Perancangan dan Pabrikasi Antena

Pertemuan 2
Prinsip Kerja dan Parameter Antena
 Antena
• Antena adalah sebuah komponen yang dirancang untuk bisa memancarkan dan atau
menerima gelombang
• Antena sebagai alat pemancar (transmitting antenna) adalah sebuah transduser (pengubah)
elektromagnetis, yang digunakan untuk mengubah gelombang tertuntun (guided) di dalam
saluran transmisi kabel, menjadi gelombang yang merambat di ruang bebas
 Radiasi Antena
• Radasi adalah sebuah ‘gangguan’ pada medan
elektromagnetik yang merambat menjauhi sumber
gangguan
• ‘gangguan’ yang dimaksud diciptakan oleh sumber arus
yang bervariasi terhadap waktu yang memiliki
distribusi akselerasi muatan
• Jika muatan berakselerasi maju dan mundur (osilasi),
maka ‘gangguan’ umum telah tercipta dan radiasi
terjadi secara berkelanjutan
 Radiasi Antena
• To create radiation,
there must be a time
varying current or an
acceleration (or
decceleration) of charge
 Accelerated Charges Radiate
• Since accelerated charge
produces radiation, it follows
from this equation that time-
changing current produces
radiation
• The overall antenna radiation
performance can be obtained
by the superposition (in vector)
sense of the elementary
current elements
Log periodic antena Ultra wideband antena Multiband antena
 Parameter Antena

IEEE Standard Definitions of Terms for Antennas (IEEE Std 145-1983)

 Radiation Pattern
• A graphical representation of the radiation properties of the antenna as a
function of space coordinates
• Determined in the far-field region and is represented as a function of the
directional coordinates
• Field and power patterns are normalized with respect to their maximum
value, yielding normalized field and power patterns plotted on a
logarithmic scale or more commonly in decibels (dB)
• This scale is usually desirable because a logarithmic scale can accentuate
in more details those parts of the pattern that have very low values (minor
lobes)
 Radiation Pattern Lobes
• A major lobe (main beam) is defined as “the radiation lobe
containing the direction of maximum radiation.”
• A minor lobe is any lobe except a major lobe
• A side lobe is “a radiation lobe in any direction other than the
intended lobe.” (adjacent to the main lobe and occupies the
hemisphere in the direction of the mainbeam)
• A back lobe is “a radiation lobe whose axis makes an angle of
approximately 180◦ with respect to the beam of an antenna.”
• Minor/side lobes usually represent radiation in undesired directions,
and they should be minimized
 Radiation Pattern Lobes
A radiation lobe is a “portion of the radiation pattern bounded by regions of relatively weak radiation
intensity.”

(a) Radiation lobes and beamwidths of an antenna pattern

(b) Linear plot of power pattern and its associated lobes
and beamwidths
 Principal Pattern
• Isotropic Radiator: a hypothetical lossless
antenna having equal radiation in all
directions
• Directional antenna: having the property of
radiating or receiving electromagnetic
waves more effectively in some directions
than in others
• Omnidirectional: having an essentially non
directional pattern in a given plane
(azimuth) and a directional pattern in any
orthogonal plane (elevation). Special type of
directional antenna
 Field Regions
The space surrounding an antenna is usually subdivided into three regions:
1. Reactive near-field region : “that portion of the near-field region immediately surrounding
the antenna where in the reactive field predominates.” The outer boundary of this region is

commonly taken to exist at a distance 𝑹 < 𝟎. 𝟔𝟐 𝑫𝟑 from the antenna surface

𝝀

2. Radiating near-field (Fresnel) region : “that region of the field of an antenna between the
reactive near-field region and the far-field region where in radiation fields predominate and
where in the angular field distribution is dependent upon the distance from the antenna”. If
the antenna has a maximum dimension that is not large compared to the wavelength, this
𝑫𝟑 𝟐
region may not exist. Inner boundary : 𝑹 ≥ 𝟎. 𝟔𝟐 𝝀. Upper boundary : 𝑹 < 𝟐 𝑫 𝝀

3. Far-field (Fraunhofer) region : “that region of the field of an antenna where the angular field
distribution is essentially independent of the distance from the antenna. Commonly taken
𝟐
to exist at distances greater than 𝑹 ≥ 𝟐 𝑫 𝝀 from the antenna
 Field Regions

Typical changes of antenna amplitude pattern shape from

Field regions of an antenna
reactive near field toward the far field
 Radiation Power Density
• Electromagnetic waves are used to transport information through a wireless
medium or a guiding structure, from one point to the other
• It is then natural to assume that power and energy are associated with
electromagnetic fields
• The quantity used to describe the power associated with an electromagnetic wave
is the instantaneous Poynting vector
 Radiation Intensity
• Radiation intensity in a given direction is defined as “the power radiated from an
antenna per unit solid angle.”
• The radiation intensity is a far-field parameter, and it can be obtained by simply
multiplying the radiation density by the square of the distance

𝑈 = 𝑟 2 𝑊𝑟𝑎𝑑
U = radiation intensity (W/unit solid angle)
Wrad = radiation density (W/m2)
 Beamwidth
• The beamwidth of a pattern : the angular separation between two identical points
on opposite side of the pattern maximum
• Half-Power Beamwidth (HPBW) : “In a plane containing the direction of the
maximum of a beam, the angle between the two directions in which the radiation
intensity is one-half value of the beam
• In practice, the term beamwidth usually refers to HPBW
• The beamwidth of an antenna is a very important figure of merit and often is used
as a trade-off between it and the side lobe level; that is, as the beamwidth
decreases, the side lobe increases and vice versa.
Beamwidth
Beamwidth
 Directivity
• Directivity of an antenna : “the ratio of the radiation intensity in a given
direction from the antenna to the radiation intensity averaged over all
directions”
• Directive gain pada satu arah tertentu didefinisikan sebagai : “the ratio of
the radiation intensity in that direction to the radiation intensity of a
reference antenna”
Directivity
 Efficiency
• The total antenna efficiency 𝑒0 is used to take into account losses at the
input terminals and within the structure of the antenna

Usually ec and ed are very difficult to compute, but they can be determined
experimentally
 Gain
• Although the gain of the antenna is closely related to the directivity, it is a measure that
takes into account the efficiency of the antenna as well as its directional capabilities
• directivity is a measure that describes only the directional properties of the antenna,
and it is therefore controlled only by the pattern
• Gain of an antenna (in a given direction) is defined as “the ratio of the intensity, in a
given direction, to the radiation intensity that would be obtained if the power accepted
by the antenna were radiated isotropically
• The reference antenna is usually a dipole, horn, or any other antenna whose gain can
be calculated or it is known
 Bandwidth
• The bandwidth of an antenna : “the range of frequencies within which the performance of
the antenna, with respect to some characteristic, conforms to a specified standard”
• For narrowband antennas, the bandwidth is expressed as a percentage of the frequency
difference (upper minus lower) over the center frequency of the bandwidth
• For example, a 5% bandwidth indicates that the frequency difference of acceptable operation
is 5% of the center frequency of the bandwidth
 Polarization
• Definition : “The polarization of the radiated wave, when the antenna is excited”
• Alternatively, the polarization of an incident wave from the given direction which
result in maximum available power at the antenna terminals
• A time-harmonic wave is linearly polarized at a given point in space if the electric-
field (or magnetic-field) vector at that point is always oriented along the same
straight line at every instant of time
• A time-harmonic wave is circularly polarized at a given point in space if the electric
(or magnetic) field vector at that point traces a circle as a function of time.
• A time-harmonic wave is elliptically polarized if the tip of the field vector (electric
or magnetic) traces an elliptical locus in space
Polarization
Polarization
Polarization
 Input Impedance
• Input impedance is defined as “the impedance presented by an antenna at its
terminals or the ratio of the voltage to current at a pair of terminals or the ratio of
the appropriate components of the electric to magnetic fields at a point”
 Tugas semester
No. Jenis Antena Frekuensi Penilaian

1 Rectangular 1 GHz S11

2 Circular 1 GHz Bandwidth -10 dB >= 5%

3 Printed Dipole 1 Ghz Makalah & PPT

4 Rectangular 2.4 GHz

Timeline =< UTS =< UAS
5 Circular 2.4 GHz
Target - Final Design - Pengukuran
6 Printed Dipole 2.4 GHz - Siap cetak - Makalah dan PPT di
- Bab 1 & 2 pertemuan terakhir
7 Bowtie 1 GHz