Milky Ray Research Paper

DR. YANGA’S COLLEGES, INC.
A research entitled:
Milky Ray! A Structural Analysis on using

Solar Oven as an alternative device for Milk
Pasteurization
Group 1
Christine Keith Felarca
Ella Belle Wong
Juliana Kiana Calugay
Kathrain Maynite
Nicole Galvez
Submitted to:
Ms. Charmaine Najera,
Mr. Angelo Renan Santos
and Mr. Jetrho Kenneth Tan
DR. YANGA’S COLLEGES, INC. 2
Table of Contents
Title Page .......................................................................................................................................... i
Table of Contents ............................................................................................................................. ii
Certificate of Originality ................................................................................................................. iii
Abstract ........................................................................................................................................... iv
Acknowledgement ........................................................................................................................... 4
Chapter 1
Background of the study .................................................................................................................. 5
Theoretical Framework .................................................................................................................... 8
Conceptual Paradigm ....................................................................................................................... 9
Hypothesis ..................................................................................................................................... 10
Null Hypothesis ................................................................................................................ 10
Alternative Hypothesis ..................................................................................................... 10
Statement of the Problem ............................................................................................................... 10
Significance of the Study ............................................................................................................... 12
Review of Related Literature ......................................................................................................... 13
Definition of Terms........................................................................................................................ 22
Scopes and Limitations .................................................................................................................. 24
Synthesis ........................................................................................................................................ 25
Chapter 2
Research Design ............................................................................................................................ 27
Research Locale ............................................................................................................................. 28
Research Participants ..................................................................................................................... 31
Research Instruments ..................................................................................................................... 32
Data Gathering Procedures ............................................................................................................ 36
Ethical Considerations ................................................................................................................... 38
Chapter 3
Data Presentation ........................................................................................................................... 41
Data Interpretation ......................................................................................................................... 53
Chapter 4
Summary of Findings..................................................................................................................... 55
Conclusions .................................................................................................................................... 55
Recommendations .......................................................................................................................... 56
Appendices..................................................................................................................................... 57
Bibliography .................................................................................................................................. 59
Curriculum Vitae ........................................................................................................................... 60
Letter of Intent ............................................................................................................................... 61
Letter of Proofread ......................................................................................................................... 62
Certificate of Originality
This is to certify that the content of this thesis/research paper entitled, “A Structural
Effective Analysis on Using Solar Oven as an Alternative Device for Milk
Pasteurization” is made by the group to the best of their knowledge. The group is
responsible for the submitted work and is originally made except for the specified in the
acknowledgements.
The group hereby declares that all the literate content of this thesis/research paper that
has been submitted is the fruit of all their hardships and knowledge in this work. And all
the linguistic expression, all the information whether it is quoted verbatim or
paraphrased, listing of references, all quotations with citations and sources that the group
gathered are fully acknowledged. The group assures that nothing in this paper violates
other intellectual property laws, copyright and trademark.
ABSTRACT
The researchers create an alternative device in pasteurizing Carabao’s milk using the sun
as the source of energy, it is called ‘solar oven’ which uses the heat to pasteurize a milk.
This device can be used by Filipinos instead of using ovens that uses electricity which is
really expensive. This device aims to help people and our environment by making them
use an affordable and renewable device that can pasteurize milk. This device is created
by the researchers for the farmers specially the farmers of Nueva Ecija, the milk capital
of the Philippines and this is helpful in our environment because the researchers can
reduce the usage of electricity. We conducted this idea for we all knew that the
Philippines is a tropical country and instead of being irritated about the hot temperature
why don’t we think of something for us to benefit from it, it is like we are seeing the
positive side of it. The main function of this prototype ‘solar oven box’ is to trap the heat
inside by using this eco-friendly material and when the heat is trap inside it just have to
reach the said temperature and time needed for pasteurization, for it to know if the milk is
pasteurizing the researchers have to get a pH level of 6.7 and above to tell that if the milk
is really pasteurized. With its limitations that it can only be used in sunny days and the
glass is too fragile let this be a room for improvement for the main goal of this research is
to conduct an idea Truly this device is an alternative solar oven which is really helpful in
the people, for the people not to cost money and for the people to have the knowledge in
using a renewable energy.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
First and foremost, the researchers would like to send their most sincere gratitude to their
teachers who have been with them all throughout the project.
To Ma'am Charmaine Najera, our adviser, science teacher and at the same time our
mentor, she is responsible in guiding the researchers and knowledgeable of the flaws of
the whole research.
To Mr. Angelo Renan Santos, our English teacher who is responsible in checking the
spellings and grammar of the whole research.
To Mr. Jetrho Kenneth Tan, our Free Those Words teacher and mentor, who is
responsible in instructing us about the correct format and guidelines of the research.
The patience, guidance and sacrificed time was hopefully worth it.
The researchers are truly honored and grateful for them and their help. They are also
grateful to have one another as a team, a bond created within the time that was tested by
stress and challenges. The researchers would also like to extend their gratitude to the
school, Dr. Yanga's Colleges Inc. for the administration's support to each and every
researcher.
Ourselves, for a job well done,

Ella Belle Wong
Juliana Kiana Calugay
Nicole Galvez
Kathrain Maynite
Most importantly the researchers would like to thank the greatest man up there, our God,
for He is good. He gave the group, knowledge, strength and patience to finish the project.
CHAPTER I
Background of the Study
In the mid-19th century, a French scientist named Louis Pasteur was given a task on why
beer and wine sometimes soured during fermentation, he later concluded that it was
because of unwanted microorganisms or “germs”. Now, Louis Pasteur concluded several
tests of heating and cooling of the liquids until germs were neutralized. This was later
called under his name, pasteurization.
Louis Pasteur was not the only one who paved the way to this discovery, even an Italian
priest and scientist named Lazzaro Spallanzani realized that “a significant degree of heat”
could be used to kill microbes, then reappearance could be prevented by “hermetically
sealing” the jar. (Blitz, 2016) Therefore, pasteurization is a process of heat processing a
liquid or a food to kill pathogenic bacteria to make the food safe to eat. Pasteurization
improves the quality of milk and milk products and gives them a longer shelf life by
destroying undesirable enzymes and spoilage bacteria. There are different kinds of
pasteurization of milk, first is Ultra pasteurization that involves heating of milk for at
least 280˚F for 2 seconds. This kind of pasteurized milk is refrigerated. Second is Ultra-
High-Temperature (UHT) Pasteurization that involves heating of milk in 280˚ to 320˚F
for 1 to 2 seconds. The milk is packed in a sterile, hermetically sealed containers and
stored for 90 days. These kinds of pasteurization only occur in commercially made milks
or dairy products and uses a big pasteurization machine.

As for the milk, carabao milk has better nutrients and much creamier than cow’s milk,
reportedly, our country’s milk is 36% from carabao’s. According to Philippine Carabao
Center, carabao’s milk is considered as “the most complete food”, many people thinks
that carabao’s milk is underrated, and that is why the researcher’s decided to pasteurize
carabao’s milk for people to recognize its value and essence as most of Filipino farmers
are still using carabaos as their companion in farming. It is also a help for the local milk-
farmers because it can help sustain their own products and solar oven can be their
alternative in pasteurization instead of buying a big pasteurization machine.
Solar pasteurization system is utilized to slaughter harmful microorganisms shown in the
raw milk. It is done in dairy enterprises with the assistance of heater for heating a milk. It
is also one of the cheapest and easiest method to eliminate harmful bacteria presented in a
water or milk. Heating in a conventional way is expensive that is why solar pasteurization
is an alternative.
How can solar cooking be effective? Solar cooking is done by means of Sun’s UV rays,
it is not the sun’s rays that cooks the food, and rather, it is the converted heat from the
sun’s rays that cooks the food inside. There are three main principles to effective solar
cooking, first is Concentration, where the reflectors must be placed according to where
the sun shines the most, reflectors are a must in a solar oven or cooker for it to speed up
heat accumulation. Second is absorption, solar cookers become effective when the inner
surface and also the color of the cookware is black, because dark color absorbs more
heat. Third is retention wherein there is a need to trap the heat for the solar oven be able
to cook food effectively. (Layton, 2017) The effectiveness of solar cooking is if the solar
cooker is placed in an area where the sun shines brightly.
Solar oven, also called as solar cooker, is a device that uses trapped heat to cook food. It
is a simple, affordable and an efficient tool in cooking. The researchers will use a type of
solar oven, which is box cooker. The researchers decided to use this type of solar oven
because it is cheap and easy to make and use. It also does not use electricity unlike other
cooker or machines, as long as the sun is present, it will be efficient and can be used. The
benefits of using a solar cooker is that it is not expensive, very cheap and easy to use.
Also, it is environment friendly for it uses the sun to cook food, and you notice the food if
it is already burning or not. Its drawbacks are that it cannot be used in winter and rainy
days, for it will only be available if it is sunny outside.
The researchers study involves using solar oven as an alternative for pasteurization of
milk. The researchers’ solar oven is a box, with reflectors for trapping heat and
thermometer for the temperature. The objective of the researcher’s solar oven is to prove
that the oven can pasteurize milk and likewise to help in cooking other food in the oven.
The researchers aim to see what can the solar oven provide in today’s generation as this
epoch is growing and improving, with technologies around, can prove that the researchers
can make an alternative instead of using pasteurization machine for the people, especially
local milk producers, that solar oven can be a solution, too.

Theoretical Framework
Solar Cell Theory, the researchers use sunlight as their fuel. A solar cell is a
device that converts light into electricity via the ‘photovoltaic effect’. They are also
commonly called ‘photovoltaic cells’ after this phenomenon, and also to
differentiate them from solar thermal devices. Solar cells make up the fuel in solar
oven, this will help in heating the oven and in the conversion. (KYOCERA, n.d)
Pasteurization basic Theory, the heating of every particle of milk or milk product to
a specific temperature for a specified period of time without allowing
recontamination of that milk or milk product during the heat treatment process. It is
the process that will be used in making our raw milk fresh in clean, through this
theory, it will help the researchers to have an idea about pasteurizing through
means of using solar energy. This theory will serve as the researchers guide to
make their research possible. (Madhani, n.d)

Conceptual Paradigm
An Effective Analysis on Using Solar Oven for Pasteurization of

Milk
INPUT PROCESS
Renewable Livelihood of Making the Carabao’s
Energy Farmers Solar Oven Milk
Pasteurization Alternative Gathering of Conducting

of Milk Device Data several trials
and tests
Solar Oven Conclusion
OUTPUT
Effectiveness of the
structure made by the
researcher’s by
Pasteurization
Figure 1-Conceptual Paradigm
The researchers’ product aims to promote the use of renewable energy for the livelihood
of the milk farmers. The product is an alternative device for pasteurization. In order for
the product to work, follow the process. And if it works the researcher’s able to prove the
effectiveness of pasteurizing of milk through the use of solar energy.

Hypothesis
Null Hypothesis
Nowadays, pasteurizing milk is very expensive that is why this research is a big help for
milk consumers, farmers and business man (field of milk), solar oven is cheap and very
eco-friendly for the solar oven uses the heat of the sun to pasteurize the milk This can
also be the start of innovation when it comes to solar energy specially now the shortages
in different types of natural resources are at risk.
Alternative Hypothesis
On the other hand, having milk as a use for effectivity of the product is a ‘so-so’
because the process of pasteurization usually occurs in water. Milk can be rancid due to
the exposure of heat. The solar oven may take a lot of time in pasteurizing. Also, having
glass as part of the structure can also be somewhat a negative part of the product. Glass is
known for being fragile and having it expose in the sun can be risky for there are chances
that it will break.

Statement of the Problem
This part of the study includes the questions, expressions, an area of concern or a part
where there is a need to be improved on that exists on a certain study or topic that will be
discussed on. A research problem does not state how to do something, offer a vague or
broad proposition, or present a value question.
General:
• How does solar oven pasteurize the milk?
• Which is more preferred? Milk that is pasteurized out of solar oven or milk that is
commercially made by a pasteurization machine?
• Which is more optimal when it comes to the extent of time? Milk that is
pasteurized in the solar oven or milk that is pasteurized by the pasteurization machine?
• What are the things to considered to tell that solar oven is recommendable?
• What will be the beneficial and disadvantages of solar oven product in the
society?
• How can the researchers assure that the milk is pasteurized even though it is from
a solar oven and not from a pasteurization machine?
Specific:
• What are the other purposes or function of the solar oven?

• How much amount of milk can the oven be pasteurized?
• How much temperature does the solar oven need to collect in order to pasteurize?
• Are there things that hinders the product to be successful?
Significance of the study
The main purpose of the study is to create a solar oven for pasteurization, not just for
milk but for other products that can be pasteurized. Since this modern epoch now uses big
pasteurization machine, the researchers come up with a plan to use budget-friendly
objects that can be seen everywhere, with this, the researchers make a perfect solution for
anyone who still finds very hard to pasteurize a milk in a machine. There are five other
purpose of this study, these are:
1. Environment
Using solar for pasteurization? A big yes! The researchers plan to extend the use of
pasteurization by making it eco-friendlier by using solar in pasteurization. A big yes also
for using budget-friendly materials for making the solar oven.
2. Industry
The purpose of the study is to PROVE that the solar oven can be an alternative for
pasteurization of milk. The researchers come up with the plan to help other local milk
farmers that finds it very hard to pasteurize milk, instead of using big pasteurization
machine, you can now make your own solar oven for pasteurization. Thus, commercially
made milks are affected.

Review of Related Literature
Review of related literature is a review of study, or an evaluative report of information
based on your study. The review should describe, summarizes, evaluate and clarify this
literature.
1. Solar Oven being the fuel for food
Here comes the “solar oven”. Solar Oven can provide a practical and healthy
alternative to burning organic compounds that releases toxic smoke. So, how does it
work? Instead of converting solar energy to electricity, Solar Oven traps light particles
called photons and converts it to heat. With the help of reflectors around the oven,
photons can pass through the glass top and into the box. Inventions like this doesn’t mean
that we can’t produce and upgrade more innovative gadgets and machines, actually, solar
oven is the best alternative for everyone, especially who loves an outdoor party with
grilled meat. (Team, 2017)
2. Use of solar energy is near a solution
This was the headline in the New York Times on 4 April 1931. It turned out to be a
premonition, since, 80 years later and electricity is being supplied to millions of human
beings in the world from renewable energies such as solar. Since the sun has 6.5 million
years, the sun can still supply needs and we can also use it until we can. Using solar
energy will become the sustainable energy source and system of the world. Convert solar
energy to heat, by photovoltaic cells, and give more benefits for the world to use in the
next years. (Acciona energy, 2017)

3. Solar Pasteurization
Boiling is not enough to say that the water is safe enough to drink it. Hence here
comes Solar Pasteurization that has proven to be a very low-cost disinfection method to
produce drinking water out of non-turbid fresh water. Withal, solar pasteurization seems
to be not that easy to execute and monitor, thus it is not a wide spread method for point-
of-use water treatment. Milk can also be pasteurized, a procedure used to make it more
durable. In case of milk, pasteurization is reached when heated above 63 °C for 30
minutes. SODIS technique seems to become the most widely applied when it comes to
using solar energy for water disinfection it focuses on a consolidation of the antibacterial
role of solar UV radiation and ascendant temperature while solar pasteurization is making
use of the thermal solar energy only.
Solar pasteurization might be an option on both, the village and household level.
But household usage is more competitive because village-scale alternatives have much
lower treatment cost. Somehow solar pasteurizers that have been refined are an
educational tool or curiosity rather than practical methods of producing safe water
applicable in developing countries on a large scale. But there are also disadvantages on
this solar cooker, such as it relies on solar energy therefore its effectiveness depends on
the daily hours of sunshine in an area. And recontamination is attainable posterior the
water has cooled thus subsequent safe storage is essential. Turbidity, odour, taste or color
does not demote by the solar cooker and also its chemical pollutants from water that’s
why a thermometer or pasteurization indicator device is needed. (S. R. T., 2018)

4. Canadian Pasteurization
The scoop on raw versus pasteurized milk the Canadian have this process of
pasteurization, the heating process which eliminates pathogens that may harm our health.
The Canadians are examining the pasteurization if it is safe for the people and what is
safer the raw milk or pasteurize milk. This article connects in the product that the
researcher is researching because its talks about the pasteurization of a milk, that how
pasteurization can affect a raw milk. (Canada, 2013)
5. A Novel Method
This develop a novel method for pasteurization of milk with microwaves. It’s a way to
lessen the detergents and cleaning products because this people discover an easy way to
pasteurize a particular product. The system preserves the valuable components of milk
and pasteurized dairy products it is suitable for heating viscous and concentrated dairy
products. (IGB., 2013)
Local (Positive)
1. Milk Banking
Makati is the first local owner of milk banking which helps many people and babies. Human milk
banking collects process and store breast milk for vulnerable babies. As breastfed babies said to
be more likely to grow up into healthy adults. Alas, many babies are left unfed because of illness
or indifference. Makati focuses more on giving milk to premature babies as they need it more
than infants. The milk is not for free, 240 pesos for 120 ml. But residents in Makati City get a
10% discount and those who are admitted in Osmak are free of charge. As for now, Makati
Human Milk Bank provides milk for a month to 28 babies across 14 hospitals. In this article we
can see the help of other people to donate milks to other people, but they have few pioneer
hospitals who are operating milk banking that is why it is the researcher’s task to make this
operation more possible to help other people. (Rodriguez, 2014)
2. Solar Energy Helps
Over use of coal and fuel for the production of energy that adds up to what people are
experiencing now which is global warming is very alarming. Using energy or electricity is really
hard for the researchers right now but in this article tells that solar energy is a helping thing
especially in the Philippines because it is a tropical country. It will be a long-term and natural use
since the power comes to the sun and heat in the Philippines is not a hindrance to catch. Having
this solar energy helps in reducing the use of electricity and can decrease the cost of money
because just in a ray of sun the researchers can create an energy that can be use in different parts.
Using of solar energy is elevated in this article as it helps to conserve the environment and
benefits mankind and also the Earth. (Energy, 2018)
1. Solar Oven Advantage
The importance of solar can help the environment in pollution. This solar energy can be used for
cooking and boiling of water. Now there is no need for some firewood to cook instead using solar
energy and it’s had advantage. The Davao inmates cooking is a lot easier now compared to
before. And recently they got a solar water heating system that is said to save at least 60, 000
kilograms of firewood per year. From three times a week of truckload delivery to a single
delivery. Not only the fire woods are being reduced but also their time that is being spent at
cooking since before they use fire woods. The project main goal is to save cash for the budget to
be put on efforts to improve the condition of the jails. (Manlupig, 2015)
2. Oh Mr. Sun!
Sun has the advantage. An alternative energy that is abundant to Philippines is solar power. Solar
power that can reach remote places in Philippines. Filipinos are irritated because of the sun but
right now in this article sun has benefits in many ways, it helps to have exact energy in daily lives
and it giving as low probability to cost a lot of money. Like solar cookers, through concentrated
heat these inexpensive and innovative stoves can cook and boil. But depending on the water solar
cookers might require several hours of meal preparation. Another advantage of using the sun’s
energy is water heaters, solar lightning and cooling homes through solar kits that is more
affordable and user friendly to everyone. People thought that solar powered systems are
expensive that’s why even with the knowledge of it they still prefer using wood and fuel. There
are imitations to the power that solar energy can provide. The sun has many advantages that is
why do not just blame it cherish it because someday it can help humanity. (M., n.d)
1. Manila is trying to be friendly!
Manila is achieving a renewable energy because of the over use in it in the Philippines that is why
they created a law which aim to achieve a renewable energy come from fossil fuels and etc. That
law is the Renewable Energy Act of 2008. Manila is trying to be a friendlier in our environment
and use this in some good influences. Harnessing renewable energy will eventually help our
country in case of products like fuel and it can minimize the country's exposure to prizes
fluctuation in international markets.
There is another law in this article and that is RE Law, “The RE Law enabled the RE sector
through the FIT mechanism". It can help the country to use renewable technology. And according
to president and COO Oscar de Venecia Jr., the geothermal energy can contribute a lot of energy
supply in our country and it can help us in case of renewable energy. (Rivera, 2018)
1. Building a renewable energy!

The Philippine engineer are getting a product on abroad to construct or build a renewable energy
for the people to have a supply of energy without abusing the electricity that they have.
Philippines are trying to be more responsible in the environment because of this renewable energy
there will be no more over use of the electricity that may cause a massive harm to the
environment. They are constructing a solar energy that comes from the sun which is one of the
effective ideas to lessen the problem.
The owner developer of the solar power project is the green earth power (Myanmar), the one
who holds the purchase agreement between Myanmar’s energy and power energy. And the BEC
said that it has been exploring opportunities in various fields of renewable energy in the
Philippines and Asia in line in its goal to have a renewable energy and to be a power company.
After that the company continues to study different source of renewable energy like geothermal
energy, from wind and biomass energy. (G. L. , 2018)
2. Fighting Malnutrition
Courtesy of PCC or Philippine Carabao Center, some grade school students will receive daily
supply of milk for 120 days to make a period on malnutrition in Barangay Poblacion East. The
PCC will provide 4,800 sachets of 200 ml pasteurized toned buffalo’s milk and supervise,
monitor and evaluate the progress of the project. This project was launched to help monitor the
nutritional status of the children beneficiaries.
- This article is really helping in the solar oven because it depicts the good side of it
like having a renewable energy and pasteurizing a milk. It giving the people the
realization that solar is near to helping the society. It gives the people the
information the importance of using this solar energy and solar oven because it
has many advantages

(Negative) International
1. The Dangers of Raw Milk: Unpasteurized Milk Can Pose a Serious Health Risk
People know that raw milk is nice to drink and some believe that it is a better
alternative because pasteurization harms milk yet we don’t know that this can harbor
dangerous microorganisms such as Salmonella, E. coli, and Listeria, which are
responsible for causing numerous foodborne illnesses. Raw milk poses serious health
risks to humans especially people with weakened immune systems, older adults, pregnant
women, and most especially the one whose most effected is the children and teenagers.
According to an analysis by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC),
between 1993 and 2006 more than 1500 people in the United States became sick from
drinking raw milk or eating cheese made from raw milk.
Pasteurization is a process that kills harmful bacteria by heating milk to a specific
temperature for a set period of time. Pasteurized milk contains low levels of the type of
nonpathogenic bacteria that can cause food spoilage, therefore storing your pasteurized
milk in the refrigerator is still important. (FDA, 2017)
2. Pasteurized vs Homogenized milk, what’s the difference?
Most of us heard the term “pasteurized” and “homogenized” but, do we really know
what it really means? Pasteurization is the term for heating milk at a certain temperature
and cooling it afterwards, this process involves killing bacteria as well as other non-
related organisms presented to a milk, while homogenization occurs after pasteurization,

its purpose is to break down fat molecules for it to resist separation. It also gives the milk
its smooth and rich texture. In short, both processes occur in most commercially made
milks in U.S. supermarkets, thus making it healthier to be consumed for other people. (S.
A. , 2014)
3. Mother’s Story
This tackled a story of a mother that is in the time of war. The son said that during the
war, “Mother buy raw milk in a farmer” and after the mother experience diseases like
tuberculosis, in this story it tells that pasteurization is a really important thing for humans
to maintain good health because in this process people can ensure that a particular
product can be safe to eat or drink. (E.T, 2018)
4. Pasteurized Milk is worse?
Pasteurize products is worse to human health, the one who is fresh from farms is safer
than a product that undergo in a pasteurization process because in pasteurization process
it uses some chemicals that may cause diseases. It says that “Pasteurization destroys the
nutritional integrity of milk, making it toxic for human consumption”, humans can get
toxic more to a pasteurize product and it is not safe for humans to take. But the people
picking pasteurize milk because they know that is safer for us because it has a particular
company that securing it. (Bollinger, 2016)
5. Pasteurized vs. raw milk
What is healthier for the body? In the side of pasteurization is, it is safer because it kills the
microorganism that may cause some diseases to the body 90% of the people like more a
pasteurize milk because they are ensure that this is a good process cause it have a particular
company that securing its safety, but we are not secure about it because we don’t know what
chemicals that they are using in it. And in the side of raw milk, humans can ensure that it is safe
if the animal or a particular thing is clean and being fed with a right and healthy food by being
cared more safely. We do not really know what is more safety that is why solar oven is created so
there is an easy way and non-expensive way to pasteurize a milk. (Dr. Edward Group DC, 2015)
Local Studies (Negative)
1. Carabao as a commodity, as source of milk
Most of the milks that are being sold to communities came largely from crossbreed
carabaos, in line with this, the milk is used for production of sweets such as pastillas de
leche and the famous kesong puti. (Center, n.d) Also, our country imports 98.8% of
milks, only 1% is produced by our local farmers, although we have milk-producing farms
here, still we see that most of the milk products on super market came from other
countries. (KaraBella, n.d) Surprisingly, carabao milk is locally produced and has been
the lives of many Filipino farmers. Thus, we should see more of carabao milk being
produced and consumed here, in our country. But we don’t really know if this things or
animals is safe and we don’t know what are the things or products that the animal ate,
they may use some chemicals that may cause diseases.
2. Carabao milk for kids? A healthy choice!
Carabao milk will be given to kids, ages 3 to 5, as a project for Department of Social
Welfare and Development and of Philippine Carabao Center. Milks are added to their
daily meal as a healthy option. The milks given are bought from Filipino farmers, as said
by Arnel Del Barrio, the acting PCC executive director. They also said that this will help
the kids gain nutrition from the milk and will also help the farmers to sell their product
and provide a strong milk enterprise for their own. By this, they can promote drinking
fresh and healthy milk for the children. (R., 2016) We have to ensure the things that we
are taking and the milk of kids because we can’t ensure that these things are safe
wherever it comes from.
3. Orange!
The pasteurization of orange juice that is popular in the Philippines, Many Filipinos really like
orange juice but is it safe enough for us to drink? That is why pasteurization is created for it to be
safer for drinking because it kills the microorganism that may cause some diseases to the body.
(G. A. , 2009)
- This are the negative effect of pasteurization as we can see the people did not have that
exact knowledge of where those pasteurize milk come from that is why we cannot trust
pasteurize milk and raw milk.

Definition of terms
This part of the study is intended to understand the used terms and concepts that is
commonly applied and shown in study. This also includes how words and phrases can be
connected and applied inside the research.
➢ Mycoderma aceti
It is the acetic bacteria, a film or a membrane which is developed on the surface
of the raw milk and acts as a means of conveying the oxygen of the air to the milk
and other combustible principles of the liquid, thus leading to their oxidation.
➢ Gamma radiation
Also known as gamma ray, is a type of electromagnetic radiation that penetrates
and arise from the radioactive decay of an atomic nuclei. Its photons are in the
highest observed range of photon energy.
➢ Photovoltaic effect
It is the light striking in the reflector that creates and provides the energy needed
inside the solar oven, it traps the heat inside of it.
➢ Photovoltaic cells
A specialized semiconductor diode that converts visible light into direct current
(DC) is a photovoltaic cell (PV cell). Some can also convert infrared (IR) or
ultraviolet (UV) radiation into DC electricity. It is an integral part of solar-electric
energy systems, which are becoming increasingly important as alternative sources
of utility power.
➢ Cylindrical parabolic collector (CPC)

The basic elements making up a conventional collector are the absorber tube
located at the focal axis through which the liquid to be heated flows, the
concentric transparent cover, the reflector, and the support structure. It is formed
by stretching a flexible reflecting material between two parabolic end formers.
The formers are held in place by a spreader bar. The resulting mirror is made to
track the sun, focusing the sun's rays on a receiver tube.
➢ CRT (Centre for Rural Technologies)
A professional non-governmental organization engaged in developing and
promoting appropriate rural technologies effective in meeting the basic needs and
improving livelihood of rural people. CRT deals with the innovation and
importance of the solar electricity for it’ll help decrease shortage of natural and
artificial resources.
➢ SODIS Method
SODIS method is derived from a “solar-pasteurization method”. It requires
sunlight and PET bottles were the bottles are filled with water and is set out in the
sun for 6 hours. This method is connected to the researcher’s study for it also
applies the pasteurization method that the researchers will make.
➢ Concentrating Solar Power (CSP)
It is a technology that uses a mirror to create the sun’s light energy and convert it
into electricity. It is focused on the suns energy that can produce a supply of
power.
➢ Thermal efficiency
It is the efficiency of a cycle from a thermodynamics point of view for engines
and devices to convert energy for heat to work.
➢ Salmonella
Salmonella is bacteria that can be found milks that are not pasteurized.
Salmonella bacteria pass through the stomach and go into your intestine. They
bind to the wall, penetrate it and go to your liver or spleen.
➢ E. Coli
E. coli bacteria causes severe food poisoning. E. coli is present in dairy products
like butter and milk, ground beef, chickens, ponds and streams. Contaminated
water with E. coli can be spread through contact with vegetables and fruits and
can be dangerous for small children and elderly.
➢ Listeria
Listeria is the name of a bacteria that is found in soil and water and some animals,
including poultry and cattle. It can be present in raw milk and foods made from
raw milk. It can also live in food processing plants and contaminate a variety of
processed meats.
Scopes and Limitations
Scope
The Philippines is a tropical country where the heat from sun is abundant and milk
pasteurization is expensive, the ‘do it yourself’ solar oven is a great alternative for milk
farmers. Instead of bringing the raw milk to different commercial places to get
pasteurized the milk, farmers can use the solar oven which is cheaper but also safe. Solar
energy is also renewable, with the amount of sunlight the country receives getting the
oven to work is easy, plus it also lessens bills for the solar oven does not use any machine
but only the sunlight. In order to know if the milk is already pasteurized, the researchers
come up with a plan to use a device that measures the pH level of a pasteurized milk.
And in achieving it, the milk should be at 6.7 pH level.
Limitations
As for the milk, the researchers will only use carabao’s milk. The limits of this device
are that the researchers will depend on the weather in using the solar oven, the solar oven
will just work in a sunny day. The researchers will only make a solar box oven, not the
other types of solar oven. Also, the researchers will only focus on using the wooden
materials in making the solar oven.

Synthesis
This area of the study is about concisely summarizing and linking different sources in
order to review the literature on a topic, make recommendations, and connect your
practice to the research.
Truly, Solar energy can help people in many ways, they can help secretly or just be wide
awake and open eyes to see how sun is beautiful even though it irritates the skin when it
is hotter but the light and its energy is captivating and friendly. Solar Oven can provide a
practical and healthy alternative to burning organic compounds that releases toxic smoke.
So, how does it work? Instead of converting solar energy to electricity, Solar Oven traps
light particles called photons and converts it to heat. With the help of reflectors around
the oven, photons can pass through the glass top and into the box. Since the sun has 6.5
million years, the sun can still supply needs and the people also use it until humans can.
Somehow solar pasteurizers that have been refined are an educational tool or curiosity
rather than practical methods of producing safe water applicable in developing countries
on a large scale. But there are also disadvantages on this solar cooker, such as it relies on
solar energy therefore its effectiveness depends on the daily hours of sunshine in an area.
Pasteurization is the term for heating milk at a certain temperature and cooling it
afterwards, this process involves killing bacteria as well as other non-related organisms
presented to a milk, while homogenization occurs after pasteurization, its purpose is to
break down fat molecules for it to resist separation.

CHAPTER II
Research Design
Structural Effective Analysis Research
This has specifically aligned itself as a structural effective analysis research, for the
researchers will test if the solar oven can pasteurize milk.
The researchers will pasteurize the milk using the solar oven, the milk then will undergo
a pH level test to see its effectivity, the researchers can identify if the milk could put the
human health at risk for it could possibly have the presence and breeding of
microorganisms such as specific pathogens, bacteria, yeast, and molds. Documentations
are taken during the testing to understand the structure further. The researchers will only
test carabao milk. The goal is to determine the effectivity of the solar oven in pasteurizing
milk for if this trial is successful it could possibly spread throughout and this may be used
by certain companies.
Research Methodology
A Structural effective analysis wherein the ability of the product to serve its purpose
depends on its structure. The structure of the product is one of the main factors affecting
its effectiveness for the amount of sunlight to be bounced inside the box depends on the
ability of the reflector.
Preparing of the Placing the oven with

Materials needed milk in an open area
where the sunlight is
directed
Preparing the right
size of wood
needed and turning Trapping the heat
it into a box with the use of the
mirrors
Painting the inner

and outer layer of Leave the oven for thirty
the box with a non- minutes and check the
toxic black paint temperature
Preparing the
mirror for the top Checking the Checking the
part of the box temperature of the oven temperature of the milk
Pasteurization
Sticking the mirror at the
four sides of the box with
a glue gun to serve as the Checking the pH level of
reflectors of the product the milk
Putting a stainless steel

and clear glass at the top
part inside the box for
opening and closing
Start the
Research Locale
Procedure
A. Primary Locale
Dalig, Balagtas, Bulacan
St. Francis Subdivision Borol 2nd, Balagtas, Bulacan
B. Secondary Locale
Nueva Ecija
The Primary beneficiaries of this research are the people living in the Nueva Ecija for it is
known for fresh carabao milk and is entitled as “The Milk Capital of the Philippines”.
This will help lessen the people’s pricey materials in pasteurizing raw milk and also to
help the people raise income. And also, for the people to be able to drink a budget and
B.1. Material Gathering
Dalig, Balagtas, Bulacan
St. Francis Subdivision Borol 2nd, Balagtas, Bulacan
Cruz, Guiguinto, Bulacan
Matungao, Bulakan, Bulacan
The most important material in this research is the unpasteurized milk which will be
collected from milk farms that is one of the researcher’s family friends from Sta. Maria
and Dalig Bulacan. All mammals produce milk but humans are the only unique one who
drinks milk of the other species, of course after it is pasteurized and packed by different
producers. In the Philippines the most commonly known local animals that produce milk
are cow, buffalo and goat. Mostly the fresh milk we see in the market is from the other
countries, mostly from New Zealand. Though some are from Nueva Ecija which is the
main province who produces milk, the researchers choose to find a nearer place.
The wooden box is from Tooleque Technologies at Triple Junction Subdv. Matungao,
Bulakan, Bulacan. The reflector of the oven which is made from aluminium, cardboard
and the black paint that is painted on the wooden box is bought at UNITOP in Guiguinto,
Bulacan. The glass of the oven that served as the cover of the box is from the hardware
and the digital thermometer needed for the testing of the temperature was permitted by
Ms. Charmaine Najera to borrow at the Science Laboratory.
B.2. Construction (Dr. Yanga’s Colleges Inc., Wakas, Bocaue, Bulacan)
The construction of the oven will be conducted through following the step by step
procedure at the Dr. Yanga’s Colleges Incorporated’s Science Laboratory.
B.3. Testing (Dr. Yanga’s Colleges Inc., Wakas, Bocaue, Bulacan)
The researchers will test the product in Dr. Yanga’s Colleges Inc. with the supervision of
the researcher’s adviser, Ms. Charmaine Najera. The researchers will test it at exact time
where the sun is raised so the researchers can use the reflectors of the solar oven. The
researchers will also conduct a microbial testing in the carabao milk.
B.4. Data Gathering

The researcher’s data gathering will be conducted both inside and outside the Dr.
Yanga’s Colleges Inc. Campus, mainly at the Science Laboratory and at the milk farm.
Research Participants
Farmers
The Farmers are the main participants because the farmers will help the researchers and
the researchers can also help the farmers. The Farmers will help the researchers in
providing the raw milk of the carabao. The Farmers will also benefit from this research if
the product will be successful because pasteurization nowadays is expensive. If this
product will be successful it will be cheaper and easier to use. The researchers also need
the opinion of the farmers about the product by conducting a survey.
Milk Consumers
The Milk Consumers will benefit because the pasteurized milk will be cheaper if it is
pasteurized by using solar oven. The Milk Consumers can also improvise their own solar
oven by the help of this research. The researchers also need the opinion of the consumers
about the product by conducting a survey.

Research Instruments
A. Materials in making the solar oven
Picture Properties Function
Wooden Box - it
is used as shield
and secure the
pasteurize milk
inside the solar
oven it is like the
crust of the
product.
Cardboard – it
lessen the heat in
the surface of the
solar oven.
Black Paint – it
helps to absorb
¼ liters
more heat from
the sun which is
the one the
researchers use to
pasteurize milk.
Reflector – it
converts the heat
inside of the
oven.
Glass – it serves
as the cover of
the solar oven.
Glue gun and
Stick – it will
hold the materials
together to form
the solar oven.
Pasco pH Level
Tester - it
determines the
pH level of the
milk
Pasco
Temperature
Tester- indicates
the temperature
of the milk
B. Unpasteurized Milk
Picture Properties Function
300ml Unpasteurized Milk –
it will be use for
pasteurization of the
solar oven and using
this the researchers can
prove the effectivity of
the product.
Data Gathering
A. Collection of Data
A.1. Preparation
The researchers prepared the needed materials in making the solar oven and the
researchers also ready the cow’s raw milk. The researchers planned on what to conduct
and to test to prove the effectivity of the solar oven and the main component is
temperature.
A.2. Test Procedure
In order for the researchers to tell the effectiveness of the product the solar oven must
work successfully by having the exact amount of milk temperature 71.7˚C in a span of 15
seconds the researchers can tell that the milk is pasteurized. The relationship of the solar
oven and the temperature is very important.
A.3. Testing
In the testing, the solar oven structure must be successfully achieved for it helps in
absorbing the sun’s heat. The solar oven must be outside where the sun is most exposed
so that there’s a high possibility for the solar oven to absorb the heat. There are many
factors to be considered to tell that the milk is pasteurized; Milk temperature is mostly
considered.
B. Formulation of Hypothesis
B.1. Alternative Hypothesis

In this test procedure the researchers can know the things that the researchers have to
improve for more possibility in pasteurizing a milk, and the researchers can know the
implication of the product. The researchers can identify the time and temperature that
they needed in the product for pasteurization of milk, using this procedure the researchers
can test the effectiveness of the product. The solar oven is effective and it can pasteurize
milk and the reflector is a big help.
B.2. Null Hypothesis
There is the possibility that the researchers may fail to pasteurize a milk because the lack
of sunlight. And the researchers are not sure if the product that the researchers are making
is in right structure to conduct more heat in the solar oven for pasteurization. The specific
heat is not yet achieved but the researchers are still finding a way for it to be achieved.
C. Product Making
C.1. Making of the Box
1. The Researchers prepare the materials needed.
2. Create a Box made of wood.
3. Paint the inner and outer part of the box black. For the color black helps in absorbing
more heat.
C.2. Positioning the Reflector and Glass cover (Finalizing)
1. Prepare and bought a mirror, 4 for reflectors and one for the cover.
2. Place the first the reflector on the sides of the box, and paste it with silicon.
3. Made the cover for the solar oven to trap heat inside.
C.3. Preparing the Raw Milk
1. Buy at least 2 bottles of Milk for the pasteurization.
Ethical Considerations
The researchers conduct a research not just for own benefits but for other people too. The
researchers must apply this core values to have a strong relationship with co-researchers,
this relationship help the researchers to take every opportunity with the balance leeway in
achieving the researcher’s goal of being innovative in helping the community. Reflecting
to this core values must take courage and patience as the young researchers strive to be
better.
Creativity
The researchers are creative in having ideas for this research to be unique and helpful in
many other ways. The researchers must strive hard to be innovative specially when there
is some difficulties in having limitations, the researchers conquer the fear of having
limitations by thinking of new ways or substitute that is efficient.
Honesty
“A single lie destroys a whole reputation of integrity”. The researchers do not plagiarize
and honest with the actions that is done. The researchers are truthful in every way and the
team will always be with the truth nothing but the truth. The researchers are be matured
enough to learn from the mistakes and not by escaping it through lies.
Reliability
The researchers are not arrogant to just rely with the ideas the researchers have in a
specific topic, the researchers rely on trusted sources with comprehensive answers. The
researchers also rely on each other’s perspective in conducting the plans and innovation
of the research.
Consistency
The researchers are consistent in the goal of this research. The researchers give filled
information consistently, the researchers do not change the goal the researchers. No
matter what happens the researchers are consistent in continuing and finishing this
project.
Respect
The researchers have respect to one another, everyone has balanced opinions and
distributed leeway. The leadership do not hinder the other member to forbid applying
own perspective and opinion for the research to be better. It is not biased. The
researchers also have respect on the author and site that is trusted, the researchers put
credits after every work.
Cooperation
One of the difficulties in a project is lack of cooperation that is why it is one of the
important values, the researchers have cooperation for the group to have a better
communication for this research to be successful. Everyone know that this is a team work
and this will not be possible without the help of one another.
Openness
The researchers are open with each other for the members need to know the different
ideas of every co-member and using this value the researchers can discuss the right things
to do with this project. The researchers have the rights and leeway to speak and be open
with the ideas and thoughts every researcher has.
Responsibility
The leader will assign different task on every researcher and that task are separated like
jigsaw puzzle and every researcher has one piece at least of the puzzle. The leader must
be the epitome of being responsible for the leader is the one who motivates every
member. The researchers are very responsible with the task given and the researchers
finished it on time. Every researcher is responsible with the mistakes or faults in case of
revision.
Balance
The researchers do not just stick to one but the group have to give or distribute the works
in each member. The task given is balance to be fair with the other members. The sharing
of ideas must be balanced too for this research is a team work.
Awareness
The researchers are aware of what are the things that the group need to do in the product,
what are the right and wrong things that the researchers need to conduct in a particular
product. The researchers are knowledgeable in every aspect that is done and needs to be
done specially with the effects.

CHAPTER III
Data Presentation
This part of the study indicates the researcher’s observations and experiments. The
researchers here conclude the tests and sample trials that been conducted.
EXPERIMENT 1
December 17, 2018
Before Testing
Time Luminosity PH Level Solar Oven Milk
Temperature Temperature
8:15 – 9:15 12930 lux 6.29 30.5 C 28.9 C
Table 1-Before Testing

Time Picture
8:15-9:15 AM
9:15-10:15 AM
10:15-11:15 PM
11:15-12:15 PM
12:15-1:15 PM
1:15-2:15
2:15-3:15
Table 2-Pictures during the testing (1)

Testing
Time (AM/PM) Luminosity Ph Solar Oven Milk Temperature
Level Temperature
(Degree Celsius)
(Degree Celsius)
9:15-10:15 AM 12419 lux 6.46 33.0 C 38.6 C
10:15-11:15 PM 12491 lux 6.46 31.4 C 37.6 C
11:15-12:15 PM 2442 lux 6.55 31.9 C 35.9C
12:15-1:15 PM 736 lux 6.57 32.9 C 40.4 C
1:15-2:15 5446 lux 6.7 34.4C 42.3C
Table 3-Testing (1)

After Testing
2:15 – 3:15 4566 lux 6.71 34.3C 42.3C
Table 4-After testing (1)

Figure 2-Temperature vs pH Level (1)
This experiment is done to prove the effectiveness of solar oven. The researchers used a
graph to represent the experiment. The Y axis serve as the Milk temperature and the Ph
Level and the X axis serves as the time on which the researchers conduct the experiment.
The dependent variable is the milk and the independent variable id the heat. The
researcher’s basis to tell if it is pasteurized is the Ph level, the Ph level must be 6.7. This
means that this 1st experiment is a success and this experiment has proven that the solar
oven is effective.
EXPERIMENT 2
January 18, 2019
Before Testing
8:15 – 9:15 12805 lux 6.48 30.5 C 25.7C
Table 5-Before testing (2)

Testing
Time (AM/PM) Luminosity Ph Solar Oven Milk
Level Temperature Temperature
(Degree Celsius) (Degree Celsius)
8:15-9:15 AM 12805 lux 6.48 30.5 C 26.5C
9:15-10:15 AM 54373 lux 7.46 34.8 C 36.2 C
10:15-11:15 PM 97671 lux 7.43 36.3C 36.8C
11:15-12:15 PM 98583 lux 7.52 37.8C 38.5C
12:15-1:15 PM 88543 lux 7.33 35.6 C 36.4 C
1:15-2:15 86030 lux 7.11 34.2 C 35.2 C
Table 6-Testing (2)

Time Picture
8:15-9:15 AM
9:15-10:15 AM
10:15-11:15 PM
11:15-12:15 PM
12:15-1:15 PM
1:15-2:15
2:15-3:15
Table 7-Pictures during testing (2)
After Testing
Time (AM/PM) Luminosity Ph Solar Oven Milk Temperature
Level Temperature
(Degree Celsius)
(Degree Celsius)
2:15-3:15 47840 lux 7.24 35.6 C 35.4 C
Table 8-After Testing (2)

Figure 3-Temperature vs pH level (2)
In the 2nd Experiment it still proves the effectiveness of the solar oven and the results
increased through time however the highest Ph level that the researchers have reached
gets higher for one of the biggest factors is the amount of sunlight that the sun gives. The
Ph highest Ph level that the researchers achieved through this 2nd experiment is 7.52
which makes this experiment successful. The sun’s heat at this time is hotter than the past
experiment that helped in reaching a high result of Ph level for this experiment.
Scientific Formulas:
1.) Change in Temperature
Initial Temperature: 30°F
Final Temperature: 145°F
145°F - 30°F = 115°F
2.) Water Mass
Milk = 121.52g
Can = 5.65g
121.52g - 5.65g = 115.87g
3.) Heat Gained
Change in Temperature: 115°F
Water Mass: 115.87g
Heat Capacity of Water: 4.184 J/gc
115°F * 4.184 J/gc * 115.87 = 55,752.0092
Data Interpretation
This part of the study includes the interpretation of the data gathered by the researchers.
The researchers use the Predictive and Prescriptive way of analyzing the data.
I. Descriptive Analysis
The data gathered is from the researcher’s experiment on the product. The
researchers made a series of tests and trials to prove if the product is effective and
have concluded the product have done its purpose to pasteurize.

To know if the milk is pasteurized, the researchers uses a device that indicates the
amount of pH level of milk, a safe and pasteurized milk needs to meet a 6.7 pH
level. In conducting series of trials and tests, the researchers have proved that the
milk is pasteurized by achieving 6.7 pH level. The researchers also monitored the
temperature of milk and the solar oven. Thus, leading to the effectiveness of the
said product.
II. Predictive Analysis
Having this alternative device is really helpful in pasteurization of a milk, after
this pasteurization process the milk is safe to drink because when the process is
on-going it kills the bacteria that is possibly in the milk. This device helps to
prevent food poisoning or sickness. It also helps the people in far places to have a
safer drinkable milk that doesn't have microorganism that can cause some
diseases.
If the milk hit the exact amount of pH level it can be sold in the markets. A way
to help many farmers so that they don't have to go in far places to get milk
pasteurized and pay an enormous money, by using this device the percentage of
diseases that could be caught from drinking raw milk are also lessen.
III. Prescriptive Analysis
This product is an efficient alternative for pasteurization machines that uses a non-
renewable energy. If this product became successful it could hit the market and help
milk farmers lessen the money spent for a commercial pasteurization. On the other
hand, if the product failed to meet the target Ph level, the researchers need to check
the procedures made and review the data.

CHAPTER IV
Summary of Findings
At 8:15am before the milk was put in the oven the luminosity was at 12930 lux, it's pH
level was 6.29, the solar oven's temperature was 30.5°C and the milk's temperature was at
28.4°C.The first hour which is 9:15am the luminosity was 12419 lux, the milk's pH level
was 6.46, the solar oven's temperature was at 33.0°C and the milk's temperature was
38.6°C.At 10:15am the luminosity was at 12491 lux, the milk's pH level was 6.46, the
solar oven's temperature was 31.4°C and the milk temperature was 37.6°C.During
11:15am the luminosity was 2442 lux, milk's pH level was 6.55, solar oven's temperature
was 31.9 and the milk's temperature was at 35.9°C. At 12:15pm the luminosity was 736
lux, milk's pH level was 6.57, solar oven's temperate was 32.9 and the milk's temperature
was 40.4°C. At 1:15pm the luminosity was 5446 lux, the pH level of pasteurized milk
was achieved which is 6.7, solar oven's temperature was 34.4°C and the milk's
temperature was at 42.3°C. By the last hour of testing at 2:15pm the luminosity was
4566, the milk's pH level was 6.71, the solar oven's temperature was34.3°C and the milk's
temperature was 42.3°C. The data shows the time, luminosity, milk's pH level, the solar
oven's temperature and also the milk's temperature during the testing. Sunlight have
played a big factor in pasteurizing a milk, with its heat the oven has successfully done its
purpose.
Conclusions
Many people get irritated by the extreme heat of the sun specially those who lives in a
tropical country, those people didn't know that it can change their whole lives.
Exaggerated? No, because the heat of the sun can be a source of electricity and many
inventors is starting to create a solar panel that can turn heat into electricity. The
researchers create a solar oven for pasteurizing, yes, it is possible. The researchers
specifically choose pasteurizing for it is expensive nowadays. The Solar oven can be an
alternative for it is eco and budget friendly. The glass can be a reflector to pasteurize the
milk inside the oven. Based on the results it is a success for it can achieved 6.7 Ph level
but only for a 250 ml milk for the solar oven is just a small oven and pasteurizing big
amount of milk is possible in a big solar oven. If many solar powered inventions is
created, it will be more easier for the people to have electricity. Indeed, extreme heat is
irritating but in every negative thing there will always be a hidden positivity.
Recommendations and Suggestions
• Alternative Materials
This solar oven is just an alternative way of pasteurizing milk, but without enough
temperature there is a possibility in not having a pasteurize milk that is why it needed
more materials that can absorb more heat for pasteurization. An alternative way to record
the temperature inside of the box. A paint that can easily absorb heat inside the solar
oven. An alternative way to record the time. An alternative way to carry easily the solar
oven everywhere.
• Poor glasses
The reflector which is the glass is very fragile that’s why it needs more protection and the
reflector is one of the most important part of the solar oven that is why it needs
alternative way to absorb more heat inside the oven.
• Bigger and Wider Area
Bigger or wider body to fit different products so that it will be versatile. If the solar
oven will be bigger it can even bake or make cheese for bigger structure of solar
oven can absorb more sunlight.

APPENDICES
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kids#ixzz5Tt8kXnzp
Rivera, D. (2018, July 29). philstar.com. Retrieved from philstar.com:

https://www.philstar.com/business/2018/07/29/1837674/renewable-energy-
development-still-not-priority
Rodriguez, F. (2014, May 30). Rappler.com. Retrieved from Rappler.com:

https://www.rappler.com/move-ph/issues/hunger/59227-makati-human-milk-bank
S., A. (2014, July 22). HuffPost.com. Retrieved from HuffPost:

https://www.huffpost.com/entry/pasteurized-homogenized-milk_n_5606168
S., R. T. (2018, April 27). Solar Pasteurization.
S., R. T. (2018, April 27). SSWM.Info. Retrieved from SSWM.Info: https://www.sswm.info/sswm-

university-course/module-6-disaster-situations-planning-and-preparedness/further-
resources-0/solar-pasteurization
Team, T. S. (2017, July 5). saveonenergy. Retrieved from save on energy-solar ovens:
https://www.saveonenergy.com/learning-center/post/solar-ovens/
Letter of Proofread
This certifies that this research, entitled, "A structural effective analysis on
using solar oven as an alternative device for Milk Pasteurization”, written
by Zion Paulo Angeles, has been proofread and corrected by the
undersigned using standard business/academic English and is now free
from any grammatical and syntax error.
Mr. Zion Paulo Angeles

English Teacher
Letter of Intent
A Structural Effective Analysis on using Solar Oven as an alternative device for Milk
Pasteurization
Investigators:
Ella Belle Wong
Nicole Galvez
Kathrain Maynite
Juliana Calugay
Dr. Yanga’s Colleges Inc. / Grade 10 Department
Research Mentor: Zion Paulo Angeles
March 8, 2019
Dr. Yanga’s Colleges Inc.
Wakas, Bocaue, Bulacan
Dear Jethro Kenneth Tan,

Good Day!
The students of Dr. Yanga's Colleges Inc. 10 - Inspirare Group 1 would like to tell you the
researcher’s intention is purely scientific and for researcher purposes only
The objectives of this research are to help the local milk farmers in pasteurization of their milk
and how they can improve the milk's longevity. Pasteurization is the main work we will make.
The researchers hope for the best and your cooperation. Thank you.
From, 10 - Inspirare Group 1

Dr. Yanga's Colleges Inc.
Wakas, Bocaue, Bulacan

Milky Ray Research Paper

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Milky Ray Research Paper

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DR. YANGA’S COLLEGES, INC.

Milky Ray! A Structural Analysis on using

Ourselves, for a job well done,

Christine Keith Felarca

Background of the Study

because of unwanted microorganisms or “germs”. Now, Louis Pasteur concluded several

called under his name, pasteurization.

could be used to kill microbes, then reappearance could be prevented by “hermetically

High-Temperature (UHT) Pasteurization that involves heating of milk in 280˚ to 320˚F

or dairy products and uses a big pasteurization machine.

alternative in pasteurization instead of buying a big pasteurization machine.

Solar pasteurization system is utilized to slaughter harmful microorganisms shown in the

cooker is placed in an area where the sun shines brightly.

days, for it will only be available if it is sunny outside.

local milk producers, that solar oven can be a solution, too.

commonly called ‘photovoltaic cells’ after this phenomenon, and also to

a specific temperature for a specified period of time without allowing

make their research possible. (Madhani, n.d)

An Effective Analysis on Using Solar Oven for Pasteurization of

Pasteurization Alternative Gathering of Conducting

Solar Oven Conclusion

effectiveness of pasteurizing of milk through the use of solar energy.

in different types of natural resources are at risk.

that it will break.

Statement of the Problem

broad proposition, or present a value question.

• How does solar oven pasteurize the milk?

commercially made by a pasteurization machine?

a solar oven and not from a pasteurization machine?

• What are the other purposes or function of the solar oven?

• How much amount of milk can the oven be pasteurized?

• Are there things that hinders the product to be successful?

Significance of the study

pasteurization machine, the researchers come up with a plan to use budget-friendly

purpose of this study, these are:

pasteurization by making it eco-friendlier by using solar in pasteurization. A big yes also

for using budget-friendly materials for making the solar oven.

made milks are affected.

Review of Related Literature

Review of related literature is a review of study, or an evaluative report of information

1. Solar Oven being the fuel for food

grilled meat. (Team, 2017)

2. Use of solar energy is near a solution

next years. (Acciona energy, 2017)

durable. In case of milk, pasteurization is reached when heated above 63 °C for 30

use of the thermal solar energy only.

why a thermometer or pasteurization indicator device is needed. (S. R. T., 2018)

pasteurization can affect a raw milk. (Canada, 2013)

products. (IGB., 2013)

operation more possible to help other people. (Rodriguez, 2014)

2. Solar Energy Helps

benefits mankind and also the Earth. (Energy, 2018)

1. Solar Oven Advantage

be put on efforts to improve the condition of the jails. (Manlupig, 2015)

1. Manila is trying to be friendly!

fluctuation in international markets.

1. Building a renewable energy!

effective ideas to lessen the problem.

energy, from wind and biomass energy. (G. L. , 2018)

nutritional status of the children beneficiaries.

has many advantages

dangerous microorganisms such as Salmonella, E. coli, and Listeria, which are

drinking raw milk or eating cheese made from raw milk.