Logic Families and Semiconductor Memories: TTL

NAND gate, Specifications, Noise margin,

Propagation delay, fan-in, fan-out, Tristate TTL, ECL,
CMOS families and their interfacing, Memory
elements, Conceptof Programmable logic devices like
FPGA. Logic implementation using Programmable
Devices.
Logic Families and Semiconductor Memories: TTL
NAND gate, Specifications, Noise margin,
Propagation delay, fan-in, fan-out, Tristate TTL, ECL,
CMOS families and their interfacing, Memory
elements, Conceptof Programmable logic devices like
FPGA. Logic implementation using Programmable
Devices.
Logic Families and Semiconductor Memories: TTL
NAND gate, Specifications, Noise margin,
Propagation delay, fan-in, fan-out, Tristate TTL, ECL,
CMOS families and their interfacing, Memory
elements, Conceptof Programmable logic devices like
FPGA. Logic implementation using Programmable
Devices.
Logic Families and Semiconductor Memories: TTL
NAND gate, Specifications, Noise margin,
Propagation delay, fan-in, fan-out, Tristate TTL, ECL,
CMOS families and their interfacing, Memory
elements, Conceptof Programmable logic devices like
FPGA. Logic implementation using Programmable
Devices.
Logic Families and Semiconductor Memories: TTL
NAND gate, Specifications, Noise margin,
Propagation delay, fan-in, fan-out, Tristate TTL, ECL,
CMOS families and their interfacing, Memory
elements, Conceptof Programmable logic devices like
FPGA. Logic implementation using Programmable
Devices.
 Unit-5
Logic Families and Semiconductor Memories

TTL NAND gate, Specifications,

Noise margin
 Propagation delay
 fan-in
 fan-out
 Tristate TTL
ECL
CMOS families and their interfacing,
 Memory elements
 Concept of Programmable logic devices like FPGA.
Logic implementation using Programmable Devices.
 TYPES OF LOGIC FAMILY

The digital integrated circuits are designed

using bipolar devices or Metal Oxide

Semiconductor (MOS) or a combination of both.
There are two kinds of semiconductor devices.

The logic family which falls under the first

kind Bipolar logic family and the other is Unipolar

logic family.
 Bipolar Logic Families
Bipolar Logic Families: It mainly uses bipolar devices like diodes,
transistors in addition to passive elements like resistors and capacitors. These
are sub classified as saturated  bipolar logic family and unsaturated bipolar
logic family . Saturated Bipolar Logic Family: In this family the transistors
used in ICs are driven  into saturation. For example:
 Transistor-Transistor Logic (TTL)
 Resistor-Transistor Logic (RTL)
 Direct Coupled Transistor Logic (DCTL)
 Diode Transistor Logic (DTL)
 High Threshold Logic(HTL)
 Integrated Injection Logic (IIL or I 2 L)
Unsaturated bipolar logic family: In this family the transistors used in IC
is not  driven into saturation. For example:
 Schottky TTL
 Emitter Coupled Logic(ECL)
 Unipolar Logic Families

Unipolar Logic Families: It mainly uses Unipolar

devices like MOSFETs in addition to  passive elements
like resistors and capacitors. These logic families have
the advantages of high speed and lower power
consumption than Bipolar families. These are
classified as:PMOS or P-Channel MOS Logic Family
NMOS or N-Channel MOS Logic Family
CMOS Logic Family
 FEATURES OF LOGIC FAMILIES

TTL - Transistor-Transistor Logic: Standard logic

family; used for the longest time.
ECL - Emitter Coupled Logic: Suitable for systems
requiring high-speed operations.
MOS - Metal Oxide Semiconductor Logic: Suitable
for systems with high component density.
CMOS - Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor
Logic: Suitable for systems with low power
consumption (VLSI circuits). Gradually becomes the
dominant logic family.
 TTL Logic family
The evolution from Diode transistor Logic to transistor transistor
Logic can be seen by observing the placement of p-n junctions.
For example, the diode in the DTL can be replaced by a transistor
whose collector is pulled up to the power supply.
The p-n junction of diode is replaced by the BE junction of transistor
and with the current gain of the transistor, the current going into the
base of transistor is greatly increased, increasing the fanout.
 The input diodes are replaced by the multi-emitter NPN transistor.
Later on, we will make additional modifications to this circuit to
improve its performance further.
The analysis of this circuit follows very much the same path as the
analysis of the DTL gate. For the most part, we will consider the
input transistor, act just like two diodes.
TL inputs: multiple-emitter
A two input standard TTL NAND gate is a
multiple emitter transistor for the inputs A and B.
the output transistors Q3 and Q4 form a totem-
pole output arrangement.
 Operation Of TTL Logic
If A or B is low, the base-emitter junction of Q1 is forward biased and its
base-collector junction is reverse biased.
Then there is a current from Vcc through R1 ti the base emitter junction
of Q1 and into the LOW input, which provides a path to the ground for
the current.
 Hence there is no current into the base of Q2 and making it into cur-off.
The collector of Q2 is HIGH and turns Q3 into saturation. Since Q3 acts
as a emitter follower, by providing a low impedance path from Vcc to the
output, making the output into HIGH. At the same time, the emitter of Q2
is at ground potential, keeping Q4 OFF.
When A and B are high, the two input base emitter junctions of Q1 are
reverse biased and its base collector junction is forward biased.
This permits current through R1 and the base collector junction of Q1
into the base of Q2, thus driving Q2 into saturation. As a result Q4 is
turned ON by Q2, and producing LOW output which is near ground
potential. At the same time, the collector of Q2 is sufficiently at LOW
voltage level to keep Q3 OFF.
Logic Families and Semiconductor Memories: TTL
NAND gate, Specifications, Noise margin,
Propagation delay, fan-in, fan-out, Tristate TTL, ECL,
CMOS families and their interfacing, Memory
elements, Conceptof Programmable logic devices like
FPGA. Logic implementation using Programmable
Devices.
Logic Families and Semiconductor Memories: TTL
NAND gate, Specifications, Noise margin,
Propagation delay, fan-in, fan-out, Tristate TTL, ECL,
CMOS families and their interfacing, Memory
elements, Conceptof Programmable logic devices like
FPGA. Logic implementation using Programmable
Devices.
Logic Families and Semiconductor Memories: TTL
NAND gate, Specifications, Noise margin,
Propagation delay, fan-in, fan-out, Tristate TTL, ECL,
CMOS families and their interfacing, Memory
elements, Conceptof Programmable logic devices like
FPGA. Logic implementation using Programmable
Devices.
Logic Families and Semiconductor Memories: TTL
NAND gate, Specifications, Noise margin,
Propagation delay, fan-in, fan-out, Tristate TTL, ECL,
CMOS families and their interfacing, Memory
elements, Conceptof Programmable logic devices like
FPGA. Logic implementation using Programmable
Devices.
Logic Families and Semiconductor Memories: TTL
NAND gate, Specifications, Noise margin,
Propagation delay, fan-in, fan-out, Tristate TTL, ECL,
CMOS families and their interfacing, Memory
elements, Conceptof Programmable logic devices like
FPGA. Logic implementation using Programmable
Devices.
Logic Families and Semiconductor Memories: TTL
NAND gate, Specifications, Noise margin,
Propagation delay, fan-in, fan-out, Tristate TTL, ECL,
CMOS families and their interfacing, Memory
elements, Conceptof Programmable logic devices like
FPGA. Logic implementation using Programmable
Devices.
Logic Families and Semiconductor Memories: TTL
NAND gate, Specifications, Noise margin,
Propagation delay, fan-in, fan-out, Tristate TTL, ECL,
CMOS families and their interfacing, Memory
elements, Conceptof Programmable logic devices like
FPGA. Logic implementation using Programmable
Devices.
Logic Families and Semiconductor Memories: TTL
NAND gate, Specifications, Noise margin,
Propagation delay, fan-in, fan-out, Tristate TTL, ECL,
CMOS families and their interfacing, Memory
elements, Conceptof Programmable logic devices like
FPGA. Logic implementation using Programmable
Devices.
Logic Families and Semiconductor Memories: TTL
NAND gate, Specifications, Noise margin,
Propagation delay, fan-in, fan-out, Tristate TTL, ECL,
CMOS families and their interfacing, Memory
elements, Conceptof Programmable logic devices like
FPGA. Logic implementation using Programmable
Devices.
Logic Families and Semiconductor Memories: TTL
NAND gate, Specifications, Noise margin,
Propagation delay, fan-in, fan-out, Tristate TTL, ECL,
CMOS families and their interfacing, Memory
elements, Conceptof Programmable logic devices like
FPGA. Logic implementation using Programmable
Devices.
Logic Families and Semiconductor Memories: TTL
NAND gate, Specifications, Noise margin,
Propagation delay, fan-in, fan-out, Tristate TTL, ECL,
CMOS families and their interfacing, Memory
elements, Conceptof Programmable logic devices like
FPGA. Logic implementation using Programmable
Devices.
Logic Families and Semiconductor Memories: TTL
NAND gate, Specifications, Noise margin,
Propagation delay, fan-in, fan-out, Tristate TTL, ECL,
CMOS families and their interfacing, Memory
elements, Conceptof Programmable logic devices like
FPGA. Logic implementation using Programmable
Devices.
Logic Families and Semiconductor Memories: TTL
NAND gate, Specifications, Noise margin,
Propagation delay, fan-in, fan-out, Tristate TTL, ECL,
CMOS families and their interfacing, Memory
elements, Conceptof Programmable logic devices like
FPGA. Logic implementation using Programmable
Devices.
Logic Families and Semiconductor Memories: TTL
NAND gate, Specifications, Noise margin,
Propagation delay, fan-in, fan-out, Tristate TTL, ECL,
CMOS families and their interfacing, Memory
elements, Conceptof Programmable logic devices like
FPGA. Logic implementation using Programmable
Devices.
Logic Families and Semiconductor Memories: TTL
NAND gate, Specifications, Noise margin,
Propagation delay, fan-in, fan-out, Tristate TTL, ECL,
CMOS families and their interfacing, Memory
elements, Conceptof Programmable logic devices like
FPGA. Logic implementation using Programmable
Devices.
Logic Families and Semiconductor Memories: TTL
NAND gate, Specifications, Noise margin,
Propagation delay, fan-in, fan-out, Tristate TTL, ECL,
CMOS families and their interfacing, Memory
elements, Conceptof Programmable logic devices like
FPGA. Logic implementation using Programmable
Devices.
Logic Families and Semiconductor Memories: TTL
NAND gate, Specifications, Noise margin,
Propagation delay, fan-in, fan-out, Tristate TTL, ECL,
CMOS families and their interfacing, Memory
elements, Conceptof Programmable logic devices like
FPGA. Logic implementation using Programmable
Devices.
Logic Families and Semiconductor Memories: TTL
NAND gate, Specifications, Noise margin,
Propagation delay, fan-in, fan-out, Tristate TTL, ECL,
CMOS families and their interfacing, Memory
elements, Conceptof Programmable logic devices like
FPGA. Logic implementation using Programmable
Devices.
Logic Families and Semiconductor Memories: TTL
NAND gate, Specifications, Noise margin,
Propagation delay, fan-in, fan-out, Tristate TTL, ECL,
CMOS families and their interfacing, Memory
elements, Conceptof Programmable logic devices like
FPGA. Logic implementation using Programmable
Devices.
Logic Families and Semiconductor Memories: TTL
NAND gate, Specifications, Noise margin,
Propagation delay, fan-in, fan-out, Tristate TTL, ECL,
CMOS families and their interfacing, Memory
elements, Conceptof Programmable logic devices like
FPGA. Logic implementation using Programmable
Devices.