CABBAGE (Brassica oleracea var.

capitata) LEAF WASTE AND POWDERED

CHICKEN EGGSHELLS AS ALTERNATIVE MAJOR COMPONENTS IN

MAKING WET-CELL BATTERY

A Research Study

Presented to the Research Review Committee of

Santa Rosa Science and Technology High School

Santa Rosa City, Laguna

In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for Research 10

Magdalita, Keith Ayhen F.

Gara, Maiav Ysabella R.

Rebong, Leyna Rikka V.

Samonte, Carlo Jose A.

Manipol, Kaecie L.

Mr. Arriz Jay B. Berjuega

Research Adviser

July 2023
 APPROVAL SHEET

This research paper entitled “CABBAGE (Brassica oleracea var. capitata)

LEAF WASTE AND POWDERED CHICKEN EGGSHELLS AS ALTERNATIVE
MAJOR COMPONENTS IN MAKING WET-CELL BATTERY”, prepared and
submitted by MAIAV YSABELLA R. GARA, KEITH AYHEN F. MAGDALITA,
KAECIE L. MANIPOL, LEYNA RIKKA V. REBONG, CARLO JOSE A.
SAMONTE of Santa Rosa Science and Technology High School, in partial fulfillment
of the requirements for the subject Research IV on 10, has been examined and is hereby
recommended for approval and acceptance.

ARRIZ JAY B. BERJUEGA

Research Adviser

PANEL OF EXAMINERS
Approved by the following members of the Committee on Oral Examination.

MIKE ANGELO B. ESTOPACE, MEM, MSPhy.Sci JORALIE J, MENDOZA, PhD

Master Teacher Master Teacher II
Panel Member Panel Member

ENERITO M. CLIMA, PhD

Master Teacher II
Panel Member

PHILIPS T. MONTEROLA
Assistant Principal II

SLYVIA L. MARQUEZ, EdD

Principal IV
 ABSTRACT

The problem regarding agricultural waste and power and energy supply has been

a cause of concern in the community and the country itself. The focus of this study is to

present the alternative solutions to decrease the agricultural waste specifically, using

cabbages and eggshells in order to provide a low-cost alternative power source for

specifically, a wet-cell battery. Cabbage is found to have high electrolyte content such as

sodium, potassium, calcium, iron, magnesium, manganese, phosphorus, and zinc. The

eggshell contains 95% of calcium carbonate that is mainly composed of calcium. Other

electrolytes were also found in eggshell, as it includes phosphorus, magnesium, traces of

sodium, potassium, zinc, manganese, iron, and copper. We synergized those two

variables, cabbage and eggshell to have an alternative liquid electrolytes for wet-cell

battery also known as car battery. Wet-cell batteries consist of liquid electrolyte,

commonly sulfuric- and lead-acid. In this study, the researchers liquefy the cabbage and

powderize the eggshells and have them combined. Then, the old wet-cell battery was

discharged and emptied. The researchers put the cabbage eggshell mixture inside the cells

of the battery and commenced testing for its outputs. The battery produces millivolts to

volts of energy. Therefore, the synergistic effect of cabbage juice and powdered eggshell

were found to produce voltage. It is also recommended for the future researchers to use

another method if it can be more efficient and produce more volts, and be aware of the

confounding variables that might affect the result of the study.

 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

The researchers wish to express their gratitude, genuine appreciation, and respect

to the following individuals who have contributed to accomplishing our study:

First and foremost, the researchers would like to thank the Almighty God, for His

grace, guidance, and protection throughout this research study.

To Miss Sarah Mikaela Hadi and Sir Micheal Lezondra, our previous panelists

who acknowledged our mistakes and gave their honest feedback and recommendations

regarding our study and how to improve it.

To Miss Janeza Alignay, Sir Alex Hermogeno, Sir Simon Barrenuevo, and

Miss Imelda Bartolay, who have been guiding us and giving their constructive criticism

that have helped us to complete this study.

To our parents, for their constant love, support, and encouragement and also

providing materials required for our research; Especially to Mr. and Mrs. Rebong who

have always provided us shelter and snacks when we were conducting our study.

To our friends and classmates, who helped us in giving their opinions and

suggestions and are always there to support and give their own knowledge for our

research.

To the food stalls and bakeries, who open-handedly gave us their eggshells, as

the primary variable in conducting our experiment.

To the people in Binan Market, who generously gave us cabbage waste, as well

as being the primary variable in conducting this study.

To Sir Arriz Jay Berjuega, our research adviser for the whole school year, for

his guidance and support throughout the study.

 DEDICATION

This research paper serves as the result of the sacrifices and hard work of the

researchers. It is dedicated with heartfelt appreciation to those who have inspired and

supported them throughout their research journey. Special gratitude is extended to the

parents for their assistance and support, as well as to the researchers' classmates and

friends who have provided motivation and encouragement along the way.

Researchers dedicate this research to the innovative thinkers and eco-conscious

individuals who strive for sustainable solutions. This study explores the potential of

utilizing cabbage leaf waste and powdered chicken eggshells as alternative major

components in wet-cell battery production. May this work contribute to the development

of environmentally-friendly technologies and inspire a shift towards utilizing natural

resources more efficiently.

Our research adviser, Sir Arriz Berjuega for supporting and guiding us from the

start. Special thanks to Sir Simon Barrenuevo, Sir Micheal Lezondra, and Miss Sarah

Hadi, for giving constructive feedback, and for their tremendous effort and patience in

helping the researchers throughout their whole journey.

We extend our appreciation to those who have supported and encouraged us

throughout this research journey. Together, let us embrace the power of nature and

harness its potential for a greener and cleaner future.

Lastly, we thank God for guiding us all the way. This research is humbly

dedicated to the divine presence that guides us all. In recognition of the grace, wisdom,

and inspiration bestowed upon us, we offer this work as an expression of gratitude and

reverence. May our endeavors always be aligned with the greater purpose and may our

findings contribute to the betterment of humanity.

 TABLE OF CONTENTS
Title Page ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ i
Abstract ------------------------------------------ ------------------------------------------------- iii
Acknowledgements ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ iv
Dedication —------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- v
Table of Contents -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- vi
List of Figures ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------- vii
References ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 42

Chapter 1: The Problem and Its Background

Introduction ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- 01
Statement of the Problem ---------------------------------------------------------- 03
Hypotheses ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- 04
Conceptual Framework ----------------------------------------------------------- 04
Scope and Delimitation ---------------------------------------------------------- 05
Significance of the Study ----------------------------------------------------------- 06
Definition of Terms -------------------------------------------------------------------- 06

Chapter 2: Review of Related Literature and Studies

Review of Related Literature and Studies ------------------------------------------ 9
Synthesis ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- 25

Chapter 3: Research Design and Methodology

Research Design -------------------------------------------------------------------- 28
Procedures ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- 28
Materials and Equipment -----------------------------------------------------------31
Flowchart ------------------------------------------------------------------------------32
Data Gathering Technique ----------------------------------------------------------- 33
Statistical Treatment of Data ---------------------------------------------------------- 33

Chapter 4: Presentation, Analysis and Interpretation of Data---------------------------

Chapter 5: Summary, Conclusion, and Recommendations

Summary------------------------------------------------------------------------------------39
Conclusion----------------------------------------------------------------------------------40
Recommendations-------------------------------------------------------------------------41
 LIST OF FIGURES
Conceptual Framework -------------------------------------------------------------------- 04
Flowchart -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 32
 CHAPTER 1

THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND

Introduction

A wet cell battery contains liquid electrolytes that can generate gasses, which

require venting and must be kept safe to avoid leakage (Muelaner, 2021). Car batteries

are one of the most common examples of wet-cell batteries (BOBBY, 2014). Lead-acid

batteries are another type of wet cell that can produce steady voltage. There are two types

of batteries, being primary and secondary batteries (Partington, 2022). Primary batteries

are non-rechargeable type batteries where electricity-producing chemical reactions cannot

be reversed. Once it is fully drained, it cannot be charged again. At the same time,

secondary batteries are rechargeable type batteries where the chemical reaction can be

reversed, so the battery can be charged several times (BOBBY, 2014).

On that account, this study used green cabbage (Brassica oleracea var capitata)

waste and powdered eggshells as alternative major components in making a wet cell

battery; This project produced an alternative to what people normally use as electrolytes,

such as sulfuric acid, lead acid, etc. This goes over the process and various

methodologies that the researchers have in mind for this project. Eggshells have been

found to contain high amounts of calcium carbonate (95%); therefore by powdering and

liquefying the eggshells, we can use the high calcium carbonate it contains to serve as an

electrolyte. This chemical compound is considered a very strong electrolyte, it would

help produce electricity for the wet cell battery. Cabbages or Brassica Oleracea also used

in this study, because they have been found to contain high amounts of electrolytes, of

course, other materials were also used such as old and emptied wet-cell battery to
properly use the energy created from the battery. Liquefaction is an effective method to

convert straws into liquid products, which are intermediates for producing fuels and

chemicals. Based on the purpose and the process, liquefaction can be classified into

hydrothermal and solvolytic (Li & Sun, 2010). Biomass liquefaction to bioethanol is an

attractive area of utilization of raw materials from agriculture and forestry. Being a part

of the continent rich in agricultural wastes, some areas of Eastern Europe could promote

programs for the complex utilization of renewable biomass resources by liquefaction to

produce fuel ethanol and chemical feedstocks (Vlaev et al., 1996). In this process,

unsorted commingled PCW is subjected to high shear and pressure in the solid state. By

rapidly removing frictional heat, the polymer mix is transformed into uniform powder of

controlled variable particle size suitable for processing all conventional fabrication

techniques (Arnold, 2004). Granulation is an important class of production processes in

the food, chemical, and pharmaceutical industries. It is used to produce granules from

liquid products, e.g. solutions or suspensions. More and more frequently, granulation is

combined with fluidized bed technology (Dosta et al., 2013). The process dynamics are

typically very complex involving different types of micro-processes (Alaathar et al.,

2013).

There has been a high demand for fast and sustainable energy in the Philippines

over recent years. Over 759 million people who do not have access to electricity are

expected to have the highest demand in the coming years where developing countries are

most affected (Tarife et al., 2022). The decisions for sustainable energy have to go within

the factors of having a good energy mix in terms of renewable and non-renewable

resources. In 2016, the Department of Energy said that roughly 76% of the Philippines'
sources of energy came from fossil fuels and the remaining percent was attributed to

renewables (Quitoras et al., 2018) The transition towards sustainable energy systems is

given the utmost importance to avert global consequences of climate change. Direct and

indirect electrification across all sectors may result in an efficiency gain of more than

50% in 2050 (Alcanzare et al., 2019).

Climate change has become a global threat due to the increase in carbon dioxide

emissions in our environment. The problem is widely recognized that the urgent

reduction of emissions has been paving the way for various sectors to avoid the worst

impacts of climate change (Ritchie et al., 2020). The burning of fossil fuels for energy

production and power generation is the leading cause of air pollution and greenhouse

effects. This gave rise to problems such as climate change and global warming that

affected the standard lives of human beings (Jeffry et al., 2021). The use of cabbage

wastes and eggshells may develop a potential energy source providing a potential

alternative solution due to green cabbages containing several electrolytes that can be used

as a chemical source of electricity. Researchers have found that white eggshells can be

used to make electrodes for lithium-ion capacitors. The eggshells turn black when the

protein fibers transform into coal resulting in the conduction of electricity (Minakshi et

al., 2018). This can be used as a potential alternative component to a wet cell battery to

test the voltage capacity of cabbage wastes and white eggshells.

Statement of the Problem

Power generators are expensive and difficult to obtain by normal people. This

study identifies the electrolyte count of cabbage and eggshell and their potential to create

electricity. Due to the wastes of eggshells and cabbages accumulating and being disposed

of away, they are one of the most abundant solid wastes being produced globally, they are

very commonly found anywhere like households, and markets, this study find a method

to utilize the electrolytes found in the materials in question as another way of recycling

wastes into much more useful products.

Specifically, it attempts to answer the following research questions:

1. What is the voltage produced in a wet-cell battery made in varying ratios (75:25)

(65:35) of cabbages and eggshells?

2. Is there a significant difference between the varying ratios (75:25) (65:35) of

cabbages and eggshells and voltage produced?

Hypothesis

The following hypothesis was tested to either accept or reject the proposed study

of cabbage waste and powdered eggshells as an alternative major component in making

wet-cell batteries.

Ha: There is a significant difference between the effects made in varying ratios (75:25)

(65:35) of cabbages and eggshells and voltage produced.

Conceptual Framework

The conceptual framework of our study shows our inputs, Brassica oleracea var

capitata, and powdered eggshells as the main components. Climate change is getting

worse, food production, transportation, and handling of food generate significant Carbon

Dioxide (CO2) emissions and when food ends up in landfills, it generates methane, an

even more potent greenhouse gas (Buzby, 2022). Due to high production, lots of

cabbages are produced. This study used powdered eggshells and cabbage wastes as they

served as the electrolyte of the battery, the output is a wet-cell battery and used in a

variety of applications.

Figure 1. Research Paradigm

Scope and Delimitations

The main focus of this study is to determine if Cabbage (Brassica oleracea var

capitata) waste and powdered chicken eggshells have a major impact as an alternative

major component in a wet-cell battery. The study mainly identifies the effect of Brassica

oleracea var capitata and powdered eggshells as an alternative source of energy. It also

assesses the amount of voltage the wet cell battery can produce as well as the different

factors affecting its voltage output. This is only limited to green cabbages and white

powdered eggshells only. The cabbages are collected from wet markets in Biñan, Laguna.

The wet-cell batteries are reused and disinfected and the mixtures inside are disposed

properly by the help of the professionals. The time duration of the experimentation

process is only limited to A.Y. 2022-2023.

Significance of the Study

The proposed study helped to reduce cabbage and eggshell waste which are

beneficial in making alternative power sources like wet-cell batteries. The results and

findings from this study serve a great contribution and benefit to the following persons or

organizations:

Community. The general public may use our research data to make their wet cell

batteries from recycled organic materials.

Battery Manufacturers. This study helps them create more efficient and low-cost

products that benefit them and their customers as well if proven to produce the standard

voltage of a wet-cell battery.

 Department of Science and Technology. Contributes a new proposal to research

that serves as a piece of new information about the other uses of Brassica oleracea var

capitata and powdered eggshells.

Department of Agriculture. Another method for recycling agricultural wastes,

specifically Brassica oleracea and Powdered Eggshells, can also contribute to the

Department’s general publicity.

Future Researchers. Researchers may use our study as their reference and might

provide additional information for their respective research studies as well.

Definition of Terms

For better comprehension and clarification of the terms used in this study, the

following were operationally and conceptually defined:

Brassica oleracea var capitata. The scientific name of green cabbage that would

serve as the electrolytes along the powdered eggshells, to power our wet cell battery.

Chicken Eggshells. These are the outer covering of a hard-shelled egg (U.S.

Department of Agriculture, 2022). In this study, this was used as an alternative major

component for wet the cell battery.

Wet-cell battery. A wet cell battery is essentially just a rechargeable battery, it

commonly uses corrosive liquid such as sulfuric acid as electrolytes, hence the name

(Greater St. Albert Catholic Schools, 2020). In this study, the product is created with the

use of electrolytes from Brassica Oleracea and powdered eggshells to power small

devices and such.

 Calcium carbonate. It is a chemical compound found in rocks and minerals;

namely being the 95% of calcium carbonate found in eggshells (G. Butcher & R. Miles,

2021). For this research, it served as an electrolyte for the wet cell battery due to it being

considered a very good one and very common.

Electrolytes. Minerals that can carry electric charge can be found inside some

vegetables, like cabbages (Ritcher et al., 2020). For this study, it acts as the medium for

charge-balancing positive ions that can flow through a wet cell battery, so that it can

process the correct reaction to use the energy into usable electricity.

Granulation. Granulation is a process of forming granules or small aggregates of a

material by combining and shaping individual particles or small groups of particles

together (Choudhary, 2017). In this research, this was the method used for powdering

white eggshells.

Liquefaction. The process of becoming a liquid or of making something a liquid

(Helmenstine, 2020). In this study, a liquefaction method is used in cabbage to have it

liquefied and used as an electrolyte component in the wet cell battery.

Multimeter. An instrument used for measuring multiple electrical properties like

voltage output, resistance, and current (Kuphaldt, 2023). This was used in the study for

measuring and testing the voltage produced by the wet-cell battery.

Voltage Output. This is the voltage released by a device to determine its battery life

and capacity for greater work (University of Calgary, 2018). In this study, it was a

variable that is considered in comparing the wet cell battery made of eggshells and

cabbages to its controlled state.

 CHAPTER 2

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES

This chapter presented the related literature and studies to the readers, found in

both local and foreign sources. This presented the information, data, and knowledge

about the study conducted in this chapter. This chapter gave the readers deeper

information and knowledge about the study conducted. This chapter also has the effects,

background, characteristics, and properties of Green Cabbages (Brassica oleracea var

capitata) and Powdered Eggshells. This was divided into many different topics. Each

section discussed the study's different variables and concepts. This chapter includes ideas,

generalizations or conclusions, methodologies, and others. Those that were included in

this chapter help in familiarizing those that are relevant and similar to the present study.

Cabbage Characteristics

Under Business Diary Ph(BAS), Locals refer to cabbage as "repolyo" and

cultivate it for its firm, compact, round to flat heads. It is a member of a collection of

developed B species variants. cole crops, an oleracea. It is the native crucifer that is most

extensively cultivated. In the highlands, cabbage is one of the most commercially

significant vegetable crops. In the nation, 8,502 hectares of land were used to cultivate

cabbage, and 123, 443 metric tons of the crop were harvested in 2007. A total of 5,526

hectares of cabbage were planted in the Cordillera Administrative Region, and 99,957

metric tons were harvested in 2007. One of the most important vegetable crops

worldwide and one of the main cash crops for vegetable growers in the Cordillera is

cabbage. Minerals are abundant in cabbage, particularly sulfur compounds and

magnesium. It restores vitality and fitness and is occasionally used to address mineral

shortages. Additionally, it works well to reduce anxiety and encourage rest and sleep. It

has been advocated as a natural remedy for mineral deficiencies, hyperthyroidism,

headaches, migraines, arthritis, varicose ulcers, and constipation. Beta-carotene, vitamin

C, and fiber can all be found in good amounts in it. It is a cruciferous vegetable and

research has shown that it can lower the risk of several cancers, particularly colon cancer.

This may be because of the glucosinolates in cole crops, which operate as metabolic

detoxification, or because of the presence of sulforaphane, which has similar metabolic

anti-carcinogenic properties.

Anthocyanins, shown to possess anti-carcinogenic qualities in other vegetables,

are also present in purple cabbage. Indole-3-carbinol, a compound that promotes DNA

repair in cells and seems to inhibit the formation of cancer cells, is present in cabbage and

other cole crops. According to research, these veggies' anti-carcinogenic qualities are

diminished when they are boiled (De Leon et al., 2022). According to UCLA Health

(2022), cabbage contains 92% of water.

Cabbage Production in the Philippines

Brassica oleracea more commonly known as Cabbage, is an available

all-year-round vegetable, meaning it doesn't have a specific season, so we can easily

obtain the necessary amounts of vegetables for this research study. According to Statista

(2020) the production of cabbages in the Philippines will reach 129.8 thousand metric

tons, however by 2021 the volume of cabbage produced in the Philippines was

approximately 124.5 thousand metric tons, reflecting a slight decrease from the previous
year. As reported by the Philippines Statistics Authority, in the third quarter of 2022,

cabbage production increased to 12.48 thousand metric tons, or by 1.2%, from 12.34

thousand metric tons output in the same quarter of the year 2021. CAR (Cordillera

Administrative Region), had the highest record of production with 7.14 thousand metric

tons, having 57.2% total cabbage production this quarter. The following regions are

Central Visayas, with a 14.0% share, and Northern Mindanao with a 13.0% share.

Bukidnon in Northern Mindanao and Davao del Sur in Southern Mindanao are the

top two cabbage producers in the southern Philippines. Farmers' revenues are diminishing

as a result of falling agricultural production prices and rising production costs. This

research examined farmers' profitability, technical effectiveness, and productivity in

various regions. The three participants in the chain that are taken into consideration,

wholesalers, and farmers, both earn the largest net margins.

The two major classes of cabbage—"good" or "reject"—have the most effects on

the farmers' net earnings, with the former producing massive profit. About 20% of

Bukidnon farmers' entire production and 15% of Davao del Sur farmers' total output is

made up of rejects. This inadequate food is linked to inadequate post-harvest and

post-production training, bad road conditions, and inadequate storage facilities. Farmers'

wages might increase by 22,026 pesos each crop season with training. Farmers that are

considered to be productive tend to be older and have more education. The main

determinant for expanding the land area. In contrast, productive farms are those that are

at least one hectare in size, have older and more seasoned farmers, and are found in

Kapatagan, Davao del Sur. While land area, the cost of good categorization of cabbage,

and overall yield all contribute favorably to farm profit, the number of seeds and total
cost have a negative impact. It requires a supportive environment, such as education and

facilities.

The factors of age, education, as well as experience also reflect that it takes time.

Last but not least, expanding a farmer's production, efficiency, and farm profit

necessitates more land resources (Sarmiento et al., 2018).

Benefits of Cabbages in the Environment

Ever since the rise of the use of electronics in our daily lives, lithium ion batteries

have been in high demand, cabbages among many other plants can absorb lithium, this is

very beneficial to our environment, especially when this alternative of collecting

important chemicals is much more environmental friendly as opposed to other means

such as mining. Cabbage among many other plants can be used to amp up the absorption

of lithium, the process has been explored by scientists as a much more

environmentally-friendly process, the process is known as phytomining where it could

also be used to extract lithium from places less ideal for traditional mining. (Johnson,

2020)

Ionic Conductivity of Eggshells

Poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO)-based polymer electrolytes are extensively

investigated, and they have rapidly developed in all-solid-state batteries (ASSBs) over

recent years for their good interface contact with electrodes, easy shaping, and decent

flexibility. However, their low ionic conductivity remains a serious issue to be solved

urgently. Researchers have found that the addition of fillers can improve ionic
conductivity by creating more amorphous regions conducive to ion transport in PEO.

Here, we adopted waste eggshell as a precursor to prepare a sub-micron filler, which is

mainly CaO (Carbon oxide is a dielectric material, It is a white, caustic, alkaline solid at

room temperature, also more commonly known as quicklime), and it was added into the

PEO electrolyte to get a composite polymer electrolyte. Close contact via Lewis

base-acid interaction between CaO and PEO can be obtained, as CaO is an effective filler

with strong alkalinity.

To our knowledge, this is the first time it has been applied to the PEO electrolyte.

The filler significantly decreases the crystallinity of PEO, and hence, boosted ionic

conductivity of the composite polymer electrolyte is observed, which is about 4.5 times

higher than that of the polymer reference electrolyte. It additionally brings a higher

tensile strength along with a more stable electrochemical window (up to 5 V) to the

composite electrolyte. Therefore, as expected, the all-solid-state Li/Na battery with this

composite electrolyte exhibits long cycling life and excellent rate performances. The

corresponding Li/LiFeO4 battery has a stable capacity of 142.8 mA h g−1 at 1C after 200

cycles, and the corresponding solid-state Na/Na3V2(PO4)3 battery gives a reversible

capacity of 101.2 mA h g−1 at 0.5C after 100 cycles (Xuet et al., 2021).

Egg Production in the Philippines

According to the most recent Philippine Statistics Authority (PSA) data, the

country's total chicken egg production from April to June 2021 was estimated to be

167,930 metric tonnes (MT). This was a 13.1% increase over the previous year's

same-quarter output of 148,450 metric tonnes (MT). CALABARZON was the top
producer of chicken eggs during the quarter, with 56,110 MT produced, followed by

Central Luzon with 33,730 MT and Central Visayas with 16,490 MT, accounting for 63.3

percent of the country's total chicken egg production.

13 regions saw an increase in production during the quarter when compared to the

same quarter in 2020. The MIMAROPA Region had the highest annual growth rate of

33.6 percent, from 1,730 MT in the second quarter of 2020 to 2,310 MT this quarter of

2021. From January to June, the country’s egg production went up by 8 percent to a

record level of 320,000 MT. The inventory of chicken laying flocks was estimated to be

60.64 million birds in July. This represents a 6.4 percent increase from the previous year's

total of 57.00 million birds. Native/improved chicken and layer chicken populations

increased by 1.3 percent and 9.8 percent, respectively. The total laying flock consisted of

38.0 percent native/improved chickens and 62.0 percent layer chickens. CALABARZON

had the most chicken laying flock population with 13.83 million birds, followed by

Central Luzon with 10.78 million birds and Northern Mindanao with 5.88 million birds.

These three regions' combined population accounted for 50.3 percent of the country's

chicken-laying flock. To add to that, an increasing amount of hog and broiler raisers have

shifted to layer poultry farming or chicken egg production amid the pandemic, pushing

the country’s supply of eggs high over the last few weeks of 2020 (Miraflor, 2021).

Agricultural Waste in the Philippines

With a land area of 30 million hectares, or 47% of its total area, the Philippines is

primarily an agricultural nation. 13 million hectares are allotted to crops, including

non-food crops, food grains, and food crops. Major sources of agricultural waste in the
Philippines are corn, coconut, rice, Crop residues, weeds, leaf litter, sawdust, forest trash,

and livestock manure are all examples of agricultural wastes. According to estimates, the

Philippines produces 16 million tons of leftovers annually from the rice, coconut, palm

oil, sugar, and wood industries. Nationwide, about 40 to 80 percent of the solid wastes

generated are collected while in Metro Manila it is 85 percent. During harvest, 7.5% of

the whole output is lost as waste, and during marketing, another 20 to 50% is lost. Price,

market, and harvesting are farmers' three key concerns.

Due to the pandemic, vegetable waste is getting higher. According to GMA News

(2020), Farmers in Buguias, Benguet, threw away more than a ton of Pechay Baguio on

Monday as a result of poor sales in the wake of the coronavirus epidemic 2019

(COVID-19). Only 600 of the 2,000 kg of Pechay Baguio that the farmers attempted to

sell in La Trinidad were purchased for P3 per kilogram. Thus, the farmers requested that

the federal government purchase their produce. The report claims that because of low

demand and slower processing inside the trading post due to social distance rules, most

stopped vehicles had not sold anything.

According to John Cleary, co-author of the Institute of Technology Carlow

research and lecturer in chemical and analytical science at the institution, even though

cabbage, rapeseed, and sunflower can collect lithium in considerable numbers, employing

them as a technique of extraction isn't currently practical. According to Cleary, the plants

would need a lot of time to develop and accumulate lithium, and the effects of the

weather and other variables would make this process unpredictable.

Although, there are ways to increase the capacity of plants to absorb lithium. The

research team led by Cleary discovered that adding specific compounds to the soil can
encourage plants to take up more of the desired element. Phytomining could be used in

conjunction with current lithium extraction techniques to increase their effectiveness,

even if it never becomes cost-competitive with them. In addition, argues that if land

managers are going to establish a new forest in a location where the soil contains a lot of

lithium, they may also plant cabbage there, consuming the lithium for later use so long as

the tree canopy doesn't block their sun (Johnson, 2020).

Wet Cell Battery

According to the University Library of Illinois (2022) Wet-cell batteries contain

liquid electrolytes that produce the batteries' power; It is commonly used to power

automobiles, boats, or motorcycles. Due to this reason, 99 million wet-cell batteries made

of lead acid are manufactured each year. The production technology for automotive

lithium-ion battery (LIB) cells and packs has improved considerably in the past five

years. However, the transfer of developments in materials, cell design, and processes

from the lab scale to the production scale remains a challenge due to a large number of

consecutive process steps and the significant impact of material properties, electrode

compositions, and cell designs on processes. This requires an in-depth understanding of

the individual production processes and their interactions, and pilot-scale investigations

into process parameter selection and prototype cell production. Furthermore, process

concepts must be developed at the lab and pilot scale to minimize production costs and

increase cell performance. Here, we present an introductory summary of state-of-the-art

production technologies for automotive LIBs. We then analyze the key linkages between

process, quality, and performance, as well as explore the impact of materials and
processes on scale and cost. Finally, future developments and innovations that aim to

overcome the main challenges are presented (Kwade et al., 2018).

The batteries are effective means of storing energy and contribute to the stability

of electrical networks. Wet cell batteries are effectively used in industrial, automotive,

and utility energy applications storage. The lower charge acceptance rate of wet cell

batteries, which increases the amount of time it takes to recharge the battery, is one of its

main drawbacks. Batteries use grids to give structural support for the active substance,

acting as both a current collector and distributor during recharging (Hussain, 2020).

Electrolytes

These are minerals that are present in variable concentrations in all biological

fluids. They are essential for the maintenance of body fluid balance and in the function of

all cells, tissues, and organs. The concentration of specific electrolyte ions and the

gradients that they establish control the flow of nutrients and fluids between cells and

body compartments. (Weinberger, 2018). Electrolyte additive is a cutting-edge energy

storage technique that has seen extensive use in the battery industry. Significantly,

electrolyte additives can handle several important problems for affordable and highly safe

aqueous zinc-ion batteries, including electrolyte breakdown, anode dendrites, and cathode

dissolution. The absence of systematic discussion on the characteristics and operational

mechanisms of electrolyte additives, however, emphasizes the necessity of a timely study

from an academic standpoint in this area. An extensive introduction to frequently used

zinc-ion electrolyte additions is presented in this article. The disciplines and the effects of

electrolyte additives on the electrolyte aspect, anode side, and cathode side have been
extensively discussed and analyzed. We have also emphasized the problems and

identified the most promising solutions for each electrolyte, anode, and cathode issue due

to the absence of systematic study in these areas. The potential future directions and

prospects for the electrolytes and additives in aqueous zinc-ion batteries are discussed in

the concluding section (Guo et al., 2021). This chapter deals with the major electrolytes

contained in both variables and how they shall power the subject at hand, which is the

wet cell battery.

Battery

A battery is a device that converts chemical energy directly into electrical energy.

Every battery has a cathode, positive plate, and an anode, negative plate where these two

electrodes are separated and are often immersed in an electrolyte that permits the passage

of ions between the anode and cathode (Schumm, N.D.).

On the battery's negative end, electrons gather. The electrons go as swiftly as

possible from the negative to the positive terminal if a wire is connected between them

(and wear out the battery very quickly—this also tends to be dangerous, especially with

large batteries, so it is not something you want to be doing). Typically, you use the wire

to attach a load of some kind to the battery. A light bulb, a motor, or an electrical circuit

like a radio could be the load. Chemical reactions that take place inside the cell provide

the energy for electrical batteries including the ordinary dry cell, the lead storage battery

found in autos and the straightforward wet cell.

An electrical conductor, such as a wire, helps the transfer. Aluminum ions, copper

metal, and hydrogen gas are formed due to the electrons' motion across the wire, which
generates an electrical current that can be used to power motors, light bulbs, and other

devices.

Lead-Acid Battery

According to Concordia University (2018), lead acid batteries are made up of a

number of individual cells, each of which has layers of lead alloy plates submerged in an

electrolyte solution that is normally composed of 65% distilled water and 35% sulfuric

acid. The ratio of electrolytes in car batteries or what we called wet-cell battery is

typically composed of 75% distilled water and 25% sulfuric acid (Laukkonen, 2021).

The battery cell and chamber were connected by a transparent rubber tube. The

electrolyte was then pumped through the rubber tube, from the chamber into the battery

cell using a micropump. The electrodes inside the battery cell were completely drowned

by the electrolyte. The total volume of electrolyte used for a single cell battery is 400 ml

with a flow rate at 9 ml/minute.

Cycle Life of Batteries

The time limitation of batteries due to chemical side reactions typically occurs

inside the battery. The cycle of life determines the number of charge and discharge cycles

a battery performs. This is mostly done before the battery fails a specific criteria of

performance. A battery’s cycle of life can be affected by its battery temperature, its

conditions and its charge and discharge strategy (Pen, 2019).

For Li-ion batteries, it is significantly affected by the depth of discharge where it

is relevant to the cycle life of a typical Li-ion cell (Qadrdan and Wu, 2019). The state of
charge (SoC) influences the factors of the cycle life. Considered as the depth of SoC

during the cycles and the depth of discharge when starting with a fully-charged battery.

The service life of a galvanic cell or a supercapacitor is the cycle life if the application

consists of the discharge, charge cycles, and rest periods. A capacity loss by 20% is often

used as the end of line criterion in cyclic operations (Wenzl, 2019).

Electrical Sale Consumption in the Philippines

The Philippines is faced with struggles and problems when it comes to reliable

and good-quality electricity. Although there is access to electricity in certain parts of the

country, countless households still suffer from poor quality connection brought about by

incidents of power outages, fluctuations, and low voltage (Pepino et al., 2020).

According to the Department of Energy(DOE),It was recorded that the total

electricity sales and consumption of the Philippines in 2018 is at 99,765 GWh which is

equivalent to a 5.7% growth compared to 2017. Private Investor Owned Utilities (PIOUs)

contributed 56,036 GWh or 56.2% while Electric Cooperatives’ contributions has 21,486

GWh, or 21.5%. Non-utilities and Other Services were 4,318 GWh (4.33%) and 2,203

GWh (2.21%), respectively. Total sales accounted for 84,043 GWh, corresponding to

84.2% share of total consumption. Despite the rise in inflation from 2.7% in 2017 to

5.2% in November 2018, the Philippines' electricity sales continue to manifest resiliency.

Electricity sales and consumption eased to 5.7%. Meanwhile, the industrial sector

contributed 27.1% of total consumption. Electricity sales in the residential sector posted a

growth of 5.5%.
 In 2019, It was recorded that the country’s total peak demand for energy is at

15,581 MW, which is 799 MW or 5.4% higher than 14,782 MW laste recorded in the

year, 2018. The Luzon grid contributed 11,344 MW or 72.8% of the total peak demand

for energy. Meanwhile, Visayas and Mindanao contributed a share of 14.3% or 2,224

MW and 12.9% which is at 2,013 MW implying to the increase of 468 MW or 4.3% of

the country’s total peak demand for energy while Visayas and Mindanao grew by 8.3%

and 8.6%. The Philippines' Gross Domestic Product (GDP) increased by 5.9% during the

entire year of 2019, which was considered as the slowest growth rate in eight years and

0.3% less than the GDP of the previous year. However, the GDP increased by 6.4% in the

fourth quarter of 2019, but it was still insufficient to reach the 6.0% to 6.5% range, the

goal of economic growth.

According to historical data, the Philippines' rising economy or positive GDP

growth rate was directly correlated with an increase in power consumption. Because of

this, an ongoing rise in the GDP also meant an ongoing increase in the need for

electricity. Only the industrial sector experienced a decline in annual growth rate, from

7.9% in 2018 to just 2.2% in 2019. The administration's 2019 budget's delayed approval

and the 45-day suspension of public works due to the 2019 National and Local Elections

on May 13th, 2019 are two factors that contributed to the fall in public construction at the

beginning of 2019.

In 2020, It was recorded that the country’s total peak demand for energy is at

15,282 MW, or 299 MW which is -1.9% lower than the peak demand in 2019 as a

consequence of the COVID-19 pandemic causing a decline in demand during this year

resulting into the country experiencing different levels of community quarantine that
began on March 15, 2020. The announcement of the community quarantine caused huge

economic losses in several businesses and commercial establishments. A slowdown in the

operations of the commercial and industrial sectors was observed. The Philippine

Government declared Travel restrictions that caused further decrease in the expected

demand growth in the Philippines.

Energy Distributor Companies in the Philippines

Energy is carried in distribution networks through the use of wires either on poles

or underground in many urban areas (Climate Vulnerability, 2018). It acts as an

intermediate between distribution substations and consumers (Kumar, 2021). One of the

major companies distributing electricity to consumers is the Manila Electric Company

(MERALCO).

Meralco (Manila Electric Company) serves as one of the Philippines' major

electricity distributors in the NCR (National Capital Region) and has been serving and

providing electricity in the Philippines to 25% of the country’s cities and 75 of its

municipalities for 119 years. It was founded in 1903. MERALCO’s mission is to provide

world-class electric service that highlights the attributes that affect the company’s growth

and development which are the excellence of its customer service, good performance,

accountability, employees, investment, and integrity (Ong et al., 2022).

Power Generators

A generator is a device used in the production of electricity that transforms

motive power, which is mechanical energy, or fuel-based power, which is chemical

energy, into electric power for use in an external circuit. Steam turbines, gas turbines,

water turbines, internal combustion engines, wind turbines, and even hand cranks are

examples of mechanical energy generators. British physicist Michael Faraday invented

the Faraday disk, the first electromagnetic generator, in 1831. Electric power grids are

powered almost entirely by generators. Any device that transforms mechanical energy

into electricity for transmission and distribution via power lines to residential,

commercial, and industrial users is known as an electric generator, sometimes known as a

dynamo. Additionally, generators provide the electrical power needed for ships, trains,

autos, and other vessels.

In most cases, a spinning shaft provides the mechanical power for an electric

generator, which is determined by multiplying the shaft torque by the rotational, or

angular, velocity. There are many ways to generate mechanical power, including

hydraulic turbines at dams or waterfalls, wind turbines, steam turbines that use the heat

from the combustion of fossil fuels or nuclear fission to produce steam, gas turbines that

burn gas inside the turbine, and gasoline and diesel engines. Depending on the features of

the mechanical prime mover, the generator's design and speed may differ significantly

(Slemon, 2020).

Alternative Power Sources in the Philippines

Renewable energy in the Philippines includes geothermal, hydro, biomass, and

solar energy. The DOE has raised the percentage for renewable energy utilization for

on-grid areas from one percent to 2.52 percent as part of the government’s objective of

transitioning toward a sustainable and clean energy future (Mercurio, 2022). According to
the Department of Energy (DOE), renewable energy sources are the goal of the

Philippines' sustainable energy agenda. Due to the importance of challenges of climate

change, energy security, and the people’s access to electricity, it is an essential part of the

country’s development strategy towards low emission rates.

In 2010, the Philippines’ recorded a total primary energy supply of 40.7 million

tons of oil equivalent (MTOE). 23.4 million tons of oil equivalent was sourced locally,

which places the energy self-sufficiency level at 57.5%. However, renewable energy has

the highest share in the Philippines with 68.1% of the indigenous energy supply mix.

Biomass energy displayed 33.3%, geothermal energy provided 53.2%, and hydro energy

supplied 12.1% of the renewable energy supply mix.

60% of the nation's primary energy comes from fossil fuels, while 40% comes

from renewable sources. Oil accounts for a large portion of the entire energy supply mix,

which was at 31% in 2014. Recently, the nation's ability to produce basic energy has

declined.

In 2014, the percentage of renewable energy fell from 43% in 2012 to 40%. From

36.01 million tons of oil-equivalent (mtoe) and 22.36 mtoe, respectively, in 2006 to 47.5

mtoe and 28.57 mtoe in 2014, the total primary energy supply and final energy

consumption have grown]. Total imported energy climbed from 14.26 mtoe in 2006 to

20.86 mtoe in 2014, accounting for 44% of the primary energy supply mix. Imports

satiate around 75% of the demand for fossil fuels (Mondal et al., 2018).
Electrical Conductors

Electrical conductors either substance or material, allow electricity to flow

through them (Awati, N.D.). Traditional electrical conductors such as copper and silver

wires are used to run electrical currents in homes and buildings. Ionic conductors,

however, can power electricity via free-moving ions. It contains positive and negative

charges otherwise known as charged ions that move freely when it comes into contact

with voltage (Fantozzi, 2022). A material's electrical conductivity, or capacity to carry a

current, is a measure of how much electrical current it can carry. Specific conductance is

another name for electrical conductivity. A material's inherent attribute is conductivity

(Helmenstine, 2020).

Voltage

Alessandro Volta (1800), presented his findings on a constant voltage when an

electrolyte-soaked cardboard piece was positioned between two dissimilar metals more

than 200 years ago. Within a few months of Volta's revelation, William Nicholson and

Anthony Carlisle (1834), performed the first demonstration of water electrolysis,

sparking a century-long debate about the origin of voltaic electricity (contact vs.

chemical). A thorough examination of the literature reveals that practitioners at the time

faced challenges when trying to grasp the pile in depth. For instance, about a century

after the pile originally appeared, the concept of salt dissociating into charged ions and

the discovery of the electron were both made.

A detailed review of the literature reveals that the first heaps, which were made of

copper or silver for the cathode and zinc for the anode, worked by the reduction of certain
species at the cathode and the dissolution of zinc at the anode. The hydrogen evolution

reaction is a cathodic reaction that is frequently involved (HER). Here, it shows that the

oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) contributes to the cathodic half-reaction from pH 0 to

14, indicating that the mixed potential created by the HER/ORR and zinc oxidation is

what drives the voltaic pile's genuine mechanism. We conclude the essay with

recommendations for experimental alterations to encourage hands-on learning, even

though the major purpose of this study is to implicate dissolved oxygen (Clarke et al.,

2021).

Methodologies/Techniques

1.1 Liquefaction

One efficient way to turn straws into liquid products that could be used as

intermediates in the synthesis of chemicals and fuels is through liquefaction. Liquefaction

can be divided into hydrothermal liquefaction and solvolytic liquefaction depending on

the goal and process. The classic procedure of hydrothermal liquefaction primarily

produces bio-oil at high temperatures and high pressures. More and more people are

becoming aware of solvolytic liquefaction, which can occur at low and moderate

temperatures or even at air pressure. Solvolytic liquefaction byproducts can be used as

fuels, fuel additives, or to create polymer materials (Mathanker et al., 2021).

1.2 Granulation

Granulation, the method of particle expansion by agglomeration, is one of the

most important unit activities in the manufacture of pharmaceutical dosage forms, namely
tablets, and capsules. Fine powders are converted during the granulation process into

free-flowing, dust-free granules that are simple to compress.

Granulation is an important class of production processes in the food, chemical,

and pharmaceutical industries. It is used to produce granules from liquid products, e.g.

solutions or suspensions. More and more frequently, granulation is combined with

fluidized bed technology (Dosta et al., 2013). The process dynamics are typically very

complex involving different types of micro-processes (Alaathar et al., 2013).

Synthesis

This research contains insight into the processes, methods, characteristics, and

components of cabbages and eggshells. The aforementioned collection of both

international and domestic studies informs the advocates that their proposed study shares

commonalities with other commonly used systems. Considering that this research study

involves utilizing organic materials for the wet cell batteries to serve as electrolytes, the

researchers used articles about similar topics as references, such as wet cell batteries

utilizing spoiled kamias fruits as batteries to supply small devices from Bales, D., 2022,

the studies involving using lemons instead of cabbages from Mazumder, A., 2018, both

studies have proven to be successful with their supposed objectives (powering a small

device/s), however, all of them were only able to produce small amounts of electricity.

As for this study, as formerly stated, researchers use cabbages and eggshells as

electrolytes for the wet cell battery, the studies stated earlier did not apply any

granulation process for their materials as for Shanmugam, S., 2017. Other topics such as
research concerning the properties of both eggshells and cabbages were also used as

references for this study.

This study is similar to the referenced materials because, as stated earlier, this

study attempts to create a wet cell battery using organic materials. On the other hand, the

researchers tried different methods for their materials, to use as electrolytes for the wet

cell battery. As of Mazumder A., 2018, none of the studies have tried using two materials.

Also, none of the studies granulated their materials, Brassica oleracea var

capitata, and eggshells weren't processed the same way in any of the researchers'

reference materials, so this studyd out found if they could be used as an electrolyte for a

wet cell battery.

The studies and reviews of wet-cell batteries by Kwade, et. al. 2018, had

discussed the components and uses of wet-cell batteries that’ll be a great part of the

research study. Sarmiento et al., 2018, showed the cabbages availability in the Philippines

from the year 2020 to this year, 2022. With that, some characteristics that a cabbage has

that’ll greatly benefit the study from De Leon et al., 2022, gave information on what,

where, and how this vegetable can contribute to the researchers’ study. Aside from this,

production of eggs was introduced by the Philippine Statistics Authority(PSA) in 2021,

with the same study from Miraflor, 2021, reporting the production of eggs in 2020-2021.

The ionic conductivity of eggshells by Xuet et al., 2021, showed the development of

all-solid-state batteries over the past years and how it’s changing as time went by. If we

talk about the production of eggs and cabbages, as well as the agricultural wastes

reported by Cleary, J. and Johnson, 2020. Battery components and characteristics by

Schumm, from how the voltage evolved, was discovered and used by Clarke et al., 2021.
Power sources and generators by Slemon, 2020, Mecurio, 2022, and Mondal et al., 2018.

Electricity consumption reported by the Department of Energy, 2022, discussed the

production of electrical charges through the years particularly in the Philippines. Lastly,

the processes and methods applied by Alaathar et al., 2013, and Dosta et al., 2013.

Creating a wet-cell battery using vegetables is nothing new, however, this study

provides an alternative way to recycle wasted Brassica oleracea and eggshells, since both

materials are so easily available, and therefore easily wasted, this study is conducted to

turn them into a more beneficial product for our community. If proven to be successful,

the results of this research study greatly benefits the community as there are fewer wasted

cabbages and more ways of recycling Brassica oleracea var capitata and white eggshells

that are no longer used. Several studies have provided the capability of cabbages and

white eggshells to produce a small amount of voltage output. How it’ll help the

environment and the industry in a more sustainable and efficient way.

 CHAPTER 3

METHODOLOGY

This chapter presents the methodology of research applied by the researchers

while conducting the study which involves the research design, procedures, data

gathering techniques, and statistical data analysis.

Research Design

For this kind of research experiment, the appropriate experimental type of

research design is the Quasi-Experimental Design, as suggested and further proven by the

study: “Fabrication of Microbial Fuel Cell using Diesel Exhaust Residue (DER) and

Spirulina (Arthrospira Platensis) as Biocatalyst for Voltage Production”, a similar

research studied by Bangloy et. al. in 2019. Furthermore, the Quasi-Experimental Design

is a study strategy with the objective of evaluating an intervention without the use of

randomization. Its goal is to show that an intervention causes an effect.

The researchers applied this design to determine the effects of the experimentation

implemented on the wet cell batteries. Researchers decided that using this design is the

most appropriate due to quasi-experimental research design's strategy to not randomly

assign individuals, but instead the manipulation of Brassica oleracea var capitata and

white powdered eggshells (calcium carbonate) as our independent variables is

implemented.
Procedures

I. Collection and rinsing of cabbage leaf and white eggshells

The researchers first collected cabbage waste, particularly in the Biñan Market.

Then, sort out the parts that are going to be used and rinse the cabbage with water to

remove excess soil or specks of dirt that may affect the result of the experiment. After

that is the collection of white eggshells, white eggshells can be easily found in

households, bakeries, and other shops that often use eggs as an ingredient. Next, rinse the

eggshells to remove the egg residue that may also be after the result of the experiment.

After rinsing, both cabbage and eggshell need to be air-dry.

II. Measuring the cabbage leaf and eggshell

A total of approximately 4.8 liters (2.4 liters per set) mixture electrolytes made

from cabbage juice and powdered eggshell were used in the two sets. The first set which

is 65:35 ratio was composed of 1560 ml of cabbage juice and 840g of powdered eggshell

and the second set which is 75:25 ratio was composed of 1800 ml of cabbage juice and

600g of powdered eggshell. The total amount of cabbage is 3650g, the ratio of 65:35

consists of 1695g of cabbage and the ratio of 75:25 consists of 1955 of cabbage.

III. Preparation of Materials and Equipment

The researchers prepared other materials and equipment needed for the

experiment. Old wet-cell batteries and a multimeter, the researchers seeks

professional’s help to calibrate the multimeter for the purpose of measuring the

voltage output of the battery.

 IV. Removal of liquid electrolytes from old wet-cell batteries

The researchers drained and emptied the liquid electrolyte from old

wet-cell batteries. According to Dragonfly Energy (2022), it is to avoid and

eliminate the risk of leaking and eliminate flammability during experimentation

proper because old wet-cell batteries usually consist of sulfuric acid.

V. Liquefaction of cabbage waste

The cabbage is cut into small pieces to fit inside the blender, then adding an equal

amount of distilled water to blend with the cabbage well, and then blend the cabbage to

allow it to release its juices. The blended material is then to be strained using a

cheesecloth to remove the solid particles and squeeze out the juice.

VI. Removal of membrane, boiling, and granulation of white eggshells

The researchers remove the membrane of the eggshell to avoid the attraction of

pests and bad odor. Then, boil the eggshell for 15 minutes to kill bacteria contained in

eggshells that may cause contamination. Lastly, the eggshells are left to air-dry in a

controlled place before granulation. Once dried, it becomes fine powder using a blender.

VII. Combination of liquefied cabbage and powdered eggshell in different ratios

After the liquefaction process of the cabbage and the granulation process of the

white eggshell, both components are combined to achieve the required mixture to be

alternative electrolytes of the wet-cell battery. The first group contains a ratio of 75%

cabbage and 25% eggshells. The second group consists of 65% cabbage and 35% of

eggshells.
VIII. Wet-cell battery assembly

After the collection and preparation of materials that are needed for the

experiment, the researchers use an old wet-cell battery from the auto shop , the

researchers use a standard size wet cell motor battery to serve as the container for the

electrolytes the cabbage and eggshells produce. First, put the mixture of electrolytes

inside the container. Then, attach the anode and cathode that is connected to the

multimeter. Record the voltage of the battery made in different ratios.

Materials and Equipment

The researchers came up with the setup of the materials needed for the first ratio,

which would be 65% of juiced cabbages and 35% powdered eggshells. In the second set,

75% of the juiced cabbages and 25% were powdered eggshells. The unused and waste

cabbages (Brassica oleracea var capitata) used in the experiment are liquified using a

blender. After the dirt is removed from the cabbages using distilled water, the same

process applies to the eggshells. Tweezers are used for removing the eggshells’

membrane after soaking it overnight with tap water.

A blender is applied for the liquefaction process of the cabbages. As for the

eggshells, after boiling them for 15 minutes, and air-drying them, a mortar and pestle is

assigned for the granulation process. To secure very fine and powdered eggshells the

researchers also used a blender. To maintain the freshness of the powdered eggshells, the

produced powder is placed in a clean non-metallic container.

For liquefaction of cabbages, they used a knife to chop the vegetables then a

blender for juicing the cabbages. The researchers then put the juiced cabbage in a
cheesecloth for filtering the cabbage juice and straining the small fibers of the cabbage to

separate the juice and fibers. For the container in which they’ll utilize and place the

mixtures. The researchers planned to use a 12V lead acid battery; the leftover lead acid

inside the wet cell battery is required to be properly disposed of and cleaned to prevent

interference to the overall data that is collected during the experimentation.

Flowchart

Figure 2. Research Paradigm

Data Gathering Technique

The study used a multimeter or a multitester, also known as a volt/ohm meter or

VOM. A multimeter is an electronic measuring instrument that measures voltage or

electrical output along with resistance.

After completing, building, or constructing the wet-cell battery, the voltage output

is tested using the multimeter, to accomplish this, attach the two positive and negative

ends of the multimeter to the alligator clips that serve as the output of the electricity of

the wet-cell battery, researchers first run the test on the first set of ratio inside the wet-cell

battery, which would be the ratio 65:35, examine and observe how much voltage this

ratio produced, after the test they record the results and then begin the test on the second

set of ratio.

The ratio this time being 75:25, after recording the results of the second ratio, they

compare the two results and find out which of the two ratios can produce the most

voltage.

The researchers also observe the wet-cell batteries for a week and record the data

every other day to see the changes and differences from the initial measurements and the

factors that might actually affect the experiment.

Statistical Treatment or Statistical Data Analysis

1. Mean

This test is used to test the level of efficiency of eggshells and cabbages in

varying ratios in terms of voltage produced, the first with the ratio of 65:35, and the

second with the ratio of 75:25, replacing the electrolytes of the wet cell battery. Both
ratios are to be compared with the voltage emitted by the pre-experimented wet cell

battery, thus having to compare and measure the mean using its given formula.

2. Unpaired/Independent sample T-test for Unequal Variance

As this statistical tool is most often used to determine the significant relationship

between two variables, researchers utilized this tool to determine the level of significant

difference between the two unpaired variables in this study, that being the two ratios

65:35 and 75:25, in order to prove our hypothesis.

 CHAPTER 4

PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS, AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA

This chapter presents the gathered data, the results of the statistical analysis done,

and the interpretation of the findings. The data gathered are presented in tables with a

short discussion following the sequence of this research study regarding the use of juiced

Green Cabbages and Powdered Eggshells as a Major Component for Wet-Cell Batteries.

Table 1. Number of Voltage Produced between Green Cabbage (Brassica oleracea var.

capitata) Juice and Powdered Eggshells on different ratios (65:35, 75:25)

Ratios Trials

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Mean

65:35 0.20 0.14 0.12 0.15 0.19 0.21 0.23 0.18

75:25 1.23 1.26 1.20 1.09 1.05 1.03 1.10 1.14

Table 1 shows the average mean of the observations the researchers did for seven

days. It was shown that the 1st group, with a ratio of 65:35, on the first day produced a

0.20V, following that of 0.14V on the 2nd day, and is continuously increasing and

decreasing in the next five days. The 1st group has an average of 0.18V. Meanwhile, the

2nd group with a ratio of 75:25, 75% being the cabbage and 25% the eggshells, shows

data of increasing and decreasing as well. The table shows the effectiveness of the 75%

cabbage and 25% eggshells for a wet-cell battery producing an average of 1.14 voltage.
The 1st group started with a voltage of 0.20V on the first day, followed by 0.14V on the

2nd day. The voltage showed a pattern of fluctuation, increasing and decreasing over the

next five days. The average voltage for the 1st group was determined to be 0.18V.

Similarly, the 2nd group, consisting of 75% cabbage and 25% eggshells, exhibited a

similar trend of voltage variation over the seven-day period. The average voltage

produced by this group was calculated to be 1.14V. The findings indicate that both groups

experienced fluctuations in voltage production, suggesting that the effectiveness of the

wet-cell battery using cabbage and eggshells is influenced by the specific composition

ratios. However, it is important to note that other factors, not mentioned in the provided

information, could also impact the observed voltage fluctuations. Further analysis and

investigation may be necessary to understand the relationship between the

cabbage-to-eggshell ratio and the resulting voltage more comprehensively

Table 2. Green Cabbage (Brassica oleracea var. capitata) Leaf waste and

Powdered Eggshells with the Gathered Two Ratios (65:35, 75:25) in Unpaired t-test

x̅ ₁ 0.18

x̅ ₂ 1.14

n₁ 7

n₂ 7

S₁ 0.03023715784

S₂ 0.08451542547

(S ₁ ) ² 0.0009142857142
 (S ₂ ) ² 0.007142857142

t-value -28.29630455

crit t-value 1.782

Table 2. Unpaired t-Test for Unequal Variance

Table 2 presents the results of the Unpaired t-Test of unequal variance. 1st group

with a mean of 0.177143 or 0.18, 2nd group with a mean of 1.137143 or 1.14. This also

has 7 samples for both groups. As shown on the formula, the solving of t value also

requires the standard deviation of the two samples, which is 0.03023715784 and

0.08451542547. Together with these data, researchers computed the t-value which results

to -28.29630455. The critical value of t is now 1.782 based on the t-distribution table.

The unpaired t-test compares the two means of our two independent samples (65:35) and

(75:25) if there is a significant difference between the two. This test proves the significant

difference between the two groups. Based on the distribution table, and with the specified

significance level of 0.05, and the degrees of freedom being 12, the researchers then

confirmed that the critical t value of our samples to be 1.782. As the experiments

suggests a t test of -28.39630455, comparing our critical t value to the absolute value of

our resulting t value, we can therefore conclude that the t value is greater than the critical

t value of the sample thus proving a significant difference between the two ratios of 75:25

and 65:35 respectively of cabbages and eggshells.

CHAPTER 5

SUMMARY, CONCLUSION, AND RECOMMENDATIONS

 This chapter presents the summary of findings, generalizations, and the

researchers’ recommendations for future research in the selected area of study.

Summary of Findings

This following section outlines the results and findings obtained through the data

analysis and interpretation. This summarizes the investigated fluctuations and average

voltage of two distinct ratios, as well as its significant difference, further understanding

the topic under investigation.

The results show that the 1st group (65:35 ratio) and the 2nd group (75:25 ratio)

exhibited fluctuations in voltage over seven day; This suggests that the

cabbage-to-eggshell ratios influence the effectiveness of the wet-cell battery in voltage

production. Hence, the results produced by the 2nd group produced more voltage. To

determine the significant difference between the groups, unpaired t-test of unequal

variances is used. With the t-value being -28.39630455, greater than the t-crit value of

1.782, therefore, the researchers’ alternative hypothesis was accepted and the groups

showed significant differences in the ratios 65:35 and 75:25 of cabbages and eggshells.

Conclusion

The conducted research experimentation and the interpretation of the data using

the statistical treatment, the following conclusion was drawn:

1. Brassica olaecera var capitata and the powdered eggshells is proven to be

capable of producing electricity with the highest production being a 1.14 voltage

from the 75:25 cabbage and eggshell ratio, although unfortunately not to the

extent of which it can be practically used, as it can only produce small amounts of

electricity compared to the supply of a normal wet-cell batteries’ normal voltage,

which is 12.2-12.6 volts in the case of the size of battery used.

2. The test aimed to determine if there was a significant difference between the two

groups. The critical t-value was identified as 1.782 and t-value from the

experiment was -28.39630455. Comparing the absolute value of the resulting

t-value to the critical t-value, it was found that the t-value exceeded the critical

value, indicating a significant difference between the two ratios. Therefore, it can

be concluded that there is a statistically significant distinction between the 75:25

and 65:35 ratios of cabbages and eggshells.

Recommendations

On the basis of the study's ultimate finding, the researchers have offered the

following suggestions. These suggestions were provided to assist future researchers, as

well as different sectors that may benefit from this study, and they are also based on some

of the features of the study that should be improved:

1. The Department of Science and Technology should consider supporting further

research related to the field of sustainable energy, namely exploring

unconventional sources like wet cell batteries made from organic waste.

2. The community is recommended to use the cabbages and eggshells for small

electrical components if there are no longer any use for them, however it is much

more recommended to use them as fertilizers.

3. Department of agriculture can inform the general public as well to to recycle the

organic wastes for much better uses, though, it's still recommended to use the

materials as fertilizers, only use it as a battery in case there is no use for fertilizer

4. Future researchers are advised to look for engineers with a Calibration Technician

Certification first before going to DOST because other engineers provide a more

time- and cost-effective alternative than what DOST is now providing. (Please

keep in mind that the study was completed in May 2023 and that costs and

services may vary in the future.)

5. Future researchers are recommended to inquire about the multimeter's calibration

a month before the experiment is conducted, as the DOST recommends a

minimum calibration procedure that takes 2-3 weeks.

6. Further studies need to be conducted to identify if they can use different

methodologies to see if it is possible to also produce voltage and it is

recommended using advanced equipment like a grinder and juicer and a mixer

that completely synergize the mixture.

7. The researchers recommended that the used wet-cell batteries must discharge the

acid properly and really clean as it can be a factor that might affect the mixtures

put by the researchers.

8. It also recommends further conduct trials involving the ratios of mixtures in the

conducted experimentation.
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 Appendices
Appendix A: Documentation

Collection, Boiling, and Removal of Eggshells’ Membranes

Granulation of Eggshells
Collection and Cleaning of Cabbages

Liquefaction of Cabbages
Discharge of Liquid Electrolytes of Battery

Preparation for Different Ratios of Cabbages and Eggshells

Immersion of Granulated Eggshells and Juiced Cabbages
Testing and Measurement of Mixtures

Appendix B

Timetable

Mon Mont Mont Mont Month

Parts th 1 h 2 h 3 h 4 Month 5 6 Month 7 Month 8 Month 9
Collection of
Funds
Preparation

Gathering of
information
Data input
for Chapter 1
Data input
for Chapter 2
Data input
for Chapter 3
Gathering of
Variables
Data
gathering
Statistical
Treatment
Interpretation
of data
Data input
for Chapter 4
Data input
for Chapter 5

Researchers’ Curriculum Vitae

Republic of the Philippines
Department of Education
REGION IV - A CALABARZON
SCHOOLS DIVISION OFFICE OF SANTA ROSA CITY
SANTA ROSA SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY HIGH SCHOOL
 Personal Information

Name: Maiav Ysabella R. Gara

Age: 15
Birthday: November 23, 2007
Address: Block 16 lot 26 Grand Riverstone Village, Hudson Street, Dita Santa Rosa,
Laguna
Sex: Female
Contact Number: 09217153166
Email Address: yzabelle_gara@yahoo.com

Educational Background and Achievements

Elementary School: Chair of Saint Peter School(CSPS)

1. Grade 3
- Champion of Chair of Saint Peter School Singing Competition
- with Honors
2. Grade 5
- with Honors
- Participant/Competitor of Math Olympiad
3. Grade 6
- with Honors
- Choir and Performance Member of S.A.P's Performing Arts Club
- Secretary of Peterson Student Council
High School: Santa Rosa Science and Technology High School
1. Grade 7-9
- with Honors
2. Grade 10
- with Honors
Researchers’ Curriculum Vitae
Republic of the Philippines
Department of Education
REGION IV - A CALABARZON
SCHOOLS DIVISION OFFICE OF SANTA ROSA CITY
SANTA ROSA SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY HIGH SCHOOL
 Personal Information

Name: Keith Ayhen F. Magdalita

Age: 15
Birthday: October 20, 2007
Address: Blk 13 Lot 10 Sunflower Street Phase 3 Barangay Malusak Garden Villas 3 Santa
Rosa City of Laguna
Sex: Female
Contact Number: 09952268329
Email Address: keithayhenmagdalita@gmail.com

Educational Background and Achievements

Elementary School: Santa Rosa Elementary School Central 1

● Grade 3
- 3rd in Filipino Quiz Bee
- 5th Honor Student
● Grade 5:
- 3rd Honor Student
- 1st Place Sabayang Pagbigkas
● Grade 6:
- 1st Honor Student
- CHAMPION in BIGSAYAWIT

High School: Santa Rosa Science and Technology High School

● Grade 7
- With Honors
● Grade 8-10
- With High Honors

Researchers’ Curriculum Vitae

Republic of the Philippines
Department of Education
REGION IV - A CALABARZON
SCHOOLS DIVISION OFFICE OF SANTA ROSA CITY
 SANTA ROSA SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY HIGH SCHOOL

Personal Information

Name: Kaecie L. Manipol

Age: 16
Birthday: March 11, 2007
Address: 1288 Purok 5, Barangay Caingin Santa Rosa City of Laguna
Sex: Female
Contact Number: 09603758841
Email Address: kaeciemanipol11@gmail.com

Educational Background and Achievements

Elementary School: Santa Rosa Elementary School Central II
● Grade 4:
- 5th Honor Student
● Grade 5:
- 1st Honor Student
- 2nd Place Sabayang Pagbigkas
- 1st Place Filipino Essay Writing Contest
● Grade 6:
- With Honors
- Qualifier Sabayang Pagbigkas
High School: Santa Rosa Science and Technology High School
● Grade 7-8:
- With Honors
● Grade 9-10:
- With Honors
- Member/Volunteer of Red Cross Youth

Researchers’ Curriculum Vitae

Republic of the Philippines
Department of Education
REGION IV - A CALABARZON
SCHOOLS DIVISION OFFICE OF SANTA ROSA CITY
SANTA ROSA SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY HIGH SCHOOL
 BARANGAY MARKET AREA, SANTA ROSA, LAGUNA

Personal Information

Name: Leyna Rikka V. Rebong

Age: 16
Birthday: December 18, 2006
Address: Blk 47 Lot 10, 37th Street, Villa Caceres Subdivision, Barangay, Dila, Sta. Rosa
City of Laguna
Sex: Female
Contact Number: 09233652888
Email Address: leynarebong@gmail.com

Educational Background and Achievements

Elementary School: Chair of Saint Peter School

● Grade 5:
- With Honors
- BEST SCIENCE INVESTIGATORY PROJECT (2017-2018)
- 2nd place in Poster Making in relation to the celebration of Science Week
● Grade 6:
- With High Honors
High School: Santa Rosa Science and Technology High School
● Grade 7-8:
- With Honors
● Grade 9-10:
- With High Honors
● Grade 10:
- 1st Place Winner of MISS UN(United Nations)
- Member of INTERACT CLUB Publicity Commitee

Researchers’ Curriculum Vitae

Republic of the Philippines
Department of Education
REGION IV - A CALABARZON
SCHOOLS DIVISION OFFICE OF SANTA ROSA CITY
 SANTA ROSA SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY HIGH SCHOOL
BARANGAY MARKET AREA, SANTA ROSA, LAGUNA

Personal Information

Name: Carlo Jose Samonte

Age: 14

Birthday: September 16, 2008

Address: Sta. Rosa Laguna, Brgy. Dita, Grand Riverstone, blk 17 lot 14 Panama Street

Sex: Male

Contact Number: 0999680781

Email Address: carljsamonte@gmail.com

Educational Background and Achievements

Elementary School: Dita Elementary School

High School: Santa Rosa Science and Technology High School

● Grade 10-

- With Honors