ANTENNA

PARAMETERS
 Electromagnetic Wave

Electromagnetic Waves or EM waves are waves that are created as a result of vibrations between a
Electric and magnetic field.

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Spectrum and its significance

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Spectrum and its significance

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 Antenna
 An antenna is the interface between radio waves propagating through
space and electric currents moving in metal conductors, used with
a transmitter or receiver

Antenna is a passive device

Antenna is used to send electromagnetic waves from transmitter to

receiver and vice versa

Antenna is reciprocal device

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 Radiation Pattern
• Radiation or antenna pattern describes the relative strength of the
radiated field in various directions from the antenna at a constant
distance. A graphical representation of the radiation properties of the
antenna as a function of space coordinates.
• Types – Directional , Omnidirectional

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Antenna Radiation Pattern

Beamwidth between first nulls (FNBW)

=2.25 x HPBW

Side lobe level (SLL)<=20dB

for satellite and high power
Applications

Front to back ratio >= 20dB

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 Gain
Antenna Gain describes how much power is transmitted in the direction of peak
radiation to that of an isotropic source. Antenna gain is more commonly quoted
than directivity in an antenna's specification sheet because it takes into account the
actual losses that occur.

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 Directivity
Measure of how 'directional' an antenna's radiation pattern is. An
antenna that radiates equally in all directions would have effectively
zero directionality, and the directivity of this type of antenna would be
1 (or 0 dB).

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 Side Lobe Level
No antenna is able to radiate all the energy in one preferred direction.
Some are inevitably radiated in other directions. Often there are small
peaks and valleys in radiated energy . The peaks are referred to as side
lobes, commonly specified as dB down from the main lobe.

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 Beamwidth
Beamwidth describes the angular aperture where the most important part
of the power is radiated. In general, we talk about the 3 dB beamwidth which
represents the aperture (in degrees) where more than 90% of the energy is
radiated. Used to determine the coverage region of the antenna.

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 HPBW and FNBW
Half Power Beamwidth  is the angular separation in which the
magnitude of the radiation pattern decrease by 50% (or -3 dB) from the
peak of the main beam

First Null Beamwidth is the angular separation, quoted away from the
main beam, which is drawn between the null points of radiation pattern,
on its major lobe

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 Front to Back Lobe Ratio
For a directional antenna, the ratio of the radiated power in the front
to the radiated power behind the antenna. Unit is dB.

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 Radiation Efficiency
The ratio of power radiated to the total input power
supplied to the antenna. Its sometimes also known as the antenna
efficiency.

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 Polarization

• For a uniform plane wave propagating in a lossless medium along positive ‘z’ direction,
the electric field is given as

• Electromagnetic waves are generally described in terms of parameters such as

wavelength, phase velocity and power.
• Besides this, an statement about the instantaneous orientation of field vectors is necessary
to completely describe the wave.
• Electromagnetic wave polarization is defined as the orientation of electric field
vector as a function of time, at a fixed point in space.
• Based on the time variation of field vector polarization is of three types
1. Linear Polarization
2. Circular polarization
3. Elliptical polarization

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 Field Zones
Far Field (Fraunhofer) Region

This region is far from the antenna, as you might suspect.

In this region, the radiation pattern does not change shape with distance (although
the fields still die off as 1/R, the power density dies off as 1/R^2).

Also, this region is dominated by radiated fields, with the E- and H-fields
orthogonal to each other and the direction of propagation as with plane waves.

If the maximum linear dimension of an antenna is D, then the following 3

conditions must all be satisfied to be in the far field region:
       
          
           
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 Field Zones
Reactive near field region:
In this region, the fields are predominately reactive fields, which means the E- and H- fields
are out of phase by 90 degrees to each other (recall that for propagating or radiating fields, the
fields are orthogonal (perpendicular) but are in phase).
The boundary of this region is commonly given as:

          
Reactive near field region (Fresnel):
is the region between the near and far fields. In this region, the reactive fields are not
dominate; the radiating fields begin to emerge. However, unlike the Far Field region, here
the shape of the radiation pattern may vary appreciably with distance.
The region is commonly given by:
                

Note that depending on the values of R and the wavelength, this field may or may not exist.

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 S-parameters

• Scattering parameters or S-parameters describe the electrical

behavior of linear electrical networks when undergoing
various steady state stimuli by electrical signals.

• The S-parameters are members of a family of

similar
parameters other examples being: Y-parameters, Z
,
parameters
• The S-matrix is what allows us to accurately describe the
properties of incredibly complicated networks as simple
"black boxes".

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 Examples of S-parameters
• S-parameters describe the response of an N-port network to voltage signals
at each port.
• Let's examine a two-port network. The incident voltage at each
port is
denoted by "a", while the voltage leaving a port is denoted by "b".

• If we assume that each port is terminated in impedance Z0, we can define

the four S-parameters of the 2-port as:

| S11 |2 power reflected from port1

| S12 |2 power transmitted from port1 to port2
| S21 |2 power transmitted from port2 to port1
| S22 |2 power reflected from port2

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 VSWR
VSWR stands for Voltage Standing Wave Ratio

VSWR is determined from the voltage measured along a transmission line

leading to an antenna.

VSWR is the ratio of the peak amplitude of a standing wave to the minimum
amplitude of a standing wave

VSWR is always a real and positive number for antennas. The smaller the VSWR
is, the better the antenna is matched to the transmission line and the more
power is delivered to the antenna. The minimum VSWR is 1.0

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For queries : support.hfss@entuple.com

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 v

Thank You
By

KARTHIKEYAN K

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