COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS BETWEEN MODERN JEEPNEY

AND TRADITIONAL JEEPNEY IN PROVIDING

CONVENIENCE, SAFETY, AFFORDABILITY, AND ECO-
FRIENDLY TO COMMUTERS IN QUEZON CITY

A Thesis
Presented to
the Faculty of
The Department of Business Administration
Dr. Carlos S. Lanting College

In Partial Fulfilment
of the Requirements for the Degree
Bachelor of Science in Business Administration

MICAH ANGELLA BAUTISTA

MARIANE MAXINE
EUGENIO SHIELA MAE
HASSAN JEROME
MAGHIRANG HANNAH FAYE
VALDEZ

December 2022

i
 ENDORSEMENT

This thesis entitled, COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS BETWEEN MODERN

JEEPNEY AND TRADITIONAL JEEPNEY IN PROVIDING CONVENIENCE,
SAFETY, AFFORDABILITY, AND ECO-FRIENDLY TO COMMUTERS IN
QUEZON CITY, prepared and submitted by MICAH ANGELLA BAUTISTA,
MARIANE MAXINE EUGENIO, SHIELA MAE HASSAN, JEROME
MAGHIRANG, HANNAH FAYE VALDEZ, in partial fulfilment of the
requirements for the degree of BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN BUSINESS
ADMINISTRATION, has been examined and is recommended for
acceptance and approval for Oral Examination.

This is to certify further that MICAH ANGELLA BAUTISTA,

MARIANE MAXINE EUGENIO, SHIELA MAE HASSAN, JEROME
MAGHIRANG, HANNAH FAYE VALDEZ is ready for Oral Examination

MRS. PRINCESS ERICA B. ALOVERA

Adviser

Noted:

ELIZA T. SATULAN,DBM
Dean,
Dr. Carlos S. Lanting College

ii
 ACCEPTANCE SHEET

In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of BACHELOR

OF SCIENCE IN BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION, this thesis proposal
entitled, COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS BETWEEN MODERN JEEPNEY AND
TRADITIONAL JEEPNEY IN PROVIDING CONVENIENCE, SAFETY,
AFFORDABILITY, AND ECO-FRIENDLY TO COMMUTERS IN QUEZON
CITY, has been prepared and submitted by MICAH ANGELLA BAUTISTA,
MARIANE MAXINE EUGENIO, SHIELA MAE HASSAN, JEROME
MAGHIRANG, HANNAH FAYE VALDEZ and is hereby endorsed for
approval.

MRS. PRINCESS ERICA B. ALOVERA

Adviser

This is to certify that the thesis proposal submitted by MICAH ANGELLA

BAUTISTA, MARIANE MAXINE EUGENIO, SHIELA MAE HASSAN, JEROME
MAGHIRANG, HANNAH FAYE VALDEZ has been approved and accepted by the
Thesis Committee on (DATE).

ELIZA T. SATULAN, DBM

Chairman

MARCELINE HASIEF DUGO, LCB ADONIS CERBITO, MAED

Member Member

Noted:

ELIZA T.SATULAN, DBM

Dean,
Dr. Carlos S. Lanting College

iii
 APPROVAL SHEET

Approved by the Committee on Oral Examination with a grade of

on

ELIZA T. SATULAN, DBM

Chairman

MARELINE HASIEF DUGO, ADONIS CERBITO, MAed

Member Member

Accepted and approved in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the

degree of BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION.

ELIZA T.SATULAN, DBM

Dean,
Dr. Carlos S. Lanting College

iv
 ABSTRACT

Thesis Title : COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS BETWEEN MODERN

JEEPNEY AND TRADITIONAL JEEPNEY IN
PROVIDING CONVENIENCE, SAFETY,
AFFORDABILITY, AND ECO-FRIENDLY TO
COMMUTERS IN QUEZON CITY

Author : MICAH ANGELLA BAUTISTA, MARIANE MAXINE

EUGENIO, SHIELA MAE HASSAN, JEROME
MAGHIRANG, HANNAH FAYE VALDEZ

Degree : BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN BUSINESS

ADMINISTRATION

Date of : December 2022

Completion

Adviser : Princess Erica B. Alovera, Maed

1. The Rationale of the study

2. The Statement of the Problem
3. The research Method used, research locale, respondents of the study,
sampling procedure, instrumentation, and data analysis (statistical
tool)
4. Summary of findings and conclusion

v
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

The researchers would like to express their gratitude to all those

people who support and help them during the process of creating this
research paper.

To our parents, thank you for giving us extra support that we needed
may it be mentally, physically, and especially financially. We are really
grateful that you provide all of our needs and believe in us endlessly.

To our classmates and seniors who voluntarily help us on things that

we find difficult and for always giving feedback, advices, and unending
motivation to us.

To our friends, who keeps on reaching out on us giving us extra

knowledge and motivation that really help us and boost our confidence in
doing this research paper.

To our teachers, who became our research expertise and panelist that
provide so much knowledge and patience in helping us revised and improved
this research paper.

Lastly, to God for giving us the strength .

vi
 DEDICATION

Our deepest appreciation and gratitude to all of the people who

contributed and helped us making our Business research possible and
successful.

First and foremost, to our Almighty God. Thank You for all of the
blessings you have showered us. For the guidance, wisdom, and energy that
you have given us. And for the people you have brought us as an instrument
to make this business plan a success.

To all of our teachers who didn't just teach us but also extended their
help to guide us in completing this business research successful.

To our classmates and friends who have shared us their stories,

experiences, advices and suggestions in formulating this business research.

To the institution's where we study for their extended efforts to ensure

that each one of us will be able to finish this business research.

To all the workers of DCLC. For the kindness and efforts that they have
given us. For allowing us to study comfortably in a clean environment.

Lastly but most especially to our beloved parents. We thank all of you
and appreciate your never ending love to us. For the trust you put in us and
for believing that we can make it. For understanding the lack of time we have
for our family during our busy days. And for supporting us financially and
morally for this business research.

vii
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

TITLE PAGE i
ENDORSEMENT ii
ACCEPTANCE SHEET iii
APPROVAL SHEET iv
ABSTRACT v
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT vi
DEDICATION vii
LIST OF TABLES x
Chapter 1 1
THE PROBLEM AND ITS SETTING 1
Introduction 1
Theoretical Framework 1
Conceptual Framework 1
Statement of the Problem 2
Statement of Hypothesis 2
Statement of Assumption 2
Scope and Delimitation 3
Significance of the Study 3
Operational Definition of Terms 3
Chapter 2 4
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURES AND STUDIES 4
Related Literature 4
Chapter 3 5
Research Design 5
Research Respondents 5
Population and Sampling 5
Research Environment 6
Research Instrumentation 6

Validation of Instrument 6
Research Procedure 7
viii
 Data Gathering Technique 7
Statistical Treatment 7
Chapter 4 8
PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA 8
Chapter 5 10
Summary of Findings 10
Conclusions 10
Recommendations 10
REFERENCES: 11
APPENDICES: 11
CURRICULUM VITAE 11

ix
 LIST OF TABLES

LIST OF TABLES PAGE

Table 1. Reliability Test xxvi

Table 2. Likert Scale xxvii

Table 3. Demographic Profile

xxix

Table 4. Commuters preference in

choosing mode of transportation xxxi

Table 5. Perceived level of commuters

satisfaction xxxiv

Table 6. Test of Significant difference

xxxv
based on respondents age

Table 7. Test of Significant difference

based on monthly income xxxvii

Table 8. Test of Significant difference

based on occupation xxxviii

Table 9. Test of Significant difference

based on gender xl

x
Table 10. Test of Significant difference
based on preferred mode of xlii

transportation

Table 11. Test of Significant difference

between commuters satisfaction when xliii

grouped demographically

Table 12. Test of Significant effect

between commuters preference on xlv

commuters satisfaction

xi
 Chapter 1

THE PROBLEM AND ITS SETTING

Introduction

As the pandemic comes closer to its end, a lot of businesses, schools,

and work have been getting back to normal operation. It is important for
people to arrive at their destination in peace and comfort and the most
common type of transportation that people use is Jeepneys. It is a type of
transportation that travels for a longer distance and also accommodates
numbers of commuters with an affordable fare.

Due to the number of phenomena happening in the world such as

climate change, inflation and continuous decrease in the supply of oil which
affects the economy — numerous businesses, companies, and corporations
decide to switch and find alternatives to maximize their resources. And as
the world transforms into a more advanced technology, modern
transportation is now being introduced which offers new features compared
to a traditional jeepney. However, which of the two vehicles is the preferred
transportation of most commuters in Quezon City in giving convenience,
safety, affordability and eco-friendly on their trip?

Theoretical Framework

A Comparative Study on the Modernization of Jeepneys in the

Philippines
"The state shall protect and advance the right of the people to a
balanced and healthful ecology in accordance with the rhythm and harmony
of nature," according to Republic Act No. 8749, also known as the Philippine
Clean Air Act of 1999. Environment Secretary Roy Cimatu added, "Air
pollution affects each and every one of us...We need stronger coordination

xii
jeep no longer meets the standard in terms of emissions and contribution to
air pollution. Smaller vehicles traveling on national highways can be reduced
by using larger vehicles capable of transporting more commuters. Because
jeeps contribute to traffic congestion in the city. Minibuses are powered by
clean diesel with lower emissions, which helps to reduce air pollution caused
by jeeps. This is the solution in accordance with the Clean Air Act of 1999,
which protects people from inhaling polluted air. Indeed, World Health
Representative to the Philippines Dr.

Gundo Weller stated that "air pollution continues to pose a dangerous

threat to the health of Filipinos, particularly those living in urbanized
communities...We are working together with the health and environment
sectors to reduce the harmful impact of these environmental risks on
people's health and well-being." In response, the Department of
Transportation's Modernization Program may result in job losses for drivers of
small franchised public utility vehicles. Modernization encourages vehicles
that meet air quality standards in order to avoid negative effects on people's
health. The program also assists operators in converting public utility vehicles
to larger minibuses, which can help to alleviate traffic congestion. Minibuses
are quite comfortable for commuters because they combat the heat and
hassles of commuting because they have air conditioned vehicles. The
models are advanced and easy to clean, which benefits both commuters and
drivers of vehicles such as minibuses.

The researchers compiled and presented the findings from a review of

related literature, claiming that jeepneys have consistently been seen as a
Clean Air Act violator and a major contributor to traffic congestion.
Unfortunately, a lot of people are unaware that the number of cars also
contributes to traffic congestion and air pollution. Modernizing transportation
alone does not constitute a comprehensive answer.

xiii
PHILIPPINE TRANSPORTATION: E-JEEPNEYS VS TRADITIONAL
JEEPNEYS

According to Dela Cruz, T. (2022) E-jeepneys are not yet centralized

making it not accessible to people. There are just a number of cities who
offer this transportation but still with just a small number of it. And when
transportation becomes inaccessible, it means that it also becomes useless
for it will provide some burden to waiting passengers. Jeepneys are accessible
almost everywhere making it the most used public transportation in the
country. It provides a longer route compared to an E-jeepney. On some part,
e-jeepneys cannot be considered environmentally-friendly if they use a non
solar charging station, because the source of the energy comes from oil-fired
power plants.
The researchers compiled and presented the findings from a review of
related literature, claiming that Jeepney is one of the most prominent modes
of public transportation in the Philippines, with Filipino passengers choosing
Jeepney as their main form of transportation to travel to their destinations on
a daily basis. The government decided to implement the Jeepney
Modernization Program, in which old regular jeepneys were slowly phased out
and replaced with modernized jeepneys, due to its negative issues, including
its lack of maintenance system, ensuring the safety of the passengers and
drivers, adverse effects to the environment, and improper loading and
unloading of passengers.

xi
v
Conceptual Framework

Figure 1. Conceptual framework

Figure 1 shows the conceptual framework of the study, it tends to

know whether there is a relationship between the independent variables
which are the commuters preference; convenience, safety, affordability and
eco-friendly to the dependent variable which is the commuters satisfaction.

xi
v
Statement of the Problem

The purpose of this study is to find out which mode of jeepney

transportation will commuters in Quezon City prefer to use in terms of
convenience, safety, affordability, and eco-friendly. This study will attempt to
answer the following questions:

1. What is the demographic profile of the respondents in terms of:

1.1 Age
1.2 Gender
1.3 Occupation
1.4 Gross Monthly-Income
1.5 Preferred Mode of Jeepney Transportation

2. What is the commuters preference in choosing modes of jeepney

transportation in terms of:

2.1 Convenience
2.2 Safety
2.3 Affordability
2.4 Eco-friendly

3. What is the commuter's perceived level of satisfaction towards

traditional jeepney and modern jeepney in terms of its overall services?

4. Is there a significant difference between the commuters preference

when grouped according to demographic variables in terms of:

4.1 Convenience
4.2 Safety
4.3 Affordability
4.4 Eco-friendly

x
v
5. Is there a significant difference between the commuters' satisfaction
when grouped according to their demographic variables?

6. Is there a significant effect between the commuter's preference on

commuter's satisfaction?

Statement of Hypothesis

H0 : There is a significant difference between the commuter’s preference

when grouped according to demographic variables, in terms of convenience,
safety, affordability and eco-friendly
H1 : There is no significant difference between the commuter’s preference
when grouped according to demographic variables, in terms of convenience,
safety, affordability and eco-friendly
H2 : There is no significant effect between commuter’s preference on
commuter's satisfaction.

Scope and Delimitation

This study will focus on the commuters preference in choosing jeepney

transportation in terms of its convenience, safety, affordability and eco-
friendly. The respondents in this research will be commuters who ride using
modern jeepneys and traditional jeepneys that are travelling along
Novaliches, Quezon City. However, this study will no longer analyze how
traditional jeepney and modern jeepney companies market and strategize its
transportation.

xv
i
Significance of the Study

The purpose of the study is to identify the commuters preference

between Modern Jeepney and Traditional Jeepney in terms of Convenience,

Safety, Affordability and Eco-friendly to commuters in Quezon City.

The information presented in this research paper may also help the following
listed below. Consider the following to derive insights into the study's
benefits:

This study places a significant emphasis on the following beneficiaries:

● To Commuters
To gain a better understanding and perception between Modern
jeepney and Traditional jeepney in providing Convenience, Safety,
Affordability and Eco-friendly.

● To Transportation Operators/Drivers
This research aims to assist transportation operators in making
investment decisions between Modern jeepney and Traditional
jeepney fleets for the following beneficiaries. This will also help them
to better understand commuters' insights in terms of the jeepney
transportations services.

● To Investors
This study provides investors with much more information about
specific topics such as growth, investments, technological
advancement, and so on. Once this data is gathered, it assists
investors in constructing a more complete picture of performance and
deciding on an investment opportunity.

xvi
i
To Government

This study can serve as a reference and will help the Government to
collect and accumulate data for the future project and development
on public transportations services.

● To Future Researchers
This study will serve as a reference for the future researchers
academic requirements related to Modern jeepney and Traditional
jeepney comparative studies.

Operational Definition of Terms

Climate change - is a long-term shift in temperatures and weather

patterns.

Commuters - a person who is traveling in a jeepney, bus, train, tricycle or

other conveyance, especially one who is not the driver and who travels some
distance to work on a regular basis.

E-jeepney - The Electric Jeepney (E-Jeepney) is a recent development in the

Philippines that provides a sustainable, clean form of public transportation.

Inflation - is the rate at which prices for goods and services rise.

Modern Jeepney - They are an updated version of the 3rd-generation

jeepneys but with additional regulatory standards, such as standard seating,
expanded vehicle height, CCTV, fare collection system (traditional, Panta
and/or Beep), powered by LPG or electricity, speed limiters, GPS, and WiFi.

Traditional Jeepney - Jeepneys, sometimes called simply jeeps are

minibus-like public utility vehicles, serving as the most popular means of
public transportation in the Philippines.

xvii
i
Likert Scale - is a kind of rating scale that assesses how individuals feel
about something and is frequently found on survey forms or questionnaires.
It can be useful in a variety of scenarios.

Transportation - a vehicle or system of vehicles, such as buses, trains, etc.

for getting from one place to another

Preference - feeling of liking or wanting one person or thing more than

another person or thing.

Investors - a person or organization that puts money into financial plans,

property, etc. with the expectation of achieving a profit.

Satisfaction - fulfillment of one's wishes, expectations, or needs, or the

pleasure derived from this.

xix
o Government

Chapter 2

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURES AND STUDIES

This chapter examines the literature and studies in the field that the
researcher considered when determining the study's significance. It also
provides a synthesis in order to fully comprehend the research and gain a
better understanding of the study.

Related Literature

The Traditional Jeepney vs The Modern Jeepney.

Agaton and Guno (2019) stated that due to issues on the uncertainty
in petrol prices when operating a fueled jeepney — e-jeepney was chosen as
a possible solution to these issues. Since owning a typical jeepney needs the
upkeep of a clean engine, along with other long-term expenses involved with
fees. Unlike an electric-powered jeepney that is run on electricity, and there
is no regulation on the cost of electricity usage. However, the challenge of e-
jeepney transportation is dependent on electricity and the national
government support.

According to Frisnedi and Angeles (2021) Despite age and gender,

travelers across all areas of life will ride the Jeepney. CCTV was regarded as
being of the utmost importance in light of the enhancements made to the E-
Jeepney design. Another feature that commuters think is the second most
important feature that commuters want is a specified space for senior
citizens, individuals who have disabilities, and pregnant women. Last but not
least, it is also regarded as essential to have rules (monitoring and evaluation
when riding the jeep, the maximum speed, and the process of discounts) and
a tickets collector inside the mass transit which a traditional jeepney lacks or
does not have. As reported by Shi, S. (2019) electric
xx
vehicles have the potential to significantly reduce air pollutants when
compared to combustion-powered vehicles. For example, switching to
Electrical vehicles will result in a reduction in emissions of volatile organic
compounds (VOCs), carbon monoxide (CO), nitrous oxides (NOx), particulate
matter (PM) 2.5, and PM10, respectively. In the Philippines, electrifying
Public Utility Vehicles will result in average reductions in PM, NOx, sulfur
oxides (Sox), and CO emissions.

In accordance with Wang, B. & Zacharias, J. (2020) The E-jeepneys

are produced in the Philippines as part of a transportation reform that
benefits commuters, operators, and drivers alike. Since humans use their
senses of sight, hearing, smell, touch, temperature, proximity to other
people, and the physical environment to interpret the surroundings of a
public transportation vehicle. With the jeepney's improved appearance and
functionality, commuters' contentment as well as that of the operators and
drivers may be interpreted as comfort.

Assessment on the Modernization of Jeepneys in the Philippines.

According to Villegas (2021) Progressively, public transportation
systems are switching from conventional vehicles to environmentally friendly
ones like electric jeepneys. It was modified in the Philippines. In the area of
public transportation, it is made possible by advanced technology. Aids the
government in enhancing commuters' quality of travel by taking the
population's access into consideration to reliable, clean, and safe public
transportation.

According to the report of Cabalza (2019) E-jeepney could be a great

solution to the system of public transportation in the Philippines. As an
example, in Muntinlupa City the government has a program of free ride on E-
jeepneys which gain positive feedback from the commuters and at the
same time gain recognition internationally for its innovation and
sustainability.

xx
i
 The International Energy Agency, (2019) agreed that the Electric
vehicles are now used by more nations as they increase their commitment to
actively combating climate change. The transport sector is the second-
largest global contributor of greenhouse gases after the electricity industry.
With the global electric - vehicle fleet surpassing 5 million in 2018 and
nearing 9 million in 2019, almost double the number of new electric car
sales, the uptake of electric vehicles has increased dramatically.

Modernizing Jeepneys in the Philippines as a Solution to Transport

Related Problem.
According to LTFRB (2022). The government’s solution to the
aggravating transport related problems and upcoming transportation demand
in the country is the modernization program for public utility vehicles. The
program aspires to significantly alter the nation's public transport system,
elevating the decency, humane, and compliance with international standards
of both commuting and public transportation operations.
According to Andalecio and Aquino (2020) The stockholders'
perceptions of the transformation of Jeepneys in Metro Manila, commuters
expected first-class transport services with amenities like wifi and air
conditioning. While equally as many Jeepney drivers disagreed about whether
they were prepared, there was a significant gap in the level of agreement
among passengers regarding the ticket price. The stakeholders' apparent
misunderstanding of how an E- Jeepney is perceived was also evident while
the majority of the passengers expressed agreement with the advancement.
The E-Jeepney industries acknowledge that the modernization will make
traveling easier for passengers.
Gundran and Culaba (2019) stated that Electric vehicles are a popular
replacement given their positive effects on the environment, the economy,
and technological benefits. They were discovered to be the alternative
technologies that are most advantageous in regards to the total costs, health
benefits, and non-health benefits, and greenhouse gases savings.
xxii
 And according to Ravago (2022) The focus has switched to electric
vehicles as a crucial element of sustainable transportation in response to
climate change mitigation and the quest of sustainable development. The
successful resurgence of electric vehicles has been aided by significant
advancements in battery technology as well as stricter regulations regarding
car efficiency and air quality standards.

Cantero (2019) stated that the Philippines' undeniable reliance on the

aforementioned mode of transportation has undoubtedly contributed to the
issues we currently face, such as air pollution. Therefore, the Department of
Transportation developed and put into action the Jeepney Modernization
Program, which aims to modernize jeepneys in order to meet safety, energy
efficiency, and emission standards. The drivers of the jeepneys who rely on
them for a living will undoubtedly be impacted just as much as the
environment and the passengers by the said program.

The Risks of Pollution from Traditional Jeepneys

According to Torre (2019) Millions of cars approach their end of life
every year. The Public utility Vehicle Modernization Program was initiated by
the current administration in the Philippines because 90% of the 200,000
jeepneys that operate in the Philippines are 15 years of age or older. Most of
these could be risky and damaging to the environment. On the other hand,
Ravago and Frias (2019) Emphasize that as many of these vehicles still
employ engines with a Euro-2 or below rating, the jeepney industry is
considered to be one of the most polluting segments of the Philippine
transportation industry. Metro Manila, where 23% of jeepneys are found, and
where 60% of the world's black carbon emissions are produced. Allocating
public monies to the jeepney industry is very likely to be politically viable
because the commuter population stands to gain the most from the
replacement of traditional jeepneys with e-jeepneys. Due to the
aforementioned factors, the jeepney industry represents a promising market
for the Philippines' emerging electric vehicle industry.

xx
iii
 According to San Juan (2019) Zamboanga has implemented City
Ordinance 469, casual conversations with jeepney passengers since it shows
a growing concern for maintaining a smoke-free environment. It is common
to see smokers among public transportation jeepney drivers and other
passengers, endangering the vulnerable health of other jeepney passengers.

As reported by Abalos (2020) people could better understand the

detrimental effects of black carbon on health by quantifying individual
exposure. Previous research has found remarkably high BC concentrations in
Metro Manila, the Philippines, which have a daily impact on millions of
individuals. Due to its long work time, the open design of jeepneys, and the
patchy application of emission limits across the nation, public utility jeepney
drivers have been highlighted as a high-risk group among these affected
populations.

Traditional Jeepneys as the Kings of the Road

According to Gumasing (2022) One of the most well-known and
essential forms of public transportation in the Philippines is the Public Utility
Jeepney, which has long offered a convenient way to get around. Due to the
lack of significant innovation for Public Utility Jeepneys since their
introduction in the 1950s, as well as the decline in service level brought on
by worsening traffic congestion, economic, sociocultural, and the rise of far
more convenient alternative modes of transportation like Asian utility
vehicles, public transport, and railway transport, commuters' use of Public
utility vehicles has recently decreased. In addition, Ingco (2018) stated that
the Public Utility Jeepney has a new design that was unveiled by the
Department of Trade and Industry (DTI). With this layout, the fare can be
paid by the driver before a passenger boards the jeepney. The motorist may
find this kind of solution complicated and time-consuming. However,
according to Ranis (2021) since the majority of Filipinos use jeepneys (also
referred to as "Kings of the Road") as their primary form of transportation.
The most important thing is that Public transportation offers mobility as well

xxi
v
as access to jobs, neighborhood resources, healthcare, and leisure activities
in communities all over the Philippines. At the same time, the lowest fare
makes it advantageous for both commuters and car owners. In the
Philippines, jeepneys are also a vital form of public transportation and a
symbol of local culture.

Synthesis of the Reviewed Literature and Studies

The researchers used the review of related literature and study to

provide information and to serve as a support in the study. Based on the
aforementioned related literature and studies gathered by the researchers,
Modernization of jeepney provides features that could give a bright future in
the transportation system in the Philippines. As there are numerous
emerging issues in traditional jeepneys most stakeholders perceive that
modern jeepneys could be the solution to it. Furthermore, as more countries
commit to actively participating in climate change mitigation, modern
vehicles could play an important role in mitigating climate change by
replacing gas-powered jeepneys with modern jeepneys to reduce emissions.

As the modern jeepney emerges nowadays, people still cannot deny

the superiority the traditional jeepney has in public transport for it is the
most used transportation vehicle in the Philippines. It also provides a
significant part of the arts and culture of the Philippines which makes it
difficult to be replaced.

This thought was supported by various researches by the International

Energy Agency. Moreover, modern jeepneys and traditional jeepneys both
provide features that are essential to commuters. Both of these
transportation could be easily distinguished from one another.

xx
v
For the reasons stated above, the jeepney industry is a promising niche for
the Philippines' Modern Vehicle industry to develop.

Chapter 3
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

This part presents the processes and procedures utilized by the

researcher in crafting this research paper.

Research Design
This study will use a Descriptive correlational design. According to
(Sousa, V et al., 2007). This kind of method describes the variables and the
relationships that occur naturally between and among them. The researchers
use this kind of method to identify whether there is a relationship on
convenience, safety, affordability, and eco-friendly of modern and traditional
jeepney on the commuters preference in choosing a mode of jeepney
transportation to ride.

Research Respondents
The respondents in this research study are people who are in the legal
age that uses either modern jeepney or traditional jeepney. It is important
that the respondents are using jeepney transportation to travel from a
distance either to school or work on a regular basis. The researchers choose
this type of respondents since they are the one who usually commutes using
modern or traditional jeepneys, in that case, it will help the researchers to
easily and accurately gather data that is useful and needed in this study.

xxv
i
Population and Sampling

This study will utilize a Purposive sampling technique, also called

judgment sampling. In this sampling technique, the participant deliberately
chooses to participate because it has the characteristics that the researchers
need for the study. T

his kind of sampling technique is a nonrandom technique which

means that it does not need underlying theories or a set number of
participants. The researchers need to identify individuals that are available
and willing to participate to provide information by virtue of knowledge or
experience. Typical case sampling helps the researchers to deal with a large
number of populations for it sets standards on the participants and is chosen
based on the likelihood of behaving like everyone else.

Research Environment
The researchers chose to gather information on the commuters of
jeepney in Novaliches, Quezon City. For it is a place consisting mostly of
residential areas. There are also small and commercial businesses where
people could engage — at the same time, it is a place known for services and
education, hospitals, shopping centers, and churches.

Research Instrumentation

The instrument of the study that is used by the researchers to acquire

the data needed in this study is through a survey. The survey questionnaire
contains twenty-five (25) statements that describe features on both modern
jeepney and traditional jeepney. This survey will be distributed to the
respondents.
The survey questionnaire will help the researchers to identify the
comparisons of modern jeepney and traditional jeepney in terms of

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convenience, safety and eco-friendly. The questions that are stated in the
survey will be answered by the commuters who have experienced riding both
modern jeepney and traditional jeepney in Novaliches, Quezon City.

Validation of Instrument

Table 1. Reliability Test

After the researchers craft the survey questionnaire it was subject to

the validation of the instrument. It was assessed by a group of panel
members who had different expertise. The validation of the instrument of
this study was approved by the panel members. After the approval, the
researcher made a questionnaire for the convenience, safety, affordability,
and eco-friendly to commuters consisting of 25 items. To test the internal
consistency of the indicators, a reliability test was conducted using
Cronbach's Alpha. The computed alpha is .898, an indications of a very
reliable survey questionnaire

Research Procedure

The researchers created a self-made questionnaire with 5 questions for

each variable: convenience, safety, affordability, eco-friendly, and commuter
satisfaction, totalling to 25 questions. Multiple experts review our survey
questionnaire and after it was approved we conduct a reliability testing for
the questionnaire and according to our researcher, our questionnaire is good

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to be disseminated to the respondents. The researchers went to Novaliches,
Bayan to conduct the survey and got a total of 103 respondents in a day.
After that, we give the data that we have collected to our statistician and our
statistician does the analysis and interpretation of the data.

Data Gathering Technique

In data gathering the researchers followed proper procedures in order

to achieve and collect reliable information for the study. The researchers
formulate self-made survey questionnaires that are related to the main topic.
Then the researchers survey 103 people to gather information needed to
support the study. Researchers select specific respondents to answer the
proposed questions that are made by the researchers and that is only the
people who are using both Modern Jeepney and Traditional Jeepney. After
that, researchers create a letter for permission to conduct the survey with
the chosen respondents. Then the researchers set a specific place and
schedule date for the survey.

Statistical Treatment

SCALE WEIGHTED MEAN Interpretation

5 4.21 - 5.00 Highly Agree

4 3.41 - 4.20 Agree

3 2.61 - 3.40 Neither Agree nor Disagree

2 1.81 - 2.60 Disagree

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 1 1.00 - 1.80 Highly Disagree

Table 2. Likert Scale

The table shows the likert scale, the choices range from Highly Agree with a
weighted mean of 4.21 – 5.00, Agree (3.41 – 4.20), Neither Agree nor
Disagree (2.61 – 3.40) to Disagree with a weighted mean of 1.81 – 2.60 .

Chapter 4

PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA

This part presents the results of the study after the analysis of data gathered
by the researcher in crafting this research paper.

1. What is the demographic profile of the respondents?

Frequency Percent
Respondents age
Young Adults (15-29 years) 73 70.9
Professionals middle (30-44 years) 17 16.5
Professional old (45-64 years) 13 12.6
Gender
Male 45 43.7
Female 52 50.5
Other Neutral Gender 6 5.8
Occupation
Student 46 44.7
Employee 38 36.9

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Unemployed 8 7.8
Self-employed 11 10.7
Gross Monthly Income

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x
Less than ₱12,082 (Poor) 65 63.1
Between ₱12,082 and ₱24,164 (Low-income class) 33 32.0
Between ₱24,164 and ₱48,328 (Lower middle-income 5 4.9
class)
Preferred mode of transportation
Modern Jeepney 47 45.6
Traditional Jeepney 56 54.4
N=103, Mean age= 28 [18, 63], Mean income=9,397 [500, 30,000]

Table 3. Demographic Profile

The table above shows the demographic characteristics of the respondents.

It shows that almost two-third (70.9 percent) of the respondents commuters
are young adults ages 15-29 years old, and one-third are professionals,
where 16.5 percent are aged 30-44 years old and 12.6 percent are aged 45-
64 years old.

In terms of gender, the majority are female commuters (50.5 percent)

followed by male commuters (43.7 percent).

Almost half of the respondents are students or 44.7 percent. 36.9 percent
are employees, 7.8 percent are unemployed, and 10.7 percent are self-
employed.

Majority of the respondents commuters are in the income bracket of

P12,082 and below or poor, followed by low income class or with a monthly
income between ₱12,082 and ₱24,164 (32.0 percent), and lower-middle
class or with a monthly income between ₱24,164 and ₱48,328 (4.9 percent).

Majority of the respondents preferred traditional jeepneys (54.4 percent)

rather than modern jeepneys (45.6 percent).

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i
 According to Mayo (2020), Based on age Out of the 191 responses, 109
(57.1%) were aged 18 to 26 years old, 45 (23.6%) were 27 to 35, 16 (8.4%)
were 36 to 44, 12 (6.3% were 45 to 53), 6 (3.1%) were 54 to 60, and 3
(1.6%) were above 60. Commuters in the 36–44 age cluster showed lesser
preference for Jeepneys in favor of buses. Older commuters (45 years and
above) also seemed to prefer Multicabs than for-hire motorcycles and
Jeepneys.

According to Abuzo et al. (2018), the female respondents income level

showed that 25% are below the income of Php 10,000; 13% are between
Php10, 001 to Php15, 000; 14% are between Php15, 001 to Php20, 000 and
48% are above the income of Php 20,000. While for the male respondents
income level showed also that 28% are below Php 10,000; 10% are between
Php10, 001 to Php15, 000; 14% are between Php15, 001 to Php20, 000
and 48% are above the income of Php 20,000.

According to Dela Cruz (2018), based on her research 4 out of 7

preferred to ride traditional jeepney by her analysis based on the factors in
considering a good mode of transportation.

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2. What is the commuter’s preference in choosing modes of jeepney
transportation?

M SD Verbal Interpretation
CON1 4.43 .76 Agree
CON2 4.33 .73 Agree

CON3 4.04 .84 Agree

CON4 4.06 .98 Agree
CON5 4.36 .83 Agree
SAF1 3.99 .91 Agree
SAF2 4.09 .92 Agree
SAF3 3.90 1.03 Agree
SAF4 4.07 .88 Agree
SAF5 3.80 1.32 Agree
1AFF1 4.38 .89 Agree
3AFF2 4.09 .95 Agree
4AFF3 4.04 .92 Agree
2AFF4 4.30 .81 Agree
3AFF5 4.09 .88 Agree
ECO1 3.65 1.18 Agree
ECO2 3.81 1.11 Agree
ECO3 3.90 1.07 Agree
ECO4 4.08 1.00 Agree
ECO5 3.94 .93 Agree

Legend: 1-1.49=(1) Strongly Disagree, 1.50-2.49=(2)Disagree, 22.50-

3.49=(3)Neither, 3.50-4.49=(4)Agree, 4.50-5.00=(5)Strongly Agree

Table 4. Commuters preference in choosing mode of transportation

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 The table above shows the perceived level of commuters' preference in
choosing modes of jeepney transportation in terms of convenience, safety,
affordability, and eco-friendly. For convenience, the item CON1 ranked first
(M=4.43, SD=.76), followed by CON5 (M=4.36, SD=.83), CON2 (M=4.33,
SD=.73) and CON4 (M=4.06, SD=.98). CON3 ranked last (M=4.04,
SD=.84). All indicators mean are interpreted as agree.

For safety, SAF2 ranked first (M=4.09, SD=.92), followed by SAF4 (M=4.07,
SD=.88), SAF1 (M=3.99, SD=.91, and SAF3 (M=3.90, SD=1.03) SAF5 got
the lowest ranked (M=3.80, SD=1.32).

For affordability, AFF1 got the highest rank (M=4.8, SD=.89) followed by
AFF4 (M=4.30, SD=.81) and AFF2 and AFF5 (M=4.09, SD=.88). AFF3 ranked
last (M=4.04, SD=.92).

For eco-friendly, ECO4 ranked first (M=4.08, SD=1.00), followed by ECO5

(M=3.94, SD=.93), ECO3 (M=3.90, SD=1.07, and ECO2 (M=3.81,
SD=1.11). ECO1 ranked last (M=3.65, SD=1.18).

Mean Std. Deviation Verbal Interpretation

Convenience 4.24 0.57 Agree
Safety 3.97 0.81 Agree
Affordability 4.18 0.66 Agree
Eco-friendly 3.88 0.83 Agree

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 In summary, the table above shows the overall perceived level of
commuters preference in choosing modes of jeepney transportation in terms
of convenience, safety, affordability, and eco-friendly. It indicates that
convenience (M=4.24, SD=.57) ranked first, followed by affordability
(M=4.18, SD=.66) and safety (M=3.97, SD=.81). Eco friendly ranked last
(M=3.88, SD=.83)

Siy (2018) claims that commuting is still difficult for many Filipinos in
modern times, not just because of the bad traffic but also because there may
be risks to their health and safety, especially for passengers with disabilities.
Modern vehicles are made to be convenient, safe, and environmentally
friendly. As commuters arrive quickly, safely, and comfortably at their
destinations, the Public Utility Vehicle Modernization envisions a reorganized,
contemporary, well-managed, and environmentally sustainable transportation
sector. This will guarantee drivers and operators stable, sufficient, and
dignified livelihoods. based on Robert Siy's work. In addition to replacing
outdated vehicles, the modernization of public utility vehicles aims to
improve and more sustainably develop the transportation sector while
minimizing any negative social effects on drivers and operators .

According to Adrian (2019) a safer and more convenient transportation

system is the main goal of this renovation effort. The new government cars
promise to be roomier and contain a variety of features that enhance safety
and security. Some of these new jeeps will have longer frames and doors
that are on the side of the vehicle rather than the back. Some of these
updated jeepneys feature air conditioning to provide a more comfortable
option, and they are PWD friendly.

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 Baron and Tiangco (2019) claim that they are permitted to charge prices
for air-conditioned contemporary units that are 20% higher than those for
traditional PUJs for the first four kilometers as well as for each additional
kilometer after that. The agreement, which went into force on December 4th,
was signed by LTFRB members Antonio Gardiola Jr. and Ronaldo Corpuz.
The government said in the document that maintaining and owning
environmentally friendly vehicles really costs more money.

Modern jeepneys, according to Fernandez (2019), only use electricity

produced by rechargeable automotive batteries. Despite looking more like
minibuses, they are nevertheless referred to as electric jeepneys. Since the
1950s, when World War II-era American military vehicles were transformed
into a unique mix of buses and jeeps, this recognizable kind of public transit
has been chugging along Philippine roadways. E-jeepneys may not sound or
look like their vibrant ancestors, but by 2020, they might overtake them as
the dominant mode of transportation.

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3. What is the commuter's perceived level of satisfaction towards traditional
jeepney and modern jeepney in terms of its overall services?

M SD Verbal Interpretation
SAT1 4.22 .97 Agree
SAT2 4.12 .87 Agree
SAT3 4.02 1.00 Agree
SAT4 4.32 .82 Agree
SAT5 4.29 .89 Agree
OVERALL 4.19 0.69 Agree

Table 5. Perceived level of commuters satisfaction

In summary, the table above shows that the indicator SAT4 got the
highest ranking (M=4.32, SD=.82) followed by SAT5 (M=4.29, SD=.89) and
SAT1 (M=4.22, SD=.97). SAT3 got the lowest rank (M=4.02, SD=1.00)

According to Yilmaz (2019) Service quality for other transportation modes

has been evaluated in different areas of the world.Explained how service
quality relates to the positive effect on passenger behavioral intention.It is
utilized to evaluate the willingness of customers.

They demonstrated how perceived quality would result in client satisfaction,

which would then result in client loyalty. Their research showed that client
expectations served as a complete mediator between brand image and
loyalty.

In addition, Kim et al. (2018) mention that many ways to gauge service
quality have been investigated. South Korea investigated the five dimensions
of "Information," "Mobility," "Comfort," "Convenience," and "Safety" to
assess the service quality of transfer facilities in the rail system. The
established framework and components were simple for the respondents to

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v
understand and evaluate, according to the Rasch analysis they used to arrive
at their conclusion.

4. Is there a significant difference between the commuters preference when

grouped according to demographic variables?

To test the significant difference between the commuters preference in terms

of convenience, safety, affordability, and eco-friendly, Analysis of Variance
(ANOVA) was utilized.

Sum of Mean
Squares df Square F Sig.
Convenience * Between .221 2 .111 .336 .715
Respondents age Groups
Within 32.871 100 .329
Groups

Total 33.092 102

Safety * Between .099 2 .049 .073 .929
Respondents age Groups
Within 67.322 100 .673
Groups
Total 67.421 102
Affordability * Between .025 2 .013 .028 .972
Respondents age Groups
Within 45.008 100 .450
Groups
Total 45.033 102
Eco-friendly * Between .769 2 .384 .555 .576

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Respondents age Groups
Within 69.241 100 .692
Groups
Total 70.009 102

Table 6. Test of Significant difference based on respondents age

The table above shows that there is no significant difference in terms of

convenience (F(2,100)=.33, p-value=.715), safety (F(2,100)=.073, p-
value=.929), affordability (F(2,100)=.028, p-value=.972), and eco-friendly
(F(2,100)=.555, p-value=.576) when grouped according to age since the p-
values are all greater than the significance level of 0.05. this is an indication
that the preference among age groups are the same.

According to Chang and Wu (2018), a commuter's age has no bearing on

the mode of transportation they choose. Irish homes with a higher proportion
of adults chose to utilize buses and jeepneys. Due to improvements in
service, older Malaysians preferred public transportation more than young
people did. Public transportation accessibility and availability were also
important concerns for the Thai people.

Sum of Mean
Squares df Square F Sig.
Convenience * Between .102 2 .051 .155 .856
Gross Monthly Groups
Income Within 32.990 100 .330
Groups

Total 33.092 102

Safety * Gross Between .692 2 .346 .519 .597

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Monthly Income Groups
Within 66.729 100 .667
Groups
Total 67.421 102
Affordability * Gross Between .798 2 .399 .901 .409
Monthly Income Groups
Within 44.235 100 .442
Groups
Total 45.033 102
Eco-friendly * Gross Between .104 2 .052 .075 .928
Monthly Income Groups
Within 69.905 100 .699
Groups
Total 70.009 102

Table 7. Test of Significant difference based on monthly income

The table above shows that there is no significant difference in terms

of convenience (F(2,100)=.155, p-value=.856), safety (F(2,100)=.519, p-
value=.597), affordability (F(2,100)=.901, p-value=.409), and eco-friendly
(F(2,100)=.075, p-value=.928) when grouped according to gross monthly
income since the p-values are all greater than the significance level of 0.05.
this is an indication that the preference among groups are the same.

According to a study by Diaz (2019), neither high income earners nor

low income earners cared about the difference in transportation fares when
traveling between Manila and Busuanga Island in the Philippines. And a study
conducted in Manila by Okamura (2019) found that while Filipinos think the
Jeepney is acceptable for short trips due to its affordability and familiarity,
they shun it for longer ones due to its noise and risk. These opinions were
gathered based on the way of life of the travelers.

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 Sum of Mean
Squares df Square F Sig.
Convenience * Between 1.942 3 .647 2.057 .111
Occupation Groups
Within 31.150 99 .315
Groups

Total 33.092 102

Safety * Between .667 3 .222 .330 .804
Occupation Groups
Within 66.753 99 .674
Groups
Total 67.421 102

Affordability * Between 2.627 3 .876 2.044 .113

Occupation Groups
Within 42.406 99 .428
Groups
Total 45.033 102
Eco-friendly * Between 1.190 3 .397 .571 .636
Occupation Groups
Within 68.819 99 .695
Groups
Total 70.009 102

Table 8. Test of Significant difference based on occupation

The table above shows that there is no significant difference in terms of

convenience (F(3,99)=2.057, p-value=.111), safety (F(3,99)=.330, p-
value=.804), affordability (F(3,99)=2.044, p-value=.113), and eco-friendly

xxxi
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(F(3,99)=.571, p-value=.636) when grouped according to age since the p-
values are all greater than the significance level of 0.05. this is an indication
that the preference regardless of their occupation are the same.

According to Costa (2018), commuters who use public transportation

have issues because there are more changes in modes, longer wait times,
and delays that cause them to be late for work. Commuters experienced
discomfort inside transport modes as a result of crowding, microclimatic
conditions, noise, and vibrations. Additionally, commuters reported higher
levels of psychological stress, more health issues—most of which were
psychosomatic in nature—and higher rates of time missed from work owing
to illness. In addition to shift work, commuting exacerbates sleep issues,
psychosomatic ailments, and issues with family and social relationships.
Women commuters experienced more family issues, more travel-related
complaints, and higher absenteeism than men, which put them at a
disadvantage.

Sum of Mean
Squares df Square F Sig.
Convenience * Between .100 2 .050 .151 .860
Gender Groups
Within 32.992 100 .330
Groups

Total 33.092 102

Safety * Gender Between 2.772 2 1.386 2.144 .123
Groups
Within 64.649 100 .646

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 Groups
Total 67.421 102
Affordability * Between .382 2 .191 .428 .653
Gender Groups
Within 44.651 100 .447
Groups

Total 45.033 102

Eco-friendly * Between 3.347 2 1.673 2.510 .086
Gender Groups
Within 66.663 100 .667
Groups
Total 70.009 102

Table 9. Test of Significant difference based on gender

The table above shows that there is no significant difference in terms of

convenience (F(2,100)=.151, p-value=.860), safety (F(2,100)=2.144, p-
value=.123), affordability (F(2,100)=.428, p-value=.653), and eco-friendly
(F(2,100)=2.510, p-value=.086) when grouped according to age since the p-
values are all greater than the significance level of 0.05. this is an indication
that the preference regardless of their gender are the same.

According to Sanchez (2020)"As we have observed, women and men

continue to demonstrate a different travel pattern,". In general, work-related
travel is where males make the majority of trips, and here is where gender
inequalities are most noticeable. On the other hand, excursions for household
responsibilities (such as shopping, picking up kids, dealing with emergencies,
visiting friends and family, etc.) are handled by women, particularly those in
their forties (Olmo & Maeso, 2019). The study of commuting times and
distances (Olmo & Maeso, 2019) reveals that whereas women's working trip
distances are less (6.35 km), men's working trip distances are significantly
longer (10.26 km). However, the average travel times for both trips are

xli
comparable. This is a significant fact andsupports the thesis of distinct

transport used, moreover identified by different authors in different

environment.

Sum of Mean
Squares df Square F Sig.
Convenience * Between 1.709 1 1.709 5.499 .021
Preferred mode of Groups
transportation Within 31.383 101 .311
Groups

Total 33.092 102

Safety * Preferred Between 14.217 1 14.217 26.989 .000
mode of Groups
transportation Within 53.204 101 .527
Groups
Total 67.421 102
Affordability * Between 3.910 1 3.910 9.604 .003
Preferred mode of Groups
transportation Within 41.123 101 .407
Groups
Total 45.033 102
Eco-friendly * Between 7.936 1 7.936 12.913 .001
Preferred mode of Groups
transportation Within 62.073 101 .615
Groups
Total 70.009 102

Table 10. Test of Significant difference based on preferred mode of

transportation

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 The table above shows that there is a significant difference in terms of
convenience (F(1,101)=5.499, p-value=.021), safety (F(1,101)=26.989, p-
value=.000), affordability (F(1,101)=9.604, p-value=.003), and eco-friendly
(F(1,101)=12.913, p-value=.001) when grouped according to preferred mode
of transportation since the p-values are all less than the significance level of
0.05. This is an indication that the preference among age groups is not the
same.

Sevilla (2018) claims that the jeepney has been the main form of public
transportation in Metropolitan Manila, making up 55% of all daily individual
journeys (Ebata et al, 1996). According to the National Center for
Transportation Studies at the University of the Philippines' Databook on
Philippine Transportation, jeepneys account for the highest mode share of
daily total person journeys, with estimates of 46% in 1974, 59% in 1980,
56% in 1985, and 50% in 1989. However, the tendency is reversing as more
modes are being used. About 350,000 Jeepneys were operating on both
major and smaller routes in the city in 1994, making about 40% of all
vehicles registered in the National Capital Region (NCR).

5. Is there a significant difference between the commuters' satisfaction when

grouped according to their demographic variables?

Sum of Mean
Squares df Square F Sig.
Commuters Between .213 2 .107 .219 .804
Satisfaction * Groups
Respondents age Within 48.783 100 .488
Groups

Total 48.997 102

Commuters Between 1.046 2 .523 1.091 .340
Satisfaction * Gross Groups

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Monthly Income Within 47.951 100 .480
Groups
Total 48.997 102
Commuters Between .473 2 .237 .487 .616
Satisfaction * Gender Groups

Within 48.523 100 .485

Groups

Total 48.997 102

Commuters Between 1.444 1 1.444 3.066 .083
Satisfaction * Groups
Preferred mode of Within 47.553 101 .471
transportation Groups

Total 48.997 102

Table 11. Test of Significant difference between commuters satisfaction when

grouped demographically

The table above shows that there is a no significant difference in in the

commuters satisfaction in when group according to age (F (2,100)=.219, p-
value=.804), income (F(2,100)=1.091, p-value=.340), gender (F (2,100)=.487, p-
value=.616), and mode of transportation (F(2,100)=3.066, p-value=.083) since
the p-values are all greater than the significance level of 0.05. this is an
indication that the preference among age groups are the same.

According to Lanzini and Khan (2018) Most studies on travel mode choice
are conducted in developed or high-income countries compared to developing
countries. Moreover, limited studies have been done about travel mode
choice and factors that affect a commuter's travel mode choice. Factors such
as connectivity or reach, accessibility to a specific mode of transportation,

xliv
information, time satisfaction, user attendance, comfort, security and safety,
and environmental impact have been identified to be not influential in the
choice of a commuter. And according to a study of Benitez (2018) on
psychosocial factors influencing public transportation usage in several
Chinese cities; it also revealed that differences in satisfaction were observed
to be prominent between genders. Neely (2019) also found out that factors
such as sociodemographic, built environment, latent attitudes, and trip
characters influenced choice in mode of transport for long-distance, intercity
travel from New England to New York in the United States, with age being a
less significant factor for business trips. Reliability, privacy, comfort,
availability, safety, and attitudes towards public transportation were key
factors in transportation preference of commuters in the Chicago area in the
United States Market segmentation, such as age, household income, and
vehicles per household, were found to affect ferryboat commute it was also
found that sensitivity to travel costs was the same across all market
segments. People that preferred automobiles were keen to stress-free travel
that is non-work related. Income group was also a factor lower income
groups were inclined to choose public mode of transportation compared to
those in a higher income-earning group.

6. Is there a significant effect between the commuter's preference on

commuter's satisfaction?

According to Grant, P. (2022) A multiple regression is a statistical technique

used to analyze the relationship between a single dependent variable and a
multiple independent variable. A multiple regression was performed in this
section to determine the effect of commuter’s preference on commuter’s
satisfaction. The results of the multiple regression are presented in the table
below.

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 Unstandardized Standardized
Coefficients Coefficients t Sig.
Model B Std. Error Beta

1 (Constant) -.235 .399 -.590 .557

Convenience .230 .091 .189 2.532 .013

Safety .223 .073 .261 3.051 .003

Affordability .349 .077 .335 4.547 .000

Eco-friendly .287 .071 .343 4.054 .000

a. Dependent Variable: Commuters Satisfaction

Table 12. Test of Significant effect between commuters preference on

commuters satisfaction

All independent variables are positively related to the criterion in the

regression, as shown in the table above. Affordability has the highest
regression coefficient at .349, followed by eco-friendly and convenience, with
a regression coefficient of .287 and .230, respectively. Safety got the lowest
regression coefficient of .223.

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 Chapter 5
SUMMARY OF FINDINGS, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

This part presents the summary of findings, conclusions and outcome

of the study after the rigors of analysing the data gathered.

Summary of Findings
Based on the gathered information, the researchers came up with the
following findings:

 Frequency and Percentage of Demographic Profile in terms of

Age of the respondents

- The majority of the respondents are 15-29 years old

comprising 73 respondents (70.9%).
● Frequency and Percentage of Demographic Profile in
terms of Gender of the respondents

- The majority of the respondents are Female, comprising of 52

respondents (50.5%)
● Frequency and Percentage of Demographic Profile in
terms of Occupation of the respondents

- The majority of the respondents are Students, comprising

46 respondents (44.7%).

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● Frequency and Percentage of Demographic Profile in
terms of Gross Monthly Income of the respondents
- The majority of the respondents of the study have a gross
monthly income of less than 12,082, comprising of 65
(63.1%)

● Frequency and Percentage of Demographic Profile in

terms of Preferred mode of transportation of the

respondent
- The majority of the respondents preferred Traditional
Jeepneys, comprising 56 (54.4) of respondents.

 Perceived level of commuters preference in choosing

modes of jeepney transportation.

- The item CON1 ranked first (M=4.43, SD=.76), followed

by CON5 (M=4.36, SD=.83), CON2 (M=4.33, SD=.73) and
CON4 (M=4.06, SD=.98). CON3 ranked last (M=4.04,
SD=.84). all indicators mean are interpreted as agree

- For safety, SAF2 ranked first (M=4.09, SD=.92), followed by

SAF4 (M=4.07, SD=.88), SAF1 (M=3.99, SD=.91, and SAF3
(M=3.90, SD=1.03) SAF5 got the lowest ranked (M=3.80,
SD=1.32).

- For affordability, AFF1 got the highest rank (M=4.8, SD=.89)

followed by AFF4 (M=4.30, SD=.81) and AFF2 and AFF5
(M=4.09, SD=.88). AFF3 ranked last (M=4.04, SD=.92).

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i
 - Foreco-friendly,ECO4rankedfirst(M=4.08,SD=1.00),
followed by ECO5 (M=3.94, SD=.93), ECO3 (M=3.90,
SD=1.07, and ECO2 (M=3.81, SD=1.11). ECO1

 Perceived level of satisfaction towards traditional jeepney and

modern jeepney in terms of its overall services.

- SAT4 got the highest rank (M=4.32, SD=.82) followed by SAT5

(M=4.29, SD=.89) and SAT1 (M=4.22, SD=.97). SAT3 got the
lowest rank (M=4.02, SD=1.00)

 Significant difference between the commuters preference when

grouped according to demographic variables.
- There is a significant difference in terms of convenience
(F(1,101)=5.499, p-value=.021), safety (F(1,101)=26.989, p-
value=.000), affordability (F(1,101)=9.604, p-value=.003), and
eco-friendly (F(1,101)=12.913, p-value=.001) when grouped
according to preferred mode of transportation since the p-values
are all less than the significance level of 0.05. This is an
indication that the preference among age groups is not the
same.

Conclusions

 To conclude this research paper, the researchers have found out that
the majority of the respondents are young adults compromising or 73
respondents.
 The majority of the gender of the respondents are female which
comprises 52 respondents. Most of the respondents are students with
a total of 46 respondents and 65 respondents has an average gross
monthly income of less than 12,082.
 Most of the respondents still preferred traditional jeepney over
modern jeepney.

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The overall perceived level of commuters preference in choosing modes of

jeepney transportation in terms of convenience, safety, affordability,

and eco-friendly. It indicates that convenience (M=4.24, SD=.57)
ranked first, followed by affordability (M=4.18, SD=.66) and safety
(M=3.97, SD=.81). Eco friendly ranked last (M=3.88, SD=.83) which
was all interpreted as agree. In terms of the overall services SAT4 got
the highest rank (M=4.32,

 SD=.82) followed by SAT5 (M=4.29, SD=.89) and SAT1 (M=4.22,

SD=.97). SAT3 got the lowest rank (M=4.02, SD=1.00) which was also
interpreted as agree. Overall, it was seen that there is a significant
difference in terms of convenience, safety, affordability, and eco-
friendly when grouped according to preferred mode of jeepney
transportation and the study also shows that the preferences of the
respondents are not the same.

Recommendations
To shed light on the findings and conclusions of the study the following
recommendations are offered:

To Commuters
The researchers recommend the commuter that they should be
attentive and have awareness in any situation while riding public
transportation and also they should have enough knowledge about the
public transportation for their own safety. They should be patience to
avoid arguments between the operators/drivers or other passengers and
give ways for the PWD (Person with disability).

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To Transportation operators/drivers
It is advised that parts and equipment of the traditional and
modern jeepney undergo actual testing or laboratory testing to see if
they fulfill the minimum requirements specified by local standards or
universal requirements. Furthermore, it is advised to weigh the
accessories and decorations to remove any unnecessary items or
decorations that could add weight and damage the vehicle and cause
higher emissions.

To Investors
To the future investors we recommend that before investing they
should study the convenience, safety, and eco-friendly of the public
vehicle and its maintenance and also they should research the other
protocols in the roadway and what is the right routes for that public
vehicle ensuring the safety of everybody in the roadways.

To Government
Improve awareness of Philippine National Standards and other
international standards, such as UNECE regulations for traditional and
modern jeepney manufacturing industries and their
stakeholders strongly recommended in order to enhance and make sure
legality and roadworthiness with the emissions requirements.
Furthermore, it is recommended to check current PNS and LTO
requirements for developing standards suitable for jeepneys. And also
the government should increase the number of law enforcement officers
or police in regions with high crime rates in order to improve the safety
of commuters and the driver inside the traditional and modern jeepney.

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Future Researchers

It is advised to look into more research on other jeepney vehicle

types, particularly those operated in rural areas, in order to improve
the findings and a greater range of data and specific outcomes of the
study.

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APPENDICES

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CURICULUM VITAE

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