MISAMIS UNIVERSITY

Ozamiz City

COLLEGE OF MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY

KNOWLEDGE AND AWARENESS ON ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCE AMONG SENIOR

CITIZENS IN LAPASAN, CLARIN: A QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH

Researchers:
JANMIL LEA D. BAJENTING

ARBIE SHAYNE A. ENGRACIA

FENYL ISIS P. GUIGAYOMA

ALLAN MEVES P. SAQUIN

Adviser:

EMMARIE F. MAPI-OT

S.Y. 2022 - 2023

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 APPROVAL SHEET

This paper entitled, “KNOWLEDGE AND AWARENESS ON ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCE

AMONG SENIOR CITIZENS IN LAPASAN, CLARIN: A QUANTITATIVE
RESEARCH,” prepared and submitted by Janmil Lea D. Bajenting, Arbie Shayne A. Engracia,
Fenyl Isis P. Guigayoma, and Allan Meves P. Saquin in partial fulfillment of the requirements
for the degree of BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY, has been
examined and is recommended for acceptance and approval for ORAL EXAMINATION.

Approved by the Committee on Oral Examination with a grade of Passed.

EMMARIE P. MAPI-OT
Instructor/Adviser

KARL MAXEL O. LAO, RMT ATTY.ANTHONY L. AWA JONAS T. HINGCO

Panel Member Panel Member Panel Member

____________ ____________
Date Date Date

EVANGELINE M. SEÑEDO, RMT, MATMRS

College Dean

_______
Date

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 Table of contents
page
Title page . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . i
Certificate of Approval . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ii
Table of contents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .iii
Acknowledgement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .iv
Dedication . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . v
Abstract . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . vi
Chapter I. Introduction
Background of the Study 1
Research Objectives 2
Significance of the Study 2
Chapter II. Materials and Methods
Research Design 3
Research Setting 3
Research Respondents 3
Research Instruments 4
Data Analysis
Ethical Consideration
Chapter III. Results and Discussion 5
Conclusion and Recommendations 9
Literature Cited 10
Appendices
Questionnaire 12
Letter of Intent 13
Documentation 14
Curriculum Vitae 15

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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

First and foremost, we express our heartfelt gratitude and profound appreciation to the
Divine Almighty Father in Heaven for showering His abundant blessings upon us throughout our
research endeavor. As researchers, we are deeply thankful for the gift of wisdom, vitality, peace
of mind, and good health bestowed upon us. His unerring guidance and vigilant care have been
our steadfast companions, accompanying us unwaveringly from the inception to the successful
completion of this arduous yet rewarding research journey.

We are immensely grateful to several exceptional individuals who wholeheartedly

supported and significantly contributed to our research, dedicating their time and expertise to the
subject matter and offering invaluable assistance from the project's nascent stages to its fruitful
conclusion.

We extend our heartfelt gratitude and sincere appreciation to our esteemed research
mentor, Ms. Emmarie P. Mapi-ot. Her extensive knowledge, insightful remarks, and constant
words of encouragement shaped the trajectory of our research and made his mentorship an
indispensable asset to our project's success. His mentorship was a beacon of light, illuminating
the path toward meaningful and impactful research.

Furthermore, our gratitude extends to our diligent panelists, namely Mr. Anthony L.
Awa, Mr. Karl Maxel O. Lao, and Mr. Jonas T. Hingco. Their thoughtful evaluations, meticulous
reviews, and constructive feedback significantly heightened the quality of our work. Their
expertise played a pivotal role in refining and enhancing our research, and we deeply value and
acknowledge their invaluable contributions.

To our beloved institution, Misamis University, we offer our heartfelt thanks for our
unwavering support and guidance as we embarked on our chosen academic paths. Your nurturing
environment, educational resources, and inspirational influence have propelled us to strive for
academic excellence, and we are truly grateful for the opportunities.

We extend our deep gratitude to our parents, whose unwavering understanding,

invaluable counsel, and generous financial support were crucial pillars throughout our research
expedition. Their boundless love and sacrifices have been a perpetual driving force, sustaining us
despite challenges and unrelenting pressures.

We stand genuinely appreciative, honored, and privileged to have these exceptional

individuals be an integral part of our academic odyssey and the realization of this significant
milestone in our educational endeavors. Their steadfast support has been instrumental in our
journey, and their presence in our lives is deeply cherished.

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 DEDICATION

This research output stands as a testament to the grace and blessings bestowed upon us by the
Almighty God, whose divine guidance and enduring support have illuminated our path
throughout this journey of discovery.

We sincerely thank our cherished relatives and friends, whose steadfast love, support, and
assistance have been the bedrock of our strength and determination in this endeavor. Your
encouragement has been a guiding light, propelling us forward in moments of doubt.

Above all, we dedicate this work to our beloved families, the true cornerstones of our lives. Their
boundless love, sacrifices, and constant inspiration have been the foundation upon which we
have built our aspirations and dreams. Their persistent emotional and spiritual support has been
the driving force that sustained us during the challenges and triumphs of this research.

May this dedication serve as a small token of our appreciation and an everlasting
acknowledgment of the love and guidance that have shaped us as individuals and fueled our
pursuit of knowledge.

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 ABSTRACT

Antibiotics have revolutionized healthcare and medicine, representing a cornerstone in our battle
against bacterial infections. These drugs are designed to precisely target and eradicate or inhibit
the proliferation of harmful bacteria, ultimately providing an efficient way to address a wide
range of bacterial infections. However, the extraordinary success of antibiotics has inadvertently
led to the emergence of antibiotic resistance—a pressing global health issue. Antibiotic
resistance occurs when bacteria mutate and adapt, becoming resistant to the drugs that were once
effective against them. This resilience diminishes the efficacy of antibiotics, rendering them
ineffective in treating infections. The widespread misuse and overuse of antibiotics, particularly
among the elderly population, who are more vulnerable to infections and there exists a
heightened risk of antibiotic resistance if they lack adequate knowledge and awareness regarding
the proper administration of these medications. This study is conducted to evaluate the level of
knowledge and awareness related to antibiotics among the senior citizens residing at Barangay
Lapasan, Municipality of Clarin, Misamis Occidental, aiming to shed light on potential
knowledge gaps and improper antibiotic usage patterns within this demographic. Descriptive
correlational research design was the method of choice. The quantitative method informed and
guided this study by providing descriptive data to assess the significant problem in the
community. Understanding these aspects will contribute to targeted interventions and
educational campaigns, promoting responsible antibiotic use and combatting antibiotic resistance
effectively among the senior citizens in the scope of study.

Keywords: disease, effectiveness, infection, self-medication

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 Chapter 1. Introduction

Background of the study

Antibiotic resistance (AR) is a disorder that occurs when bacteria adapt their defense
mechanisms against antibiotics, which intend to treat illnesses that bacteria generate (WHO,
2022). Self-medication, also known as the use of any medicinal product in treating any
condition without a prescription or following unprofessional instructions, is one of the primary
factors contributing to the emergence of antibiotic resistance. This phenomenon is known as
antibiotic resistance, when antibiotics can no longer eradicate germs effectively. It is a natural
process that is inevitable. There are methods to consider that slow the appearance and spread
(CDC, 2022)
Although new antibiotics are available, there will be few options for treating bacterial
infections if the rate at which resistance acquirement is higher than the rate at which there will be
new antibiotics. Therefore, to lessen the likelihood of bacteria developing resistance, the general
population must have a greater understanding of antibiotics, how to use medicines appropriately,
and the issue of antibiotic resistance. As a result, regulating the use of antibiotics calls for an
integrated strategy that involves consumers, pharmacists, health authorities, and other members
of the medical community who are well-informed and actively involved. (WHO, 2019)
The general population can play an essential role in reducing the inappropriate and
excessive utilization of antibiotics, and it is necessary to understand their antibiotic use
knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors and if any educational needs exist (Baddal et al., 2022).
It is essential to evaluate the general public's knowledge of antibiotic usage, opinions
regarding antibiotic use, and behaviors regarding antibiotic use, as well as any educational
requirements that may be necessary. The general public may play an essential part in reducing
the inappropriate and excessive use of antibiotics (Voidăzan et al., 2019).
The survey aimed to evaluate public knowledge and awareness of antibiotic usage and
antimicrobial resistance (AMR). The European Commission launched a study using the same
methodology to monitor general knowledge and understanding called the “Eurobarometer”.
They did this because they felt it was essential to bring attention to the importance of public
konwlegde and awareness in ensuring the appropriate use if antibiotics. According to the data,
education and wealth are the key factors associated with common public knowledge and
awareness of antibiotic use and AMR. The National Strategic Plan on AMR for Thailand has
five aims: to enhance public knowledge and awareness of antibiotic usage and AMR by 20% by
the end of the plan’s period in 2021. The National Statistical Office’s (NSO) Health Welfare
Survey (HWS), a platform for conducting a national, twice-yearly survey, has a connection to the
antimicrobial resistance (AMR) module.
It revealed that the general people in Malaysia had a knowledge level ranging from low
to moderate about the usage of antibiotics. Antibiotics were considered effective medicines for
treating viral illnesses like the common cold and cough. In Malaysia and other nations, there
needs to be more information about antibiotic resistance and a misunderstanding regarding its
nature (Kong et al., 2021). Most people in the general public were aware of antibiotic resistance;
nonetheless, they erroneously believed that it referred to the body's resistance to antibiotics.

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Antibiotic overuse and improper use are the root causes of antibiotic resistance. However, many
people have low perceived seriousness and awareness of the ramifications for their households,
societies, and nations, according to a recent survey by the World Health Organization (WHO).
Two thousand and forty-five people participated in the survey, in which the average
interview duration was 7.53 minutes. The non-response rate, including refusal, poor mobile
phone signal, or wrong phone number, was 64.0% (9,856/15,399 contacts). After considering
each participant's sampling design and weight, 52.5% were female, the mean age was 39.4 years
(range 18–80), 33.3% of participants were under 30 years old, and 22.7% were 50 years old or
older. Participants originated from 12 of 15 regions and states, and 68.5% of participants lived
in rural areas. The concept of awareness of antibiotic resistance was recognized by more than
half of all participants (56.3%), with proportions being significantly higher in those from urban
areas compared to rural areas (63.4% vs. 52.7%, p < 0.001). Individuals aged 50 years and older,
compared to 18–29-year-olds (64.0% vs. 47.7%, p < 0.001; Sources of information on AMR
were doctors or nurses (46.3%), family members or friends (38.9%), media (26.1%), pharmacists
(5.0%), and other sources (7.0%). Regarding media, TV (35.8%) and Facebook (21.4%) were
the primary sources of information on AMR. Most participants (65.5%) confirmed that the
information they received about AMR had improved their practices related to the use of
antibiotics; the proportion of individuals who agreed with this statement was significantly higher
among those in rural areas compared to urban areas (68.3% vs. 60.8%, p = 0.02) (Miyano et al.,
2022). In some areas of the nation, such as Malaysia, Myanmar, and Norway, a few studies were
conducted on the knowledge and awareness of antibiotic resistance among senior citizens
(Waaseth et al., 2019).
Research Objectives:
The research objectives of the study are to assess the knowledge of antibiotic resistance
among senior citizens living in Lapasan, Clarin. To evaluate the level of awareness to antibiotic
resistance among senior citizens living in Lapasan, Clarin, Misamis Occ.

Significance of the Study:

The study aimed to evaluate the knowledge and awareness levels of the elderly
population concerning proper medication administration and adherence to prescriptions as
advised by their healthcare providers. Additionally, a significant aspect of the study involved
assessing the understanding of students regarding antibiotics and antibiotic resistance. This study
can be a foundational reference, aiding researchers in conducting subsequent studies and
generating novel insights in medication management and healthcare practices. The insights
garnered from this research will pave the way for more informed and targeted studies in the
future, thus contributing to advancing medical knowledge and enhancing public health
awareness.

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 CHAPTER II. Materials and Methods

Research Design
This study made use of non-experimental research specifically descriptive correlational
research design. The quantitative method will inform and guide this study by providing
descriptive data to assess the significant problem in the community. This research methodology
quantifies the variable's level. In particular, the study will provide a preliminary understanding
concerning knowledge and awareness of antibiotic resistance among senior citizens.

Research Setting
The research took place in Lapasan. Clarin. Lapasan is a barangay in the municipality of
Clarin and belongs to the Misamis Occidental province. Lapasan is one of the 29 barangays in
Clarin. The majority of the town's residents made their livelihood via farming and fishing.
Farming entails several rice fields over the years. Fishing yields many fish and sea shells lurking
in the deep sections of Panguil Bay.
Research Respondents
This quantitative descriptive research uses simple random sampling by handing out
surveys to the selected population, which will be senior citizens aged 60 and above, in barangay
Lapasan, Clarin resident. According to PhilAtlas, there are a total of 4,428 people living in
Lapasan, Clarin, with 362 elderly present. The senior citizens are classified by gender and age.
Using Raosoft, a minimum sample size of 187 elderlies is calculated based on an expected
prevalence of 30%, a 95% confidence interval, and a 5% margin of error. A random selection of
seniors from the puroks in Lapasan, Clarin, will be chosen for an interview that matches the
criteria inclusion of the study. Respondents will be made aware of the nature of their
involvement by reading and explaining the informed consent form's terms and conditions.
Research Instruments
The researcher’s survey questionnaire as the instrument was adapted from a questionnaire
on the study of Cacayan et al., 2020 entitled “Knowledge and Awareness on Antibiotic
Resistance Among the Residents of Barangay San Fabian, Echague, Isabela.” The instrument we
used came from gathered data through our research study based on surfing the internet and
asking for some other information that we needed to sum up our draft questionnaire to have
approval. The following instruments are used in gathering necessary data:

a. Level of Knowledge of the Respondents on Antibiotic Resistance Questionnaire

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 The questionnaire consists of questions that is related to the study. The instruments
utilized in this, from pre-existing research about knowledge of the respondents on antibiotic
resistance in which the participants are asked to respond to the items using a four-point scale
with the following response-Strongly Disagree, Disagree, Agree, Fair, and Strongly Agree.
These response options are weighted 1,2,3,4,5 respectively.
b. Level of Awareness of the Respondents on Antibiotic Resistance Questionnaire
The questionnaire consists of questions that is related to the study. The instruments
utilized in this from pre-existing research about awareness of the respondents on antibiotic
resistance in which the participants are asked to respond to the items using a four-point scale
with the following response-Strongly Disagree, Disagree, Agree, Fair, and Strongly Agree.
These response options are weighted 1,2,3,4,5 respectively.
Ethical Consideration
The study is subject to specific ethical issues. Thus, the researchers asked for approval
from the senior citizens who became the study's respondents and ensured that their identities
would be kept confidential as far as this study was concerned. It ensures that their participation
in the survey is holistically voluntary and that they are free to withdraw from their involvement
anytime. Thus, the conduct of the study was ensured not to harm the participant mentally,
emotionally, and physically.
Data Analysis
The study was gathered using Minitab to know the knowledge and awareness of
antibiotic resistance levels by frequency, percentage and weighted mean. The usage of t-test
determined the demographics of the respondents as well as their degree of knowledge and
awareness about antibiotic resistance. The survey employed a likert scale to evaluate the level of
knowledge and awareness on antibiotic resistance among senior citizens in Lapasan, Clarin.
These factors helped to contemplate if there’s a connection between the variables and the
respondent’s demographic profile.

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 CHAPTER III: Results and Discussion

Distribution of Respondents’ Profile

This table shows the profiles of the respondents that were tabulated and computed
according to sex and age. In Table 1, the sex of the respondents, females, had the highest
frequency of 103 with a percentage of 55.08, while males got a frequency of 84 with a rate of
44.92. In the age range, 60-69 had the highest frequency of 83, with a percentage of 50.61%. All
in all, the researchers gathered 187 respondents gathered during the survey.

Table 1.1 Frequency and percentage of the profile of the respondents

Profile Frequency Percent
Sex
84 44.92
● Male
103 55.08
● Female

Age
 60-69 83 50.61

 70-79 56 34.15

 80-89 48 15.24

Total 187 100.00%

Level of Knowledge
As indicated in Table 2, intended for the level of Knowledge, both statements were rated
differently. The seventh statement, which states, "Inappropriate and overuse of antibiotics can
contribute to developing antibiotic resistance," received the highest mean (3.588) with an SD of
(0.976), which implies the highest level of knowledge among senior citizens. The sixth

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statement, which states, "If taken too often, antibiotics are less likely to work in the future."
received the lowest mean of (2.690) with an SD of (1.287), which implied the lowest level of
knowledge among senior citizens. The results show that the respondents are attentive regarding
inappropriate and overuse of antibiotics, which can contribute to developing antibiotic resistance.
It signifies that they are knowledgeable and can quickly tell that an overdose of drugs can affect
our body's resistance to such disease.
According to the research of (Rather et al., 2017), "It is due to factors such as limited
health education, poverty, and insufficient access to a doctor, people seek advice from a local
pharmacist or engage in self-medication rather than seeking advice from a certified medical
professional." Thus, a lack of knowledge about antibiotics leads to inappropriate use, resulting in
severe and adverse drug effects due to abuse. In the study of Woolhouse (2016), it is the biggest
challenge for the healthcare sector to educate people about antibiotics and their side effects and
to encourage them to stop the misuse of antibiotics. The lack of knowledge about self-medication
is the prime reason for mass-scale antibiotic resistance tragedies.

Table 2. Respondents’ Level of Knowledge on Antibiotic Resistance

Statement Mean St. Dev. Interpretation
1. Antibiotics are used to treat infections caused by 3.225 1.123 Fair
bacteria.
2. Each antibiotic has different classifications to treat 3.412 0.931 High
bacterial infection.
3. Antibiotic is not intended for fever and pain reliever. 2.733 1.297 Fair
4. Generic medications are just as effective as brand- 3.262 1.016 Fair
name drugs.
5. Incurable and recurrence of disease can be a sign of 2.882 1.167 Fair
developing antibiotic resistance.
6. If taken too often, antibiotics are less likely to 2.690 1.287 Fair
work in the future.
7. Inappropriate and over use of antibiotic can 3.588 0.976 High
contribute in developing antibiotic resistance.
8. It becomes harder to treat a certain disease when you 3.572 0.999 High
develop antibiotic resistance.
Average 3.170 1.100

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Respondents’ Level of Knowledge when grouped by profile

Table 3 indicates that the level of Awareness in each claim is classified differently. Each
Respondent was calculated using Microsoft Excel and Minitab to find the mean, standard
deviation, and interpretation. The second statement, "I should seek advice from the Doctor for
proper medications." and the fifth statement, "I follow the time of taking the antibiotic." got the
highest mean of (3.439). The sixth statement states, "I will not stop my antibiotic medication
until the course of treatment is done." got the lowest mean average (3.096). The result shows that
for the highest mean, "I should seek advice from the Doctor for proper medications." and "I
follow the time of taking antibiotics," they are consulting before taking any medication.
Regarding antibiotics, they are timely at given intervals, and the lowest mean, "I will not stop my
antibiotic medication until the course of treatment is done," shows that they are not taking an
antibiotic for the entire duration.
According to the researcher (Llewelyn et al., 2017), "Patients who do not complete
prescribed antibiotic courses put themselves and others at risk of antibiotic resistance." The sixth
statement got the lowest average because most people, particularly senior citizens, are likelier to
stop the treatment once they feel better, even if the antibiotic cycle is over.
Based on the findings, respondents are administering antibiotics at regular intervals but will
discontinue the treatment once they feel better, even if the full course of antibiotics has not yet
been completed. Therefore, it suggested that senior citizens understand that not taking antibiotics
for the entire period will result in an antibiotic-resistant strain of bacteria.

Table 3. Respondents’ Level of Awareness on Antibiotic Resistance

Statements Mean SD Interpretation
1. Antibiotics should not be sold without a prescription. 3.219 1.312 Fair
2. I should seek advised to the Doctor for proper 3.439 1.093 High
medications.
3. Antibiotic is not intended for fever and pain reliever. 3.107 1.270 Fair
4. I should not ask my neighbor about medications for 3.257 1.323 Fair
treating a disease.
5. I follow the time of taking antibiotic. 3.439 1.324 High
6. I will not stop my antibiotic medication until 3.096 1.422 High
course of treatment is done.

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 Average 3.259 1.291

Respondents’ Level of Knowledge when grouped by profile

The table presents the sex of every respondent computed using Microsoft Excel and
Minitab by finding the average mean and standard deviation. The highest mean and standard
deviation of sex is the male, with an average of 3.201 with SD=1.171. It implies that the overall
mean and standard deviation are interpreted to be neutral and high, and the profile has a very
high interpretation, which signifies that it is an efficient factor to be found liable to the level of
knowledge on antibiotic resistance.
According to Kong et al. (2019), older adults were found to have incorrect beliefs about
antibiotic resistance. Providing critical information on antibiotic indications may influence
respondents' expectations of antibiotics, and information on the importance of adhering to an
antibiotic regime may control their correct use of antibiotics. In addition, although many subjects
were familiar with the term "antibiotic resistance," this did not translate into understanding or
knowledge of appropriate antibiotic use. (Mamood et al., 2009). In the same study by Kong et al.
(2019), older respondents with fewer educational qualifications needed to be more
knowledgeable about antibiotics.
The researchers found out that any different Purok they belong to and whether they are
female or male confirmed differences in distinctive facets of antibiotics, but both sexes endorse
equally concerning knowledge on Antibiotic Resistance. Therefore, it suggested focusing more
on the correct behavior of antibiotic consumption.

Table 4. Knowledge of the Respondents on Antibiotic Resistance when they are grouped by
their sex
Profile Mean SD Interpretation
Sex
3.201 1.171 High
● Male
3.138 1.071 Fair
● Female

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Respondents’ Awareness on Antibiotic Resistance whey grouped by profile

Table 5 shows the data of the 2nd variable that represents the survey result, which
corresponds to the awareness towards the respondents when their profile, namely sex, groups
them. For the sex, males got the highest mean of 3.276 with SD=1.197 but an interpretation of
high. It shows that the majority of the result, when grouped by their profile, is increased where
the respondents agree with the statements about the knowledge of awareness among the senior
citizens.
This study implies that differences between males and females in antibiotic use
knowledge and practices varied significantly based on the setting. It indicates that gender
differences in antibiotic use are greatly contextual and intersect with other sociodemographic
factors, particularly education and socioeconomic status. Educational interventions targeted to
meet the specific needs of males and females and delivered through pharmacists and healthcare
professionals were the most common recommendations for reducing the inappropriate use of
antibiotics in the community (Pham-Duc P, Sriparamananthan K., 2021).
It implies that the previous researchers support the gathered data interpreted to be high.
Gender having high interpretation signifies that it is an efficient factor to be found liable to
knowledge on antibiotic resistance.

Table 5. Awareness of the Respondents on Antibiotic Resistance when they are grouped by
their sex
Profile Mean SD Interpretation
Sex
3.276 1.197 Very High
● Male
3.246 1.365 Very High
● Female

Test of Significant Difference in the respondents’ Knowledge and Awareness when grouped
as to their sex
As conveyed in Table 6, intended to test significant differences of the 1st variable
knowledge, each profile was interpreted variously. Results show that males and females differ

15
significantly in their understanding. For the profile of sex, it resulted in a t-value of -0.53 with a
p-value of 0.597, which interprets that knowledge on antibiotic resistance does have significant
differences to the profile sex.
The study indicates that knowledge of antibiotics and AMR in humans Results on gender
differences in knowledge of antibiotics varied by context (Pham-Duc et al., 2021). However, in
studies examining antibiotic use in humans, females were found to have better knowledge of
antibiotics and AMR than males. Some studies indicated that males had lower levels of
knowledge, were more likely to believe that antibiotics could be used to treat viral infections,
and that adherence was not required once symptoms disappeared. It was attributed to females
being more likely to seek help and visit healthcare facilities, thus receiving more information on
antibiotics.
It implies that the results from the gathered data contradict the studies above, where a
significant difference can be found between the 1st variable and the profile of the respondents,
namely, sex and purok. Therefore, the profile of the students corresponds with the 1st variable.
Furthermore, our study implies that elderly males are more knowledgeable than elderly females.

Table 6. Test of Significant Difference on the level of Knowledge and respondents’ Profile
Test Statistics
Variable Profile Computed P value Interpretation
Value
Knowledge Sex -0.53 0.597 Significant
Note: Significant if p value ≤ 0.05; Highly Significant if p value ≤ 0.01.
Significant Difference on the level of Awareness of Respondents’ when grouped as to their
Profile
As indicated in Table 7, intended for testing significant differences in the awareness of
antibiotic resistance, each profile was interpreted variously. For the profile of sex, it resulted in
the t-value of -.20 with a p-value of 0.842, which interprets the 2nd variable as not having
significant differences to the profile sex.
This study shows that awareness of antibiotics and antibiotic resistance differed according
to some of the background characteristics. Men were more likely to have lower general
knowledge of antibiotics than women, but there was no gender difference in awareness of

16
antibiotic resistance. Higher age and education were associated with higher knowledge of
antibiotic resistance but not antibiotics in general (Waaseth, M., Adan, A., Røen, I.L. et al.,
2019).
The researchers found out that there is a need for more research between awareness and
sex. It suggests inviting other researchers to conduct a study about awareness and testing its
differences in terms of sex. Regardless of this, more researchers should carry out research
involving it.
Table 7. Test of Significant Difference on Awareness of respondents’ when grouped as to
their Profile
Test Statistics
Variable Profile Computed P value Interpretation
Value
Awareness Sex -0.20 0.842 Not Significant
Note: Significant if p value ≤ 0.05; Highly Significant if p value ≤ 0.01.
Significant Relationship between Knowledge and Awareness
The researchers sought to design a reliable instrument indicating a possible relationship
between knowledge and awareness. The knowledge and awareness survey is reliable. To further
solidify the internal consistency reliability of the survey instrument, the researchers performed a
split-half reliability test, which involved identifying the correlation between the odd and even-
numbered questions on the survey. When the hypothesis stating the relationship between
knowledge and awareness of the respondent was tested, the calculated R-value was 0.000 with
no correlation.
This study shows that despite regular updates to the platform and results since 2017,
some challenges remain, such as low levels of public knowledge on antibiotic use and antibiotic
resistance, low levels of exposure to information about symptoms and inappropriate use of
antibiotic resistance, and a lack of sufficient evidence to support effective interventions for
relevant organizations. The continued inappropriate indications of antibiotic use prescribed by
health professionals reflect either a low level of antibiotic competency or a lack of continued
professional education and effective regulatory measures (Tangcharoensathien, V., Chanvatik,
S., Kosiyaporn, H. et al., 2021).

17
 The researchers discovered no actual relationship between knowledge and awareness of
antibiotic resistance, which contradicts many studies. Results show that there is no relationship
between the two variables. Some research about knowledge and awareness of antibiotic
resistance proves a relationship between them, but the results show none. The researchers
suggested that in the related literature, they must focus more on knowledge and awareness of
antibiotic resistance rather than the body image emerging in the modern era. Furthermore,
citations regarding the variable knowledge and awareness of antibiotic resistance need more
information. Researchers suggest broadening its facts.
Table 8. Test of Significant Relationship between Knowledge and Awareness
Variable
Knowledge and Awareness r-value Strength Correlation
0.000 No Correlation

Conclusion
The research has provided valuable insights into the current awareness and understanding
of this critical health issue among this demographic group. It revealed a prevalent trend among
senior citizens, who frequently stopped taking antibiotics before the recommended course was
complete once symptoms subsided. First, there was limited awareness. It revealed that many
senior citizens in Lapasan, Clarin, needed more comprehensive knowledge about antibiotic
resistance. Many seniors had misconceptions about antibiotics, their use, and the consequences
of antibiotic resistance. This limited awareness posed a potential public health concern.
Secondly, healthcare provider influence was noted. The study showed that healthcare providers
played a crucial role in shaping the knowledge and behaviors of senior citizens regarding
antibiotics. Seniors who had received guidance from healthcare professionals tended to
understand antibiotic resistance better and were more likely to follow appropriate antibiotic use
practices. Lastly, educational initiatives were needed. The findings suggested a need for targeted
educational initiatives for senior citizens in Lapasan, Clarin, to raise awareness about antibiotic
resistance. These initiatives should focus on dispelling common misconceptions and promoting
responsible antibiotic use.
Recommendation

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 Based on the conclusions drawn from this research, it is strongly recommended that
future investigations in antibiotic resistance awareness expand their scope to encompass a
broader demographic, mainly focusing on teenagers and young adults. Understanding the
perspectives, knowledge levels, and attitudes toward antibiotic resistance within these age groups
is crucial, given their significant role in shaping our society's future. Moreover, it is advisable to
prioritize educational initiatives targeting antibiotic resistance toward this demographic.
Allocating resources and efforts to educate teenagers and young adults about responsible
antibiotic usage lays the groundwork for a more informed and conscientious generation. This
proactive strategy safeguards their health and empowers them to advocate for prudent antibiotic
practices in their communities, effectively contributing to the global fight against antibiotic
resistance. The enduring impact of such targeted educational efforts is a more responsible and
aware populace, promoting a sustainable approach to antibiotic use for future generations.

19
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countries: A who practical toolkit. (2019). JAC-Antimicrobial Resistance, 1(3).
https://doi.org/10.1093/jacamr/dlz072

Baddal B, Lajunen TJ, Sullman MJM. Knowledge, attitudes and behaviours regarding antibiotics
use among Cypriot university students: a multi-disciplinary survey. BMC Med Educ.
2022 Dec 7;22(1):847. doi: 10.1186/s12909-022-03853-2. PMID: 36476280; PMCID:
PMC9730643. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9730643/

Cacayan, E. B., Asuncion, K. M., & Alvarado, A. E. (2020). Assessment of the functional
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270–281. https://doi.org/10.33846/hn40901

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2022, October 5). How antibiotic resistance
happens. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
https://www.cdc.gov/drugresistance/about/how-resistance-happens.html

Kong, L. S., Islahudin, F., Muthupalaniappen, L., & Chong, W. W. (2019). Knowledge and
expectations on antibiotic use among older adults in Malaysia: A cross-sectional
survey. Geriatrics, 4(4), 61.

Lapasan, municipality of Clarin, province of Misamis Occidental. PhilAtlas. (n.d.).

https://www.philatlas.com/mindanao/r10/misamis-occidental/clarin/lapasan.html#:~:text=L
apasan%20is%20a%20barangay%20in,the%20total%20population%20of%20Clarin.

Llewelyn, M. J., Fitzpatrick, J. M., Darwin, E., SarahTonkin-Crine, Gorton, C., Paul, J. H., Peto,
T. E. A., Yardley, L., Hopkins, S., & Walker, A. S. (2017). The antibiotic course has had
its day. BMJ, j3418. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.j3418

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Mahmood, A., Naqvi, R., Grewal, A., Diachun, L., & Gutmanis, I. (2009). Antibiotic resistance
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PMC8547692.

Prestinaci F, Pezzotti P, Pantosti A. Antimicrobial resistance: a global multifaceted phenomenon.

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21
 APPENDIX A
Knowledge and Awareness on Antibiotic Resistance Questionnaire
Part I. Demographic Profile
Name:_____________________________________ Sex: Male Female
Purok/Block/Barangay/Municipality:_____________ Age: _________________________
Directions: Please check the box to the right of each statement in the survey to show how much
you agree or disagree with that particular statement. There are no correct or incorrect responses.
Your identity is hidden and your responses are strictly confidential.
Scale: 5 – Strongly Agree
4 – Agree
3 – Neutral
2 – Disagree
1 – Strongly Disagree
Part II. Level of Knowledge of the Respondents on Antibiotic Resistance

5 4 3 2 1
Strongl Agree Neutral Disagree Strongly
y Agree Disagree
1. Antibiotics are used to treat infections
caused by bacteria.
Ang mga antibiotiko gigamit alang sa
pagtambal sa mga impeksyon tungod
sa bakterya.
2. Each antibiotic has different
classifications to treat bacterial

22
 infection.
Ang matag antibiotic adunay lain-laing
mga klasipikasyon sa pagtambal sa
bacterial na impeksyon.
3. Antibiotic is not intended for fever and
pain reliever.
Ang antibiotic dili para sa hilanat ug
sakit sa kalaweasan.
4. Generic medications are just as
effective as brand-name drugs.
Ang mga generic nga tambal sama ka
epektibo sa brand-name nga mga
tambal.
5. Incurable and recurrence of disease can
be a sign of developing antibiotic
resistance.
Ang dili matambalan ug pagbalik sa
sakit mahimong timaan sa pagpalambo
sa resistensya sa antibiotiko
6. If taken too often, antibioties are less
likely to work in the future.
Kung kanunay na ginainom ang mga
antibiotics dili na epektibo sa sunod na
panahon
7. Inappropriate and over use of antibiotic
can contribute in developing antibiotic
resistance.
Ang dili angay ug sobra nga paggamit
sa antibiotic mahimong makatampo sa
pagpalambo sa resistensya sa
antibiotic.
8. It becomes harder to treat a certain
disease when you develop antibiotic
resistance.
Mahimong mas lisud ang pagtambal sa
usa ka sakit kung adunay resistensya sa
antibiotiko.

Part III. Level of Awareness of the Respondents on Antibiotic Resistance

5 4 3 2 1
Strongl Agree Neutral Disagree Strongly
y Agree Disagree
1. Antibiotics should not be sold without a
prescription.
Ang mga antibiotic kinahanglan dili

23
 ibaligya nga walay reseta.
2. I should seek advised to the Doctor for
proper medications.
Kinahanglang magpatambag ko sa
Doktor para matagaan ug insaktong
tambal.
3. I need to know the difference between
antibiotics and other drugs.
Kinahanglan nakong mahibal-an ang
kalainan tali sa antibiotics ug uban
pang mga tambal.
4. I should not ask my neighbor about
medications for treating a disease.
Dili ko kinahanglan nga mangutana sa
akong silingan bahin sa mga tambal
alang sa pagtambal sa usa ka sakit.
5. I follow the time of taking antibiotic.
Gisunod nako ang oras sa pag-inom ug
antibiotic.
6. I will not stop my antibiotic medication
until course of treatment is done.
Dili nako hunongon ang akong tambal
nga antibiotic hangtod mahuman ang
kurso sa pagtambal.

Interpretation:

n−1
n
, n = Number of Responses
5−1
5
= 0.80
Rating Scale:

1.00 - 1.79 - Very Low

1.80 - 2.59 - Low
2.60 - 3.39 - Fair
3.40 - 4.19 - High
4.20 - 5.00 - Very High

24
 Responses Interval Interpretation
(for level)
1 1.00 - 1.79 Strongly Agree
2 1.80 - 2.59 Disagree
3 2.60 - 3.39 Fair
4 3.40 - 4.19 Agree
5 4.20 - 5.00 Strongly Agree

CURRICULUM VITAE

Personal Data
Name: Arbie Shayne. Engracia
Birthdate: January 15, 2002
Birthplace: MHARSTTH Gen. Hospital Maningcol, Ozamiz City
Address: Mayor’s Village Lapasan Clarin, Misamis Occidental
Email: shayneengracia@gmail.com
Mobile: 09325808978
Civil Status: Single
Citizenship: Filipino
Religion: Seventh-day Adventist
Parents: Mr Aristeo P. Engracia and Mrs. Ruby A. Engracia

Educational Background
Senior High School: Misamis University (2018 present)

Junior High School: Misamis University (2014-2018)

Elementary School: Ozamiz City SDA Elementary School (2011-2014)

Honors and Awards

25
 Elementary Class Salutatorian
With High Honors Grade-11 Senior High School

Skills: Drawing, singing and Playing Instruments

Hobbies: Doing guitar instrumental covers

CURRICULUM VITAE

Personal Data
Name: Janmil Lea D. Bajenting
Birthdate: November 27, 2002
Birthplace: MHARSTTH Gen. Hospital Maningcol, Ozamiz City
Address: RS Tan Village, Maningcol, Ozamiz City
Email: janmilbajenting@gmail.com
Mobile: 09488608588
Civil Status: Single
Citizenship: Filipino
Religion: Seventh Day Adventist
Parents: Veronica D. Bajenting

Timoteo Albert Bajenting

Educational Background
Senior High School: Misamis University (2018 present)

Junior High School: TNCHS (2014-2018)

Elementary School: Tigdok Elementary School (2011-2014)

26
Honors and Awards
With Honors Grade-11 Senior High School
With High Honors Grade-12 Senior High School
Chess Gold Medalist

Skills: Playing piano, flute, guitar, ukelele and violin, singing

Hobbies: Chess, writing poems, reading books

CURRICULUM VITAE

Personal Data
Name: Fenyl Isis P. Guigayoma
Birthdate: July 23, 2001
Birthplace: MHARSTTH Gen. Hospital Maningcol, Ozamiz City
Address: P2 Talisay Malaubang, Ozamiz City
Email: fenylisisponce@gmail.com
Mobile: 09474655552
Civil Status: Single
Citizenship: Filipino
Religion: Roman Catholic
Parents: Lady Myries Jean Ponce

Educational Background
Senior High School: Misamis University (2018 present)

Junior High School: OCSAT (2014-2018)

Elementary School: OCCS-SPED Center (2011-2014)

Honors and Awards

27
 With High Honors Grade-10 Junior High School
With High Honors Grade-11 Senior High School
With High Honors Grade-12 Senior High School
National Festival of Talents winner (2018) Poster Making category

Skills: Drawing and Playing Instruments

Hobbies: Graphic Designing, Painting

CURRICULUM VITAE

Personal Data
Name: Allan Meves Saquin
Birthdate: November 9, 2000
Birthplace: Medina Gen. Hospital, Ozamiz City
Address: P1 Katilingbanon, Ozamiz City

Email: Allansaquin196@gmail.com
Mobile: 09518349359
Civil Status: Single
Citizenship: Filipino
Religion: Seventh-day Adventist
Parents: Mr Allan Saquin and Mrs. Alma Saquin

Educational Background
Senior High School: Misamis University (2018-2020)

Junior High School: Labo Natinal HIgh School (2014-2018)

Elementary School: Labo Central School (2011-2014)

Honors and Awards

With honor in Elementary School

28
Skills: Cooking

Hobbies: Feeding Cat

29