tan βs
For open circuited load (ZR = co)
Zoc=-jR0 cot βs
For matched load (ZR= Z0)
Zs=Z0
PART B(8MARKS)
1. A Lossless transmission line has a shunt capacitance of 100p F/m and series inductance of
4μH/m. Determine the characteristic impedance.
Solution1:
Z0= 200Ω
2. At a frequency of 80MHz, a lossless transmission line has a characteristic impedance of 300

ohm and wavelength of 2.5m. Find L and C.
Solution
DEPARTMENT OF ECE
L= 1.5uH
C= 16.6667pF
3. A line with zero dissipation has L = 2.5 μH/m and C= 4.45pF/m. If the line is operated at
10MHz, find i) R0 ii)ᾳ iii) β iv) v v) λ.
Zo= 749.532Ω
ᾳ= 0
B= 0.2095 rad/m
Velocity of propogation is given by
V=122.998 *108 m/s
. λ=29.9913m
4. A lossless line has a characteristic impedance of 400 ohm. Determine the standing wave ratio
if the receiving end impedance is 800+ j0.0 ohm.
Solution:
K = 0.3333 <0o
The standing wave ratio is given by
S=1.999885
5. A radio frequency line with Z = 70 ohm terminated by ZL =115-j80Ω. Find the VSWR and
the maximum and minimum line impedances.
Solution
The reflection coefficient is given by,
K = 0.45532 <- 37.260
VSWR is given by
S=2.6717
Maximum line impedance is given by
R max = 187.02 Ω
Minimum line impedance is given by,
Rmin = 26.2Ω
6. A lossless line has a standing wave ratio of 4. The R is 150 ohm and the maximum voltage
measured on the line is 135V Find the power being delivered to the load.
Solution:
At voltage maxima the impedance is maximum and is given by,
R max SR, = 4 (150) = 600Ω
The power delivered to the load is given by
P = 30.375 W
7. What are the values of SWR for open circuit, short circuits and matched load?
DEPARTMENT OF ECE
Solution
When load is either open circuit or short circuit the value of | K| = 1.
When the load is matched with characteristic impedance the value of | K| = 0.
8. If VSWR of line is 1.5 then calculate |K|.

Solution:
|K|= 0.2
9. A 50 ohm coaxial cable feeds a 75 +j 20 ohm dipole antenna. Find reflection coefficient and
standing wave ratio.
Solution:
K= 0.2529<29.560
|K| = 0.2529
S= 1.677
10. Calculate the characteristic impedance, propagation constant and velocity of propagation at
400x 103 Hz for a transmission line having L =0.5 mH / km, C = 0.08 pF/km and negligible
R and G
Solution:
Given that R = G = 0 (Dissipation less line)
The characteristic impedance of dissipation less line is,
Ro= 79.08Ω
The propagation constant of a dissipation less line is,
γ= 15.9 rad /km
The velocity of propagation is given by,
v= 1.583x 105 km /sec
11 high frequency transmission line consists of a pair of open wires having a distributed
capacitance of 0.01 μF / km and a distributed inductance of 3mH/km. What is the characteristic
impedance and propagation constant f= 10MHz?
Solution
At high frequency line the characteristic impedance is,
Ro = 547.7 Ω
The propagation constant is given by,
γ=β = 344.156 rad/km
12 A transmission line of characteristic impedance 600Ω is terminated by a reactance of j150 Ω,

find the input impedance of a section 25cm long at a frequency of 300MHz.
Solution
s = 25cm = 1/4m
DEPARTMENT OF ECE
λ=1m
The input impedance of a high frequency (dissipation less line) Iline is given by,
Zs= -2400Ω
13. An ideal loss less transmission line of characteristic impedance 60Ω connected to a resistive
load. If the standing wave ratio on the line is calculate reflection coefficient K and load
impedance ZR.
Solution:
K= 0.6
ZR= 240Ω
14. A transmission line of characteristic impedance 50Ω is terminated by a resistor 100Ω. What
will be the standing wave ratio in the line? Calculate the impedance at the voltage maximum and
minimum position.
Solution
The reflection coefficient of the line is given by,
K = 1/3
The standing wave ratio of the line given by
S=2
The impedance at voltage maximum portion given by,
Rmax = 100 Ω
The impedance at voltage minimum position is given by,
Rmin = 25Ω
15. A transmission line with a characteristic impedance of 300Ω is terminated in a purely

resistive load. It is found by measurement that the minimum value of voltage pon it is 5μV and
the maximum value is 7.5μV. Calculate the value of load resistance.
Solution
The standing wave ratio is given by,
S =1.5
The standing wave ratio and reflection coefficient of line is related by,
K =0.33
The reflection coefficient of a line is given by,
ZR= 595.22 2
16. Measurements on a terminated transmission line have the following result S=3.2, location of
the first voltage minimum = 0.23λ from the load and the load and the characteristic impedance
is 50Ω. Calculate the terminating impedance.
Solution:
ZR= 148.275 <-20.1o

DEPARTMENT OF ECE
17.Lossless transmission line of characteristic impedance 50Ω and half wavelength long is left
open circuited at the far end. The rms value of ne open circuited voltage is 10 volts. Calculate
the rms value of voltage and current at distance of eight wavelength away from the open circuit.
Solution
Given that
E = 7.071 V
I = j0.14142 A
18.When the far end of a transmission line is short circuited the impedance measures at the
sending e:nd is 4.61 ohm resistive and when that is open circuited, the input becomes 1390 ohm
resistive. Calculate the characteristic impedance.
Solution
Given that
Zo = 80.05Ω
19.A lossless transmission line of characteristic impedance is equal to 50Ω, is terminated by an

unknown impedance. On measurement, a VSWR of 3 and a shift in the position of minima of
(i) 2.5 cm at λ = 0.6m (ii) 20 cm at λ = 2m and (iii) 18 cm at λ = 0.4m are observed. Find angle
of reflection coefficient (φ) for each case in degree.
Solution:
(i) S=2.5cm
φ=-149.50
(ii)S= 20cm
φ=-107.95o
(ii) S=18cm
φ=143.93o
20. Calculate the voltage standing ratio for lossless line of characteristic impedance 50Ω when
it is terminated in 100Ω and 30-j50Ω.
Solution:
When ZR=100Ω
S=2
1-K|
When ZR = 30- j50Ω

K= 0.5713<-79.50
S = 3.6652

DEPARTMENT OF ECE
21. A lossless line in air having a characteristic impedance of 300Ω terminated by an unknown
impedance. The standing wave ratio is 3.3 and φ=00 calculate the terminated impedance.
Solution:
K= 0.5348
ZR= 990Ω
22. Consider a line of 300Ω terminated by an unknown impedance. The standing wave ratio is
4.48 and φ = - 151.130. Find the terminating impedance
Solution
ZR= 102.02 Ω
23. A lossless transmission line having a characteristic impedance of 50Ω are length 50 m is left
open circuited at the far end. If the open circuit voltage is 100 <0'V. Calculate the voltage and
current at a distance of 10 m away from the open circuit, assuming the generator frequency to
20 MHz
Solution:
E= 50.17 <180° V
The current of lossless transmission line is given by
I= 1.73 < 90° A
24. A certain RF transmission line is terminated in pure resistive load. The characteristic
impedance of the line is 1200Ω and the reflection coefficient was observed to be 0.2. Calculate
the terminating load, which is less than characteristic impedance.
Solution:
K = 0.2
RR=800 Ω
25. A lossless transmission line with Ro =75Ω and of electrical length s= 0.3Ω is terminated
with load impedance of ZR = 40+ j 20 Ω. Determine the reflection coefficient at load, SWR of
the line and input impedance of the line.
Solution:
|K|= 0.3453 <19.880
|K| = 0.3453
The standing wave ratio is given by,
S=2.0548
Zs= 69.7-j 52.95 Ω
26. A slotted line experiment performed with following results, distance between successive
minimum is 21 cm, distance of first voltage minimum from load is 0.9 cm, SWR of line is 2.5,
if Ro = 502 determine the load impedance.
DEPARTMENT OF ECE
Solution:
The load impedance is given by,
ZR=20 <1.1622° Ω
27. A certain low loss line has characteristic impedance of 400Ω. Determine the standing wave
ratio with the following receiving end impedance (i) ZR= 70 Ω (ii) ZR = 800 Ω (ii) ZR = 650- j
475Ω .
Solution
(i) S = 5.71
(ii) S=2
(iii) S=2.746
28. A two wire open air line, whose diameter is 2.588 mm is used in several applications. The
wires are spaced at 290 mm between the centres. Find out the characteristic impedance of the
line.
Solution:
Radius of the wire is given by
a =diameter/ 2= 2.588/2= 1.294 mm
Spacing between the wire is
d = 290 mm
The characteristic impedance of the two - wire open air line is given by
Zo = 648.7Ω
29. A copper coaxial line has an outside tubing of thickness 1.8mm and its diameter is 30 mm.
The thickness of the inner tubing is 1.0 mm and d its outside diameter is 8 mm, air spaced
between the tubes. Find the characteristic impedance of the line.
Solution:
Diameter of the outside conductor is
b =30-2 x 1.8 = 26.4 mm
Diameter of the inside conductor is
a =8-2 x 1.0 = 6.0 mm
The characteristic impedance of coaxial cable is given by
Zo = 88.79 Ω
30. A cable of coaxial type has Z0 of 75Ω and a capacitance of 70pF/m. Find its inductance per
metre. If the radius of the inner conductor is 0.292 mm and the relative permittivity of the
dielectric is 2.3, determine the radius of the outer conductor.
Solution
b= 0.292 x 6.671
= 1.9479 mm

DEPARTMENT OF ECE
31. If a signal of 30 MHz transmitted through a coaxial cable which has a capacitance of 30pF/m
and an inductance of 500nH/m. (i) Find the time delay for a cable 1m long (ii) Propagation
velocity (ii) Propagation delay over a cable length of 10m.
Solution
td= 3.87 ns
Velocity of propagation is given by
v= 2.5839x 108 m/s
The time delay for 1Om long cable is
td=38.7 ns
32. The dielectric material between two conductors of a lossless coaxial cable has εr = 4 and μr=
1. Diameter of the inner conductor is 2mm. Characteristic impedance in 50 2. Determine the
diameter of the outer conductor of the coaxial cable.
Solution:
b= 10.6 mm
33. An open wire line consists of two copper conductors each of radius 2mm and is separated
by a distance of 250 mm in air. Calculate the following per unit length of the line at 40 kHz. (i)
Inductance (ii) Capacitance (ii) DC resistance given that o = 5.75x I07 U/m (iv) AC resistance.
Solution:
L= 1.931 μH/ m
The capacitance of an open wire line is given by
C = 5.756 p F/m
The DC resistance of an open wire line is given by
Rdc= 1.385mΩ/ m
The ratio of AC to DC resistance is given by
Rac = 4.1716 m Ω/m
34. A coaxial cable is made of copper having conductivity of 5.75 x 107Ʊ /m. he inner conductor
has a radius of 2 mm, the outer conductor has inner radius 8mm and has a thickness of I mm.
The space between conductors is filled with a dielectric material of relative permittivity 4.
Calculate per km the following (i) Inductance (ii) capacitance (iii) DC resistance (iv) AC
resistance at 150 kHz
Solution:
The inductance of a coaxial cable is given by
L =0.278 mH/km
The capacitance of a coaxial cable is given by
C= 0.1603 μF/ km
The DC resistance of a coaxial cable is given by
Rdc= 1.71 Ω/ km
The AC resistance of a coaxial cable is given by
Rac = 0.01 = 10Ω/ km
DEPARTMENT OF ECE
35. The ratio of the spacing 'a' to the radius 'a' of an open wire dissipation less line is 25 and the
space between the conductors has a dielectric of relative permittivity of 8. Determine (i)
Inductance (ii) Capacitance (iii) Characteristic impedance (iv) Velocity of propagation.
Solution:
L= 1.288 μH/m
C= 69.07 pF/m
The characteristic impedance of dissipation less line is given by
Ro= 136.55Ω
The velocity of propagation is given by
v= 1.06x 108 m/sec
36. A 50 MHz open wire line is to be built of copper wire of diameter 3.264 mm and to have Ro
= 425Ω. Find (i) Desired spacing d (ii) Inductance and capacitance of 5 m of line.
Solution:
Ro= 56.4 mm
The inductance for an open wire line of 5m length is given by
L = 7.085 μH/ m
The capacitance for an open wire line of 5m length is given by
C= 39.225 pF/m
37. An air filled coaxial line of copper is to have a capacitance of 22pF per metre. The inner
conductor has a diameter of 0.1cm. Find (i) Inductance ii) Inner radius of outer conductor (iii)
Characteristic impedance (iv) Phase constant and wave length at 25 MHz (v) Velocity of
Propagation.
Solution:
The capacitance of a coaxial line is given by
C = 1.0968
The inductance of a coaxial line is given by
L = 0.506 μH/m
Inner radius of outer conductor is given by
b =6.25 mm
The characteristic impedance of a coaxial line is given by
Ro= 151.6Ω
The phase constant is given by
Β=0.524rad/m
λ= 12 m
The velocity of propagation for a coaxial line is given by
v= 3 x 108 m/s

DEPARTMENT OF ECE
38. An open wire line is to be manufactured with a spacing 'd' of 30.25 mm and is to have and
inductance of 0.96 μH /m. If the dielectric is air determine (i)Diameter (ii) Capacitance (ii)
Characteristic impedance.
Solution
Diameter = 5.5 mm
C= 1.159 x 10-11 F/m
The characteristic impedance of an open wire line is given by
Ro=287.66 Ω
39. Find R, L, C, V and λ for a coaxial line having b/a= 10 at 40 MHz if (i) εr=1 (i) εr = 2.26.
Solution:
For εr=1
Ro=138.22Ω
εr=2.26
Ro= 91.94Ω
The inductance of a coaxial line is given by
L = 0.461 μH/m for both εr =l and εr = 2.26
The capacitance of a coaxial line is given by
For εr=1
C = 2.413 pF
For εr=2.26
C= 54.53 pF
The velocity of propagation is given by
For εr=1
V = 3x108 m/s
For εr=2.26
v= 2x108 m/s
The wavelength is given by
For εr=1
.λ=7.5m
if εr = 2.26
λ=5 m
UNIT III –IMPEDANCE MATCHING IN HIGH FREQUENCY LINES

Part A (2marks)
1. Categorize the applications of Smith chart.
i)Plotting an impedance.
ii)Measurement of VSWR.
iii)Measurement of reflection coefficient K.
iv)Measurement of input impedance of the line.

DEPARTMENT OF ECE
v)Impedance to admittance conversion.

2. Outline the applications of half-wave length transmission line.
The main application of a half-wave line is to connect a load to a source where both of them can’t be made adjacent.
In such a case, we may connect a parallel half wave line at load point. We can then take suitable measurement as
half-wave line repeats its impedance.
3. Examine the use of eighth wave line?
An eighth wave line is used to transform any resistance RR to impendence Zin with a magnitude equal to
Characteristic impedance R0 of the line.
4. Express the input impendence of eighth wave line terminated in a pure resistance RR.
The input impendence of the eighth wave line is
The input impendence of the eighth wave line is terminated by pure resistance RR.
5. Why is a quarter wave lines called as impendence inverter?

A quarter wave lines may be considered as an impendence inverter because it can transform a low impendence into
a high impendence and vice versa.
6. For a symmetrical network, define propagation constant and characteristics impedance.
The current ratio or voltage ratio is expressed in exponential term under the condition of Z0 termination.
Characteristic impedance of a symmetrical network is the impedance measured at the input terminals of the first
network in a chain of infinite networks in cascade and is denoted as Z0.
7. What are the disadvantages of m-derived filters?
*Attenuation arises sharply at cut off frequency
*In the passband output of the filter remains constant which means the characteristic impedance remains constant
throughout the pass band.
8. How can distortion be reduced in a transmission line?
A line in which there is no phase or frequency distortion is called a distortion less line. The condition for a
distortion less line is given as RC=LG.
9. A transmission line has Z0=745 12degree ohms and is terminated is ZR=100ohm calculate the reflection loss in
Db.
Answer: k=0.6475, 1/|k|=3.7751 dB
10. Express standing wave ratio in terms of a reflection coefficient.
S= 1+|K|/1-|K|
(OR)
|K|=S-1/S+1.
11. Summarize the application of quarter waveline.
A quarter wave line is used for impedance matching.(i.e) it matches the load with the sources and ensures that
maximum power is being transferred to the load.
Application:
i). used as a transformer to match a load ZR ohms.
ii). Used as impedance matching inverter.
iii). Used as couple a transmission line to a resistive load such as an antenna.
12.The electric field in free space is given by E=50cos[10T+BX] V/M. find the direction of wave propagation and
Beta.
the wave is propagating along –a
DEPARTMENT OF ECE
beta=w/c=1/3=0.333rad/m.
13. Explain the application of the quarter wave matching section?
An important application of the quarter wave matching section is to a couple a transmission lines to a resistive load
such as an antenna. If the antenna resistance is Ra and the characteristic impendence of the transmission line is R0,
Then a quarter wave impedance matching section designed to have a characteristic impendence Ro’ transforms
antenna resistance Ra to the characteristic impedance of the line R0 is given by R0’ = (RaRo )^1/2
14.Describe about copper insulators
An application of the short circuited quarter wave line is an insulator to support an open wire line or the center
conductor of a coaxial line .This application has the fact that the input impendence of a quarter –wave shorted line
is very high Such lines are sometimes referred to as copper insulators.
15. Bring out the significance of a half wavelength line.
A half wavelength line may be considered as a one- to – one transformer. It has its greatest utility in connecting load
to a source in cases where the load source cannot be made adjacent.
16. Give some of the impendence –matching devices.
The quarter – wave line or transformer and the tapered line are some of the impendence –matching devices.
17. Explain impendence matching using stub.
In the method of impendence matching using stub ,an open or closed stub line of suitable length is used as a reactance
shunted across the transmission line at a designated distance from the load ,to tune the length of the line and the load
to resonance with an anti-resonant resistance equal to Ro.
18. Summarize the reasons for preferring a short- circuited stub when compared to an open –circuited stub.
A short circuited stub is preferred to an open circuited stub because of greater ease in constructions and because of
the inability to maintain high enough insulation resistance at the open –circuit point to ensure that the stub is really
open circuited .A shorted stub also has a lower loss of energy due to radiation, since the short –circuit can be
definitely established with a large metal plate, effectively stopping all field propagation.
19. Classify the independent measurements that must be made to find the location and length of the stub?
The standing wave ratio S and the position of a voltage minimum are the independent measurements that must be
made to find the location and length of the stub.
20. Express the formula to calculate the distance of the point from the load at which the stub is to be
connected(location) and the length of the short circuited stub.
The formula to calculate the distance of the point from the load at which the
stub is to be connected is,
The formula to calculate the length of the short circuited stub is,
This is the length of the short – circuited stub to be placed d meters towards the load from a point at which a
voltage minimum existed before attachment of the stub.
21. Express the input impendence equation of dissipation less line?
The input impendence equation of dissipation less line is given by
(Zs/Ro)=(1+|K|)/ (1-|K|)
22.Write the expressions for the input impedance of open and short circuited dissipation less line.
Zoc = -j R0 cot (2π/lambda)s.
Zsc = jR0 tan (2π/lambda)s.
23.Summarize the applications of the smith chart.
The applications of the smith chart are,
(i) It is used to find the input impendence and input admittance of the line.

DEPARTMENT OF ECE
(ii) The smith chart may also be used for lossy lines and the locus of points on a line then follows a spiral path
towards the chart center, due to attenuation.
(iii) In single stub matching
24. Analyze the disadvantages of single stub matching.
The difficulties of the single stub matching are
Single stub matching requires the stub to be placed at a definite point on the line.
it requires two adjustment to be made, these being the location and the length of the stub.
Single stub matching is adequate for open wire lines. But for coaxial lines this is not suitable because it is difficult
to obtain the location of voltage minimum without slotted line section. That is coaxial line placement of a stub at
exact point is difficult.
25. Describe about double stub matching.
Another possible method of impedance matching is to use two stubs in which the location of the stub are arbitrary,
the two stub lengths furnishing the required adjustments. The spacing is frequently made λ/4.This is called double
stub matching.
Part B( 8Marks)
1. Analyze the the single stub matching.
Transmission line impedance matching
Transmission lines are used for the transmission of power and information. For radio frequency power
transmission it is highly desirable that as much power as possible is transmitted from the generator to the
load and as little power as possible is lost on the line itself. This will require that the load be matched to
the characteristic impedance of the line so that the standing wave ratio on the line is as close to unity as
possible. For information transmission it is essential that the lines be matched because reflections from
mismatched loads and junctions will result in echoes and will distort the information-carrying signal. We
note parenthetically that the methods
2. How could you design the Quarter-wave impedance transformer.

Quarter-wave impedance transformer
A quarter-wave impedance transformer, often written as λ/4 impedance transformer, is a component used
in electrical engineering consisting of a length of transmission line or waveguide exactly one-quarter of a
wavelength (λ) long and terminated in some known impedance. The device presents at its input the dual of
the impedance with which it is terminated.

DEPARTMENT OF ECE
3. Design the open and short circuited lines.

Short Circuited Stub
Open Circuited Stub
4.How do you use smith chart and give its importance.

The Smith Chart is a fantastic tool for visualizing the impedance of a transmission line and antenna system
as a function of frequency. Smith Charts can be used to increase understanding of transmission lines and
how they behave from an impedance viewpoint. Smith Charts are also extremely helpful for impedance
matching, as we will see. The Smith Chart is used to display a real antenna's impedance when measured
on a Vector Network Analyzer (VNA).
Smith Charts were originally developed around 1940 by Phillip Smith as a useful tool for making the
equations involved in transmission lines easier to manipulate. See, for instance, the input impedance
equation for a load attached to a transmission line of length L and characteristic impedance Z0. With
DEPARTMENT OF ECE
modern computers, the Smith Chart is no longer used to the simplify the calculation of transmission line
equations; however, their value in visualizing the impedance of an antenna or a transmission line has not
decreased.
5. From Smith chart, What do you infer about constant resistance and reactance circle.?
For a given normalized load impedance zL, we can determine and plot it on the Smith Chart. Now, suppose
we have the normalized load impedance given by:
The reactance curve given by Im[zL]=0 is a straight line across the Smith Chart. There are 3 special points
along this curve. On the far left, where zL = 0 + i0, this is the point where the load is a short circuit, and
thus the magnitude of is 1, so all power is reflected. In the center of the Smith Chart, we have the point
given by zL = 1. At this location, is 0, so the load is exactly matched to the transmission line. No power is
reflected at this point

DEPARTMENT OF ECE
6.Describe the applications of smith chart detail

Plotting an impedance
Measurement of VSWR
Measurement of reflection coefficient (magnitude and phase)
Measurement of input impedance of the line
It is used to find the input impendence and input admittance of the line.
The smith chart may also be used for lossy lines and the locus of points on a line then follows a spiral path
towards the chart center, due to attenuation.
In single stub matching.
7. (i). The 0.1λ length line shown has a characteristic impedance of 50 and is terminated with a load
impedance of ZL = 5+j25.
(a) Locate zL = ZL/Z0 = 0.1 + j0.5 on the Smith chart.
(b)What is the impedance at l = 0:1λ?
Since we want to move away from the load (i.e., toward the generator), read 0.074 λ on the
wavelengths toward generator scale and add l = 0.1 λ to obtain 0.174 λ on the wavelengths toward generator
scale.
A radial line from the center of the chart intersects the constant reflection Co-efficient magnitude circle at
z = 0.38 + j1.88. Hence Z = zZ0 = 50(0.38 + j1.88) = 19 + 94Ω.
(c) What is the VSWR on the line?
Find VSWR = Zmax = 13 on the horizontal line to the rightof the chart's center. Or use the SWR scale on
the chart.
(d) What is ΓL?
From the reflection coefficient scale below the chart,
Find |ΓL| = 0.855. From the angle of reflection coefficient scale on the perimeter of the chart, Find the
angle of ΓL=126.5₀.Hence ΓL=0.855e j126.5₀.

DEPARTMENT OF ECE
(e) What is Γ at l = 0.1λ from the load?

Note that |Γ| =|ΓL|=0.855.Read the angle of the reflection coefficient from the angle of reflection
coefficient scale as 55.0₀. Hence ΓL=0.855e j126.5₀.
8. Transmission line has Z0 = 1.0, ZL = zL = 0.2- j0.2Ω. Calculate the smith chart parameter.
(a) What is z at l =λ/4=0.25 λ?
From the chart, read 0:467λfrom the wavelengths to-ward generator scale. Add 0.25λ to obtain 0.717 λ on
the wavelengths toward generator scale. This is not on the chart, but since it repeats every half wavelength,
it is the same as 0.717 λ – 0.500 λ = 0.217 λ. Drawing a radial line from the center of the chart, we find an
intersection with the constant reflection coefficient magnitude circle at z = Z = 2.5 + j2.5.
(b) What is the VSWR on the line?
From the intersection of the constant reflection coefficient circle with the right hand side of the horizontal
axis, read VSWR= zmax = 5.3.
(c) How far from the load is the first voltage minimum?
The voltage minimum occurs at zmin which is at a distance of 0.500λ-0.467λ = 0:033λ from the load. Or
read this distance directly on the wavelengths toward load scale.The current minimum occurs at zmax
which is a quarter of a wavelength farther down the line or at 0.033λ+0.25λ = 0.283λ from the load.
9. Explain about some parameter values in slotted line measurement yields the
(a) Voltage minima at 9.2 cm and 12.4 cm measured away from the load with the line terminated in a
short.
(b) VSWR = 5.1 with the line terminated in the unknown load; a voltage minimum is located 11.6 cm
measured away from the load.
10. Why the normalized impedance is done while designing a transmission line?
Note that this data could have come from either a waveguide or a TEM line measurement. If the
transmission system is a waveguide, then the wavelength used is actually the guide wavelength. From the
voltage minima on the shorted line, the (guide) wavelength may be determined:
λg/2=12.4cm-9.2 cm=3.2 cm or λg=6.4 λg
Hence the shift in the voltage minimum when the load is replaced by a short is
12.4cm-11.6cm/6.4cm/ λg=0.125 λg
toward the generator. Locate the reflection coefficient magnitude circle by its intersection with zmax =
VSWR = 5:1 on the horizontal axis. Then from the voltage minimum opposite zmax, move 0.125 λg toward
the generator to find a position an integral number of half-wavelengths from the load. The impedance there
is the same as that of the load, zL = 0.38 +j0.93. Alternatively, move 0.5 λg – 0.125 λg = 0.375 λg toward
the load to locate the same value.

DEPARTMENT OF ECE
11. Analyze about the purpose and applications of standing wave ratio?
Assuming the propagation constant is purely imaginary (lossless line), We can re-write the voltage and
current waves as:
If we plot the voltage along the transmission line, we observe a series of peaks and minimums, which repeat
a full cycle every half-wavelength. If gamma equals 0.5 (purely real), then the magnitude of the voltage
would appear as:
Similarly, if gamma equals zero (no mismatch loss) the magnitude of the voltage would appear as:

DEPARTMENT OF ECE
Finally, if gamma has a magnitude of 1 (this occurs, for instance, if the load is entirely reactive while the
transmission line has a Z0 that is real), then the magnitude of the voltage would appear as:
One thing that becomes obvious is that the ratio of Vmax to Vmin becomes larger as the reflection
coefficient increases. That is, if the ratio of Vmax to Vmin is one, then there are no standing waves, and
the impedance of the line is perfectly matched to the load. If the ratio of Vmax to Vmin is infinite, then the
magnitude of the reflection coefficient is 1, so that all power is reflected. Hence, this ratio, known as the
Voltage Standing Wave Ratio (VSWR) or standing wave ratio is a measure of how well matched a
transmission line is to a load. It is defined as:
Notice that a negative reflection coefficient means that the reflected wave receives a 180°, or π, phase shift.
Thus the absolute magnitude (designated by vertical bars) of the reflection coefficient can be calculated
from the standing wave ratio.
12. The transmission line with a characteristic impedance 100Ω is terminated in impedance (50-j200)Ω.
Determine the VSWR and reflection coefficient.
VSWR= 10
K=0.82<-51o
13.A lossless line with is terminating at an impedance of 50+j50Ω. The frequency of transmission line is
300MHz. Using smith chart find the Following
1.Load admittance
2.SWR
3.Maximum and minimum line impedance

DEPARTMENT OF ECE
4.Distance between the load and first voltage minimum.

Solution
1. Y=0.01+i0.01Ʊ
2.S=2.5
3.Maximum line impedance = 125Ω
minimum line impedance = 20Ω
4.Distance between the load and first voltage minimum= 0.338m
14. Design a Quarter wave transformer to match a load of 200Ω to a source resistance of 500Ω. The
operating frequency 200MHz
Solution
R0=316.22Ω
λ= 1.5m
s=0.375m
15. A load of pure resistance of 60Ω is to be connected through a quarter wave line to a transmission line
of characteristics impedance 100Ω. Calculate the value of the characteristic impedance of the quarter wave
line.
Zo=(Zs Zr)^1/2
Zo=77.46Ω
UNIT IV - WAVE GUIDES

PART A(2MARKS)
1.How could you find the dominant mode?
The mode which has lowest cut off frequency or highest cut of wavelength is called dominant mode.
2.Outline cutoff frequency?
The frequency at which the wave motion ceases is called cutoff frequency of the waveguide.
3.Distinguish between TE and TM waves.
TE TM
Electric field strength E is entirely transverse. Magnetic field strength is entirely transverse.
It has z component of electric field (Ez).
It has z component of magnetic field (Hz).
It has no z component of electric field (Ez). It has no z component of magnetic field (Hz).

DEPARTMENT OF ECE
4. Illustrate guided waves.

The electromagnetic waves that are guided along or over conducting or dielectric surface are called
guided waves. Examples of guided waves are parallel wires and transmission lines.
5. Illustrate about TE wave or H wave?
Transverse electric (TE) wave is a wave in which the electric field strength E is entirely transverse. It
has a magnetic field strength Hz in the direction of propagation and no component of electric field Ez
in the direction of wave propagation.
6. Outline TM wave or E wave?
Transverse magnetic (TM) wave is a wave in which the magnetic field strength H is entirely transverse.
It has a electric field strength Ez in the direction of wave propagation and no component of magnetic
field Hz in the direction of wave propagation.
7.Classify the dominant modes for TE and TM waves in parallel plane waveguides?
The Dominant modes in parallel plane waveguides for TE and TM waves are TE10 and TM10 respectively.
8.How could you called the wavelength as cutoff wavelength?
The frequency at which the wave motion ceases is called cutoff frequency of the waveguide.
9.Write down the expression for cutoff frequency when the wave is propagated between
twoparallel planes.
The cutoff frequency when the wave is propagated between two parallel plates, is given by
𝑐 𝑓 = 𝑚/
(2 ( )) 𝑎 √𝜇𝜀
𝑓𝑐 = mv/(2𝑎)
where, m – mode, μ − permeability a
− distance of separation, ε − permitivity v −
velocity of propagation
10.Write the expression for cutoff wavelength of the wave which is propagated in
between two parallel planes.
The cutoff wavelength of the wave which is propagated in between two parallel
planes is given by,
λc = 2a / m
where, m − mode
a − distance of seperation
11. Write the expression for guide wavelength when the wave is transmitted between
two parallel planes.
The expression for guide wave length when the wave is transmitted in between two parallel
planes is given by 𝜆𝑔 =
a − distance of seperation ε − permitivity
𝜔 − angular frequency
12.Find the frequency of minimum attenuation for TM mode.
The attenuation αTM reaches a minimum value at the frequency equal to √3 times the cutoff
frequency.
f = √3fc
13.Explore the relation between the attenuation factor for TE waves and TM waves for
parallel plane waveguide.
The relation between the attenuation factor for TE waves and TM waves for parallel plate
waveguide is given by,
2

DEPARTMENT OF ECE
f
αTE = αTM ( c /f )
14.Which type of wave is called principal wave?
The Transverse Electromagnetic (TEM) waves are waves in which both electric and magnetic
fields are transverse entirely but have no components of Ez and Hz. It is also called the principal wave.
15.Review characteristics of TEM waves?
The characteristics of TEM waves are:
i. The amplitude of field component is constant
ii. The velocity of propagation and the wave impedance are
independent of frequency of thewave
iii. TEM waves cannot exist in a single conductor hollow waveguide
iv. The cut – off frequency of TEM wave is zero
v. The ratio of amplitudes of E to H is intrinsic impedance.
vi. It doesn’t have either Ez or Hz component.
16.Define – Phase Velocity and Group Velocity
Phase velocity (vp) is defined as the velocity of propagation of equiphase surfaces along a guide.It is given by,
vp = ω/β
Group velocity (vg) is defined as the velocity with which the energy propagates along a guide. Itis
given by,
vg = dω/dβ
17. Show the relation between phase velocity and group velocity.
The relation between phase velocity and group velocity is given by,
vp vg = c2
18.Define – Attenuation Factor
Attenuation factor is defined as the ratio of power loss per unit length to twice the transmittedpower.
Attenuation factor = (Power lost per unit length) / (2 x power transmitted)
19.Define – Wave Impedance
Wave impedance is defined as the ratio of electric field strength to magnetic field strength,which is
given by
𝐸 𝑦
= − 𝑥/ , in the
𝐻 negative
𝑦 direction.

DEPARTMENT OF ECE
20.Outline the applications of waveguides.

The wave guides are employed for transmission of energy at very high frequencies
where the attenuation caused by wave guide is smaller. The waveguides are used in
microwave transmission. The circular waveguides are used as attenuators and phase
shifters.
21. Review dominant mode for the TE waves in the rectangular waveguide?
The dominant mode for the TE waves in the rectangular waveguide is TE10 mode.
22. Review the dominant mode for the TM waves in the rectangular waveguide?
The dominant mode for the TM waves in the rectangular waveguide is TM11 mode.
23. Which kind of modes called as degenerate modes in a rectangular waveguide?
The higher order modes which are having the same cut off frequency are
called degeneratemodes. In a rectangular waveguide, TEm,n and TMm,n modes (both
m = 0 and n = 0) are always degenerate mode.
24. Define waveguide?
A hollow conducting metallic tube of uniform cross section which is used for
propagating electromagnetic wave is called wave guide.
25.Why are rectangular waveguides preferred to circular waveguides?
Rectangular wave-guides are preferred to circular waveguides because of the following
reasons:
Rectangular waveguide is smaller in size than a circular waveguide of the same
operating frequency.
The frequency difference between the lowest frequency on dominant mode and
the next mode of a rectangular wave guide is bigger than in a circular wave
guide.
26.Why is waveguide taken either in circular or in rectangular form?
Waveguides usually take the forms of circular or rectangular because of its simplicity and less
expensive to manufacture.
27. define evanescent mode?
When the operating frequency is lower than the cut-off frequency, the
propagation constant becomes real. So the wave cannot be propagated for that
frequency. This non- propagating mode is known as evanescent mode.
28.Which are the non-zero field components for the TM11 mode in a rectangular waveguide?
The non-zero field components for the TM11 mode in a rectangular waveguide
are Hx, Hy, Ey and Ez.
29.Which are the non-zero field components for the TE10 mode in a rectangular
waveguide?
The non-zero field components for the TE10 mode in a rectangular waveguide are Hx, Hz and
Ey.
30.Express cutoff wave length and cutoff frequency of the TE10 mode
in a rectangular waveguide?
The cutoff wave length and cutoff frequency of the TE10 mode in a
rectangular waveguide are given by,
31.Why do 𝐓𝐌𝟎𝟏 and 𝐓𝐌𝟏𝟎 modes not exist in a rectangular waveguide?
For TM modes in rectangular waveguides, neither ‘m’ nor ‘n’ can be zero
because all the field equations vanish (i.e., Hx, Hy, Ey and Ez = 0). If m = 0, n =
1 or m = 1, n = 0 no fields are present. Hence TM01 and TM10 modes in a
rectangular waveguide do notexist.
32. Classify the applications of circular waveguide.
Circular waveguides are used as attenuators and phase shifters.
33. Which mode in circular waveguide has attenuation effect

DEPARTMENT OF ECE
decreasing with increase in frequency?

TE01 mode in circular wave guide has attenuation effect decreasing with increase in frequency.
34. Why is TEM mode not possible in a rectangular waveguide?
Since TEM wave do not have axial component of either E or H wave, it
cannot propagate within a single conductor waveguide.
35.Explore the performance parameters of a microwave resonator?
The performance parameters of a microwave resonator are:
i. Resonant frequency
ii. Quality factor
iii. Input impedance
36.Define – Quality Factor of Microwave Resonator
Quality factor of microwave resonator is defined as the measure of frequency
selectivity of the resonator. It is given by,
𝑓
𝑄 = 0/𝐵𝑊
w
h
37.Outline resonant frequency of a microwave resonator?
Resonant frequency of a microwave resonator is the frequency at which
the energy in the resonator attains maximum value, i.e., twice the electric
or magnetic energy.
38. Explore the basic configurations of coaxial resonator.
The basic configurations of coaxial resonator are:
i. Quarter wave coaxial cavity
ii. Half wave coaxial cavity
iii.Capacitive and coaxial cavity
PART B(8MARKS)
1. 1.A pair of perfectly conducting planes is separated by 8cm in air. For a
frequency of 5000 MHz with the TM1 mode excited find the following i) cut off
frequency i) Characteristic impedance iii) Attenuation constant for f= 0.95fc iv)
phase constant v) Phase velocity and group velocity vi)wavelength measured along
the guided walls vii) Cut off wavelength vii) Angle of incidence.
Solution
fc=1.875 GHz
ZTM=349.41 ohm
2.For a frequency of 6000 MHz and plane separation 7cm. Find the following for
TE1 mode. i) Cut off frequency ii) Angle of incidence on the planes iii) Phase
velocity and group velocity. Is it possible to propagate TE3 mode?
Solution:
Given Data,
m=1, a=7cm = 0.07m, f= 6000 MHz
fc=2.142 GHz
Angle of incidence, θ = 69.080
Vph=3.211x 10 8m/s
vg = 2.802 x 108 m/s
TE, mode; m =3
fc= 6.42x 109 Hz
DEPARTMENT OF ECE
fc>f (operating frequency). So propagation is not possible for TE, mode.

3.Consider a parallel plate waveguide with plate separation 20cm with a TE10 mode
excited at 1 GHz Find the propagation constant, the cut off frequency and guide
wavelength assuming εr = 4 for the medium propagation in the guide.
Γ=j39.3radian/m
Fc=375MHz
.λc=0.4m
.λ0=0.3m
.λg=0.16m
4. A 4 GHz signal is propagated in a rectangular waveguide with a internal
dimension of 2.5 x 5cm. Assuming dominant mode. Calculate i) Cut-off
wavelength ii) guide wavelength iii) group velocity iv) phase velocity and v) wave
impedance
Solution:
Cut off wavelength λc = 0.10m
Guide wavelength λg= 0.113m
Group velocity vg =1.984×108m/s
Phase velocity ,Vph= 4.535 x 108 m/s
Wave impedance ZTE=570Ω
5.A waveguide is formed by two parallel copper sheets σ= 5.8x 10 7 S/m separated
by 5cm thick lossly dielectic εr= 2.25, μr = 1. For an operating frequency of 10 GHz
find β,vp,vg,λg for TE1 mode
Solution:
Β= 308 rad/m
Phase velocity Vph= 2.03 x 108 m/s
Group velocity Vg=1.97×108m/s
.λg=0.0203m or 2.04 cm
6. A rectangular waveguide has cross section dimension a = 7cm and b =4cm.
Determine all modes which will propagate through the waveguide at a frequency
of 6 GHz.
Solution:
The cut off wavelength
For TE10 mode
m=1;n=0
λc= 14 cm
So propagation is possible for TE10
For TE01 mode
m-0; n= 1
= 2b = 2 x 4 = 8cm
Propagation is possible for TE01 mode.
For TE11 mode
m=1;n= 1
λc=6.94cmn
A propagation is possible for TE11 mode.

DEPARTMENT OF ECE
For TE02 mode

m= 0;n= 2
λc= 4cm
Propagation is not possible for TE02 mode.
7. An air filled rectangular waveguide has cross sectional dimension of 8cm and b
= 4cm. Find the cut – off frequencies for the following modes TE10, TE20, TE11.
Solution:
For TE10; m=1;n=0
fc=1.875GHz
For TE20: m = 2; n = 0
fc=3.75GHz
For TE11: m = 1; n = 1
fc= 4.19GHz
8.A rectangular waveguide measures 3 x 5cm internally and has 10 GHz signal
propagated in it. Calculate the cut-off wavelength, the guide wavelength and wave
impedance for TE10 mode.
Solution:
TE10: m =l;n = 0
Cut off wavelength= 0.1m
Cut off frequency=3 GHz
Guide wavelength, λg=0.0314m
Wave impedance ZTE= 395.19 Ω
9. Design a rectangular waveguide with the following specification i) At 7.5 GH,
the guide wave length for TE10 mode is 90% of the cut off wavelength ii) TE30 and
TE12 have the same cut off frequency.
Solution:
.λo=4cm
a=9cm
b =6. 35 cm
10. The large dimension of cross section of a rectangular waveguide is 2 cm. Find
the cut off frequency and cut off wavelength for dominant TE mode.
Solution
fc= 7.5GHz
Cut off wavelength, λc = 0.04 m
11.Find the cut off wavelength in a standard rectangular waveguide for TE11 mode.
Solution:
Given Data,
The standard rectangular waveguide has dimension ratio of 2: 1. Let length be 'a'
meters then breadth will be b =a/2
.λc=1.788b

DEPARTMENT OF ECE
12.A pair of perfectly conducting plates are separated by 3cm in air and carries a
10 GHz signal in TM1 mode. Find the cut off frequency, phase constant and cut off
wavelength.
Solution
Given Data,
Cut off frequency = 5GHz
Phase constant β=181.3 rad/m
Cut-off wavelength= 0.06 m
13.A parallel perfectly conducting planes are separated by 5cm in air and carries a
signal with a frequency of 10GHz in TM10 mode. Find the cut off frequency and
cut off wavelength.
Solution:
Cut off frequency= 3GHz
Cut off wavelength = 0.1m
14.A TEM wave at I MHz propagates in the region between conducting plane lanes
which is filled with a dielectric material of μr = 1 and εr= 2 .Find the phase constant
and characteristic wave impedance
Solution :
Phase constant β = 0.029 rad/m
Characteristic wave impedance ZTEM=266.322Ω
15. A rectangular waveguide of cross section 5cm x 2cm is used to propagate TM11
mode at 10 GHz. Determine the cut off wavelength.
Solution
a = 5cm = 5 x10* m = 0.05m
b = 2cm = 2 x102 m = 0.02mn
f = 10 GHz = 10 x 10 Hz
λc= 0.0371 m
16. A rectangular waveguide has the following dimensions a = 2.54 cm, b =1.27cm.
Calculate the cut off frequency for TE11 mode.
Solution:
fc= 13. 205 GHz
17. Rectangular waveguide with dimensions a = 8.5cm, b= 4.3cm is fed by 5GHz
carrier. Will a TE11 mode propagate?
Solution:
Given Data,
a = 8-5 cm = 8.5x10 m = 0.085m
b = 4.3cm = 4.3 x10 m = 0 043m
f = 5GHz
TE11 mode: m=1;n=1
fc=3.96 GHz
18. The cut off wavelength of a rectangular waveguide was measured to be 8cm
and 4.8 cm when excited in TE10 and TE11 mode respectively. Determine the
dimension of the waveguide.
a 4 cm = 0.04m

DEPARTMENT OF ECE
b 3cm =0.03 m
19. A rectangular waveguide measuring a = 4.5 cm and b=3 cm internally has 9
GHz signal propagated in it. Calculate the guide wavelength, phase and group
velocity, characteristic impedance for TM, mode.
Solution:
fc=6.009GHz
β=140.41 rad/m
λg=0.044m
vph=4.02×108 m/s
vg=2.23×108 m/s
ZTM=280.66Ω
20. Find the cut – off frequency for rectangular waveguide with following inner
dimensions. These operate in TE10 mode.
i)7.214 x 3.404 cm (S-band)
ii) 2.286 x 1.016 cm (X - band)
Solution
Given Data
Cut off frequency =2. 079 GHz
Cut off frequency f =6.561 GHz


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DHANALAKSHMI SRINIVASAN COLLEGE OF ENGINEERINNG, COIMBATORE

EC8651 TRANSMISSION LINES AND RF SYSTEMS

EC8651 TRANSMISSION LINES AND RF SYSTEMS

1. Explore the primary constants and secondary constants of a transmission line?

2. When will a transmission line deliver maximum power to a load?

3. How many types of line distortion?

Line distortion is usually of two types:

Batch: 2018-22 Prepared By:

The condition for a distortion less line is R/L=G/C

5. Draw the equivalent circuit of a unit length of a transmission line.

6. Review about the loaded lines?

7. Illustrate phase or delay distortion?

8. Illustrate about frequency distortion?

9. How can distortion be reduced in a transmission line?

10. Explain infinite line.

input impedance equal to the characteristic impedance

Batch: 2018-22 Prepared By:

sending end as an infinite line.

11. Summarize properties of Infinite line?

(a) Zr=0, |K|=1, SWR= ∞

(b)Zr=Zo, K=0, SWR=1

13. Define SWR.

Z0< | ZL | < 0≤𝐾≤1

Batch: 2018-22 Prepared By:

16. Illustrate reflection factor.

17. Illustrate waveform distortion?

18. Analyze the need for loading?

20. Define reflection coefficient.

𝑅𝑒f𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑎𝑡 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝑉𝑅

21. Write the formula for reflection coefficient.

Batch: 2018-22 Prepared By:

ZR is the load impedance

Batch: 2018-22 Prepared By:

25. Illustrate about Characteristic impedance.

reflections. The SI unit of characteristic impedance is the ohm.

where Z = R + jωL is the series impedance

Y = G + jωC is the shunt admittance

26. Define Propagation constant

Propagation constant is a complex quantity and is expressed as

Batch: 2018-22 Prepared By:

called the phase constant β

27. Write down the significance of this line?

28. How could you define is an infinite line?

impedance is equivalent to the characteristic impedance.

29. How to avoid the distortion that occurs in the line?

In order to reduce delay distortion occurring in the line,

a) The phase constant β should be made dependent of frequency.

b) The velocity of propagation is independent of frequency.

lumped inductors along the line.

31. Illustrate continuous loading.

tape over the conductor of the line.

32. Explore about Impedance matching?

matched. This is called impedance matching.

33. When reflection occurs in a line?

Reflection occurs because of the following cases:

*when the load end is open circuited

*when the load end is short-circuited

power and some will be reflected back thus producing reflections.

34. Summarize conditions for a perfect line? What is a smooth line?

perfect line are R=G=0.

in such a line. It is also called as flat line.

35. How do you explain a transmission line?

Batch: 2018-22 Prepared By: