i

APPROVAL SHEET

This capstone project titled, Colla corii asini with Eggshell and Manure Tea as

a Natural Fertilizer, prepared and submitted by Rycel Joshua M. Ruales, Jan Wilson A.

Sicat, Louisa M. Casimero, Mark Ken C. Tapulayan and Karissa C. Melchor in partial

fulfillment of the requirements for the subjects, Capstone Project and Inquiries,

Investigations, and Immersion, is hereby recommended for approval and acceptance.

OLGA L. ASIA, MAEd JOHN PAUL O. DELA ROSA, MAEd

Capstone Project Adviser Co-Adviser

Approved by the Examining Committee in partial fulfillment of the requirements

for the subjects, Capstone Project and Inquiries, Investigations, and Immersion.

CESAR IAN DC SALAC, PhD

Chairman

DANA JANE L. DIAZ, MAEd SHARON S. PUQUIZ, MAEd

Member Member

Accepted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the subjects, Capstone

Project and Inquiries, Investigations, and Immersion.

ARLENE P. APOSTOL, EdD

Date Principal III
 ii

COLLA CORII ASINI WITH EGGSHELL AND MANURE TEA AS A NATURAL

LIQUID FERTILIZER

A Capstone Project Presented to the

Faculty of Senior High School Department
Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics
Tarlac National High School-Annex
San Miguel, Tarlac City

In Partial Fulfillment
of the Requirements for the Specialized Subject
Capstone Project and
Inquiries, Investigations and Immersion

CASIMERO, LOUISA M.
MELCHOR, KARISSA C.
RUALES, RYCEL JOSHUA M.
SICAT, JAN WILSON A.
TAPULAYAN, MARK KEN C.

May 2022
 iii

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

The researchers would like to express their heartfelt gratitude to the following

individuals for their assistance and support in the preparation and completion of this study.

We pay our deep sense of gratitude to Mrs. Olga L. Asia and Mr. John Paul O.

Dela Rosa, for encouraging us to reach the highest peak of our research potentials and to

provide us with overwhelming support, assistance, and guidance in the completion of this

study. Also, we thank them for their valuable guidance and kind supervision in the

completion of this research. Without them, this study would not be completed.

Dr. Arlene P. Apostol, the school principal, for her moral support and

encouragement in making this research undertaking a huge success.

To the members of the panel, Dr. Cesar Ian DC Salac, Ms. Danajane L. Diaz

and Ms. Sharon S. Puquiz, the researchers are grateful for their support and honest

comments and suggestions in improving this study.

The Provincial Agriculture Office and Mr. Arman Antonio L. Tullao, for

allowing and helping the researchers to conduct a soil pH level testing.

Families and friends of the researchers, for being everyone's constant companions,

for assisting and motivating the researchers and for bringing smiles to their faces when

times seem bleak.

Above all, to the God Almighty, for providing the researchers the strength and

knowledge needed to complete the study and for His countless love.

-The Researchers
 iv

Dedication
We are wholeheartedly
dedicate this humble piece of
work to God Almighty, to
our Family and also to our
dearest Teachers and
Friends.
This capstone project is for
all of you!

Rycel Joshua M. Ruales

Jan Wilson A. Sicat
Louisa M. Casimero
Mark Ken C. Tapulayan
Karissa C. Melchor
 v

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Approval Sheet..................................................................................................................... i

Title Page ............................................................................................................................ ii

Acknowledgement ............................................................................................................. iii

Dedication ......................................................................................................................... iv

Table of Contents .................................................................................................................v

List of Figure...................................................................................................................... vi

Abstract ............................................................................................................................. vii

Introduction ..........................................................................................................................1

Methodology ........................................................................................................................9

Results and Discussion ......................................................................................................13

Conclusion .........................................................................................................................22

Recommendation ...............................................................................................................22

References ..........................................................................................................................24

Appendices.........................................................................................................................28

Appendix A ............................................................................................................29

Appendix B ............................................................................................................30

Appendix C ............................................................................................................32

Researchers’ Vitae .............................................................................................................39

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List of Figure
Figure Page

1 Flow chart of activities …………………………………………….. 9

 vii

Title: Colla corii asini with Eggshell and Manure Tea as a Natural Fertilizer
by: Rycel Joshua M. Ruales, Jan Wilson A. Sicat, Louisa M. Casimero, Mark Ken C.
Tapulayan and Karissa C. Melchor
Tarlac National High School Annex - San Miguel, Tarlac City

ABSTRACT

This study was conducted to evaluate the feasibility of making a natural liquid fertilizer

out of unflavored gelatin (Colla corii asini) with chicken eggshell and carabao manure tea

by utilizing the scientific method of research. The research aimed to find out the potential

of gelatin with chicken eggshell and carabao manure tea as a natural liquid fertilizer. The

researchers created a natural liquid fertilizer that aims to use home products made out of

gelatin with eggshell and manure tea, considering if it will work as an alternative fertilizer.

The Provincial Agriculture Office tested the soil that has the fertilizer, unflavored gelatin

with chicken eggshell, and carabao manure tea. The findings of the study were gathered by

observational testing in terms of the growth of the plants and by pH level testing of the

properties of the unflavored gelatin with chicken eggshell and carabao manure tea as a

natural liquid fertilizer. The results showed that the plant with developed natural liquid

fertilizer was greater in height and the growth of the leaves was faster than the common

fertilizer used by farmers. In conclusion, the unflavored gelatin with chicken eggshells and

carabao manure tea as a natural liquid fertilizer has a pH level of 6.5, which means that it

is effective as a great and natural liquid fertilizer for almost all the crops. It is recommended

that the developed fertilizer be used as a natural liquid fertilizer for backyard farming and

household planting purposes. Future researchers may enhance the physical appearance,
 viii

texture, especially the smell of the natural liquid fertilizer made from unflavored gelatin

(Colla corii asini) with chicken eggshells and manure tea.

Keywords: Unflavored gelatin, chicken eggshell, carabao manure tea, natural fertilizer,

pH level
 1

Colla corii asini with Eggshell and Manure Tea as a Natural Fertilizer

Introduction and Review of Related Literature and Studies

Shifting from conventional to organic farming provides numerous advantages for

human well-being, including environmental protection (soil, water, and air), soil fertility

restoration through improved physical, chemical, and biological qualities, and improved

crop quality. Natural fertilizer is an important part of agricultural sustainability since it

helps to improve soil fertility. Natural fertilizers have the advantages of being inexpensive,

enhancing soil structure, texture, and aeration, boosting the soil's ability to retain water,

and stimulating healthy root development. Minerals, animal sources, sewage sludge, and

plants are all sources of organic fertilizer (Ahmad et al., 2016).

In China, organic fertilizers contain plant or animal-based materials that are either

a byproduct or end product of naturally occurring processes, such as animal manure and

composted organic materials (Wei et al., 2020). Organic fertilizers are naturally available

mineral sources that contain a moderate amount of plant essential nutrients. They are

capable of mitigating problems associated with synthetic fertilizers. They reduce the

necessity of repeated application of synthetic fertilizers to maintain soil fertility. They

gradually release nutrients into the soil solution and maintain nutrient balance for the

healthy growth of crop plants. They also act as an effective energy source for soil microbes

which in turn improve soil structure and crop growth. They are safer alternatives to

chemical fertilizers. However, the improper use of organic fertilizers leads to

overfertilization or nutrient deficiency in the soil. Hence, the controlled release of organic
 2

fertilizers is an effective and advanced way to overcome these impacts and maintain

sustainable agriculture yield (Shaji et al., 2021).

The Philippines has been noted to be an agricultural country for the past years and

has continually encouraged the appreciation for the agricultural economy. The agricultural

economy includes the production of healthy foods which the government gave emphasis

through organic fertilizer. Organic fertilizer performs a huge role in the efficiency and

effectiveness in the production of growing our crops and food products in the country thus

the government continuously finds ways to boost the organic fertilizer production in the

country.

Today’s set-up shows that most farmers have relied on inorganic fertilizer despite

its being costly and gradual harmful effect on the soil, yet the organic fertilizer makes the

soil fertile in a natural way thus causing no damage in its natural composition but instead

adding nutrients to it as well as maintaining its neutral potential hydrogen (pH). This

process provides a means of helping the environment as well as providing the farmers with

a lesser cost of fertilizer especially in today's economic condition (Cadiente et al., 2013).

Unflavored gelatin makes wonderful liquid fertilizer, because by simply dissolving

the gelatin in hot water, then allowing it to cook, and thinning out the consistency by adding

more water. Then, the liquid nitrogen fertilizer is ready to use in the garden and container-

grown plants. It has high nitrogen content, perfect for enriching the soil. Nitrogen is

essential for plants to produce lush and green foliage. It is also much safer and inexpensive.

As gelatin releases nitrogen slowly, it enriches plants longer. It also saves the nitrogen from

leaching out of the soil or evaporating quickly (Balcony Garden Web, 2021).
 3

Gelatin is defined as a mixture of peptides and proteins that are generally derived

from partial hydrolysis of collagen obtained from connective tissues of animals which can

include skin and bones, or it can be derived from plant materials like seaweeds. Gelatin is

soluble in water and most polar solvents (Gelatin Manufacturers Institute of America,

2012).

Gelatin provided nitrogen that enhanced plant growth. Moreover, gelatin was an

effective biostimulant as the plant growth and nitrogen content were greater from two

gelatin capsules compared to the amino acid mixture of the same proportion and amount

as the gelatin (Wilson et al., 2018).

Various kinds of organic materials can be used in producing organic fertilizers, one

of which is derived from household waste, namely eggshells. At present, eggshells are only

waste that has no economic value, meaning that after the inside of the eggs is removed, the

eggshells are usually thrown away. The high calcium content has the potential to be used

as organic fertilizer for plants. The high calcium content in eggshells can function to

activate the formation of root and seed hairs and strengthen the stems. Calcium can also be

used to neutralize adverse soil conditions and compounds. Fertilizers from eggshell waste

that have complete nutrients can have high selling value and can compete in the

international market. Moreover, they can also be used as a producer of environmentally

friendly products (Anugrah et al., 2021).

Crushed eggshells, which are abundant in calcium carbonate, a necessary element

for strengthening plant cell walls, are another interesting fertilizer. Other minerals that aid

plant growth, including potassium, phosphorus, and magnesium, can be found in the shells.

Also, the calcium carbonate in eggshells lowers soil pH levels, making the soil more
 4

alkaline than acidic. As a result, eggshells are a cost-efficient and excellent fertilizer for

outdoor garden soil and houseplants (Finley, 2021).

Eggshell has the potential to become fertilizer for plants due to its nutrient content.

The eggshell fertilizer used in this study was in liquid/foliar and solid forms. The

comparison of eggshell fertilizer and commercial fertilizer effectiveness was conducted to

see their compatibility in basil’s growth. The chemical analysis was conducted on eggshell

tea fertilizer to see the nutrient content. The result from this study shows that eggshell

fertilizer in liquid/foliar form is compatible with commercial fertilizer (Wijaya & Teo,

2019).

Manure tea is also nutrient-dense, particularly in nitrogen. This tea can be a

lifesaver for plants that require additional nitrogen, such as in the early phases of growth.

Nitrogen is beneficial to plant growth, but it is not necessary for fruit sets. The researchers

wanted to reduce the nitrogen once the plants are ready to set fruit, otherwise, they will end

up with a lot of leaves but no fruit. Also, carabao manure tea is cheap and requires only

labor and transport costs for capital (Schneider Jr., 2014).

Using manure tea on crops is a popular practice in many home gardens. Manure

tea, which is like compost tea, enriches the soil and adds much-needed nutrients for healthy

plant growth. The nutrients found in manure tea make it an ideal fertilizer for garden plants.

The nutrients from manure dissolve easily in water where they can be added to a sprayer

or watering can. The leftover manure can be thrown in the garden or reused in the compost

pile (Tilley, 2022).

 5

Researchers can create a successful fertilizer by combining all of these. They are a

better option than chemical fertilizers. Incorrect application of organic fertilizers, on the

other hand, might result in overfertilization or nutritional shortage in the soil. As a result,

releasing organic fertilizers in a controlled manner is an effective and advanced technique

to mitigate these effects while maintaining sustainable agriculture production (Shaji et al.,

2021).

With those facts from various studies, the researchers had an idea to produce a

natural fertilizer made from unflavored gelatin with chicken eggshells and carabao manure

tea to help crops grow abundantly and become healthy, without using any chemicals on

them, especially in this time of the pandemic, where commodities are more expensive and

farmers suffer from lack of personal funds and innovative alternatives to grow quality

crops.

Research Objectives

The primary objective of this study was to develop and examine a natural liquid

fertilizer that combines gelatin with eggshell and manure tea to help crops and gardens

grow.

Specifically, it aimed to accomplish the following research objectives.

1. to produce a natural liquid fertilizer out of unflavored gelatin (commercial gulaman)

with chicken eggshell, and carabao manure tea in terms of:

1.1 collection of materials;

1.2 process of making the fertilizer; and

1.3 application of the fertilizer.

 6

2. to test the property of the developed liquid fertilizer in terms of:

2.1 pH levels of soil without a fertilizer;

2.2 pH levels with the developed fertilizer in the soil; and

2.3 pH levels with the common fertilizer in the soil.

3. to compare the developed fertilizer with the common fertilizer (Green Choice-

Calcium Nitrate and Urea) used in crops in the growth of the seedlings.

4. to describe the impact of the study on farming.

Significance of the Study

The results of the study could provide useful information that could help the

beneficiaries improve their knowledge regarding alternative fertilizers. The beneficiaries

are the following:

Learners. The results of the study could give significant information and a guide

to other learners in conducting further research about the potential of unflavored gelatin

with chicken eggshells and carabao manure tea as a natural fertilizer. The learners could

also use this to widen their knwoledge or seek new innovative information by using

unflavored gelatin, chicken eggshells and carabao manure tea as their sole ingredients in

creating alternative fertilizers.

Farmers and Farming Industry. The findings would help the farmers and the

farming industry in growing their crops naturally without using chemical fertilizer. It would

help them gain more information about organic fertilizers which could be a way for them

to grow quality crops at present and in the future.

 7

Families. The findings of the study could give significant information about the

potential capability of the unflavored gelatin with chicken eggshells and carabao manure

tea as a natural liquid fertilizer. The study could also be a guide for every family to try

using this fertilizer to save money and save Mother Earth, especially in this time of the

pandemic.

Communities. The study could bring significant information about the findings

where it could help motivate the community to produce natural fertilizers that they could

see in their surroundings. They could also conduct seminars or programs regarding the

production of these ingredients and their benefits.

Department of Agriculture. The results of the study would serve as a way to

improve crop production by introducing non-chemical fertilizers, especially to the local

farmers.

Department of Health. The findings of the study would help the DOH to make

guidance on how to utilize biological items that have potential growth solutions for crops

and could naturally be a cheap fertilizer for healthier and beautifully-grown crops.

Department of Environment and Natural Resources. The results of the study

would give the DENR further intensive research about the fertilizer properties of these

ingredients that are less noticeable but have the potential to become a natural solution to

many farming issues.

Department of Science and Technology. The findings of the study could

influence the DOST to conduct its own investigation about natural liquid fertilizers made

from unflavored gelatin with chicken eggshells and carabao manure tea. This would let the
 8

findings be studied and innovated by the experts to bring out the best potential of the

ingredients in solving problems as regards the growth and health of the crops and also, the

agriculture sector and the environment in general.

Future Researchers. The results of the study could be a guide for future

researchers who would want to develop their future research involving other naturally-

sourced fertilizers.

Scope and Delimitation

This research focused on the quality and development of an innovative and natural

liquid fertilizer that was processed from unflavored gelatin with chicken eggshells and

carabao manure tea. The quality of the fertilizer was identified using the indicators given

in the problem. Precautionary measures were also taken into consideration such as the

safety of the researchers while doing the experimentation and trials. Preparation of

materials were done in San Rafael, Tarlac City, and lasted during the second semester of

school year 2021-2022.

 9

METHODOLOGY
 10

Production and Making of a Natural Liquid Fertilizer

The unflavored gelatin, Mr. Gulaman was bought at a supermarket in San Miguel,

Tarlac City. The chicken eggshells were collected at a local bakery and the carabao manure

was also collected in San Rafael, Tarlac City. The soil samples were sent to the Provincial

Agriculture Office at San Isidro, Tarlac City for authentication and verification.

Collection of Materials

The researchers bought a pack of unflavored gelatin at a supermarket and collected

the chicken eggshells at a local bakery. Also, the carabao manure was collected in San

Rafael, Tarlac City.

Process of Making the fertilizer

The researchers dissolved a package of unflavored gelatin into a cup of hot water

and then add three cups of cold water. The mixture was stirred using a spoon until it is

completely dissolved and then poured the mixture into an aluminum container. Then, the

researchers prepared and crushed up used 15-20 eggshells using a mortar and pestle, then

added them to the gelatin mixture. Afterward, the carabao manure was soaked into a half

bucket of water for 2 days and then stirred to completely break down the manure. The

researchers stirred the manure gradually to make a manure tea as fast as possible while

retaining the nutrients of the manure. After the researchers stirred the manure-water

mixture, it was poured into the gelatin-eggshell mixture using a net. In that way, the

researchers arrived at manure tea without waiting for weeks. The gelatin-eggshell mixture

is then added to the carabao manure tea with a ratio of a half large pet bottle of the gelatin-

eggshell mixture and a half-liter of the same large pet bottle. Later on, the gelatin-eggshell-
 11

manure mixture was put in a large pet bottle and pour some fertilizer in the soil of the

eggplant.

Application of the Fertilizer

The developed and extracted fertilizer is then applied to the soil of the eggplants

and was observed for 21 days or 3 weeks.

Test of property of gelatin (Colla corii asini) with chicken eggshells and carabao

manure tea as a natural liquid fertilizer

pH levels of soil without the fertilizer

This procedure was performed at the Provincial Agriculture Office at San Isidro,

Tarlac City with the sample of the soil. The soil without the fertilizer is the control group

and its pH level was determined.

pH levels with the developed fertilizer in the soil

This procedure was performed at the Provincial Agriculture Office at San Isidro,

Tarlac City with the sample of the soil. The soil with the developed fertilizer is the

experimental group and its pH level was determined.

Ph levels with the common fertilizer in the soil

This procedure was performed at the Provincial Agriculture Office at San Isidro,

Tarlac City with the sample of the soil. The soil with the common fertilizer is the common

group and its pH level was determined.

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Comparison of the Fertilizers in the growth of the seedlings

The researchers compared the developed fertilizer with the common fertilizer used

by the farmers in growing their crops in terms of their growth and the pH level of the soils.

Impact on Farming

The researchers then identified the impact of unflavored gelatin (Colla corii asini)

with chicken eggshells and carabao manure tea as a natural liquid fertilizer on farming

using all data gathered.

Waste Disposal

Excess chemicals used were disposed of in its appropriate organic and inorganic

waste containers. Liquid wastes were collected in bottles and disposed of properly.

Analysis of Results

1. The production of a natural liquid fertilizer out of gelatin, chicken eggshell and

carabao manure was discussed textually.

2. The testing of the pHs of the soil without a fertilizer (control group), soil with the

developed fertilizer (experimental group), and the soil with the common fertilizer

(common group) was done at the Provincial Agriculture Office at San Isidro, Tarlac

City and was represented by table and the results were discussed textually.

3. The comparison of the developed fertilizer with the common fertilizer (Green

Choice-Calcium Nitrate and Urea) used in crops was shown using a table and will

be described textually.

4. The impact on farming was described textually.

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RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

This part of the research shows the result, analysis, and interpretation of the findings

to answer the objective of the study.

1. Production and making of a natural liquid fertilizer out of unflavored gelatin

(commercial gulaman) with chicken eggshells and carabao manure tea

The production and making of a natural liquid fertilizer out of unflavored gelatin

with chicken eggshells and carabao manure tea were analyzed in this part.

1.1 Collection of Materials

Collecting the eggshells was conducted at a local bakery in San Rafael, Tarlac City

and, the carabao manure was also accumulated in that area. The unflavored gelatin (Mr.

Gulaman) was bought from a supermarket.

1.2 Process of Making the Fertilizer

The researchers dissolved the gelatin into hot water and added 3 glasses of water to

it, crushing the eggshells using a mortar and pestle and making the carabao manure tea

using the All of these materials were combined to produce a natural fertilizer.

1.3 Application of the Fertilizer

The researchers applied the developed fertilizer to the soil of the eggplant after the

making of it was finished.

2. Testing of pH levels of the soils

In this part, the testing of pH levels of the soils without a fertilizer, with the

developed fertilizer in the soil and the soil with the common fertilizer were discussed.
 14

2.1 Testing of pH levels of soil without a fertilizer

The researchers sent the soil sample to the Provincial Agriculture Office at San

Isidro, Tarlac City, and was tested using the soil pH level testing.

Using the pH level testing on soil, the soil without a fertilizer (Control Group)

resulted in a pH level of 6.9, which means that it is acidic but not the best for growing

eggplants although, it is suitable for growing some other crops.

Sutradhar et al. (2014) state that based on the findings of their research the

agronomic optimum level of soil pH for sunflower production is at a level of 5.0 and above.

Given the relative low pH in which sunflower yield resulted in 10% losses (4.7 to 5.3), the

crop is a very promising summer rotation to winter wheat in fields where the remediation

of soil acidity via application of lime is not economically feasible.

Khaidem et al. (2018) determined that selection of crops is highly recommended

for such type of conditions. Generally, crops having high tolerance to acidic or basic pH

can be selected. Alfalfa crop can grow well in acidic medium of pH 6.2-7.5. Barley, corn,

oats can tolerate pH as low as 5.5. Potatoes can grow favourably at an optimal pH condition

of 5.0-5.5. At this pH, bacteria causing common scab disease of potatoes can also be

controlled. However, in the extreme conditions of high acidity or alkalinity, certain

reformations may be needed such that crops can grow under optimal conditions.

2.2 Testing of pH levels with the developed fertilizer in the soil

The researchers sent the soil sample to the Provincial Agriculture Office at San

Isidro, Tarlac City, and was tested using the soil pH level testing.
 15

Using the pH level testing on soil, the soil with the developed fertilizer

(Experimental Group) resulted in a pH level of 6.5, which means that it is acidic, it is the

most suitable pH level for growing eggplant and almost all crops. It is the best, preferable,

and suitable for growing almost all crops since most plants thrive in the 6.0 to 7.0 range of

pH levels. The findings showed that using the developed fertilizer made from unflavored

gelatin (Colla corii asini) with chicken eggshell, and carabao manure tea was more

effective than using the common fertilizer used by farmers that has chemicals on it because

of the growth of the plants and the acidity of the soil.

Wang et al. (2014) identified that the soil pH in eggplant with normal garlic and

eggplant with green garlic were 7.70 and 7.46, the highest and lowest one among them is

the alkaline phosphatase activity and pH displayed a similar decreasing trend with

continuous cropping. These findings indicate that relay intercropping eggplant with garlic

could be an ideal farming system to effectively improve soil nutrient content, increase soil

fertility, and alleviate soil sickness to some extent. These findings are important in helping

to develop sustainable eggplant production.

Shatar & McBratney (2004) assessed the relationship between soil pH (15–30 cm)

and sorghum yield, and found that pH was a limiting factor in some areas of the field. It is

also found that management zones (MZ) with varying pH levels within a field displayed a

marked difference in corn grain yield over several seasons. The MZ with the lowest mean

pH (6.41) showed the highest yield, and the MZ with the highest mean pH (7.43) displayed

the lowest yields. In contrast, Adeoye and Agboola (1985) saw a significant positive

correlation between the soil pH and the relative yield of maize. The results found in this

study suggest that the depth-to-soil pH constraint can directly influence crop yield.
 16

A study conducted in the State of Nebraska in the US reported results similar to the

ones reported in this study where a significant spatial variability of soil nutrients in study

was observed, and the corresponding economic implications on maize grain yield. It is

apparent that some areas of the field do not need lime since the SMP soil pH is 6.5 or above

for maize production, however, there are areas within the field with a soil pH of 6.5 and

lower that needs soil acidity correction (Kgopa, 2014).

Uguru (2012) stated the response of soybean genotypes to different soil pH levels

in terms of root growth, agronomic and yield traits were observed to be significant at both

2004 and 2005 planting seasons. Indeed, it showed that variation existed across the soil pH

levels evaluated, as it has been previously reported for cowpea, maize and soybean. This

showed that soil pH had a strong impact on the soybean root growth, agronomic and yield

traits. Also, results indicated that genotypes grown at an increasing soil pH from 5.5 to 7.0

resulted in significant increase in all the traits considered. The researchers in Hawaii

assessed the growth response of Jumby bean, L. lucocephala to varying range of soil pH

from < 5 to > 7 and, found that yield increased with increasing soil pH until above pH 7.0.

The simultaneous increase in the overall agronomic yield of soybean with the increase in

soil pH from 5.5 to 7.0 could be attributed to an increasing nutrient (Ca, P and K) uptake

which are readily available under such soil pH conditions.

Soil pH had a significant effect on the growth, biomass allocation, nutrient uptake,

and mycorrhizal colonization in L. microphyllum. At soil pH 4.5 and 8.0, the plants were

noticeably smaller and grew less vigorously compared to the other treatments. Soil pH 5.5

and 6.5 provided the most favorable conditions for the nutrient uptake, growth, and

biomass accumulation. This result was expected for L. microphyllum because extensive
 17

growth is seen in slightly acidic soils of Florida. Few other ferns in Florida have been

reported to prefer soil pH close to 6.0; field study by Van Loan (2006) showed that

Lygodium japonicum, another pest plant species in Florida, was present in sites with soil

pH 6.0. Similarly, Mathur et al. (1982) reported that the fern Rumohra adiantiformis

requires soil pH between 5.5 and 6.0 for optimal growth. However, as opposed to our

expectation, the plants grown in alkaline soils survived, maintained a fair growth rate and

produced fertile fronds (Soti et al., 2015).

Gentili et al. (2018) stated that the interesting findings of their experimental study

are that: (a) in not optimal pH conditions (pH7 in our study) A. artemisiifolia does not

produce buds and inflorescences; in sub-optimal pH conditions for growth (pH5) the length

of the pollen emission is reduced compared with the optimal pH conditions (i.e., pH6),

even if an opposite pattern was observed for pollen allergenicity. These factors should be

considered and may have possible implications during the evaluation of health risk linked

to pollinosis.

2.3 Testing of pH levels with the common fertilizer in the soil

The researchers sent the soil sample to the Provincial Agriculture Office at San

Isidro, Tarlac City and was tested using the soil pH level testing.

Using the pH level testing on soil, the soil with the common fertilizer (Common

Group) resulted in a pH level of 7.3, which means that it is alkaline, and it is suitable for

growing other crops but not in eggplants.

Butchee et al. (2012) discussed in their study that at grain sorghum relative yield

0.90, the critical soil pH was 5.42. The models developed in this study will provide
 18

producers with a tool to estimate yield reductions at a given soil pH. As producers

incorporate grain sorghum into rotations, it is recommended that soil pH be tested and

limed if soil pH is 5.42 or below to ensure that significant yield reductions associated with

soil acidity are avoided.

Kramer (2008) determined that the soil pH readings were 6.05, 6.42, 6.6, and 6.43

respectively for the sampling dates in the months of June, July, August, and October as

compared to an average control treatment pH of 8.29. The addition of S treatments to the

soil was intended to lower the soil pH, rather than to supply S in order to correct a

deficiency. Elemental S added to the soil is oxidized by soil bacteria into sulfuric acid,

causing a permanent change in pH resulting in greater availability of micronutrients and

phosphorus.

Ambrosini (2018) stated that with regards to vegetative traits, the shortest height as

well as the slowest growth rate for all vegetative traits were recorded at pH7. These results

are in disagreement with those of an old work of Turner (1928) reporting that A.

artemisiifolia was more abundant and taller at neutral–slightly alkaline soil (pH 7.0–7.3)

than plants grown in sub-acid and acid soils (below pH7). Our results highlight that

intermediate/slightly acid values of pH are in general most suitable for the growth and

reproduction of A. artemisiifolia. Most plant nutrients are known to be optimally available

to plants at intermediate/sub-acid pH ranges and are compatible to plant root growth

 19

3. Comparison of the developed fertilizer with the common fertilizer (Green Choice-

Calcium Nitrate and Urea) used in crops in the growth of the seedlings

The comparison of the developed fertilizer with the common fertilizer used in crops

in the growth of the seedlings is shown in table 1.

Table 1.
Comparison of the Control, Experimentation and Common Fertilizers
COMPARISON OF THE CONTROL, EXPERIMENTATION AND COMMON
FERTILIZERS
Days Control Group Experimental Group Common Fertilizer
(April 14 – May 4, (No Fertilizer Used) / Extracted Fertilizer Used in Soil
2022) Used in Soil
1 87 cm 114 cm 80 cm
2 87 cm 115 cm 80 cm
3 89 cm 119 cm 82 cm
4 89 cm 122 cm 84 cm
5 90 cm 126 cm 84.5 cm
6 90 cm 128 cm 84.5 cm
7 90 cm 131 cm 85 cm
8 91 cm 135 cm 88 cm
9 93 cm 138 cm 90 cm
10 93 cm 140.5 cm 91 cm
11 94 cm 143 cm 92.5 cm
12 94 cm 149 cm 94 cm
13 94 cm 151 cm 95 cm
14 94.5 cm 155 cm 97 cm
15 96 cm 157 cm 98.5 cm
16 96 cm 161 cm 100 cm
17 98 cm 163 cm 102 cm
18 98.5 cm 165.5 cm 103.5 cm
19 99 cm 167 cm 104 cm
20 101 cm 168 cm 106 cm
21 101 cm 169 cm 106 cm
Total Growth per 14 cm 55 cm 26 cm
centimeters:

As shown in Table 1, compared to the soil without a fertilizer, soil with the

developed fertilizer and the soil with the common fertilizer, the soil with the developed

fertilizer is the highest among the three with 55 centimeters in height for 21 days. While
 20

the soil with the common fertilizer was 26 centimeters in height and the soil without a

fertilizer has 14 centimeters. Therefore, the soil with the developed fertilizer is the most

effective fertilizer in growing our crops.

Wazir et al. (2018) discussed that regarding average plant height after 30, 60 and

90 days it was observed that plants of treatment T1 (eggshell powder) has shown greater

plant height in potato crop. This may be due to the fact that eggshell is source of calcium

and in the present research the treatment T1 (eggshell powder) increased the soil calcium

level. The researchers’ results are compatible with the findings of Nikose (2015) who

reported that eggshell along with Bio-waste when used in potted plants like money plant

and wheat grass resulted a remarkable growth in the plant. Organic calcium not only helps

to neutralize soils acidity, but calcium is also a component of cell wall in plants, and it is

needed for enzyme formation, nitrate uptake and root development.

4. The Impact on Farming

Agriculture or farming is the practice of cultivating plants and livestock.

Agriculture was the key development in the rise of sedentary human civilization, whereby

farming of domesticated species created food surpluses that enabled people to live in cities.

Just as humans need essential minerals and nutrients for strong, healthy growth, so

do the world's crops. This developed fertilizer would be inextricably linked to agricultural

productivity and food production. This fertilizer will be an important aspect in our farming

especially in crop and food production. Also, the importance of fertilizer in crop and food

production is frequently overlooked. This fertilizer will be a food for many plants. This
 21

will replenish the nutrients lost by crops in the soil and it will be used to supplement the

soil's nutrient stock with minerals that will be easily absorbed and utilized by plants.

In summary, this developed fertilizer will greatly help our agricultural status and it

will be beneficial to everyone especially to the farmers and to their farming. It will be

affordable, useful, effective and it would be a great alternative in using the commonly used

fertilizers which has a lot of chemicals that could burn the plant and causes too many

nutrients that the plants cannot absorb. It is shown that using this developed fertilizer will

help our farmers in growing their crops naturally, cheap and less-chemical. Using it will

definitely change our old-style of farming and switch into a more diverse, cost-free and

environmentally farming.
 22

CONCLUSIONS

Based on the findings of the study, the following conclusions were drawn:

1. Unflavored gelatin with chicken eggshells and carabao manure tea can be used to

produce an innovative and natural liquid fertilizer;

2. The combination of the unflavored gelatin with chicken eggshells and carabao manure

tea is effective in growing our crops more efficiently, conveniently and naturally;

3. Gelatin (Colla corii asini) with Eggshell and Manure Tea as a Natural Liquid Fertilizer

has a pH level of 6.5 which means that it is neutral range between acidic and alkaline. It is

suitable for growing almost all of the crops since most plants thrive in the 6.0 to 7.0 range.

At a soil pH of 6.5, the highest number of nutrients are available for plant use.

4. Using this developed fertilizer will help our farmers in growing their crops naturally,

cheap and less-chemical. It will have a new look in the farming industry and will

definitely change our old-style of farming and switch into a more diverse, cost-free and

environmentally farming.

RECOMMENDATIONS

The findings and conclusion of the study encouraged the researchers to recommend

that:

1. It is recommended that the developed fertilizer be used as a natural liquid fertilizer in

backyard or household farming.

 23

2. The future researchers may use another component that is proven to be a great fertilizer

in growing our crops;

3. The future researchers may use the pH level and NPK Testing in testing the properties

of the soil;

4. The researchers may use laboratory equipment in doing the process of making the natural

liquid fertilizer;

5. The future researchers may ask the personnel in the agricultural field to check the

feasibility of the Gelatin (Colla corii asini) with Eggshell and Manure Tea as a Natural

Liquid Fertilizer and to further study the liquid fertilizer to see its pros and cons;

6. The future researchers may add a different scent to the liquid fertilizer and make it

pleasant to our sense of smell; and

7. Future researchers may enhance the physical appearance, texture and especially the

smell of the natural liquid fertilizer made from Unflavored Gelatin (Colla corii asini) with

Chicken Eggshells and Manure Tea.

 24

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Anugrah, R. D., Rafvenia, Meitiyani, & Safahi, L. (2021). The Effect of Eggshell
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frutescens L). IOP Science. https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1755-
1315/755/1/012001/pdf

Finley, R. (2021). Egg Shell Fertilizer: 4 Benefits of Eggshell Fertilizer. MasterClass.

https://www.masterclass.com/articles/egg-shell-fertilizer-guide

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 25

Schneider Jr., P. (2014). Manure Tea. Healthy Vegetable Gardening.

https://www.healthy-vegetable-gardening.com/manure-tea.html

Tilley, N. (2022). Manure Tea On Crops: Making And Using Manure Fertilizer Tea.
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Nikose, H. S. (2015). Egg Shell and Bio-Waste Manure. International Journal of

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Khaidem, J. & Thounaojam, T.M. (2018). Influence of soil pH on nutrient availability: A
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 26

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Soti, P., Koptur, S., Jayachandran, K. & Volin, J. (2015). Effect of soil pH on growth,
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Mn and maize ear-leaf content of P, Cu and Mn in sedimentary soils of South-
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Shatar, T. M. & McBratney A.B (2004). Empirical Modeling of Relationships Between

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Uguru, M. I. (2012). Responses of some Soybean Genotypes to Different Soil pH Regimes

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Pollen Allergenicity of Ambrosia artemisiifolia L. Frontiers.
https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpls.2018.01335/full#h8
 28

APPENDICES
 29

Appendix A. Production and Creation of a Natural Fertilizer

Image A1. Collection of Materials

Image A2. Process of Creating the fertilizer

 30

Image A3. Application of the fertilizer

Appendix B. Test of Property of Gelatin (Colla corii asini), Chicken Eggshells and

Carabao Manure Tea as a Natural Fertilizer

Image B1. pH levels of soil without the fertilizer (Control Group)

 31

Image B2. pH levels with the developed and extracted fertilizer in the soil

Image B3. pH levels with the common fertilizer in the soil

 32

Appendix C. Comparison of the Fertilizers in the growth of the seedlings

Control Group Experimental Group Common Group

Image C1. Day 1 of observing the growth of the seedlings

Image C2. Day 2 of observing the growth of the seedlings

Image C3. Day 3 of observing the growth of the seedlings

 33

Image C4. Day 4 of observing the growth of the seedlings

Image C5. Day 5 of observing the growth of the seedlings

Image C6. Day 6 of observing the growth of the seedlings

 34

Image C7. Day 7 of observing the growth of the seedlings

Image C8. Day 8 of observing the growth of the seedlings

Image C9. Day 9 of observing the growth of the seedlings

 35

Image C10. Day 10 of observing the growth of the seedlings

Image C11. Day 11 of observing the growth of the seedlings

Image C12. Day 12 of observing the growth of the seedlings

 36

Image C13. Day 13 of observing the growth of the seedlings

Image C14. Day 14 of observing the growth of the seedlings

Image C15. Day 15 of observing the growth of the seedlings

 37

Image C16. Day 16 of observing the growth of the seedlings

Image C17. Day 17 of observing the growth of the seedlings

Image C18. Day 18 of observing the growth of the seedlings

 38

Image C19. Day 19 of observing the growth of the seedlings

Image C20. Day 20 of observing the growth of the seedlings

Image C21. Day 21 of observing the growth of the seedlings

 39

RESEARCHERS VITAE

Rycel Joshua Masangkay Ruales

Blk. 2 Tarvet, San Rafael Tarlac City
joshuaruales31@gmail.com

PERSONAL DATA
Age : 17 years old
Address : Blk. 2 Tarvet, San Rafael Tarlac City
Civil Status : Single
Date of Birth : August 31, 2004
Nationality : Filipino
Gender : Male
Height : 5’4”
Weight : 70 kg.
Religion : Roman Catholic
Language Spoken : Filipino and English

EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND

NAME OF SCHOOL & DEGREE YEAR

ADDRESS RECIEVED GRADUATED

HIGH SCHOOL: Tarlac National High School

San Miguel Campus Undergraduate 2020-2022
(Senior)/ Tarlac City

Tarlac National High School Graduated 2016-2020

San Miguel Campus (Junior)

ELEMENTARY: San Miguel Central Elem. Graduated 2010-2016

School / Tarlac City

SEMINARS/WEBINARS ATTENDED

Introduction to Citation Styles: APA 7th Edition April 1, 2022

Rationalizing the Review of Related Literature and Studies March 17, 2022
Commonly Used Statistical Tools for Capstone/Scientific Research March 11, 2022
Research Methodology: A Guide to Capstone Project March 2, 2022
 40

Jan Wilson Austria Sicat

Aquino St. San Miguel, Tarlac City
wilsonsicat20@gmail.com

PERSONAL DATA
Age : 17 years old
Address : Aquino St. San Miguel, Tarlac City
Civil Status : Single
Date of Birth : July 19, 2004
Nationality : Filipino
Gender : Male
Height : 5’6
Weight : 55 kg.
Religion : Christian
Language Spoken : Filipino, and English

EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND

NAME OF SCHOOL & DEGREE YEAR

ADDRESS RECIEVED GRADUATED

HIGH SCHOOL: Tarlac National High School

San Miguel Campus Undergraduate 2020-2022
(Senior)/ Tarlac City

Tarlac National High School Graduated 2016-2020

San Miguel Campus (Junior)

ELEMENTARY: San Miguel Central Elem. Graduated 2010-2016

School / Tarlac City

SEMINARS/WEBINARS ATTENDED

Introduction to Citation Styles: APA 7th Edition April 1, 2022

Rationalizing the Review of Related Literature and Studies March 17, 2022
Commonly Used Statistical Tools for Capstone/Scientific Research March 11, 2022
Research Methodology: A Guide to Capstone Project March 2, 2022
 41

Louisa Magdaraog Casimero

007 Chico St., Sapang Tagalog Tarlac City
izzahcasimero@gmail.com

PERSONAL DATA
Age : 17 years old
Address : 007 Chico St., Sapang Tagalog Tarlac City
Civil Status : Single
Date of Birth : December 20, 2004
Nationality : Filipino
Gender : Female
Height : 5’0”
Weight : 48 kg.
Religion : Roman Catholic
Language Spoken : Filipino, and English

EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND

NAME OF SCHOOL & DEGREE YEAR

ADDRESS RECIEVED GRADUATED

HIGH SCHOOL: Tarlac National High School

San Miguel Campus Undergraduate 2020-2022
(Senior)/ Tarlac City

Tarlac National High School Graduated 2016-2020

San Miguel Campus (Junior)

ELEMENTARY: San Francisco Elem. School / Graduated 2010-2016

Tarlac City

SEMINARS/WEBINARS ATTENDED

Introduction to Citation Styles: APA 7th Edition April 1, 2022

Rationalizing the Review of Related Literature and Studies March 17, 2022
Commonly Used Statistical Tools for Capstone/Scientific Research March 11, 2022
Research Methodology: A Guide to Capstone Project March 2, 2022
 42

Mark Ken Condes Tapulayan

Brgy. Atioc Sitio Pasaldacan, Tarlac City
tapulayanmarkken@gmail.com

PERSONAL DATA
Age : 18 years old
Address : Brgy. Atioc Sitio Pasaldacan, Tarlac City
Civil Status : Single
Date of Birth : September 12, 2003
Nationality : Filipino
Gender : Male
Height : 5’6”
Weight : 60 kg.
Religion : Christian
Language Spoken : Filipino, and English

EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND

NAME OF SCHOOL & DEGREE YEAR

ADDRESS RECIEVED GRADUATED

HIGH SCHOOL: Tarlac National High School

San Miguel Campus Undergraduate 2020-2022
(Senior)/ Tarlac City

Tarlac National High School Graduated 2016-2020

San Miguel Campus (Junior)

ELEMENTARY: San Miguel Central Elem. Graduated 2010-2016

School / Tarlac City

SEMINARS/WEBINARS ATTENDED

Introduction to Citation Styles: APA 7th Edition April 1, 2022

Rationalizing the Review of Related Literature and Studies March 17, 2022
Commonly Used Statistical Tools for Capstone/Scientific Research March 11, 2022
Research Methodology: A Guide to Capstone Project March 2, 2022
 43

Karissa Cancino Melchor

Castaneda St. San Miguel, Tarlac City
melchorkarissa@gmail.com

PERSONAL DATA
Age : 18 years old
Address : Castaneda St. San Miguel, Tarlac City
Civil Status : Single
Date of Birth : May 12, 2004
Nationality : Filipino
Gender : Female
Height : 5’0”
Weight : 44 kg.
Religion : Christian
Language Spoken : Filipino, and English

EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND

NAME OF SCHOOL & DEGREE YEAR

ADDRESS RECIEVED GRADUATED

HIGH SCHOOL: Tarlac National High School

San Miguel Campus Undergraduate 2020-2022
(Senior)/ Tarlac City

Tarlac National High School Graduated 2016-2020

San Miguel Campus (Junior)

ELEMENTARY: San Miguel Central Elem. Graduated 2010-2016

School / Tarlac City

SEMINARS/WEBINARS ATTENDED

Introduction to Citation Styles: APA 7th Edition April 1, 2022

Rationalizing the Review of Related Literature and Studies March 17, 2022
Commonly Used Statistical Tools for Capstone/Scientific Research March 11, 2022
Research Methodology: A Guide to Capstone Project March 2, 2022