ARATILES (Muntingia calabura Linn) FRUIT POWDER AS

POTENTIAL BIOCOAGULANT FOR WASTEWATER TREATMENT

PAULINE BEATRICE E. ROXAS

ALYSSA M. CAPAROS
MHEA BLESS SARACANLAO
LOUIE JAMES M. RUTA
CHRISTIAN DAVE LAGBAWAN

JULY 2023
 2

Republic of the Philippines

Region XI
Division of Davao Oriental
LUPON NATIONAL COMPREHENSIVE HIGH SCHOOL
Ilangay, Lupon, Davao Oriental

ACADEMIC INTEGRITY DECLARATION

We, PAULINE BEATRICE E. ROXAS, ALYSSA M. CAPAROS, MHEA

BLESS SARACANLAO, LOUIE JAMES M. RUTA, AND CHRISTIAN DAVE

LAGBAWAN, affirm that our study entitled “Aratiles (Muntingia calabura Linn) Fruit

Powder as Potential Biocoagulant for Wastewater Treatment” is an original piece of

research. Most stipulations presented herein are ours. Borrowed ideas are given due

recognition and are properly acknowledged. With the best of our ability, the

investigation was treated with utmost care adhere to internationality known standards

and policies on academic integrity.

We attest further that this piece of academic requirement has not been

submitted previously for an academic credit in this or in any other course.

ROXAS, PAULINE BEATRICE E.

CAPAROS, ALYSSA M.

SARACANLAO, MHEA BLESS

RUTA, LOUIE JAMES M.

LAGBAWAN, CHRISTIAN DAVE

Researchers

JULY 2023
 3

©2023

PAULINE BEATRICE E. ROXAS

ALYSSA M. CAPAROS

MHEA BLESS SARACANLAO

LOUIE JAMES RUTA

CHRISTIAN DAVE LAGBAWAN

 4

ABSTRACT

PAULINE BEATRICE E. ROXAS, ALYSSA M. CAPAROS, MHEA BLESS

SARACANLAO, LOUIE JAMES M. RUTA, AND CHRISTIAN DAVE LAGBAWAN,
Lupon National Comprehensive High School, Ilangay, Lupon, Davao Oriental, July
2023, “ARATILES (Muntingia calabura Linn) FRUIT POWDER AS POTENTIAL
BIOCOAGULANT FOR WASTEWATER TREATMENT”

Adviser: MICHAEL C. CANAKAN, PhD

This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of wastewater treatment through using
M. calabura L. fruit by-products to act as a potential biocoagulant for water turbidity
removal and improving the pH level of the water. The performance of this coagulant
was assessed in terms of pH level improvement and turbidity removal using jar test
experiments for synthetic low turbid water. The results indicated that the optimum
dosage and turbidity removal for M. calabura L. was found at 30 ml/L with 30.56%
turbidity removal and 50 ml/L with 72.22% turbidity removal, respectively. In pH level,
the results have shown that the wastewater have raised to 7.3 in Treatment 2 which
indicates the baseline with a dosage of 50 ml/L. Along with, the study also
demonstrated that the fruit powder has the potential to be used as a substitute for
chemical based coagulant for a future alternative in water treatment. Among the three
treatments, this study has demonstrated that 50 ml/L has the highest performance in
turbidity removal and improving the pH level.

Keywords: Aratiles (Muntingia calabura Linn), Wastewater Treatment, Bio

coagulants, pH Level, Water Turbidity

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ARATILES (Muntingia calabura Linn) FRUIT POWDER AS POTENTIAL

BIOCOAGULANT FOR WASTEWATER TREATMENT

A Capstone Project

Presented to the Faculty of Senior High School

Lupon National Comprehensive High School

Ilangay, Lupon, Davao Oriental

In Partial Fulfillment of the

Requirements for the Subject

Inquiries, Investigations, & Immersions

PAULINE BEATRICE E. ROXAS

ALYSSA M. CAPAROS
MHEA BLESS SARACANLAO
LOUIE JAMES M. RUTA
CHRISTIAN DAVE LAGBAWAN

JULY 2023
 6

APPROVAL SHEET

This research entitled, “ARATILES (Muntingia calabura Linn) FRUIT

POWDER AS POTENTIAL BIOCOAGULANT FOR WASTEWATER TREATMENT”,

prepared and submitted by PAULINE BEATRICE E. ROXAS, ALYSSA M.

CAPAROS, MHEA BLESS SARACANLAO, LOUIE JAMES M. RUTA, AND

CHRISTIAN DAVE LAGBAWAN, in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the

subject Inquiries, Investigations, and Immersions, has been examined and hereby

endorsed.

MICHAEL C. CANAKAN, PhD

Adviser

PANEL OF EXAMINER/S

APPROVED by the Panel of Examiner/s on Oral Examination with a grade of

VERY SATISFACTORY.

MICHAEL C. CANAKAN, PhD

Chairperson

__________________________________________________________________

Accepted and Approved in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the

subject of Inquiries, Investigations, and Immersions.

MICHAEL C. CANAKAN, PhD

Subject Teacher
 7

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

We, the researchers, would like to extend our heartfelt appreciation and

warmest gratitude to the following individuals who, in one way or another, contributed

support, valuable comments, and efforts, in making this research successful.

First, the Great and Loving, Almighty Father, the source of strength in

accomplishing this research, for His loving support and making impossible things

possible.

To our adviser, Mr. Michael C. Canakan, PhD, for his unwavering dedication,

for his insightful feedbacks, and for the encouragement and motivation he gave

throughout the process of making this research paper.

We are also deeply grateful for the assistance and cooperation provided by the

Municipal Agriculturist, Mr. Renante L. Prudente, L. Agr., MMPA, and their team,

as well as those who have contributed in the plant authentication. Their willingness to

share knowledge and offer technical guidance has greatly enhanced the quality and

reliability of the research outcomes.

Along with, we would also like to acknowledge the contributions of our family

especially for our financial needs and for their continuous support throughout the

research process who have undeniably been our constant source of inspiration.

Lastly, the companions in conducting the study, Pauline Beatrice E. Roxas,

Alyssa M. Caparos, Mhea Bless Saracanlao, Louie James M. Ruta, and Christian

Dave Lagbawan.
 8

DEDICATION

This research paper is heartily and proudly dedicated to the people who serve

as an inspiration and have been the foundation of our academic journey. From parents

to guardians, to classmates and circle of friends whom extended their help in the midst

of all the circumstances we encountered throughout the research process. Their belief

in our abilities and their constant motivation has fueled our determination to pursue

knowledge and make meaningful contributions to this study.

We would also like to dedicate this research paper to our research adviser, Mr.

Michael C. Canakan, PhD, who have been our source of determination and guidance.

His undeniable patience, encouragement, and insightful feedback have shaped our

skills and fostered our intellectual growth throughout the process of completing this

study.

To our dear parents and guardians, who helped and supported us in so many

ways in our research journey. Above all, to our Almighty Father, who blessed us with

enough strength and knowledge to help us fulfill our responsibilities as students and

researchers.

TABLE OF CONTENTS
 9

Page

ACADEMIC INTEGRITY DECLARATION

COPYRIGHT PAGE i

ABSTRACT ii

TITLE iii

APPROVAL SHEET iv

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT v

DEDICATION vi

TABLE OF CONTENTS vii

LIST OF TABLES viii

LIST OF FIGURES ix

CHAPTER

1 INTRODUCTION

Background of the Study 1

Statement of the Problem 3

Significance of the Study 3

Scope and Limitation of the Study 4

Definition of Terms 5

2 REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

Aratiles (Muntingia calabura Linn) 6

Process of Bio Coagulation 8

Use of Bio Coagulants as Treatment for Wastewater 9

Turbidity 11

pH Level 13
 10

Theoretical Framework 14

Conceptual Framework 15

3 METHODOLOGY

Research Design 16

Research Materials 17

Data Collection Procedure 22

Data Analysis 25

Ethical Considerations 26

4 RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

Effect of Aratiles (Muntingia calabura Linn) 27

Fruit Powder to the Turbidity of Wastewater

Effect of Aratiles (Muntingia calabura Linn) 30

Fruit Powder to the pH Level of Wastewater

5 SUMMARY, CONCLUSION, AND RECOMMENDATION

Summary 32

Conclusion 32

Recommendation 33

REFERENCES 34

APPENDICES

A Parent Consent on the Conduct of Research 39

B Letter to the School Heads 40

C Permission to Conduct the Study 41

D Letter for the Plant Authentication 42

E Curriculum Vitae 43
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LIST OF TABLES
 12

Table Page

1 Turbidity Reduction Efficiency of Aratiles 28

Aratiles (Muntingia calabura Linn) Powder
as Bio Coagulant for Wastewater Treatment

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure Page
 13

1 Conceptual Framework of the Study 15

2.1 Sample Test Sieve 17

2.2 Ventilation Oven 18

2.3 Digital Weighing Scale 18

2.4 Filter Paper 19

2.5 Ezdo Waterproof Portable pH Meter 19

2.6 DIY Turbidity Meter 20

2.7 Beakers 20

2.8 Aratiles (Muntingia calabura Linn) 21

2.9 Aluminum Sulfate Powder 21

3 Data Collection Procedure Illustration 22

4 Graph of the % of Turbidity Removal 27

5 Graph of the pH Level in Each Treatment 30

Chapter 1

INTRODUCTION
 14

Background of the Study

Life on earth was established and has been sustained due to one very essential

resource, water. Water is an essential component of our bodies and plays a significant

role in many aspects of our life, including cooling, smelting, diluting, fabricating, and

many other industrial processes. Thus, water should be preserved and revered for its

existence as a resource of such importance, but unfortunately, in recent years, it has

become the most polluted one (West, 2017).

Recently, processes like coagulation are frequently utilized to treat water.

However, typical coagulants like iron salt and aluminum sulfate are frequently cost

effective and seem to have harmful health effects. Specifically, aluminum sulfate can

cause cognitive and intellectual deterioration leading to memory loss, can greatly

affect the nervous system, and also considered as one of the biggest sources of

pollution because it is not degradable (Sulaiman et al., 2017). Moreover, the use of

chemical coagulants results in a change in pH (alkaline water after treatment), the

creation of non-biodegradable sludge, and the insufficient removal of harmful

substances from the water (Ndabigengesere & Narasiah 2016; Valverde et al. 2016).

Therefore, natural coagulants are opening up new opportunities and

possibilities in the search for environmentally friendly and sustainable water treatment

technology (Jung et al., 2018). The possibility of use of plants that are inexpensive

and easily available such as Jatropha curcas, Muntingia calabura L, Strychnos

potatorum, Guar gum, Azadirachta indica, Clidemia angustifolia and Hibiscus

sabdariffa to remove various contaminants from raw water will provide an inexpensive

source of potable water (Sutherland, 2018). Amongst them, M. calabura L. has shown

a wide potential in pharmaceutics, nutrition, and cosmetics. The effectiveness of this

 15

substance as a reliable natural coagulant for water filtration has also been confirmed

by several researchers.

M. calabura L. locally known as Aratiles is a popular edible fruit in the

Philippines. An earlier study reported that the methanol extract of the fruit possessed

potent anti-inflammatory activity (Preethi et al., 2016). Its fruit extracts have been

shown to be one of the most effective main bio-coagulants for water treatment,

including the turbidity of surface water, pH level, and the organic contaminants through

dissolved oxygen in wastewater (Vilaseca et al., 2018). It has been shown that the

bioactive components of M. calabura L. are cationic proteins with low molecular

weights between 6 and 16 kDa and isoelectric points above pI 10 (Ndabigengesere et

al., 2015). The constancy of the antioxidant and antibacterial allows it to also be able

to eradicate bacteria and other microorganisms. Therefore, using a bio-coagulant

based on plants, such as Aratiles (M. calabura L.) fruit extract, would support

sustainable, economical environmental practices by offering tremendous benefits, and

utilizing them for water and wastewater treatment that would also help minimize

chemical reliance (Oladoja et al., 2017). Thus, this study aimed to investigate the

effectiveness of using the Aratiles (M. calabura L.) fruit powder as a potential

biocoagulant for wastewater.

Statement of the Problem

 16

This study aimed to examine the potential of Aratiles (Muntingia calabura Linn)

fruit powder as a biocoagulant for enhanced wastewater treatment.

Specifically, this research seeks to answer the following question:

1. What is the effect of Aratiles (Muntingia calabura Linn) fruit powder as a

potential biocoagulant for wastewater treatment to the pH level and water

turbidity of wastewater?

Significance of the Study

Since water is necessary for life, it is fortunate for all of humanity that water is

present everywhere. Despite the fact that not everyone has access to water in the

required quality or amount, people have learned to obtain it and use it for all of their

requirements, including drinking, cleaning, irrigating crops, generating power, and

simply having fun. It has to do with protecting both our environment and our personal

health. We should make keeping our water clean a top priority for a number of reasons

(Unnisa, 2018). Thus, this study will greatly provide significance to the following,

considering the positive effect of Aratiles (M. calabura L.) as a potential biocoagulant

for wastewater treatment.

Agriculture Department. This study was used to develop programs that could

assist individuals, particularly fish farms, in using the fruit extract from Aratiles as a

potentialo biocoagulant for wastewater. As they will already be familiar with what the

program addressed, the fish farmers can use this as a manual for handling wastewater

on their own.
 17

Fish farmers. For aquatic plants and animals, clean water is essential. Future

generations, those who like sport fishing, and the fishing industry all need to know how

to treat wastewater using the fruit powder of Aratiles as a potential biocoagulant.

Wildlife habitats. Life dependent on coastline, beaches, and marshes

abounds in our rivers and oceans. For hundreds of species of fish and other aquatic

life, this study is crucial as the issue of water pollution arises.

Future researchers. The concepts discussed in this study may be used as a

source of reference data when doing related research or evaluating the validity of the

findings made in this investigation. As a cross-reference, this study will ideally provide

them with information or an excerpt on the use of Aratiles (M. calabura Linn) fruit

powder as a potential biocoagulant for wastewater treatment.

Scope and Delimitation

This study aimed to determine the use of Aratiles (M. calabura Linn) fruit

powder as a potential biocoagulant for wastewater and groundwater treatment. The

study was conducted during the school year 2022-2023.

The main purpose of this study was to point out the effect of Aratiles (M.

calabura Linn) and aimed to determine whether using Aratiles fruit powder could

effectively help in adjusting pH level and lowering the turbidity in water. The study only

focuses on Aratiles and its effect as biocoagulant for wastewater treatment. Data

collection in this study was limited to the actual data and records that was observed in

conducting this experiment. However, the study excludes the effect of Aratiles on the

growth of bacteria.
 18

Definition of Terms

This research contains certain key concepts and ideas. In spite of the fact these

terms are examined in detail in Chapter 1, they are briefly presented in this part of the

study to enable the readers to widely comprehend what is acquainted within the

following sections. The terms and key concepts are:

Aratiles (Muntingia calabura Linn) are small fruits of a plant coming from the

family muntingiaceae, a cherry-like red fruit found in countries like Mexico, Bolivia, and

Philippines.

Coagulation is the chemical water treatment process used to remove solids

from water, by manipulating electrostatic charges of particles suspended in water. This

process introduces small, highly charged molecules into water to destabilize the

charges on particles, colloids, or oily materials in suspension.

pH Level is a measure of how acidic/basic water is. The range goes from 0 to

14, with 7 being neutral. pHs of less than 7 indicate acidity, whereas a pH of greater

than 7 indicates a base.

Turbidity is the measure of relative clarity of a liquid. It is an optical

characteristic of water and is a measurement of the amount of light that is scattered

by material in the water when a light is shined through the water sample.

Wastewater is the polluted form of water that includes substances such as food

scraps, oils, soaps, and chemicals.

 19

Chapter 2

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

This chapter offers the relevant literature and studies as a result of the

researchers' thorough and in-depth analysis. Aratiles (M. calabura L.), the use of

biocoagulant for wastewater treatment, pH level, and turbidity were the topics under

which it was classified. The studies and literature examined in this chapter span a wide

spectrum of ideas, theories, generalizations, discoveries, and associated

developments from antiquity to the present. The details in this chapter also assist

readers in familiarizing themselves with elements that are relevant to and linked to the

ongoing research.

Aratiles (Muntingia calabura Linn)

Aratiles is a fast growing tree, 5 to 10 meters high, with spreading branches.

Leaves are hairy, sticky, alternating, distichous, oblong-ovate to broadly oblong-

lanceolate, 8 to 13 centimeters long, with toothed margins, pointy apex and

inequilateral base, one side rounded and the other sharp. According to Kathirvel

(2017) M. calabura L. is a plant that belongs to the family Elaeocarpaceae, often

known as Aratiles or cherry tree. M. calabura L. is a tropical plant that demands full

light and high humidity. It grows best in coastal settings, where it can be seen growing

in the wild. The fruits are edible and in some cases sold in markets, as they can be

eaten raw. Ripe fruit is particularly popular among Filipino children. Jam-making from

fruits and tea-brewing from leaves. This fruit is naturalized, widely distributed, growing

in and about towns. (Stuart, 2016). Aratiles is already widely known, especially here

in the Philippines, where it is locally known as "Manzanitas."

 20

Along with, the outstanding therapeutic efficacy of M.calabura L. justifies more

thorough research. Scientific studies have found that the leaves of M. calabura L.

(Elaeocarpaceae) have a variety of pharmacological properties. The antioxidant

activity of flavonoids in the colon tissue may be how M. calabura L. leaves prevent

colon cancer caused by AOM (Nasir, 2017). For treating diabetes, M. calabura L. leaf

decoction has historically been used. A study examined M's in vivo anti-diabetic effects

two animal models using calabura leaf water extract, namely Alloxan-induced insulin

deficiency and lipid emulsion treatment produced insulin-resistant animals,

respectively. The 400 mg/kbw water extract showed antidiabetic effects by reducing

blood sugar, regenerating pancreatic B cells, and improving insulin sensitivity,

according to the results (Aligita et al., 2018). Aratiles still possesses a wide range of

therapeutic qualities, including antioxidant, anti-proliferative, and antirheumatic ones.

Therefore, Aratiles is already widely used in the medical field to treat different sorts of

illness.

Moreover, studies have revealed antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antipyretic,

analgesic, cytotoxic, hepatoprotective, gastroprotective, cardioprotective,

antibacterial, antiulcer, insecticidal, tyrosinase-inhibitory, antifungal, antidiabetic, anti-

hyperuricemic activities. Study examined the antibacterial activity of different extracts

of M. calabura employing in-vitro disc diffusion procedures. Results imply M. calabura

exhibits potential antibacterial properties that are comparable to the common

antibiotics utilized. The investigation also reveals the presence of a more effective

polar antibacterial molecule (Alcantara, 2020). Study examined bioactive

phytochemicals and antibacterial activities of leaf and stem ethanolic extracts of M.

calabura. The extracts demonstrated different degrees of antibacterial activity against

P. aeruginosa, S. aureus, B. subtilis, S. typhimurium and Candida albicans (Buhian,

 21

2016). Study examined the putative antifouling and antibacterial properties of different

extracts of M. calabura.Highest antibacterial potential was reported with methanolic

extracts against K pneumonia, B. subtilis, B. megaterium, and P. aeruginosa. Biofilm

formation inhibition data revealed the effect was time-dependent (Singh, 2017).

Therefore Aratiles is already widely used and has the highest potential to be a

biocoagulant since it has antimicrobial, anti-bacterial and other qualities in it.

Process of Biocoagulation

As the time passed, mankind discovered a way to clarify dirty water by adding

some plant powder, known as a biocoagulant, to turbid water to settle the dirt (Abdulla

et al., 2020). Through modifying the electrostatic charges of particles suspended in

water, the chemical water treatment procedure coagulation eliminates solids from

water. This process delivers small, highly charged molecules into water to disrupt the

charges on suspended particles, colloids, or greasy materials (Teh, 2022). This

technique provides dependable performance in terms of removing pollutants and it is

also ecologically beneficial (Kurniawan et al., 2020).

In order to destabilize the charges on particles, colloids, or oily materials in

suspension, this procedure introduces small, highly charged molecules into water. An

electrostatic charge is present on the surface of water particles (Zhang et al., 2020).

These tiny, suspended particles are difficult to mechanically remove because they are

stabilized in suspension. Typically, a solid suspension in water comprises a range of

particle sizes (Koelmans et al., 2019). Particles larger than 100 µm are typically

referred to as "settleable solids" and easily separate from suspension. In a wastewater

treatment system, coagulation is frequently used to treat "turbidity," which is typically

defined as particles having a size between 10 and 100 µm. Because it is highly
 22

expensive to remove small particles using merely filtration, coagulation is usually

always used to treat particles smaller than 10 m (Abdulla et al., 2020).

Hydrophobic and hydrophilic colloids are additional classifications of colloidal

particles (Shaker et al., 2019). The hydrophilic colloids may chemically react with a

coagulant employed in the treatment procedure, but the hydrophobic colloids do not

(Tetteh et al., 2019). Like repels and opposites attract is how electrostatic charges of

water particles operate. The majority of chemical water treatment procedures call for

coagulation to take place before flocculation. Flocculation is the act of grouping small

particles into larger agglomerates. As a result of coagulation, destabilized particles

start to collide and form tiny masses that are frequently referred to as "pin flocs" or

"micro flocs" since they are only just visible to the naked eye and are about 50 mu*m

in size (Abdulla et al., 2020).

Use of Biocoagulants as Treatment for Wastewater

Biocoagulants are alternative materials that can be used in place of

conventional chemical coagulants. It is possible to extract bio coagulants from plants,

animals, and microbes (Kurniawan et al., 2021). According to Abdulla et al. (2020) the

use of bio coagulants produces harmless, biodegradable sludge rather than chemical

residue in the effluent. Coagulants are substances that must be added to the

processes of coagulation. The coagulation process using natural coagulants is an

interesting alternative for the treatment of both surface water and urban and industrial

wastewater. The coagulating capacity of several materials has been evaluated, with

bio coagulants of vegetable origin being the most studied (Kurniawan et al., 2021).

Investigations have been done on these bio coagulants, multiple sources of

performance of plants, animals, and microbes have been carried out to find a better
 23

possible replacement for the traditional coagulants, chemical flocculants, etc. Animal,

microbial, and plant-based sources have all been used frequently as bio coagulants.

In relation to studies on bio coagulants use of plants, such as from seeds (Shan

et al., 2016; Kumar et al., 2017), peel (Zaidi et al., 2019), (Rahim et al., 2019) leaves,

chitosan (Ang et al., 2016) and bacteria like alginate (Saranya, 2021). Considering the

results of the investigation, turbidity from the washing machine discharge was

successfully removed by the use of S. potatorum (SP) seed powder (Kumar et al.,

2016). Promotion and development of M. oleifera as a natural coagulant resulted in

turbidity removal of up to 85-94% and a significant improvement in DO (Matar et al.,

2016). Certain mango peels include a natural coagulant that has a lot of promise to

replace chemical coagulants in water treatment (Zaidi, 2019). This works for the need

for comprehensive research into how natural coagulants affect membrane functions in

order to prevent needless loss caused by incompatibility between the two processes

(Ang et al., 2016). This study made it clear that, in order to prevent less loss caused

by the incompatibility between the two processes, the effect of natural coagulant on

the membrane process should be thoroughly examined (Devrimci et al., 2012). The

usage of bio coagulant is effective in treating wastewater, according to studies in this

field. Even though there are numerous steps involved in making this product, it is still

better than using coagulants that are chemically based.

The coagulants' compositions, structures, and surface morphologies were

examined using conventional techniques, i.e. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM),

Fourier-Transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, and other technologies (Obiors-

Okafo et al., 2020). The inclusion of substances known as coagulants is necessary for

the coagulation process. Divalent positively charged chemical compounds are the
 24

primary forms of coagulants utilized in the treatment of drinking water and wastewater.

Water treatment also makes extensive use of negatively charged polymers,

particularly as high molecular weight coagulants (Lapointe et al., 2020). Iron salts

(FeCl3 or Fe2(SO4)3), aluminum salts (Al2(SO4)3), hydrated lime, magnesium

carbonate, and polymers (aluminum chlorohydrate, polyaluminum chloride (PAC),

polyaluminum sulfate chloride, and polyferric sulfate) are among the chemical

substances frequently utilized as coagulants (Weydts et al., 2015). The ability of

several of the aforementioned substances to lower water suspended solid

concentrations has been demonstrated. To sum up, particular compounds are

required for the bio coagulant process approaches to work well in treating water.

Turbidity

Turbidity is a metric used to assess a liquid's relative clarity. It is a measurement

of the amount of light scattered by the components of water when light is shone

through a water sample. It is an optical property of water. The turbidity increases with

the intensity of scattered light. Clay, silt, extremely minute inorganic and organic

materials, algae, dissolved colored organic compounds, plankton, and other

microscopic organisms are some of the substances that make water turbid (Zhang et

al., 2022). Because germs connected to particles have a higher chance of surviving

treatment, turbidity is a crucial component of drinking water sources. Thus, the goal of

drinking water treatment is to produce exceptionally clear water that is also

aesthetically pleasant while removing colloidal particles (Crittenden et al., 2022).

Turbidity can impact the flavor and odor of drinking water in addition to serving

as a treatment indicator. In order to successfully disinfect water, the turbidity must be

reduced. Pathogens may be protected by turbidity, and the particles that create
 25

turbidity may contain bacteria and viruses (Banach, 2020).Low turbidity in wastewater

treatment means the water is clean and of good quality, as it includes few suspended

solids or particles. The wastewater treatment system probably needs some adjustment

if the turbidity value is high. This is typically caused by pipe pollution, waste discharge,

and runoff (Pinto et al., 2017). By using equipment to sample the water and then

applying wastewater treatment solutions through service to both disinfect and filter the

body to get rid of impurities and other bacteria, turbidity can be reduced (Suzuki et al.,

2018). As a result, it is essential to examine the water's turbidity level because it might

carry significant risks that could be harmful to human health.

The turbidity level of a water sample can be determined using a variety of

techniques and methodologies, including the turbidity tube, the conventional method,

image processing, traditional approach and many others. The conventional turbidity

measurement apparatus can be fairly expensive and frequently yields results that are

overly precise and accurate. The traditional approach to turbidity detection relies on

manual processes with lengthy calibration times, more frequent mistakes, and worse

repeatability (Karnawat & Patil, 2016). The turbidity tube method uses a link between

visibility and turbidity to roughly calculate the turbidity level of a liquid sample. (Kilanko

et al., 2022). Image processing method is done by taking images of the water sample

using high definition cameras, and then image processing methods are used to

characterize those samples with various levels of turbidity (Karnawat & Patil, 2016).

Performing a turbidity test today is quite simple; it could be pricey, but unlike in the

past, you don't have to do it by hand.

pH Level
 26

The pH scale determines how acidic or basic water is. The range is 0 to 14,

with 7 representing neutrality. Acidity is indicated by pH values below 7, whereas

baseness is shown by pH values above 7. Since chemicals in the water can change

pH, pH is a crucial sign that the chemical composition of the water is changing (Akhter

et al., 2021). Aquatic organisms will perish if the pH of the water is either too high or

too low. Both natural and artificial variables can have an impact on the pH of water

(Kard et al., 2022). As a result, the pH scale or value serves as a gauge for determining

if the water is basic or acidic and whether aquatic creatures are at risk of dying.

Water that has an acidic pH under 6.5 is more likely to contain contaminants,

making it dangerous to consume. Metal pipes may corrode or dissolve as a result

(Cirino, 2019). A solution's pH is a significant indicator of its chemical composition.

The pH can affect how readily available nutrients are, how biological processes work,

how bacteria behave, and how chemicals behave (Manjakkal et al., 2020). Higher pH

levels in water are more likely to be harmful and contain the majority of toxins, making

pH a sign to the things that depend on it.

The Environmental Protection Agency requires that the pH of drinking water be

maintained in a range of 6.5-8.5 and monitors pH values in drinking water very

carefully (EPA). The effects of drinking acidic or alkaline water, however, could be

hazardous if they are not carefully controlled. Water has a corrosive aspect to it when

the pH level is lower than 7 (Akhter et al., 2021) pH levels that are too high or too low

might be harmful to the use of water. When pH is high, it results in a bitter taste,

deposits build up on water pipes and water-using appliances, and chlorine disinfection

is less efficient, necessitating the use of additional chlorine. Metals and other materials

will corrode or dissolve in low pH water (Manjakkal et al., 2020). Environmental

 27

organizations mandated that drinking water's pH level be within a certain range

because going higher or lower than that range is detrimental to humans.

In conclusion, it was discovered through various tests of pH level that Aratiles

contain a wealth of phytochemicals with high antioxidant effects as well as bioactive

compounds. Coagulants are chemicals that must be included in the coagulation

processes. Turbidity is a crucial component of drinking water sources because germs

attached to particles have a higher chance of surviving treatment. The turbidity must

be reduced in order to successfully disinfect water. Dissolve Oxygen is regarded as a

significant indicator of water quality because it reveals whether an aquatic resource is

safe to drink. Aquatic life can be harmed and its quality affected by water that has too

much or too little dissolved oxygen. pH levels that are too high or too low may be

damaging to the use of water. The pH scale indicates how acidic or basic water is, and

it can alter how easily available nutrients are, how biological processes work, how

bacteria behave, and how chemicals behave.

Theoretical Framework

According to Adnan et al. (2017), the usage of chemical coagulants and

flocculants can lead to environmental pollution and health concerns, which can be

reduced by using biocoagulants as an alternative. Since biocoagulants are entirely

organic and biodegradable and derived from living things or their components, they

have little to no negative effects on human health and the environment. As an

alternative to the currently popular chemical coagulants and flocculants, some

biocoagulants produced from various sources have already been examined and

shown to be effective for application to treatment processes (Grehs et al., 2019).

 28

A promising technology for the treatment of water and wastewater is the use of

bio coagulants since it is reliable, environmentally benign, and well-liked by the general

public. The complicated extraction procedure, the scarce supply of raw materials, the

various properties of the water and wastewater to be treated, the increasing bacterial

count in the effluent, and the use of this technology on an industrial scale all need to

be taken into account as limitations in applying this technology. As a green technology

for treating water and wastewater, the development of bio coagulants offers good

possibilities (Adnan et al., 2017)

Conceptual Framework

Independent Variable Dependent Variable

Experimental Group (Aratiles Fruit

Powder)
A. 30 ml
B. 50 ml Wastewater Treatment
• Water Turbidity
Control group
• pH Level
A. Positive Control (Aluminum
Sulfate Powder)
B. Negative Control (Water)

Fig 1. Conceptual Framework of the Study

Chapter 3

METHODOLOGY

Research Design

This investigation was based on a quantitative research design using an

experimental technique. This study used Complete Randomized Design or CRD and
 29

specific treatments are assigned to experimental units completely at random (Saranya,

2022).

In this experiment, 30 ml and 50 ml of Aratiles (Muntingia calabura Linn) fruit

powder treatment was used as the experimental group to treat the samples

(wastewater) being collected, considering its water turbidity and pH level. Specifically,

this research used a control group and two (2) levels of treatment for the experimental

group:

Control Group

Postive Control – 30 g of Aluminum Sulfate Powder

Negative Control – Pure Distilled Water

Experimental Group

T1 – 30 ml of Aratiles (Muntingia calabura Linn) Fruit Powder

T2 – 50 ml of Aratiles (Muntingia calabura Linn) Fruit Powder

This experiment was conducted on a wastewater sample that has been

collected from Barangay Ilangay, Lupon, Davao Oriental. There were twelve (12)

samples of wastewater that will be divided into four groups to determine the

effectiveness of the mixture (treatment) as a potential biocoagulant for wastewater.

The first group was the negative control group with pure distilled water, the second

was the positive control group with 0 ml of the fruit powder and 30 g of Aluminum

Sulfate Powder, the third group was treated with 30 ml of Aratiles (Muntingia calabura

Linn) fruit powder, and the fourth group was treated with 50 ml of Aratiles (M. calabura

Linn) fruit powder.

 30

We used three (3) replicates and distributed samples in three (3) treatments (0

ml, 30 ml, & 50 ml). This experiment used a Complete Randomized Design or CRD

because the samples that was tested specifically share the similar characteristics for

it was all collected in the same location and time.

Research Materials

In this experimental study, the research materials that were used are based on

how the researchers conducted the study. The materials used serve as an essential

tool for collecting the samples, preparing the solutions, and conducting the whole

experiment.

Fig 2. Sample Test Sieve

This material was used to separate and sieve the ground peels of the Aratiles

(M. calabura Linn) into a fine powder to obtain the smaller solids. Test sieves are

particle size analysis instruments designed to work in conjunction with sieve shakers

to separate the particles of a material sample based on their size.

 31

Fig 3. Ventilation Oven

This material was used to air-dry the semi-dried peels of the Aratiles (M.

calabura Linn) for about 2 hours at the temperature of 105 degree Celsius. The

ventilation oven helped to remove the moisture content of the fruit by about 95% to

improve their ability to break into a fine powder when grinding, since the presence of

moisture inside the Aratiles (M. calabura Linn) peels would reduce their capability to

break apart into fine pieces.

Fig 4. Digital Weighing Scale

This material was used to measure the amount of Aratiles (M. calabura Linn)

fruit powder that was used in mixing and preparing the stock solution. In this study,

this material helped to distribute the right amount of the fruit extract in each treatment

that was given to the collected samples of wastewater.

 32

Fig 5. Filter Paper

This material was used in the preparation of the stock solution. The mixture

solution was filtered using 110 mm filter paper to remove tiny residue inside to maintain

its active components.

Fig 6. Ezdo Waterproof Portable pH Meter

This material was used to measure the pH level in the wastewater with different

treatments of Aratiles (M. calabura Linn) fruit powder. The pH level test was measured

to determine how acidic and basic the water is. The range is 0 – 14, with 7 representing

neutrality. Acidity was indicated by pH values below 7, whereas baseness was shown

by pH values above 7.
 33

Fig 7. DIY Turbidity Meter

This material was used in the turbidity test that was conducted to find the initial

turbidity and final turbidity of the water that was tested. Water turbidity was measured

using the turbidity meter (2100Q Portable Turbidimeter) and was expressed in

Nephelometric Turbidity Units (NTU) (Dollah, Z et al., 2019).

Fig 8. Beakers

These materials were used in mixing the powder of the coagulant and the

distilled powder to produce the final powder needed for the experiment. These were

also used as the container for the samples collected and the powder used from the

Aratiles (M. calabura Linn).

 34

Fig 9. Aratiles (M. calabura Linn) Fruit

Aratiles (M. calabura Linn) is a shrub or tree up to 12 m tall with spreading

branches. The leaves are alternate, distichous, oblong or lanceolate, 4–15 cm long

and 1–6 cm wide, with toothed margin and covered in short hairs. This fruit was

identified through using the taxonomic key and confirmed by the Municipal Agriculturist

(Appendix D) from Lupon, Davao Oriental. This was air-died for 3 days, grinded,

sieved, and was mixed with distilled water to produce the final extract that was used

as the bio coagulant for wastewater treatment.

Fig 10. Aluminum Sulfate Powder

Aluminium Sulfate Powder is a chemical compound that is mainly used as a

flocculating agent in the purification of drinking water and wastewater treatment plants,

and used in paper manufacturing. In this experiment, this material was used for the

positive control group and acted as the alternative for the Aratiles powder in the

experiment.
 35

Data Collection Procedure

The experimental procedure that was used in this study was adopted from

Dollah et al., (2019), a related study on the review of some efficient model plant-based

coagulants/flocculants for freshwater and wastewater. The Aratiles (M. calabura Linn)

fruit was harvested in Barangay Tagugpo, Lupon, Davao Oriental and was classified

by the Municipal Agriculturist to ensure the species of Aratiles.

Aratiles Fruit Cleaning Drying Grinding Sieving

Powder of Coagulant

Treatment with Treatment with Treatment with Treatment with

0ml of Aratiles 30g of 30ml of Aratiles 50ml of Aratiles
(Muntingia Aluminum (Muntingia (Muntingia
calabura Linn) Sulfate Powder calabura Linn) calabura Linn)
Fruit Powder Fruit Powder Fruit Powder

pH Level Water Turbidity

Fig 11. Illustration of the Data Collection Procedure of the Study

Sample Collection
 36

Step 1. The Aratiles (M. calabura Linn) was harvested and collected from

Barangay Tagugpo, Lupon, Davao Oriental.

Step 2. The samples were then processed to be used as a natural coagulant.

Step 3. After washing them, the fruits were dried for 2 – 3 days under the bright

sun to reduce their moisture content.

Step 4. Then the semi-dried Aratiles (M. calabura Linn) was air – dried into

ventilation oven for about 2 hours at the temperature of 105 degree

Celsius until the moisture content was removed for about 95% to

improve their ability to break into a fine powder when grinding, since the

presence of moisture inside the Aratiles (M. calabura Linn) would

reduce their capability to break apart into fine pieces.

Preparation of the Stock Solution

Step 1. The ground fruits were sieved into a fine powder to obtain the smaller

solids with a diameter of less than 2 mm, then was mixed with distilled

water at the ratio of 1 g: 30 ml.

Step 2. The mixture was then stirred for 20 minutes to make sure that the

solution will be well-mixed with the distilled water.

Step 3. The mixture solution was filtered using 110 mm filter paper to remove

tiny residue inside the mixture solution to maintain its active

components.

Jar Test Experiment

 37

Coagulation was carried out using a conventional jar test apparatus. Jar test

apparatus consists of six glass beakers and six powered stirrers that function to mix

the water in the beakers. Jar testing is proven to be one of the most efficient methods

and these procedures are capable of evaluating the minimum or ideal coagulant dose

required to achieve certain water quality objectives (Guimares et al., 2016).

Jar Test was carried out as a batch test, with various dosages of coagulants for

each sample material in order to determine the ideal dosage of coagulants for the

highest turbidity removal. 500 ml of low turbid water (20 NTU 40 NTU) was filled into

the three beakers. The coagulants were added into the beakers corresponding to a

dosage of 0 ml (control group), 30, and 500 mg/L. The mixture was subjected to 1

minute of rapid mixing at 80 rpm followed by 15 minutes of slow mixing at 30 rpm and

20 minutes of settling. Finally, the sample of supernatant was withdrawn using a

pipette in order to determine the turbidity of the sample. In the experiment, the study

was conducted by varying dosage of coagulant in order to obtain the ideal coagulant

dosage for highest turbidity removal (Dollah et al., 2019).

Laboratory Testing (Turbidity Test)

The turbidity test was conducted to find the initial turbidity and final turbidity of

the water that was tested. Water turbidity was measured using the DIY Turbidity Tube

and it was expressed in Nephelometric Turbidity Units (NTU) (Dollah, Z et al., 2019).

𝑇𝑖 − 𝑇𝑓
Turbidity Removal Efficiency (%) = x 100
𝑇𝑖

Where 𝑇𝑖 = 𝐼𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑇𝑢𝑟𝑏𝑖𝑑𝑖𝑡𝑦

Where 𝑇𝑓 = 𝐹𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑇𝑢𝑟𝑏𝑖𝑑𝑖𝑡𝑦

 38

pH Level Measurement

The pH level was examined using an Ezdo ph Meter PH –waterproof portable

meter (Ezdo Waterproof Portable pH Meter). The wastewater samples will then be

investigated directly on site before the treatment, and then, they will be measured after

the treatment.

The pH level test was measured to determine how acidic and basic the water

is. The range is 0 – 14, with 7 representing neutrality. Acidity is indicated by pH values

below 7, whereas baseness is shown by pH values above 7 (Dollah, 2019).

Data Analysis

In this experimental study, the researchers used tables and graphs as its

statistical tool. These are common method to visually illustrate relationships in the

data. The purpose of a graph is to present data that are too numerous or complicated

to be described adequately in the text and in less space (Pinto et al., 2017). Through

these illustrative figures, the researchers have shown the differences between the

given treatments implemented in the experiment. Along with, these were also used to

identify the changes of the dependent variables which are the pH level and water

turbidity of the wastewater according to the level of the independent variable which is

the Aratiles (M. calabura L.) fruit powder.

Ethical Considerations

This study examined the effectiveness of Aratiles (M. calabura L.) fruit powder

as a bio coagulant for wastewater treatment. Thus, this experiment also needs to
 39

consider the various effects of the variables on the environment for it may cause any

negative outcomes. Several factors need to be considered as limitations in applying

this technology due to the complex extraction process (Edzwald, 2018). The limited

availability of the raw materials, the various characteristics of water and wastewater to

be treated, a consideration of the increasing bacterial count in the effluent, and the

application of this technology at an industrial scale are the considerations that are

crucially needed within this study (Vilaseca et al., 2014).

Along with waste disposal, this research also considers the waste being

observe in the area where the water sample was collected. According to Mansour et

al. (2017), the waste streams originating from industrial sources are different than the

hazardous substances in household waste. The household hazardous wastes (HHW)

are disposed of in landfills along with general household waste (HW). The amounts,

quality, and significance of such disposal are poorly understood. It is, generally,

assumed that the amount of HHW’s are small, thus, risks of disposal are negligible.

Thus, the researchers identified and have ethically considered whether the garbage

disposed can affect the result of the experiment that will be tested.

Chapter 4

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

 40

This section provides the analysis and interpretation of the results from the

experiment that was conducted. This also supports the study of the research problem

through following the quantitative methodology. The content of this section are the

effects of Aratiles (M. calabura L.) fruit powder to the water turbidity and pH level of

the wastewater sample collected through the gathered data and critical observation in

the experiment conducted by the researchers.

Effect of Aratiles (Muntingia calabura Linn) fruit powder to the turbidity of

wastewater

80
72.22
70
% OF TURBIDITY REMOVAL

60

50

40
30.56 30.55
30
23.61

20

10

0
TREATMENT
Treatment 1 Treatment 2 Positive Control Negative Control

Fig 5. Bar Graph of the % of Turbidity Removal in each Treatment of Wastewater

Table 1
Turbidity reduction efficiency of Aratiles (Muntingia calabura Linn) fruit powder as bio
coagulant for wastewater treatment

TREATMENT DOSAGE INITIAL FINAL % OF TURBIDITY

 41

USED TURBIDITY (NTU) TURBIDITY (NTU) REMOVAL

P Control A 30g 240 200 16.66

P Control B 30g 240 150 37.5

P Control C 30g 240 200 16.66

Average P Control 30g 240 183.33 23.61

N Control A 0 ml 240 150 37.5

N Control B 0 ml 240 200 16.66

N Control C 0 ml 240 150 37.5

Average N Control 30g 240 166.66 30.55

Treatment 1 – A 30ml 240 150 37.5

Treatment 1 – B 30ml 240 150 37.5

Treatment 1 – C 30ml 240 200 16.66

Average T1 30ml 240 166.67 30.56

Treatment 2 – A 50ml 240 50 79.16

Treatment 2 – B 50ml 240 50 79.16

Treatment 2 – C 50ml 240 100 58.33

Average T2 50ml 240 66.67 72.22

Fig 5 shows the % of turbidity removal in each treatment of wastewater while

Table 1 presents the results of the turbidity reduction efficiency of coagulants using

Aratiles (M. calabura L.) fruit powder corresponding to the various dosage of

coagulant. The study found that the fruit powder demonstrated good performance in

enhancing water quality by reducing turbidity. The optimal turbidity reduction efficiency

was achieved with different dosages of coagulant: for the positive control group (A, B,

C), it was 16.66%, 37.5%, and 16.66%, respectively; for the negative control group (A,

B, C), it was 37.5%, 16.66%, and 37.5%; for Treatment 1 (A, B, C), it was 37.5%,
 42

37.5%, and 16.66%, respectively; and for Treatment 2 (A, B, C), it was 79.16%,

79.16%, and 58.33%, respectively.

The fruit powder contains bioactive compounds, such as phenolics (flavanone

glycosides, hydroxycinnamic acids), ascorbic, citric acids, and carotenoids, which may

influence its effectiveness in removing turbidity (Lapointe et al., 2022). The study also

suggests that natural coagulants, such as Aratiles (M. calabura L.), can achieve WHO

acceptable limits by filtration, once turbidity reduction efficiency reaches above 70%,

as demonstrated in Treatment 2 (Unnisa et al., 2018). These findings support the use

of Aratiles (M. calabura L.) fruit powder as a natural coagulant, particularly in low turbid

water, where a 72.22% turbidity removal was observed at 50 NTU.

Furthermore, turbidity is a measure of the clarity of water, and high levels can

indicate the presence of suspended solids, organic matter, and even pathogens

(Vilaseca, 2014). In drinking water treatment, high turbidity can reduce the

effectiveness of disinfection and lead to waterborne disease outbreaks. The use of

natural coagulants like Aratiles fruit powder offers a safe and sustainable method to

reduce turbidity, improve water quality, and protect public health.

Moreover, the study highlights the potential of Aratiles fruit powder as a low-

cost and locally sourced coagulant for communities in developing areas where access

to safe water is limited. The fruit powder is abundant and easily accessible, making it

a viable option for rural and remote areas that lack access to chemical coagulants or

costly water treatment systems.

In conclusion, the findings of the study demonstrate that Aratiles (M. calabura

L.) fruit powder is an effective natural coagulant for removing turbidity in water. Its use

in water treatment can improve water quality, protect public health, and promote
 43

sustainable and eco-friendly practices. Future studies could explore the optimization

of dosage and further investigate its health benefits as a natural coagulant.

Effect of Aratiles (Muntingia calabura Linn) fruit powder to the pH level of

wastewater

8
7.27
7
6.34

5
PH LEVEL

4
3.07
2.86
3

0
TREATMENT
Treatment 1 Treatment 2 Positive Control Negative Control

Fig 6. Bar Graph of the pH Level in each Treatment of Wastewater

In this experiment, the pH of the effluent was adjusted in accordance with the

suggested range. Using distilled water and the fruit powder from Aratiles (M. calabura

L.), the coagulation test was conducted. Figure 1 displays the outcomes of the

coagulation test conducted using an Aratiles (M. calabura L.) fruit powder.

The results of the experiment indicate that the pH level's baseness or neutrality

were maintained by the Aratiles (M. calabura L.) fruit powder used as a potential

biocoagulant for wastewater treatment. Dollah (2019) asserts that pH levels below 7

denote acidity, while pH values above 7 denote baseness. The study's measurements

of pH levels only produced a range of 7.27 – the highest and 2.86 – the lowest. As a
 44

result, the experiment's various treatments applied to various levels of sample

concentration have produced a pH level that is non acidic and demonstrated a good

value of pH level.

Chapter 5

CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

Conclusion
 45

The purpose of this research was to investigate the effects of Aratiles (M.

calabura L.) as a potential biocoagulant for treating wastewater. In terms of water

turbidity, the findings revealed that the optimal dosage of Aratiles (M. calabura L.)

powder for removing turbidity was found at 30 ml/L with 30.56% efficiency, and 50 ml/L

resulting in an average efficiency of 72.22%, respectively. The study focused on the

drainage system of Barangay Ilangay in Lupon, Davao Oriental, and found that Aratiles

(M. calabura L.) powder was successful in reducing turbidity levels in this particular

wastewater sample. This suggests that M. calabura L. powder is effective and could

be a promising and eco-friendly solution for wastewater treatment.

Moreover,the results of the pH level test have also shown a positive effect on

improving the pH value of the wastewater using the Aratiles (M. calabura L.) as a

potential biocoagulant. It demonstrated a good performance with a value of 7.27 in

Treatment 2 where 50 ml of Aratiles (M. calabura L.) was applied. Thus, it indicates

that the effect of the fruit powder on the pH level of the wastewater is positive and

even demonstrated a good reaction in regulating and improving the acids in the

wastewater being tested.

Recommendation

The following recommendations are made in consideration of the results and

conclusions of the study and based on the findings, Aratiles (M. calabura L.) powder

effectively reduce turbidity, however the results of the pH level test have shown that it

is not an ideal bio-coagulant for regulating the acidity level of the treated water. Thus,

the researchers recommend that further research is needed, to explore other natural

coagulants or find a way to offset the result of Aratiles (M. calabura L.) powder to the

pH level of the treated water.

 46

Additionally, it is recommended that more experiment should be done to

establish the best dosage of Aratiles (M. calabura L.) powder for treating various kinds

of wastewaters. The study only examined one sample area of wastewater therefore, it

is likely that other kinds of wastewater would need different dosages to be treated

effectively. Aratiles (M. calabura L.) powder usage may have an impact on the

chemical composition of the treated water, including its levels of dissolved solids,

organic matter, and nutrients.

Furthermore, the potential impact of using natural coagulants on the

environment should also be evaluated. For instance, the environmental impact of

cultivating plants such as Aratiles (M. calabura L.) solely for their use as bio coagulants

need to be examined. Additionally, the impact of the use of natural coagulants on the

natural resources, such as water and arable land, should also be assessed.

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APPENDIX A
 Republic of the Philippines
Department of Education
DIVISION OF DAVAO ORIENTAL
LUPON WEST DISTRICT
LUPON NATIONAL COMPREHENSIVE HIGH SCHOOL

PARENT CONSENT ON THE CONDUCT OF RESEARCH

Dear Sir/Ma’am

Good day!

I, undersigned, willfully, and voluntarily give consent on the participation of my child

______________________________________ in the Practical Research /Inquiries,
Investigations, and Immersions (3I’s) Implementation to be held on March 30, 2023 at Science
Laboratory, Lupon National Comprehensive High School.

I have considered the benefit that my child will obtain from his/her participation provided that
due to care and precautions will be observed to ensure the comfort and safety of my child,
and that DepEd employees and personnel may not be held responsible for any untoward
incident that may happen beyond their control.

Respectfully yours,

_______________________________
(Parent’s Signature over Printed Name)

MICHAEL C. CANAKAN, PhD

Research Adviser, LNCHS
 Republic of the Philippines
Department of Education
DIVISION OF DAVAO ORIENTAL
LUPON WEST DISTRICT
LUPON NATIONAL COMPREHENSIVE HIGH SCHOOL

MILDRED CLEMENTE
Principal II

Good day Ma’am,

The researchers are currently working on our Practical Research/ Inquiries, Investigations,
and Immersions (3I’s) entitled “Aratiles (Muntingia calabura Linn) Fruit Powder as Bio
Coagulant for Wastewater Treatment”.

The researchers are asking for your permission to conduct this study in our school laboratories
and facilities. The researchers truly appreciate your kind understanding and cooperation as a
positive response.

Thank you and God bless.

Respectfully,

PAULINE BEATRICE E. ROXAS ALYSSA M. CAPAROS

STEM Grade 12 Plato Student STEM Grade 12 Plato Student

MHEA BLESS SARACANLAO LOUIE JAMES RUTA

STEM Grade 12 Plato Student STEM Grade 12 Plato Student

CHRISTIAN DAVE LAGBAWAN

STEM Grade 12 Plato Student

Noted by: Approved by:

MICHAEL C. CANAKAN, PhD MILDRED G. CLEMENTE

Research Adviser, LNCHS Principal II
 Republic of the Philippines
Department of Education
DIVISION OF DAVAO ORIENTAL
LUPON WEST DISTRICT
LUPON NATIONAL COMPREHENSIVE HIGH SCHOOL

Mr. Michael C. Canakan, PhD

Science – Laboratory – in – charge

Lupon National Comprehensive High School

We are asking for your permission to allow us to use the laboratory and apparatuses for the
experimentation of our Science Investigatory Project in the subject Practical Research/
Inquiries, Investigations, and Immersions (3I’s) for March 30, 2023. We promise to handle the
materials to be borrowed with utmost caution.

We hope our request will be given a favorable response.

Respectfully,

PAULINE BEATRICE E. ROXAS ALYSSA M. CAPAROS

STEM Grade 12 Plato Student STEM Grade 12 Plato Student

MHEA BLESS SARACANLAO LOUIE JAMES RUTA

STEM Grade 12 Plato Student STEM Grade 12 Plato Student

CHRISTIAN DAVE LAGBAWAN

STEM Grade 12 Plato Student

Noted by: Approved by:

MICHAEL C. CANAKAN, PhD MIA FAY M. LABORTE

Research Adviser, LNCHS Science Laboratory In – charge
 Republic of the Philippines
Department of Education
DIVISION OF DAVAO ORIENTAL
LUPON WEST DISTRICT
LUPON NATIONAL COMPREHENSIVE HIGH SCHOOL

To Whom It May Concern,

We, Pauline Beatrice E. Roxas, Alyssa M. Caparos, Mhea Bless Saracanlao, Louie James
Ruta, and Christian Dave Lagbawan of the STEM (Science, Technology, Engineering, and
Mathematics) Program of Lupon National Comprehensive High School would like to request
your humble office for the plant authentication of Aratiles (Muntingia calabura Linn) that will
be utilized for the experiment procedures of our Practical Research/ Inquiries, Investigations,
and Immersions (3I’s) project entitled: “Aratiles (Muntingia calabura Linn) Fruit Powder as
Bio Coagulant for Wastewater Treatment”.

We hope for your kind approval. Please contact us through these phone numbers:
09298036680, 09662590145. Thank you and God Bless.

Very truly yours,

PAULINE BEATRICE E. ROXAS ALYSSA M. CAPAROS

STEM Grade 12 Plato Student STEM Grade 12 Plato Student

MHEA BLESS SARACANLAO LOUIE JAMES RUTA

STEM Grade 12 Plato Student STEM Grade 12 Plato Student

CHRISTIAN DAVE LAGBAWAN

STEM Grade 12 Plato Student

Acknowledged by:
________________________________
 2

CURRICULUM VITAE

Personal Background

Name: Pauline Beatrice E. Roxas

Place: Purok Cawayan, Ilangay,

Lupon, Davao Oriental

Date of Birth: May 14, 2005

Civil Status: Single

Email Address: paulinebeatriceroxas@gmail.com

Educational Attainment

Senior High School: Lupon National Comprehensive

High School (2020 – 2023)

Junior High School: Lupon National Comprehensive

High School (2016 – 2020)

Elementary School: Comara T. Manuel Elementary

School Sped Center (2011 – 2016)

CURRICULUM VITAE
 3

Personal Background

Name: Alyssa M. Caparos

Place: Purok San Pedro Ceboleda,

Poblacion, Lupon, Davao Oriental

Date of Birth: August 20, 2004

Civil Status: Single

Email Address: alyssacaparos26@gmail.com

Educational Attainment

Senior High School: Lupon National Comprehensive

High School (2020 – 2023)

Junior High School: Lupon Vocational

High School (2016 – 2020)

Elementary School: Comara T. Manuel Elementary

School Sped Center (2011 – 2016)

 4

CURRICULUM VITAE

Personal Background

Name: Mhea Bless Saracanloao

Place: Purok Everlasting 2, Cocornon,

Lupon, Davao Oriental

Date of Birth: October 19, 2005

Civil Status: Single

Email Address: mheasaracanlao@gmail.com

Educational Attainment

Senior High School: Lupon National Comprehensive

High School (2020 – 2023)

Junior High School: Lupon Vocational

High School (2016 – 2020)

Elementary School: Cocornon Elementary School

(2011 – 2016)
 5

CURRICULUM VITAE

Personal Background

Name: Louie James M. Ruta

Place: Purok Sampaguita, Poblacion

Lupon, Davao Oriental

Date of Birth: May 22, 2005

Civil Status: Single

Email Address: louiejamesruta@gmail.com

Educational Attainment

Senior High School: Lupon National Comprehensive

High School (2020 – 2023)

Junior High School: Lupon Vocational

High School (2016 – 2020)

Elementary School: Comara T. Manuel Elementary

School Sped Center (2011 – 2016)

 6

CURRICULUM VITAE

Personal Background

Name: Christian Dave L. Lagbawan

Place: Clado Subdivision, Poblacion

Lupon, Davao Oriental

Date of Birth: January 23, 2005

Civil Status: Single

Email Address: LagbawanC@gmail.com

Educational Attainment

Senior High School: Lupon National Comprehensive

High School (2020 – 2023)

Junior High School: Lupon Vocational

High School (2016 – 2020)

Elementary School: Comara T. Manuel Elementary

School Sped Center (2011 – 2016)