DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION OF A HEART BEAT MONITOR

ABSTRACT
This work is on design and construction of a heart beat monitor. Heart rate is a
very vital health parameter that is directly related to the soundness of the human
cardiovascular system. This project describes a technique of measuring the heart
rate through a fingertip. While the heart is beating, it is actually pumping blood
throughout the body, and that makes the blood volume inside the finger artery to
change too. This fluctuation of blood can be detected through an optical sensing
mechanism placed around the fingertip. The signal can be amplified further for the
system to count the rate of fluctuation, which is actually the heart rate. The aim of
this work is to design a device that senses the heart rate from the finger tip using IR
reflection method and displays it on lcd in beats per minute. The circuit has an
accuracy of 4 beats per minute.
Chapter 1
INTRODUCTION
Heart rate, or heart pulse, is the speed of the heartbeat measured by the number of
contractions of the heart per unit of time — typically beats per minute (bpm). The
heart rate can vary according to the body’s physical needs, including the need to
absorb oxygen and excrete carbon dioxide. Activities that can provoke change
include physical exercise, sleep, anxiety, stress, illness, ingesting, and drugs. The
normal resting adult human heart rate ranges from 60–100 bpm. Tachycardia is a
fast heart rate, defined as above 100 bpm at rest. Bradycardia is a slow heart rate,
defined as below 60 bpm at rest. During sleep a slow heartbeat with rates around
40–50 BPM is common and is considered normal. When the heart is not beating in
a regular pattern, this is referred to as an arrhythmia. These abnormalities of heart
rate sometimes indicate disease. This paper describes the design of a very low-cost
device which measures the heart rate of the subject by clipping sensors on one of
the fingers and then displaying the result on lcd. Advantage of such a design is that
it can be expanded and can easily be connected to a recording device or a PC to
collect and analyse the data for over a period of time. Heart rate measurement is
one of the very important parameters of the human cardiovascular system. The
heart rate of a healthy adult at rest is around 72 beats per minute (bpm). Athletes
normally have lower heart rates than less active people. Babies have a much higher
heart rate at around 120 bpm, while older children have heart rates at around 90
bpm. The heart rate rises gradually during exercises and returns slowly to the rest
value after exercise. The rate when the pulse returns to normal is an indication of
the fitness of the person. Heart rate is simply and traditionally measured by placing
the thumb over the subject’s arterial pulsation, and feeling, timing and counting the
pulses usually in a 5 second period. Heart rate (bpm) of the subject is then found
by multiplying the obtained number by 12. This method although simple, is not
accurate and can give errors when the rate is high. More sophisticated methods to
measure the heart rate utilize electronic techniques.

OBJECTIVE OF THE PROJECT

The main objective of this work is constructing a low-cost microcontroller based
heart rate measuring device with seven segment output. Heart rate of the subject is
measured from the finger using sensors and the rate is then averaged and displayed
on an lcd.

SCOPE OF THE PROJECT

This work was built around the AT89s51 microcontroller. The microcontroller is
the heart of the circuit of the device. The device senses the heart rate from the
finger tip using IR reflection method and displays it on lcd in beats per minute. The
circuit has an accuracy of 4 beats per minute and it is very easy to use. In medical
terms, the technique used here for sensing heart rate is called
photoplethysmography.

APPLICATION OF THE PROJECT

 Digital Heart Rate monitor.
 Patient Monitoring System.
 Bio-Feedback control of robotics and applications.

PURPOSE OF THE PROJECT

Heart beat monitor is a personal monitoring device that allows one to measure
one's heart beat rate in real time or record the heart beat rate for later study. Heart-
rate monitors measure your heart rate during exercise and are an excellent tool for
monitoring and improving your performance. Heart-rate monitors can also prevent
you from overtraining and help you keep your pace during a race. The main
purpose of a heart-rate monitor is to help you maintain your target heart rate during
a workout. Staying within your target zone ensures that you are getting the most
effective workout. Using a heart-rate monitor will tell you if you are overexerting
yourself on easy training days or if you need to exert more effort to reach a
particular heart-rate zone. A heart-rate monitor is a great tool for monitoring your
effort during a race. A heart rate monitor can help prevent you from pushing to
hard early in a race.

SIGNIFICANCE OF THE PROJECT

Measure your heart rate using a touch less device. Your heart rate is measure by a
special vein in your finger using sensors. This is then sent to microcontroller to
process that compares with a threshold value to display your heart rate on lcd.
 Precisely Measures Heart Rate using Infrared Frequency.
 Monitors Pulse Rate Using Arterial Blood Flow.
 Measures Heart Rate in 15s Using a Microcontroller.
 Displays Heartbeats per Minute on lcd.

LIMITATION OF THE PROJECT

Sometimes, too much data can confuse, instead of guide you. Some people quit
early on their training, because they feel intimidated with all the details. the
monitors may be expensive, especially if you want it to be as accurate as possible.
the beeps can be quite distracting, especially when you are in highways and other
public places. Accidents sometimes occur because of this
PROJECT WORK ORGANISATION The various stages involved in the
development of this project have been properly put into five chapters to enhance
comprehensive and concise reading. In this project thesis, the project is organized
sequentially as follows: Chapter one of this work is on the introduction to the
study. In this chapter, the background, significance, objective limitation and
problem of the study were discussed. Chapter two is on literature review of this
study. In this chapter, all the literature pertaining to this work was reviewed.
Chapter three is on design methodology. In this chapter all the method involved
during the design and construction were discussed. Chapter four is on testing
analysis. All testing that result accurate functionality was analyzed. Chapter five is
on conclusion, recommendation and references.
Chapter 2
LITERATURE SURVEY
Different researchers used different methods and technologies to carry out the
process of heart rate monitoring. Some of the important research works are
reviewed in this paper. In this research paper heart-rate signals were collected from
finger or ears using IR TX-RX (Infrared Transmitter and Receiver pair) module
which was amplified in order to convert them to an observable scale. A low pass
filter was used to filter inherent noise. These signals were counted by a
microcontroller module (ATmega8L) and displayed on the LCD. Microcontroller
is programmed with an algorithm to run the proposed heart rate counting system.
The results obtained using this process when compared to those obtained from the
manual test involving counting of heart rate was found satisfactory. The proposed
system is applicable for family, hospital, community medical treatment, sports
healthcare and other medical purposes. Also, fit for the adults and the paediatrics.
However, this method in the developed system needs further investigation and
need more functionality, which may be useful to consider advance in future
research [1]. This paper includes working on a wirelessly display of Heart beat and
temperature based on a microcontroller ATmega328 (Arduino Uno). Most
monitoring systems that are used in today’s world works in offline mode but our
system has been designed in such a way that a patient can be monitored remotely
in real time. This system consists of sensors which measures heartbeat and body
temperature of a patient which is controlled by the microcontroller. Both the
parameters are displayed in LCD monitor. The transmitted data is wireless and is
send through microcontroller. Heartbeat is counted through pulse sensor in Beats
per Minute while the temperature sensor measures the temperature and both the
data are sent to the microcontroller for transmission to receiving end. Finally, the
data are displayed at the receiving end. This system could be made available at a
reasonable cost with great effect and accuracy. [2] This research paper shows GSM
enabled real time heart rate monitoring system. GSM system is used for
communicating the abnormalities in heat rate values. Unusual change in the values
of any of these parameters from their set point values will be immediately sensed
and local help is sought from the nearby people. If any help is not available, this
system sends SMS directly to home, doctor or care taker’s mobile phone. Heart
rate is the number of heat-beats per unit of time, simply expressed as beats per
minute (bpm). An attempt is made to design and develop a system that uses a
simulator circuit to diagnose abnormalities in the heart rate which includes
Tachycardia and Bradycardia conditions. It is a twodirectional communication
system in which the care taker or Doctor, can also send SMS to know the present
parameter status of the person or patient [3]. In this research paper implementation
of heartbeat monitoring and heart attack detection system using Internet of things
is shown. These days we saw an increased number of heart diseases & heart
attacks. The sensor is interfaced to a microcontroller that allows checking heart
rate readings and transmitting them over internet. The user may set the levels of
heart beat limit. After setting these limits, the system starts monitoring and as soon
as patient heart beat goes above a certain limit, the system sends an alert to the
controller which then transmits this over the internet and alerts the doctors as well
as concerned users. Also, the system alerts for lower heartbeats. Whenever the user
logs on for monitoring, the system also displays the live heart rate of the patient.
Thus, concerned patients may monitor heart rate as well get an alert of heart attack
to the patient immediately from anywhere and the person can be saved on time. [4]
In this research paper, the design and development of a microcontroller based
heartbeat and body temperature monitor using fingertip and temperature sensor is
shown. The device involves use of optical technology to detect the flow of blood
through the finger and offers the advantage of portability over conventional
recording systems. Wireless body area network based remote patient monitoring
systems have been presented with numerous problems including efficient data
extraction and dynamic tuning of data to preserve the quality of data transmission.
Evaluation of the device on real signals shows accuracy in heartbeat measurement,
even under intense physical activity. This paper presents these challenges as well
as solution to these problems by proposing an architecture which allows a network
to be formed between the patient and doctor in order to enable remote monitoring
of patient by analyzing the data of patient. The device consists of sensors which are
used to measure heartbeat as well as body temperature of a patient and it is
controlled by a central unit. The readings from these sensors are further processed
and sent via GSM module to a remote location where it is displayed on cell phone.
The optical heartbeat sensor counts the heartbeat per minute and temperature
sensor measures the temperature from the body and both the measured data are
sent to a receiving end utilizing wireless technology where the data is displayed in
a cell phone for further processing and patient care. This device is shown superior
in comparison to traditional systems [5]. In this research paper, it is shown that the
heart rate can be measured by monitoring one's pulse using specialized medical
devices such as an electrocardiograph (ECG), portable wrist strap watch, or any
other commercial heart rate monitors. Despite of its accuracy, somehow it is costly,
involve many clinical settings and patient must be attended by medical experts for
continuous monitoring. For a patient whom already diagnosed with fatal heart
disease, their heart rate condition has to be monitored continuously. This paper
proposed an alert system that able to monitor the heart beat rate condition of
patient. The heart beat rate is detected using photo plethysmograph (PPG)
technique. This signal is processed using PIC16F87 microcontroller to determine
the heart beat rate per minute. Then, it sends SMS alert to the mobile phone of
medical experts or patient’s family members, or their relatives via SMS. This will
also alert the family members to quickly attend the patients. [6]
There have been many methods developed in order to ensure that the heartbeat rate
of a human is under control. All these methods have the similar drawback of
accuracy. It can cause a life to death. To overcome this many methods have been
proposed in this field as follows:
 A journal paper on “FINGERTIP BASED HEART BEAT MONITORING
SYSTEM USING EMBEDDED SYSTEMS” got published in 2017 where
the heart beat rate is counted based on the ECG device.
 A paper on “SMART HEART RATE MONITORING SYSTEM” predicts
the heart rate using infrared transmitter and receiver circuits where
Photoplethysmography (PPG) implemented.
 Another paper on “ARDUINO BASED WIRELESS HEART-RATE
MONITORING SYSTEM WITH AUTOMATIC SOS MESSAGE AND/OR
CALL FACILITY USING SIM900A GSM MODULE” uses Arduino
Lilypad as the main governing microcontroller to transmit circuit wearable.
DISADVANTAGES
 The people who suffer from heart disease in case if there is any change in
heart rhythm that won’t have any feel in our body.
 But in the beginning we can’t feel the change in heartbeat rhythm when it
goes sever then it will create a pain which leads to heart attack.
 The people who got a sever attack they will be suffer from pain they will
unable to think what they are doing and at last it may lead to death of the
affected person.
Chapter 3

Methodology
This Project material is about a simple heart rate monitor using 8051
microcontroller. Like the other 8051 projects, AT89S51 is the microcontroller used
here. The device senses the heart rate from the finger tip using IR reflection
method and displays it on a three digit seven segment display in beats per minute.
The circuit has an accuracy of 4 beats per minute and it is very easy to use. In
medical terms, the technique used here for sensing heart rate is called
photoplethysmography.

Photoplethysmography.

Photoplethysmography is the process of optically estimating the volumetric

measurement of an organ. Pulse oximetry, cardiovascular monitoring, respiration
detection, heart rate monitoring etc are few common applications of
photoplethysmography. Let us have a look at the application of
photoplethysmography in heart rate monitoring from the figer tip. When the heart
expands (diastole) the volume of blood inside the finger tip increases and when the
heart contracts (systole) the volume of blood inside the finger tip decreases. The
resultant pulsing of blood volume inside the finger tip is directly proportional to
the heart rate and if you could somehow count the number of pulses in one minute,
that’s the heart rate in beats per minute (bpm). For this an IR transmitter/receiver
pair placed in close contact with the finger tip. When the heart beats, the volume of
blood cells under the sensor increases and this reflects more IR waves to sensor
and when there is no beat the intensity of the reflected beam decreases. The
pulsating reflection is converted to a suitable current or voltage pulse by the
sensor. The sensor output is processed by suitable electronic circuits to obtain a
visible indication (digital display or graph).

Block diagram of the proposed system, heartbeat monitoring system.

Heart Beat Sensor:

Heart beat sensor is designed to give digital output of heat beat when a finger is
placed on it. When the heart beat detector is working, the beat LED flashes in
unison with each heart beat. This digital output can be connected to
microcontroller directly to measure the Beats per Minute (BPM) rate. It works on
the principle of light modulation by blood flow through finger at each pulse. A
simple heart -beat transducer can be made from an infrared LED and an infrared
phototransistor. It works because skin acts as a reflective surface for infrared light.
The IR reflectivity of skin depends on the density of blood in it. Blood density
rises and falls with the pumping action of the heart. So the intensity of infrared
reflected by the skin (and thus transmitted to the phototransistor) rises and falls
with each heartbeat.

LCD Interfacing:
The most commonly used Character based LCDs are based on Hitachi's HD44780
controller or other which are compatible with HD44580. In this tutorial, we will
discuss about character based LCDs, their interfacing with various
microcontrollers, various interfaces (8-bit/4-bit), programming, special stuff and
tricks you can do with these simple looking LCDs which can give a new look to
your application.

Microcontrollers:
Microprocessors and microcontrollers are widely used in embedded systems
products. Microcontroller is a programmable device. A microcontroller has a CPU
in addition to a fixed amount of RAM, ROM, I/O ports and a timer embedded all
on a single chip. The fixed amount of on-chip ROM, RAM and number of I/O
ports in microcontrollers makes them ideal for many applications in which cost and
space are critical. The Intel 8051 is Harvard architecture, single chip
microcontroller (µC) which was developed by Intel in 1980 for use in embedded
systems. It was popular in the 1980s and early 1990s, but today it has largely been
superseded by a vast range of enhanced devices with 8051-compatible processor
cores that are manufactured by more than 20 independent manufacturers including
Atmel, Infineon Technologies and Maxim Integrated Products. 8051 is an 8-bit
processor, meaning that the CPU can work on only 8 bits of data at a time. Data
larger than 8 bits has to be broken into 8-bit pieces to be processed by the CPU.
8051 is available in different memory types such as UV-EPROM, Flash and NV-
RAM. The present project is implemented on Keil Uvision. In order to program the
device, Proload tool has been used to burn the program onto the microcontroller.
The AT89s52 is a low-voltage, high-performance CMOS 8-bit microcomputer
with 8K bytes of Flash programmable memory. The device is manufactured using
Atmel’s high density nonvolatile memory technology and is compatible with the
industry-standard MCS51 instruction set. The on chip flash allows the program
memory to be reprogrammed in system or by a conventional non volatile memory
programmer. By combining a versatile 8- bit CPU with Flash on a monolithic chip,
the Atmel AT89s52 is a powerful microcomputer, which provides a highly flexible
and cost-effective solution to many embedded control applications.

Circuit diagram of the proposed system, heartbeat monitoring system.

LTH1550-01 is simply a IR diode – photo transistor pair in single package. The

front side of the IR diode and photo transistor is exposed and the remaining parts
are well isolated. When the finger tip is placed over the sensor the volumetric
pulsing of the blood volume inside the finger tip due to heart beat varies the
intensity of the reflected beam and this variation in intensity is according to the
heart beat. When more light falls on the photo transistor it conducts more, its
collector current increases and so its collector voltage decreases. When less light
falls on the photo transistor it conducts less, its collector current decreases and so
its collector voltage decreases. This variation in the collector voltage will be
proportional to the heart rate. Any way this voltage variation is so feeble and
additional signal conditioning stages are necessary to convert it into a
microcontroller recognizable form.
The next part of the circuit consists of a two active low pass filters using opamp
LM324.  The LM324 is a quad opamp that can be operated from a single rail
supply. Resistor R23, R17 and capacitor C5 sets the gain and cut off frequency of
the first filter. With the given component values, gain will be 11 and cut off
frequency will be 2.5Hz. The gain and cut off frequency are determined using the
following equations. Capacitor C15 is used to by-pass noise if any may cause false
triggering of the comparator.
Voltage gain Av =1 + (R17 / R23)
Cut off frequency Fc= 1/(2π *R17*C5)
The second low pass filters also have same gain and cut off frequency. The two
low pass filters form a very critical part of the circuit as any noise or false signals
passing to the microcontroller stage will produce disastrous results. The output of
the filter stage will be a voltage level fluctuating between 0 and 0.35 volts and this
fluctuation is converted into a 0 to 5V swing using the comparator based on the
third opamp (IC1c). The reference voltage of the comparator is set to 0.3V.
Whenever the output voltage of the filter stage goes above 0.3V, the output of the
comparator goes to zero and whenever the output voltage of the filter stage goes
below 0.3V, the output of the comparator goes to positive saturation. The result
will be a neat pulse fluctuating between 0 and 5V at a rate equal to the heart rate.
This pulse is fed to the microcontroller for counting.

Circuit diagram of heartbeat sensor module.

The above circuit shows the finger type heartbeat sensor, which works by detecting
the pulses. Every heartbeat will alter the amount of blood in the finger and the light
from the IR LED passing through the finger and thus detected by the Photo Diode
will also vary. The output of the photo diode is given to the non – inverting input
of the first op – amp through a capacitor, which blocks the DC Components of the
signal. The first op – amp cats as a non – inverting amplifier with an amplification
factor of 1001. The output of the first op – amp is given as one of the inputs to the
second op – amp, which acts as a comparator. The output of the second op – amp
triggers a transistor, from which, the signal is given to a Microcontroller like
Arduino. The Op – amp used in this circuit is LM324. It has two op – amps on the
same chip. Also, the transistor used is a BC547. An LED, which is connected to
transistor, will blink when the pulse is detected.

Power Supply:
The heartbeat monitoring system is powered up with 18v dc supply using 2 pair of
9v battery. These 18 voltages are regulated to 5v using LM7805. Because the
microcontroller, LCD displays and heartbeat module operated on 5V dc therefore
these voltages are regulated into 5V dc through the voltage regulator. The LM7805
voltage regulators have been used in this project.

Chapter 4
Component description
LCD, Doide, Resistors, Capacitor, Led, Switch, Heartbeat sensor, Lm7805
Transistor and Crystal oscillator

Crystal Display (LCD)

We get the definition of LCD from the name “Liquid Crystal” itself. It is actually a
combination of two states of matter – the solid and the liquid. They have both the
properties of solids and liquids and maintain their respective states with respect to
another. Solids usually maintain their state unlike liquids who change their
orientation and move everywhere in the particular liquid. Further studies have
showed that liquid crystal materials show more of a liquid state than that of a solid.
It must also be noted that liquid crystals are more heat sensitive than usual liquids.
A little amount of heat can easily turn the liquid crystal into a liquid. This is the
reason why they are also used to make thermometers.

Resistors

The basic of all electronic components are the Resistors. It is a passive electronic
component that introduces electrical resistance in to the circuit. Using resistors, we
can reduce the current, divide voltages, setup biasing of transistors (or other active
elements), etc
Resistors are again divided in to Fixed Resistors and Variable Resistors. Fixed
Resistors, as the name suggests, have a fixed resistance and its resistance doesn’t
change due to external parameters. 
Capacitors

The second important passive component is a capacitor, a device that stores energy
in the form of electric field. Most capacitors consist of two conducting plates that
are separated by a dielectric material.
If Q is the charge on any one of the conductor plates and V is the voltage between
them, then the Capacitance C of the Capacitor is C = Q/V. In electronics circuits, a
capacitor is mainly used to block DC Current and allow AC Current. The other
applications of capacitors are filters, timing circuits, power supplies and energy
storing elements. There are many types of Capacitors like Polarized, Non –
Polarized, Ceramic, Film, Electrolytic, Super Capacitors etc.

Diodes
Diode is a non-linear semiconductor device that allows flow of current in one
direction. A Diode is a two – terminal device and the two terminals are Anode and
Cathode respectively. The following is the symbol of a Diode. There are again a
variety of components that come under the category of Diodes. They are PN
Junction Diode, Light Emitting Diode (LED), Zener Diode, Schottky Diode,
Photodiode and DIAC. Normal PN Diodes are often used in AC to DC Converter
circuits. You might be familiar with LED or a Light Emitting Diode. It is a
semiconductor device (or a PN Junction diode, to be more specific) that emits light
when activated. A Zener Diode allows flow of current in both directions and is
often used as a voltage stabilizer. Schottky Diode is similar to a regular PN Diode
but with less forward current and hence is often used in fast switching circuits. 

Crystal Oscillator

Circuit Symbol
A crystal oscillator is an electronic oscillator circuit that uses the mechanical
resonance of a vibrating crystal of piezoelectric material to create an electrical
signal with a precise frequency. This frequency is often used to keep track of time,
as in quartz wristwatches, to provide a stable clock signal for digital integrated
circuits, and to stabilize frequencies for radio transmitters and receivers. The most
common type of piezoelectric resonator used is the quartz crystal, so oscillator
circuits incorporating them became known as crystal oscillators, [1] but other
piezoelectric materials including polycrystalline ceramics are used in similar
circuits. A crystal oscillator, particularly one made of quartz crystal, works by
being distorted by an electric field when voltage is applied to an electrode near or
on the crystal. This property is known as electrostriction or inverse piezoelectricity.
When the field is removed, the quartz - which oscillates in a precise frequency -
generates an electric field as it returns to its previous shape, and this can generate a
voltage. The result is that a quartz crystal behaves like an RLC circuit. Quartz
crystals are manufactured for frequencies from a few tens of kilohertz to hundreds
of megahertz. More than two billion crystals are manufactured annually Most are
used for consumer devices such as wristwatches, clocks, radios, computers, and
cell phones. Quartz crystals are also found inside test and measurement equipment,
such as counters, signal generators, and oscilloscopes.

LED

A light-emitting diode (LED) is a semiconductor light source. LEDs are used as

indicator lamps in many devices and are increasingly used for other lighting.
Introduced as a practical electronic component in 1962, early LEDs emitted low-
intensity red light, but modern versions are available across the visible, ultraviolet,
and infrared wavelengths, with very high brightness. When a light-emitting diode
is forward-biased (switched on), electrons are able to recombine with electron
holes within the device, releasing energy in the form of photons. This effect is
called electroluminescence and the color of the light (corresponding to the energy
of the photon) is determined by the energy gap of the semiconductor. LEDs are
often small in area (less than 1 mm2), and integrated optical components may be
used to shape its radiation pattern. LEDs present many advantages over
incandescent light sources including lower energy consumption, longer lifetime,
improved robustness, smaller size, and faster switching. LEDs powerful enough for
room lighting are relatively expensive and require more precise current and heat
management than compact fluorescent lamp sources of comparable output.

Microcontroller

Microcontroller AT89S52
The AT89S52 (6 AND 12 clock per machine cycle) is a low-power, high-
performance CMOS 8-bit microcontroller with 4K bytes of in-system
programmable Flash memory. The device is manufactured using Philips’s high-
density nonvolatile memory technology. The on-chip Flash allows the program
memory to be reprogrammed in-system or by a conventional nonvolatile memory
pro- grammar. By combining a versatile 8-bit CPU with in-system programmable
Flash on a monolithic chip, the Philips AT89S52 is a powerful microcontroller
which provides a highly-flexible and cost-effective solution to many embedded
control applications.
The AT89S52 provides the following standard features: 4K bytes of Flash, 128
bytes of RAM, 32 I/O lines, Watchdog timer, two data pointers, two 16-bit
timer/counters, a six-vector two-level interrupt architecture, a full duplex serial
port, on-chip oscillator, and clock circuitry. In addition, the AT89S52 is designed
with static logic for operation down to zero frequency and supports two software
selectable power saving modes. The Idle Mode stops the CPU while allowing the
RAM, timer/counters, serial port, and interrupt system to continue functioning. The
Power-down mode saves the RAM con- tents but freezes the oscillator, disabling
all other chip functions until the next interrupt or hardware reset.
FEATURES
• 4 KB Reprogrammable flash.
• 32 Programmable I/O lines.
• 16 bit Timer/Counter 2.
• 8 Interrupt sources.
• Power range: 4V – 5.5V
• Endurance : 1000 Writes / Erase cycles
• Fully static operation: 0 Hz to 33 MHz
• Three level program memory lock
• Full duplex UART serial channel
• Low power idle and power down modes
• Interrupt recovery from power down modes
• 128 B internal RAM.

Lm7805 Regulator
Power supply IC 7805
The KA78XX/KA78XXA series of three-terminal positive regulator are available
in the TO-220/D-PAK package and with several fixed output voltages, making
them useful in a wide range of applications. In the name of this IC the last two
numbers indicate the regulated voltage which will be the output of this IC i.e. 7805
indicate that the regulated voltage in the output if this is 5 volts. Each type employs
internal current limiting, thermal shut down and safe operating area protection,
making it essentially indestructible. If adequate heat sinking is provided, they can
deliver over 1A output current. Although designed primarily as fixed voltage
regulators, these devices can be used with external components to obtain adjustable
voltages and currents.
Features
• Output Current up to 1A
• Output Voltages of 5, 6, 8, 9, 10, 12, 15, 18, 24V
• Thermal Overload Protection
• Short Circuit Protection
• Output Transistor Safe Operating Area Protection

Transistor
Bipolar transistor circuit symbol
The circuit symbol for the transistor is seen in very many circuits.
The circuit symbol shows the three connections to the transistor, namely: base,
collector and emitter. The base is the connection that is connected to the centre of
the main element within the symbol. The emitter is the line entering at an angle
and has an arrow on it. An inward facing arrow denotes a PNP transistor, whereas
an outward facing one denotes a PNP transistor. The collector is the third electrode
and it is designated by the line at an angle with no arrow on it.
How a transistor works - the basics
The transistor can be considered as two p-n junctions that are placed back to back.
The structure has two PN junctions with a narrow base region between the two
outlying areas for the collector and emitter. In normal operation, the base emitter
junction is forward biased and the base collector junction is reverse biased. When a
current flows through the base emitter junction, a current also flows in the collector
circuit. This is larger and proportional to the one in the base circuit. In order to
explain the way in which this happens, the example of an n-p-n transistor is taken.
The same principles are used for the p-n-p transistor except that the current carrier
is holes rather than electrons and the voltages are reversed.

Heartbeat Sensor
A Heartbeat Sensor is a monitoring device that measures the heart rate i.e the
speed of the heartbeat. A person’s heartbeat is the sound of the valves in his heart
expanding or contracting as they force blood from one region to another There are
two ways to monitor the heart rate: one way is to manually check the pulse either
at wrists or neck and the other way is to use a Heartbeat Sensor.

Working Explanation
Two IR photodiodes will sense the heart pulses in this circuit. One acts as a
transmitter which shines a light into or through your finger while the receiver
measures how much light is reflected or absorbed. The measured intensity of the
reflected rays depends on the heart pumping rate and on the difference in the
oxygenated blood levels inside the blood content. The IC used in this circuit is
LM358 which has 2 op-amps on the same chip. The output of the photodiode is
given to the non – inverting input of the first op-amp through a capacitor, which
blocks the DC Components of the signal. The output of the first op-amp is then
applied to one of the inputs of the second op-amp, which acts as a comparator. The
LED is connected to the output of the second op-amp which can be obtained at pin
7. The rate at which LED flashes shows our heart rate.

Application
1. This circuit can work as a Patient Health Monitoring System.
REFERENCES
1. A microcontroller based automatic heart rate counting system from fingertip
Mamun AL, Ahmed N, ALQahtani (JATIT)Journal OF Theory and Applied
technology ISSN 1992-8645.
2. Heartbeat and Temperature Monitoring System for remote patients using
Arduino Vikram Singh, R. Parihar, Akash Y TangipahoaD Ganorkar
(IJAERS), International Journal of Advanced Engineering and Science
eissn2349-6495.
3. A GSM Enabled Real time simulated Heart Rate Monitoring and control
system Sudhindra F, Anna Rao S.J, (IJRET) International Journal of
Research In Engineering And Technology, e ISSN 2319-3163.
4. Heart beat Sensing and Heart Attack Detection Using internet of things: IOT
Aboobacker sidheeque, Arith Kumar, K. Sathish,(IJESCE) International
Journal Of Engineering Science and Computing, April 2007.
5. A Heartbeat and Temperature Measuring System for Remote Health
Monitoring using Wireless Body Area Network Mohammad Wajih Alam ,
Tanin Sultana and Mohammad Sami Alam International Journal of
BioScience and Bio-Technology Vol.8, No.1 (2016).
6. Heartbeat Monitoring Alert via SMS 2009 IEEE Symposium on Industrial
Electronics and Applications October 4-6, 2009, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
Warsuzarina Mat Jubadi, Siti Faridatul Aisyah Mohd Sahak Dept. of
Electronics Engineering University Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia Batu Pahat,
Johor, Malaysia
Chapter 3