Unit I

Characteristic Parameters of symmetrical and asymmetrical two port networks

their design Image impedance, iterative impedance, characteristic impedance, propagation coefficient,
image transfer coefficient , iterative transfer coefficient, Lattice and Bridged T networks, reactive
matching networks, matching techniques, insertion loss, symmetrical and asymmetrical attenuators and
their design.

Image impedances (Zi):

Similar to the iterative impedances, the image impedances are also of different values at
different ports. Let the image impedances be denoted by Z i1 and Zi2. Consider that the
asymmetrical network is terminated with image impedance of port 2 Z i2 at its output pair
of terminals then the impedance measured at its input pair of terminals will be image
impedance of port 1 i.e. Zi1. Similarly if port one is terminated in the image impedance of
port 1 i.e. Zi1 then the impedance measured at port two will be the image impedance of
port 2 i.e. Zi2. These conditions are illustrated by the Fig. 8.5 (a) and (b).

When an asymmetrical network is terminated in image impedances at both the ports

the network is called correctly terminated asymmetrical network as shown in the Fig. 8.6.

Image transfer constant (eθ):

When an asymmetrical network is terminated in its image impedances at both
the ports as shown in the Fig. 8.6, then the ratio of currents I 1/I2 will be different from
the E1/E2.
Hence image transfer constant θ is defined as
The real part of image transfer constant is called image attenuation constant; while the
imaginary part is called image phase constant.
After detailed discussion of various properties of symmetrical and asymmetrical
networks let us study the properties of some of the important symmetrical and
asymmetrical networks including symmetrical T, π, lattice networks and asymmetrical
networks such as half sections, L sections.

π or pi Network in Network Analysis:

Consider following two port ’π’ or pi Network type network with assumed voltages
V1 and V2 and current I1 end I2 as shown in Fig. 6.11.

Let the y-parameters of the above network are represented as follows,

We know that, y-parameter for any network can be calculated by short circuiting input

and output ports ie by making V1 = 0 and V2 = 0.
With the port 2-2′ short circuited :
We have V2 = 0
Hence, y2 will be directly shorted.
Total admittance looking into network from port 1-1′ is equal to (y 1 + y3).
Hence, current I1 in port 1-1′ can be calculated as follows,

The current I2 in port 2-2′ can be calculated as follows.

Note that current I2 will be negative

With the port 1-1′ short circuited :

We have V1 = 0. Hence, y1 will be directly shorted. Total admittance looking back into
network from port 2-2′ is equal to (y2 + y3).
Hence, current I2 in port 2-2′ can be calculated as follows

The current I1 in port 1-1′ can be calculated as follows.

Note that current I1 will be negative.

Consider the expression

substituting y3 = -y12 in first two expressions, we have,

Hence, the circuit elements of the equivalent ’π’ of pi network are as follows,

Symmetrical Network in Network Analysis:

A symmetrical network has two important properties as
  Characteristic impedance (Z0)
 Propagation constant (γ)
The two networks having the same electrical properties i.e. characteristic impedance (Z 0)
and propagation constant (γ) are called equivalent networks or identical networks.
Characteristic Impedance (Z0):
Consider that infinite number of identical symmetrical networks are connected
in cascade or tandem as shown in the Fig. 8.1 (a). The input impedance measured at the
input terminals of the first network in the chain of infinite networks will have some finite
value which depends on the network composition. This impedance is the important
property of a symmetrical network. Thus the characteristic impedance of a symmetrical
network is the impedance measured at the input terminals of the first network in the
chain of infinite networks in cascade and it is represented by Z 0.

If first network is disconnected from the chain as shown in the Fig. 8.1 (b), then also the
input impedance measured at the input terminals of second network will be Z 0 again as
number of networks in the chain are still infinite. That means we can replace this chain
by impedance Z0 at the output port of the first network as shown in the Fig. 8.1 (c). Then
the impedance at input terminals of the first network will be still Z 0.
Thus in general when any symmetrical network is terminated in its characteristic
impedance Z0, the input impedance will also be Z0.
This property is true for output impedance if the symmetrical network terminated in Z0 is
driven by a generator with internal impedance equal to Z 0. In such network, the output
impedance will be Z0 only. The network terminated in characteristic impedance at input
as well as output terminals is said to be correctly terminated or properly
terminated symmetrical network as shown in the Fig. 8.2.
Propagation Constant (γ):
Consider a chain of identical symmetrical networks connected in cascade as shown in
the Fig. 8.3.

The current leaving any section will be definite proportion of that entering section and
in general will be out of phase with it. Thus the relationship between the currents
entering and leaving the section is a vector quantity with both modulus and angle. This
quantity is represented in the form e γ for convinence where γ is a complex number given
by γ = α + jβ
Let the ratio of input to output current be given by

Since all the sections are identical, we can write

Hence for n identical sections connected is cascade the ratio of input to output current
is given by

Note that input current is represented by sending end current, I S; while the output
current is represented by receiving end current, IR. Above equation can be written as

when enα gives ratio of absolute magnitudes of sending end current to receiving end
current and nβ gives the phase angle between these two currents.
If the network is correctly terminated, then we can write,

The real part α of the propagation constant γ is called attenuation constant and it is

measured in nepers.

Similarly for n-sections,

The imaginary part β of propagation constant γ is called phase constant and is equal to
the angle in radians by which output current leaving section lags that input current
entering section. For n-sections, the phase constant will be nβ radians.

Symmetrical T Network in Network

Analysis:
In line transmission theory, the symmetrical T network is the most frequently used
network. The condition in the symmetrical T network is that the total series arm
impedance and shunt arm impedance must be Z 1 and Z2 respectively. To have a total
series arm impedance of Z1  the two series arm
,
impedances must be selected as Z 1/2

each as shown in the Fig. 8.7.

Let us derive the expressions for the characteristic impedance (Z 0) and propagation
constant (γ) in terms of the network elements.
Characteristic Impedance (Z0):
(A) In terms of series and shunt arm impedances
Consider a symmetrical T network terminated at its output terminal with its
characteristic impedance as shown in the Fig. 8.8.
By the property of the symmetrical network, the input impedance of such network
terminated in Z0 at other port is equal to Z0.
The input impedance of a T network is given by,

(B) In terms of open and short circuit impedances

For symmetrical networks, impedances measured at any pair of terminals with other pair
of terminals either open circuit or short circuit are of same value. Consider symmetrical T
network with terminals 2-2′ either open circuit or short circuit as shown in the Fig. 8.9.

Consider Fig. 8.9 (a),

Consider Fig. 8.9 (b),

Multiplying equations (3) and (4), we can write,

Hence in any symmetrical network, the characteristic impedance Z 0 is the geometric
mean of open and short circuit impedances measured at any pair of terminals.
Propagation Constant (γ):
Consider properly terminated symmetrical T network as shown in the Fig. 8.12.

The currents entering and leaving network are assumed to be I S and IR respectively.
Applying KVL to the outer loop,
Hence

The propagation constant of T section is therefore given by

Putting value of Z0 in equation (1), we can write,

From above equation we can write,

Adding equations (3) and (4), we get,

Subtracting equation (4) from (3), we get,

Dividing equation (6) by (5) we get,

Series and shunt arm impedances in terms of characteristic impedance (Z 0) and

propagation constant (γ)
Consider equation (5),
Consider equation (6),

Dividing equation (8) and (9),

Thus each series arm impedance, in terms of the characteristic impedance and
propagation constant is given by

Similarly, shunt arm impedance in terms of the characteristic impedance and

propagation constant is given from equation (6) as
Hence T network with components expressed in terms of characteristic impedance and
propagation constant is as shown in the Fig. 8.13.

Symmetrical pi Network in Network

Analysis:
The Symmetrical pi Network in Network Analysis is another important network in line
transmission fulfilling the conditions of total series and shunt arm impedances as Z 1 and
Z2 respectively. Thus the series arm impedance of a it network is selected as Z 1 and to
have a total shunt arm impedance of Z2, each shunt arm impedance is selected as 2Z 2 as
shown in the Fig. 8.15.

Similar to the symmetrical T network, let us derive the expressions for the characteristic
impedance (Z0) and propagation constant (γ) of the Symmetrical pi Network in Network
Analysis.
Characteristic Impedance (Z0):
(A) In terms of series and shunt arm impedances
Consider a symmetrical π network terminated at its output terminals with its
characteristic impedance Z0 as shown in the Fig. 8.16.
By the property of the symmetrical network, the input impedance of such network
terminated with Z0 at other port is equal to Z0.
The input impedance of a symmetrical π network is given by

Multiplying numerator and denominator by the factor Z1/4,

Here the characteristic impedance of it section is indicated by Z0π and that of T section
by Z0T.
Taking square root on both the sides,

(B) In terms of open and short circuit impedances

Consider Symmetrical pi Network in Network Analysis shown in the Fig. 8.17 (a) and Fig.
8.17 (b).

Consider Fig. 8.17 (a),

Consider Fig. 8.17 (b),

Multiplying equations (3) and (4), we can write,

Thus the characteristic impedance of symmetrical π network is given by

Propagation Constant (γ):
Consider correctly terminated symmetrical π network as shown in the Fig. 8.19.

As the network is symmetrical, by definition,

By potential divider rule,

Rearranging the terms,

where γπ is the propagation constant of symmetrical π network. Putting value of

Z0π interms of Z0T,
Series and shunt arm impedances of symmetrical π network in terms of Z 0π and γπ:
For symmetrical T network, each series arm is given by,

Similarly shunt arm of symmetrical T network is given by

Hence π network with series and shunt arms expressed in terms of Z0π and γπ, is as

shown in the Fig. 8.20.
Lattice Network in Network Analysis:
The Lattice Network in Network Analysis is a symmetrical and balanced with four arms
as shown in the Fig. 8.21 (a). The arms consisting impedance Z A are called series arms of
the lattice network. The arms consisting impedance Z B are called shunt or diagonal
arms. The lattice network can be rearranged in the bridge structure as shown in the Fig.
8.21 (b) which is very suitable for the analysis of the lattice network.
As lattice network is a symmetrical network, let us derive expressions for the
characteristic impedance (Z0) and propagation constant (γ). It is very convenient to use
bridge structure of the lattice network for the calculation of propagation constant.
Characteristic Impedance (Z0):
Consider Fig. 8.21 (b).

Consider closed path 1-2-2′-1′-1, applying KVL, we get

Consider closed path 1-2′-2-1′-1, applying KVL, we get

From equation (1),

From equation (2),

Equating equations (3) and (4),

But by the property of symmetrical network, the input impedance of the network
terminated in its characteristic impedance is equal to Z 0.
Let

Putting value of E/Is in above equation,

(B) In terms of open and short circuit impedances

For the calculation of open and short circuit impedances arranging bridge structure of
the lattice network as shown in the Fig. 8.22 (a) and (b).

Consider Fig. 8.22 (a),

Consider Fig. 8.22 (b),

Multiplying equations (6) and (7) , we can write,

Propagation Constant (γ):

For any symmetrical network, propagation constant can be expressed as,

Consider equations for current IR given by equation (3) and (4) derived in section 8.6.1.

But we know that E = Is . Z0

Impedances ZA and ZB in terms of characteristic impedance (Z0) and propagation

constant (γ)
Consider equation,
Similarly,

Hence lattice network with impedances expressed in terms of characteristic impedance

and propagation constant is as shown in the Fig. 8.23.

After detail analysis of some of the important symmetrical networks now consider
analysis of typical asymmetrical networks.