Capacity of Hospital-based Blood Service Facility in Kabankalan City to Sustain

Blood Products

Renelyn C. Abadiano, Relyn Jane V. Bacsarsa, Karen K. Ausan, Tabheta M. Capio,

John Philip Adlaon and Joseph Adlaon
Highschool Department, Kabankalan Catholic College

Roxanne A. Cabarubias, MAED

Research Adviser

June 19, 2023

 APPROVAL SHEET

This research paper entitled “CAPACITY OF HOSPITAL -BASED BLOOD

SERVICE FACILITY IN KABANAKALAN CITY TO SUSTAIN BLOOD
PRODUCT” prepared by Renelyn C. Abadiano , Relyn Jane V. Bacsarsa, Karen K.
Ausan , Tabetha M. Capio, John Philip Adlaon, Joseph Adlaon in partial
fulfillment of the course requirements in Practical Research has been and approved by the
panel of the evaluators.

Panel of Evaluators

JOE-ANN V. JONOTA, LPT, MAEd

Chairman

SHAREEN DALE S. ESTORQUE, RMT

Member

PAUL MELCAR C. PAGOMUTAN, LPT, MAEd

Member

ROXANNE A. CABARUBIAS, LPT, MAEd

Research Adviser

MILAGROS AUREA A. SABIDALAS, Ed.D

Research Officer
 2

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

We would like to express our heartfelt gratitude to all the individuals and
organizations that have contributed to the completion of this research project. Without
their support, guidance, and contributions, this research would not have been possible.

First and foremost, we are incredibly appreciative to our Almighty God for
providing us the knowledge, opportunity and strength to carry out the research. Without
His direction and grace, we would not be able to complete this research study or any of
our other daily chores. The glory only belongs to God!

We also want to thank Kabankalan Catholic College for its patience, perseverance,
cooperation, and most importantly the never-ending pursuit of knowledge.

In addition, we want to express our deep and sincere gratitude to our research
teacher, Ms. Ma. Rona Añoc for her guidance and encouragement and for her all-out
support in our study.

And to our adviser Mrs. Roxanne A. Cabarubias for taking the time to evaluate and
read the paper and for her patient and essential guidance. Her recommendations and
feedback were really helpful in making this research project successful. Working and
studying for her was a real honor and privilege.

We would like to thank our families’ friends and especially our parents for their
unconditional love, understanding, and encouragement throughout this research
endeavor. Their unwavering support and belief in our aspirations have been a constant
source of motivation. We are grateful for their sacrifices, patience, and words of
encouragement during challenging times.

We would also like to express our sincere gratitude to Lorenzo Zayco District
Hospital for their cooperation and assistance in granting us access to their facilities and
allowing us to collect the data needed for this research project. Their support has been
instrumental in the successful completion of our study.
 3

Lastly, we would like to express our heartfelt appreciation to Shem M. Regidor;

your involvement from the very beginning has been instrumental in the progression and
completion of this research. Your assistance, guidance, and willingness to share your
knowledge and expertise have greatly enriched the quality and depth of our work.
 4

Dedication

This research paper is dedicated to all those who have taught us the profound
importance of education and made selfless sacrifices made on our behalf, enabling us to
seize this remarkable opportunity. It is a tribute to their unwavering dedication and
support.

First and foremost, it is dedicated to the Almighty God for His protection and
guidance throughout our academic lives. We acknowledge His role in granting us
wisdom and knowledge to complete this research paper. His unwavering presence has
been the source of our strength throughout this journey.

We also extend our deepest gratitude to our families, friends and especially to our
parents. Mrs. Jacquiline C. Abadiano, Mr. Rene D. Abadiano, Mr. Juvy V. Bacsarsa, Mrs.
Ric V. Bacsarsa, Mrs. Aileen M. Capio, Mrs. Rosita P. Adlaon, Mr. Jeffrey P. Adlaon,
Mrs. Mary Ann B. Adlaon, Mrs. Jeannin K. Ausan and Mr. Carmelito L. Ausan, who
have tirelessly worked to ensure that we have the necessary resources and opportunities
to pursue our academic aspirations.

Your unwavering support and investment in our education have been instrumental
in our journey thus far. Your financial support has not only eased the financial burden but
has also instilled in us a sense of responsibility and gratitude. It has allowed us to focus
on our research, expand our knowledge, and develop skills that will contribute to our
personal and professional growth.

We express our sincere appreciation to our research advisor, Mrs. Roxanne A.

Cabarubias. Your guidance and mentorship have not only enhanced our research skills
but have also nurtured our intellectual curiosity and critical thinking abilities.

Your dedication to our growth as researchers, your patience in guiding us through

challenges, and your unwavering support have been invaluable sources of inspiration and
motivation.
 5

Special appreciation to Mrs. Shareen Dale S. Estorque for providing vital data,
enriching our research. This work is dedicated to you as a token of our gratitude.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

TITLE PAGE

APPROVAL SHEET

ABSTRACT 1

ACKNOWLEGDEMENT 2

DEDICATION 4

TABLE OF CONTENTS 5

CHAPTER 1. Title of the Study

Background of the Study 7

Statement of the Problem 8

Conceptual Framework 9

Theoretical Framework 10

Significance of the Study 11

Scope and Limitations

12

Definition of terms 13

Review Related Literature and Studies 14

 Synthesis 18

CHAPTER 2. METHOD 6

Research Design 18

Research Instrument 19

Data Gathering Procedure 19

Data Analysis 19

Ethical Consideration 20

CHAPTER 3. Result and Discussion 21

CHAPTER 4. Conclusion 28

References 29

Appendices 33

Curriculum Vitae 38
 1

Abstract

This study focused on the quantity of blood supplies given and the number of packs
utilized by patients at Lorenzo D. Zayco District Hospital. According to the study, not all
of the blood types and blood packs that physicians requested for the patients were
delivered. In the months of October to December, type 0+ blood was the most frequently
requested; only 143 (73.33%) packs out of 195 requests were delivered in this category.
Types A+, B+, and AB+ also had high demand during this time period, but only 367
(76.78%) of the 478 requests for blood were actually delivered. The overall number of
PRBC requests was 165 (36%) in the month of October, 141 (31.61%) in the month of
November, and 140 (31.39%) in the month of December. RCBC was also issued in those
months; there were 152 (43.80%) in the month of October, 105 (30.26%) in the month of
November, and 90 (25.94%) in the month of December. The total number of RCBC
transfusions was 113 (94.96%) in the month of October, 122 (94.57%) in the month of
November, and 98 (100%) in the month of December. The overall number of Platelet
Conc. requested were 12 (36%) in the month of October, 11 (37.93%) in the month of
November, and 6 (20.69%) in the month of December. The total number of platelets
issued was 7 (35%) in the month of October, 11 (55%) in the month of November, and 2
(10%) in the month of December. The total number of platelet Transfusions was 6
(5.04%) in the month of October, 7 (5.43%) in the month of November, and 0 in the
month of December. The overall number of FFP requests was 0 in the month of October,
3 (100%) in the month of November, and 0 in the month of December. The total number
of FFPs was 0 in the month of October, 0 in the month of November, and 0 in the month
of December. The total number of FFP transfusions was 0 in the month of October, 0 in
the month of November, and 0 in the month of December. This study also recommended
that the Provincial Health Office maximize health information and education on the
importance of blood donation and organize the bloodletting activity. The Department of
Health should prioritize providing comprehensive assistance and support to the Hospital
when it comes to blood products, and the researchers advise conducting a larger-scale
study than just one that lasts for three months.
 7

Chapter 1

Capacity of Hospital-Based Blood Service Facility in Kabankalan City to Sustain

Blood Product

Background of the Study

Numerous patients every day need blood transfusions, which are crucial and life-
saving procedures. The architecture of the blood system is integral to our capacity to
react to developing infectious illnesses, natural catastrophes, and crises (Addams et al.,
2022). Blood is an irreplaceable, vital resource for public health. Every year, blood
products save millions of people’s lives, lengthen patients’ lives and enhance their quality
of life, and assist intricate medical and surgical operations (Goodnough et al., 2017).

More specifically, a crucial element of transfusion medicine is the provision of a

secure blood supply. Because of this, many patients who need transfusions are unable to
quickly receive safe blood. The infrastructure and national health care policy of any
community should include the provision of adequate and safe blood (Eder, 2018).
According to Dayrit et. al., (2018), the need for blood is enhanced during emergencies.

WHO (2022) advises that national blood supply networks should be well
organized and interconnected in order to manage all operations connected to blood
collection, screening, processing the blood, preservation, and transmission. To encourage
consistent application of criteria and stability in the quality and safety of blood and blood
products, the established blood system should be managed by a national blood policy and
legal foundation. In order to satisfy patient demands, it is crucial that blood systems
provide prompt access to adequate and safe blood and blood product resources. In order
to foster comprehensive health coverage and, most importantly, a community’s ability to
maintain blood products, it is necessary to assess the range of capacity that one
community is capable of catering to (Mohammed et. al., 2018). In order to guarantee that
there is a location where individuals can go for a particular reason while having trust that
they want to have is safe and accessible, hospital-based blood service facilities are very
important to any community.

As one of the foresight communities, The City of Kabankalan is a first-class

component city located in the Philippine province of Negros Occidental. It is second in
terms of population in Negros Occidental after Bacolod, with 200,198 based on the 2020
census. This demonstrates that the aforementioned city has a sizable population and is
regarded as one of the province’s most urbanized cities. Moreover, the importance of
progressing healthcare facilities in the city should also be given utmost attention to
ensure that its residents seeking assistance will attain the best service and meet their
needs, especially when it comes to blood-related assistance, which is in demand to
combat illness.

Therefore, this study aimed to explore the capacity of the hospital-based blood
service facility in Kabankalan City to sustain blood products. This study rendered
possible data that presented either the possibilities or drawbacks, based on the analysis, of
having a blood service facility that is hospital-based.

Statement of the Problems

This part of the research study is used to address the different goals as this study. Hence,
this study aims to determine the following:

1. What is the total number of Blood requested according to:

1.1 Blood Type
1.2 Blood Component
2. What is the total number of blood products issued according to:
2.1 Blood Type
2.2 Blood Component
3. What is the total number of blood products transfused according to:
3.1 Blood Type
 9

3.2 Blood Component

4. What is the implication of the study towards the establishment of a hospital-based
blood service facility in Kabankalan City to sustain blood product

Conceptual Framework

Blood products
Hospital-based Requested, Issued,
Blood service and Transfused
Implications
facility
A. Blood type

B. Blood component

Figure 1. Schematic Diagram

This study focused on determining the Capacity of the Hospital-Based Blood

Service Facility which is the Lorenzo D. Zayco District Hospital. The researchers
gathered the secondary data from the hospital and identified the blood products requested
and delivered based on blood type and blood components for the months October to
December of 2022

Secondary data on blood products requested, issued and transfused as classified

by their blood type and blood component were gathered as bases for discussion. Blood
types included O+, A+, B+ and AB+ positive while for blood component, we have
packed red blood cells, which is usually used for common conditions that needs
transfusion, platelet concentration, and fresh frozen plasma (FFP). As data gathered only
covered the last quarter of 2022, the data of the said study were still utilized in discussing
its implications to the establishment of the hospital-based blood service facility in
Kabankalan City to sustain blood products and how it can be improved to make sure that
the needs of the patients will be met and avoid inadequacy of supply.

Theoretical Framework

This study is anchored on the theory of Care, Cure, Core by Lydia Hall. This
theory concentrates on elements of nursing that it proposes are essential. These elements
are care, cure and core. Care refers to the typical role of nurses providing care to patients.
Cure refers to the attention and treatments patients receive from medical professionals.
Core refers to the care a patient receives from nurses or cures they may experience due to
effective treatment plans. The main concept of this theory is that patients are the focus of
nursing care and each patient might have different needs.

According to the theory, nurses are focused on performing the noble task of
nurturing patients. This circle solely represents the role of nurses and is focused on
performing the task of nurturing patients. Nurturing involves using the factors that make
up the concept of mothering (care and comfort of the person) and provide for teaching-
learning activities.

The care circle defines a professional nurse’s primary role, such as providing
bodily care for the patient and helping the patient complete such basic daily biological
functions as eating, bathing, elimination, and dressing. When providing this care, the
nurse’s goal is the comfort of the patient.

Moreover, the nurse’s role also includes educating patients and helping a patient
meet any needs he or she is unable to meet alone. This presents the nurse and patient with
an opportunity for closeness. As closeness develops, the patient can share and explore
feelings with the nurse.

The core, according to Hall’s theory, is the patient receiving nursing care. The
core has goals set by him or herself rather than by any other person and behaves
according to their feelings and values. This involves the therapeutic use of oneself and is
shared with other members of the health team.

This area emphasizes the patient’s social, emotional, spiritual, and intellectual
needs concerning family, institutions, community, and the world. This can help the
patient verbally express feelings regarding the disease process and its effects by using the
reflective technique. Through such expression, the patient can gain self-identity and
further develop maturity.

As explained in this theory, the cure is nursing, which involves the administration
of medications and treatments. Hall explains in the model that the nurse shares the cure
circle with other health professionals, such as physicians or physical therapists.

In short, these are the interventions or actions geared toward treating the patient
for whatever illness or disease he or she is suffering from. During this aspect of nursing
care, the nurse is an active advocate for the patient.

When patients are in need of a blood supply for transfusion, nurses and other
medical staff must ensure that the process will be administered successfully to help
alleviate the patient’s condition. From the requisition of the supply, checking the
compatibility of the blood issued and transfused must be done accurately to avoid fatal
reactions. Due to some instances of incompatibility or inadequacy of supply, nurses’ role
is to educate and help the patients meet any needs they weren’t able to meet alone.
Nurses and other health professionals must work together to treat the patient.

Significance of the Study

The results of this study were found to be beneficial to the following:

Secretary of the Department of Health. The findings of this study will provide valuable
insights for the National Blood Service, showcasing the efficacy and importance of
voluntary blood donation. By demonstrating the positive impact of such donations, this
research can encourage increased participation, leading to a more reliable and sustainable
blood supply. Consequently, the National Blood Service can save the lives of millions of
people in need of blood transfusions by collecting an ample supply to meet the demand
(DOH, 2022).

Provincial Health Officials and Personnel. This study holds significant relevance for
the individuals working within the Provincial Health Office, as it enables them to fulfill
their responsibility of promoting and safeguarding the health of residents within the
province. By leveraging the findings, they can develop targeted initiatives to raise
awareness about the benefits of blood donation and enhance their ability to cater to
patients in need of blood. This research can further facilitate improved coordination and
collaboration between health facilities, ensuring a streamlined and efficient blood
transfusion process. The insights gained from this study will empower healthcare
professionals within the Provincial Health Office to make informed decisions, implement
evidence-based practices, and enhance the overall healthcare delivery system to benefit
the residents of the province.

Patients. The findings of this research hold immense value for patients in need of blood
transfusions. Whether they are injured, involved in accidents, or require blood for
medical treatments, the study's outcomes can directly contribute to their well-being. By
promoting voluntary blood donation, this research ensures a sustainable supply of blood,
reduces the risks associated with blood shortages, and improves patient outcomes and
survival rates.
Residents of the Barangay. His study also benefits the residents of the Barangay, as they
both stand to gain from and contribute to the availability of blood supply. The research
provides an opportunity for community members to actively participate in voluntary
blood donation programs, directly impacting the health and welfare of their fellow
residents. Additionally, by fostering a culture of blood donation, the study promotes a
sense of solidarity, compassion, and collective responsibility within the Barangay
community.
 13

Scope and Limitation

The scope of this study is to gather Secondary Data on blood products requested, issued
and transfused from the Lorenzo Zayco District Hospital Blood Station
from October to December 2022. This study’s findings will only be applicable to the
issues it specifically addresses; they will not be expanded to address unrelated issues.

Definition of Terms Page|7

The following are the terms that are defined and conceptually understand about this
study:

Blood Banks. Conceptually, it collects, separates, tests, and stores blood until a patient
needs it (American Red Cross, 2021).

Operationally, it will be used to test blood products of how efficient it is.

Blood Component. Conceptually these are categorized as blood components prepared in

blood transfusion center (TSO, 2014).

Operationally, it will serve as our main component variable for the study.

Blood Supply Chain. Conceptually activities include collecting, testing, processing, and
distributing blood (and its derivatives) from donors to patients for emergencies, surgical
treatment, or routine medical treatment (Ahmadimaseh et al, 2022).

Operationally, it will also be one of our test variables in the study of Blood Transfusion.
Conceptually it involves taking blood from a person (the donor) and giving it to someone
else (NHS, 2023).

Operationally, it will be involved in our study as one of the variables to test.

Blood Service Facilities. Conceptually any public or private entity or agency, medical,
and dental facilities where clinical trial are conducted (Clinical Data Interchange 14

Standards Consortium CDISC, 2021).

Operationally, it was the place where we conducted our research study.

Healthcare Workers. Conceptually the one who provides treatment and services to the
sick and I injured, either directly as doctors and nurses (Joseph and Joseph, 2016).

Operationally, they help us in attaining our study.

Review of Related Literature

Blood Products
It is crucial to have a hospital-based blood service facility to maintain blood
supplies. By having a facility that shortens the distance traveled by blood when it is
moved from one location to another, its usefulness is increased. WHO (2022) states that it
also seeks to give local communities strategic guidance so they can work to remove
existing obstacles to the safety and accessibility of blood products. to provide national
blood systems that are suitably structured, well-coordinated, and sustainably resourced
with access to safe, effective, and quality-assured blood products for everyone.
In addition, according to WHO (2022), it should have suitable national
foundations for regulatory controls, nationwide standards and quality evaluation
strategies, operational and effectively managed blood services, successful care blood
management to improve the clinical procedure of transfusion, effective monitoring,
hemovigilance, and pharmacovigilance, backed by thorough and accurate data collection
systems.
A hospital-based blood service facility, like every other component of the
healthcare system, cannot operate well without sufficient, reliable funding. Since donors
give their blood for free, blood donor programs are frequently thought to have low
overhead, aside from the expense of blood collection bags. As a result, they frequently
get less funding priority than things like blood screening. However, the initiative cannot
recruit blood donors or enable hospital-based blood service facilities in small areas
without clear funding. Too frequently, hospital-based blood service facilities lack the
funding necessary for donor recall, vehicle maintenance, and other key procedures. 15

Overall, it's important to understand the role that hospital-based blood service
facilities play in a developed and populated area because they make healthcare needs
particularly those involving blood-related items, more attainable and sustainable.
The ample supply of blood that is available for donation is one important indicator of a
growing public health service in any community or society throughout all nations. Blood
and blood product shortages are a recurring issue in the Philippines' hospitals, blood
banks, and healthcare facilities. According to De Leon et al. (2018), appropriate selection
practices for potential blood donors are essential for life-saving interventions for massive
blood loss, blood replacement, and a decrease in mortality rates among those suffering
from hematological diseases, as well as having the right facility to have them stored for
longer preservation. These practices will eventually result in an effective system for
delivering blood health care.
According to Kebede et al. (2022) One of the biggest obstacles to maintaining a
consistent supply of blood for donation, is fostering the culture of bloodletting among
Filipinos. This statement is in agreement with De Leon et al.'s (2018) study. It's still
difficult to convince people that bloodletting is completely safe especially when there is
no specified facility that would give them the assurance that their donations are in good
hands and that they could guarantee that it won't go to total waste. According to the
Philippine Red Cross, giving blood is a relatively safe procedure and a fantastic way to
save lives. However, the willingness of Filipinos to take part in such a noble and
humanitarian undertaking is significantly impacted by traditional health concerns,
customs, and peculiarities.
According to Yu et al. (2016), the lack of facilities in the Philippines contributes
to the low blood donation rate there, despite repeated efforts to find new donors and
expand the blood supply.
 16

According to Reyes et al.'s study from 2021, "Enhanced Health Facility Surveys
to Support Malaria Control and Elimination Across Different Transmission Settings in
the Philippines," researchers conducted rolling cross-sectional surveys in the provinces of
Palawan, Occidental Mindoro, and Bataan, three regions of the Philippines with diverse
transmission settings, to determine how health facility-based surveys with molecular
diagnostics might be used to assist malaria elimination initiatives. This study emphasizes
the significance of having a suitable facility since, like every other element of the
healthcare system, a hospital-based blood service facility cannot function well without
enough, sustainable support. Without a defined financial source, the campaign cannot
enlist blood donors or establish hospital-based blood service facilities for local
communities. Hospital-based blood service facilities often lack the funding required for
donor recall, car maintenance, and other crucial operations.
Overall, these studies demonstrated how crucial it is to comprehend the function
of hospital-based blood service facilities in a growing and congested area since they help
Page|10
to meet healthcare needs, especially those requiring blood-related items, in a more
affordable and justifiable manner.
Blood Supply
Blood transfusion saves lives and improves health, but many patients requiring
transfusion do not have timely access to safe blood. Providing safe and adequate blood
should be an integral part of every country’s national health care policy and infrastructure
(WHO, 2023)
In 2014, the countries of the Americas reaffirmed their commitment to universal
health through the endorsement of the Action Plan for Universal Access to Safe Blood
2014-2019, approved by the 53rd Directing Council held in October 2014 (PAHO, 2020).
Blood Transfusion
Blood transfusion is essential for patients with severe anemia or acute blood loss in
health systems around the world (WHO, 2019). Blood transfusions are a crucial part of
medical treatment. The average lifespan and quality of life of patients with a range of
acute and chronic illnesses are significantly increased, which helps save millions of lives
 17

every year in both normal and emergency situations. It also allows for progressively
complex medical and surgical procedures.
Patients who need blood transfusions as part of their clinical care have the right to
anticipate receiving the safest blood available and having enough blood supplied to suit
their needs. However, many people continue to pass away or endure needless suffering
because they lack access to local, secure blood transfusions (WHO, 2020). All healthcare
facilities that perform transfusions must have timely access to safe blood and blood
products, but in numerous emerging and transitional nations, there is a significant gap
between the amount of blood needed and the amount of blood supplies available
(Meybohm et al., 2017).
Whole blood and blood components (blood products) are universally recognized
as essential medicines required for blood transfusion; however, unneeded transfusions
and unsafe transfusion procedures put patients at risk for life-threatening adverse
transfusion reactions and transfusion-transmissible infections. Additionally, unnecessary
transfusions decrease the amount of blood products available to patients who are in need
(Bates et al., 2017).
The need for blood transfusions has increased as a result of numerous medical
breakthroughs that have enhanced the treatment of severe illnesses and injuries and
increased the likelihood that patients may require them to survive, get through a recovery,
or keep their health. According to Garca-Roa et al. (2017), the major causes of death are
now surgery, trauma, and cancer, all of which carry a high risk of requiring blood
transfusions.
The capability of the nation's health care system and its coverage of the populace
influence the need for blood on a national level. Blood is rising in demand in affluent
nations with sophisticated healthcare systems to support increasingly complex medical
and surgical operations, trauma care, and the treatment of blood disorders. A rise in the
number of elderly people needing more medical attention has also raised the need for
blood (Gebreyes et al., 2018).
 The bulk of transfusions are prescribed for the treatment of trauma, severe
childhood anemia, pregnancy and delivery difficulties, and congenital blood diseases in
nations with less developed diagnostic tools and therapeutic alternatives. Blood
transfusion has been named as one of the eight life-saving operations that should be 18
accessible in a first-referral level medical facility offering extensive emergency obstetric
and newborn care, according to Samani et al (2018). Access to clean blood could help
avert up to one-quarter of maternal deaths each year.
Additionally, blood transfusion services must simultaneously provide an adequate
supply of blood and blood products as well as their quality and safety for patients whose
survival or general health rely on blood transfusion. Since whole blood and blood
components have a finite shelf life, blood supplies must be continually updated. The
majority of nations struggle to meet present demands while also addressing rising clinical
blood demand (Samani et al., 2019).

Synthesis
Blood cannot be manufactured; they can only come from volunteer donors.
Diseases and accidents may attack or happen anytime, and they may require urgent blood
transfusions. Before losing the life of a patient due to the unavailability of blood
products, it is vital that each community will be educated of how important it is to take
care of their health and what people should do to prepare themselves. Having a blood
supply facility is important, especially in communities with hospitals. Emergency
responses raise the issue of time, and so while requesting, issuing, crossmatching, and
transfusion of blood take time, facilities must devise strategies and procedures to ensure
that help will be given right away. For blood supplies to be adequate, donation drives are
an important mechanism to gather blood of different types and components. Other than
this, rational blood use must also be in place to ensure its safe and accurate use, which
could help save a patient’s life.

Chapter 2
 Research Methodology
This chapter presents the methods and procedures used in the study. Detailed
information on the research design, participants, variables, and actions taken by the 19
participants are likewise presented.

Research Design
This research used a descriptive quantitative design. Descriptive quantitative
design involves tests, surveys, interviews, and observations to describe status or
characteristics as phenomena situations (Eggen and Kauchak, 2010). This research is
using Secondary data as a research design because its purpose is to gather data on
Capacity of Hospital-Based Blood Service Facilities in Kabankalan City to Sustain Blood
Products.

Research Instrument
The researchers used secondary data acquired from the facility’s logbook with the
approval of the administration. In order to ensure accuracy, it was confirmed and
validated by the in-charge of the hospital.

Data Gathering Procedure

The data gathering started when researchers sent a letter to the school principal to
allow them to conduct a study. After receiving permission from the school principal they
conducted the study as part of their research. Then, the researchers wrote to the chief of
the hospital to request permission to carry out the study. The researchers also filled out
the application for review and pass slip to conduct research to be approved by the Ethics
Committee Chairman and Chief of Hospital. Once approved, the researchers went to the
laboratory on the dates approved by the in-charge to gather the data. The secondary data
were tallied by the researchers and reviewed by the person in-charge. It was then sent to
the statistician for analysis.
Data Analysis
To answer the questions posed by this study, the researchers used the frequency
counts and percentages.
A frequency table depicts the distribution of the data based on the variable
options. Frequency charts can help you identify which alternatives appear more or less
frequently in the data set. This is useful for a better grasp of each variable and
determining whether or not variables need to be recorded. A frequency table has no
formula because it displays the count of each choice in a variable (Georgia State
20
University, 2020).

Ethical consideration
The purpose of the study was to determine how many blood packs or blood
supplies District Hospital can supply if there is an emergency that occurs. The study was
approved by the doctor/ or person in charge of the facility. The researchers did the study
without causing harm to anyone and without entering any obstacles that we’re not
permitted. Respect to anyone in the hospital was maintained, and any risk to participants
was managed. The researcher of the study was obliged to be able to follow the
researchers' ethics in order to construct an ethical study. The informed consent contained
the purpose of the study, its benefits and the nature of the study; all the data collected
remained confidential and was used for educational purposes only.
 21

CHAPTER 3

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

The goal of the discussion is to interpret and convey the relevance of your
findings in light of what was previously known about the research topic under
investigation, as well as to explain any new knowledge or fresh insights about the subject
after data consideration (Sacred Heart University, 2020).

Table 1.1

Blood Requested According to Blood Type

Blood Requested
Month Total
O+ A+ B+ AB+
F % F % F % F %

October 77 43.50 41 23.16 48 27.12 11 6.22 177

November 57 36.77 45 29.03 43 27.74 10 6.46 155

December 61 41.78 34 23.29 39 26.71 12 8.22 146

Total 195 40.79 120 25.10 130 27.20 33 6.91 478

 Page|16

22
Note: f = frequency, % = percentage

Table 1.1 shows that out of 478 requests from October to December 2022, the
most requested blood type is type O, which is 195 or 40.79% while the least requested
blood type is type AB+ which is 33 or 6.91%. This implies that most of the patients have
blood type O. According to the American Red Cross Blood Services (2023), 80% of the
population has a positive blood type and can receive O positive blood. Another reason
it’s in such high demand. Furthermore, Grunebaum (2021) reveals that only 6.97% in the
Philippines have blood type AB.

Table 1.2

Blood Requested According to Blood Unit

Blood Requested
Month Total
PRBC Platelet Conc. FFP

f % f % F %

October 165 37 12 41.38 0 0 177

November 141 31.61 11 37.93 3 100 155

December 140 31.39 6 20.69 0 0 146

Total 446 93.31 29 6.07 3 0.62 478

Note: PRBC = Packed Red Blood Cells, Platelet Cont. = Platelet Concentration, FFP = Fresh
Frozen Plasma, f = frequency, % = percentage

As shown in Table 1.2, the most requested blood product is packed red blood cells
or PRBC which is 446 or 93.31% of the total request while the least requested is the fresh
frozen plasma or FFP which is 3 or 0.62%. Only a small number of platelet concentrates
were also requested which is composed of 29 or 6.07%.
 23

Packed red blood cells, or PRBC transfusion, is typically given in situations

where the patient has either lost a large amount of blood or has anemia that is causing
notable symptoms (Whitlock, 2022). Platelet concentrates (PC) are widely used to
support patients with severe thrombocytopenia. These could be patients with hematologic
malignancy, bone marrow failure, or other immune and non-immune causes of platelet
destruction, though rare cases could warrant transfusion with normal platelet counts.
Platelets are scarce resource, partly because of their short shelf life of 5 days; they are
classified in the World Health Organization’s (WHO) list of “Essential Medicine” (Khan
& Anwer, 2023). While fresh frozen plasma is used for trauma patients requiring massive
transfusion and warfarin-related intracranial hemorrhage (Guzman et.al 2022).

Table 2.1

Blood Products Issued According to Blood Type

Blood Issued
Month Total
O+ A+ B+ AB+
F % F % f % F %

October 64 44.76 50 45.87 30 35.29 15 50 159

November 41 28.67 41 37.61 25 29.42 9 30 116

December 38 26.57 18 16.52 30 35.29 6 20 92

Total 143 38.96 109 29.70 85 23.16 30 8.17 367

Note: f = frequency, % = percentage

Table 2.1 reveals that out of the 478 requests made, only 367, or 76.78%, were
issued. 143, or 38.96%, of the issuance is type O while 30 or 8.17% is type AB. This
maybe because the most common blood type among Filipinos, and consequently, donors,
is this type of blood. Furthermore, a person with type O blood can donate to anyone, as
long as the Rh Factor is compatible. In addition, a person with type AB is considered a
universal recipient as long as the Rh factor is also compatible. This means that they can
receive blood from all other blood groups (Weatherspoon, 2019).

24

Table 2.2

Blood Products Issued According to Blood Unit

Blood Issued
Month Total
PRBC Platelet Conc. FFP

f % f % F %
October 152 43.80 7 35 0 0 159
November 105 30.26 11 55 0 0 116
December 90 25.94 2 10 0 0 92
Total 347 94.55 20 5.45 0 0 367
Note: PRBC =Packed Red Blood Cells, Platelet Cont. = Platelet Concentration, FFP = Fresh Frozen
Plasma, f = frequency, % = percentage

On the other hand, table 2.2 reveals that out of 446 PRBC, 29 Platelet
Concentrates and 3 FFP, only 347 PRBC, 20 Platelet concentrate and 0 FFP were issued.
There are still 52 PRBC, 11 Platelet concentrates and 3 FFP needed to complete all the
requests made from October to December, which make up 13.81% of the requested blood
products not delivered. This may be due to an insufficient blood supply compatible to
what is needed. Some patients would prefer looking for walk-in donors in case of
insufficient supply.
 Walk-in donors had to undergo a match test to ensure compatibility with the
patient. However, in an emergency, this may be a big struggle on the part of the family as
the need to find a suitable blood donor race against time.

This study was conducted with the view of providing data in improving blood 25
product availability by establishing a hospital-based blood service facility in Kabankalan
City can enhance the availability of blood products within the local area.

As this study utilized only three months of data, further study on a larger scale is vital to
ensure sound recommendations and provide data as bases for planning. However, the
consistency in the inadequacy of supplied blood products is evident in both blood types
and blood components. To ensure that members of the community will receive the utmost
care in their time of illness especially those who need blood products to sustain their
lives, an ample supply must be prepared.

Table 3.1

Blood Products Transfused According to Blood Type

Blood Transfused
Month Total
O+ A+ B+ AB+
f % F % F % f %
October 52 43.70 35 29.41 25 21.01 7 5.88 119
November 57 44.19 38 29.46 28 21.71 6 4.65 129
December 42 42.86 21 21.43 30 30.61 5 5.10 98
Total 151 43.64 94 27.17 83 23.99 18 5.20 346
Note: f = frequency, % = percentage

It is shown in Table 3.1 that out of 367 bloods samples issued, only 346, or
94.28%, were transfused to the patient. Following the logic of the earlier results, blood
type O supplies were mostly transfused with 151, or 43.64, while blood type AB had the
lowest number with 18 or 5.20%. Furthermore, the table shows that in the month of
November, more blood supplies were successfully transfused. The data may not be
enough to conclude the reason, as each patient differs in biological details and figures.
Two patients may have the same condition but one might need more supply than the
other.

Furthermore, the table shows a result that does not coincide with how much was
issued in the month. It is possible, according to the health professionals that we
interviewed, because of the fact that it takes a lot of processes before administering the
blood transfusion, that it may have been requested on the day of the end of the month, 26
and the transfusion happens on the next day, which is the first day of the next month.

Table 3.2

Blood Products Transfused According to Blood Unit

Blood Transfused
Month Total
PRBC Platelet Conc. FFP

F % f % f %
October 113 94.96 6 5.04 0 0 119
November 122 94.57 7 5.43 0 0 129
December 98 100.00 0 0.00 0 0 98
Total 333 96.24 13 3.76 0 0 346
Note: PRBC = Packed Red Blood Cells, Platelet Cont. = Platelet Concentration, FFP = Fresh
Frozen Plasma, f = frequency, % = percentage

In tables 1.1 and 1.2, it is revealed that the greatest number of blood supplies were
requested and delivered in the month of October. This may be due to the fact that the
records show a number of patients’ conditions requiring a blood transfusion. There were
31 incidents in October, 29 in November, and 35 in December.
 However, it is further revealed in Tables 3.1 and 3.2 that the greatest number of
bloods issued were successfully transfused in the month of November. But looking at the
27
number of cases, November has the lowest number of incidents. This implies that those
patients who needed blood transfusions had more severe conditions, so they needed more
blood for transfusion.

Furthermore, the last two tables show that not all blood supplies issued are
successfully transfused. Health professionals estimate and request the blood supply
needed by the patients; there are times that only a part of this is transfused. Transfusion
of blood products carries certain inherent risks, and hence it should be undertaken
only if it improves patient outcome, as cited by Lotterman and Sharma (2022). 
Though the requested supply may not been fully consumed, transfusions may be
stopped as they may also result in complications.
 28

Chapter 4

Conclusion

Based on the findings of the study, the health sector is an essential part of the
community, whose services are vital to each of its members.

In Kabankalan City, the Lorenzo Zayco District Hospital, one of the main
hospitals in the area, caters to lots of patients, including those who need blood products.
With the findings of this study, the researchers conclude that the blood supply is high, but
it is evident that it is inadequate both in blood type and blood component. In addition,
requesting blood supplies, especially rare types or components takes time.

With this, the researchers recommend the following:

The Department of Health should prioritize providing comprehensive assistance

and support to the hospital when it comes to blood products.

The Provincial Health Office should intensify health information and education
campaigns to dissemenate information and raise awareness about the importance of blood
donation.

Researchers recommend doing research on a larger scale, not just for 3 months.
 Patients should be educated about the importance and ways of donating blood,
which not only benefits their individual healthcare journey but also contributes to the
broader community's well-being.

29

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 33
APPENDIX A

LETTER TO THE PRINCIPAL

 34
APPENDIX B

LETTER TO THE ADVISER

 APPENDIX C 35

LETTER TO THE HOSPITAL

APPENDIX D 36

DOCUMENTATION
37