AMPALAYA LEAVES AND CALAMANSI PEELS AS MULTI-PURPOSE

INCENSE STICKS

An Experimental Research

Presented to

Faculty of Senior High School Department

Binangonan, Rizal

In partial fulfillment

for the subject Practical Research 1

of the Strand

Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics

Carandang, Celine Marie T.

Garcia, Gian Basty O.

Paralejas, Ma. Sophia C.

Salvan, Leean D.

Ulang, Christopher Sam S.

1
 January 2024

CERTIFICATE OF VALIDATION

This is to certify that the study entitled AMPALAYA LEAVES AND

CALAMANSI LEAVES AS MULTI-PURPOSE INCENSE STICKS of Celine Marie T.

Carandang, Gian Basty O. Garcia, Ma. Sophia C. Paralejas, Leea D. Salvan, and

Christopher Sam S. Ulang from Grade 12 – Science, Technology, Engineering and

Mathematics strand, reviewed and approved by the undersigned as to its composition,

content and grammar.

____________________________ ___________________________

Mr. Daniel Joshua A. Victorino, LPT Mrs. Marivic DC. Lobramonte, LPT
Research Teacher Research Adviser

___________________________ ___________________________

Mr. Art Lendle V. Sisante, LPT Ms. Jolina B. Bedis, LPT

Research Critic Reader Statistician

___________________________ ___________________________

Mrs. Maria Sylvia B. Aramil, LPT Mrs. Jenny A. Granale, LPT, MaEd
Research Chairman Senior High School Principal

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 DEDICATION

The researchers extend their dedication for this study to their parents and guardians,

recognizing them as unwavering sources of inspiration and strength. Gratitude is

expressed for the consistent provision of material, emotional, spiritual, and moral

support. Recognition is also given to the extended family and friends, including

professors, classmates, and friends, whose assistance played a crucial role in navigating

the academic journey. The researchers acknowledge the constant presence, wisdom, and

faith of the Almighty God, guiding them through the completion of the study. Deep

appreciation is conveyed to the parents for their enduring support and trust in the

researchers' abilities, as well as to the exceptional instructors who provided guidance in

overcoming obstacles. Lastly, the researchers express their appreciation to the Divine

Power for granting them the knowledge required to effectively conduct this research.

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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

We would like to extend our heartfelt appreciation and express our deepest

gratitude to the following individuals for their invaluable contributions and unwavering

support throughout the entire research process:

Rev. Fr. Glenn William Z. Relucio, Ph.D., the BCC President, for his invaluable

guidance, and encouragement, which have played a pivotal role in shaping the spiritual

direction of the students of Binangonan Catholic College

Mrs. Jenny A. Granale, the Senior High School Principal, for her unwavering

support and cooperation, which have greatly facilitated the execution and implementation

of our study.

Mr. Raymart F. Redita, for the knowledge he shared with us and the guidance

he provided for us since day one. By doing so, we were able to conduct the study well

and survive the practical research journey.

Mr. Daniel Joshua A. Victorino, for his remarkable expertise and invaluable

assistance throughout various aspects of our research. His exceptional knowledge and

deep understanding of the subject matter have played a crucial role in shaping the

trajectory and outcomes of our study.

Mr. Art Lendle V. Sisante, for being our critique reader, whose insightful

feedback and constructive criticism have played a vital role in refining and improving our

work.

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 Ms. Jolina Bedis, for being our statistician, his invaluable guidance, expertise,

and deep understanding of statistical analysis and data interpretation have been

instrumental in shaping the findings throughout the course of this research project.

Mrs. Marivic Lobramonte, Research Expert, her expertise and dedication to

providing thorough and meaningful commentary have been instrumental in strengthening

the quality and validity of our findings.

Ms. Rilynne Ramirez, for being our Research Panel, whose extensive knowledge

and valuable insights have greatly influenced the methodology and outcomes of our

research.

Mrs. Maria Sylvia Banes Aramil, the Research Chairman, for her insightful

guidance, mentorship, and valuable contributions throughout the research process,

elevating the overall quality and depth of our study.

We would also like to express our heartfelt appreciation to our parents, friends,

and loved ones for their unwavering support, understanding, and encouragement. Their

belief in our abilities, patience, and emotional support have been a constant source of

motivation throughout our research journey.

Lastly, we acknowledge the role of the Almighty God and express our gratitude

for his guidance, inspiration, and blessings we have received throughout this research

study.

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 ABSTRACT

TITLE : Ampalaya Leaves and Calamansi Peels as

Multi-purpose Incense Sticks
AUTHORS : Garcia, Gian Basty O.

Carandang, Celine Marie T.

Paralejas, Ma. Sophia C.

Ulang, Christopher Sam S.

Salvan, Leean D.

ADVISER :

STRAND : STEM

ACADEMIC YEAR : 2023-2024

TYPE OF DOCUMENT : Research Paper

NAME AND ADDRESS OF : Binangonan Catholic college

INSTITUTION
Libis, Binangonan Rizal

TOTAL NUMBER OF PAGES : 54

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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

This research initiative focuses on the development of multi-purpose incense

sticks utilizing the natural properties of Ampalaya (bitter gourd) leaves and Calamansi

(Philippine lime) peels to address common household issues such as insect infestations,

mosquito nuisances, and undesirable odors. Recognizing the inherent anti-insect and

antimicrobial characteristics of Ampalaya leaves and Calamansi peels, the study aims to

create incense sticks that act as effective repellents while contributing to a refreshing

indoor ambiance. Key objectives include investigating the repellency against insects and

mosquitoes, assessing the incense sticks' ability to eliminate household odors, evaluating

safety and environmental impact, gauging user experience, and conducting a comparative

analysis with other commercially available alternatives. This research seeks to provide

households with a natural, sustainable, and user-friendly solution, potentially improving

overall well-being by promoting a healthier and more pleasant home environment.

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 TABLE OF CONTENTS Pages

Certificate of Validation..........................................................................................ii

Dedication................................................................................................................. iii

Acknowledgement ...................................................................................................iv

Abstract ....................................................................................................................vi

Axecutive Summary.................................................................................................vii

Chapter 1: The Problem and its Background.......................................................1

Background of the Study................................................................................1

Conceptual Framework .................................................................................15

Objectives of the Study .................................................................................16

Hypothesis .....................................................................................................17

Scope and Limitations of the Study ..............................................................17

Significance of the Study ..............................................................................18

Definition of Terms........................................................................................19

Chapter 2: Research Methodology ........................................................................21

Research Design ............................................................................................21

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 Settings of the Study .....................................................................................22

Subject of the Study ......................................................................................24

Procedure of the Study ..................................................................................25

Instrumentation .............................................................................................29

Chapter 3: Presentation, Analysis, and Interpretation of Data...........................30

Several Trials and Observation .....................................................................30

Presentation of Data.......................................................................................34

Chapter 4: Summary, Conclusion and Recommendation....................................41

Summary of Findings.....................................................................................41

Conclusions....................................................................................................42

Recommendations .........................................................................................43

Bibliography ............................................................................................................44

Appendices ...............................................................................................................44

Curriculum Vitae ....................................................................................................50

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List of Tables Pages

Table 1: Materials and Equipment for Product Making.....................25

Table 2: Table of Presentation of Data. Quantitative

Measurement of Materials for first trial ............................................30

Table 3: Table of Presentation of Data. Quantitative

Measurement of Materials for second trial .......................................31

Table 4: Table of Presentation of Data. Quantitative

Measurement of Materials for third trial............................................33

Table 5: Table of Presentation of Data. Quantitative

Respondents View on the Product. Insect Repellent.........................35

Table 6: Table of Presentation of Data. Quantitative

Respondents View on the Product. Scent..........................................37

Table 7: Table of Presentation of Data. Quantitative

Respondents View on the Product. Duration.....................................39

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List of Figures Pages

Figure 1: Figure of Conceptual Framework ..................................................15

Figure 2: Figure of Location Map..................................................................23

Figure 3: Figure of Gantt Chart .....................................................................28

Figure 4: Presentation of Data. Figure of the results of first trial..................31

Figure 5: Presentation of Data. Figure of the results of second trial..............32

Figure 6: Presentation of Data. Figure of the results of third trial.................34

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 CHAPTER 1

THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND

This chapter presents the background of the study, conceptual framework,

objectives of the study, hypothesis, scope and limitations, significance of the study and
definition of terms.

Background of the Study

Insects appear to be everywhere and to exist indefinitely. Ants raiding your

pantry, bees pollinating your apple tree, moths eating your door, and wasps ruining a

summer picnic are all normal parts of life. Insects were thought to be an unchanging part

of our world, so recent reports have raised the alarm that insects may be declining

everywhere. This is in addition to the concern that we are approaching a planetary tipping

point, following which biological systems will inevitably decline. This is in addition to

concerns that we are nearing a global turning point, after which biological systems will

certainly decline. This concern is not only scientific, as it is based on solid evidence, but

it is also emerging in the public consciousness, with a general sense that things are not

what they used to be is permeating that general view, at least in the developed world.

This is probably best demonstrated by the "windshield phenomenon," in which the

number of insects crashing into windscreens has decreased dramatically in recent years or

decades.

The global biomass of insects is estimated to be around 200 Mt (million tones) of

carbon. In global terms, this is not particularly massive compared to, say, plants, which

are estimated to have a thousand times as much biomass, but it is roughly three times the

weight of all humans, twice the weight of animal livestock, and more than twenty times

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the weight of other terrestrial vertebrates. Ants and termites account for approximately

120 Mt of this total. Given that there are only about 20,000-30,000 species of these

insects, they are disproportionately represented in the insect biota.

According to a February 2020 study published in the journal Biological

Conservation, the world has lost 5% to 10% of all insect species in the last 150 years, or

between 250,000 and 500,000 species. These losses are continuing, though estimates vary

due to incomplete data and uncertainty about the number of insects. Every year, the

number of insects flying over, crawling on, or burrowing in certain areas of the world

decreases by a percentage point or two. That means that areas experiencing severe

decline could lose up to one-third of their insects in two decades. The insect world, which

is estimated to have up to 10 million species, is plagued by multiple issues. Deforestation,

climate change, and invasive species, as well as industrialized agriculture and even light

pollution, are all threats.

Insects and illnesses play significant roles in the dynamics of forests and are

essential parts of such dynamics. But, occasionally population growth is extremely quick

and causes harm. Such occasional outbreaks have the potential to destroy forests, kill

trees, and endanger human lives. Direct human injury from insect stings and bites is a

minor issue, but swarms of biting flies and mosquitoes, as well as biting midges (sand

flies) and salt-marsh mosquitoes, frequently make living nearly miserable. Regarding its

effects on forests and trees, it results in the total eradication of sizable tracts of both

natural and/or planted forests, the loss or diminution of essential services of the forest

ecosystem, and sizable economic losses. Serious outbreaks may undermine national

economies in developing and transitional nations, endangering local economic stability

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and food security. Agriculture produced for human consumption and animal feed is

severely harmed by insect pests. In addition to the direct damage that insects do to plant

systems, fruits, and seeds, these biotic agents also result in indirect damage to product

because they leave behind significant pollutants such bug eggs, body pieces, or

exoskeletons, as well as unpleasant scents. There are two main ways that insects harm

developing crops. The feeding insect, which eats leaves or burrows in stems, fruit, or

roots, first causes direct harm to the plant. There are countless pest species of this kind

among the orthopterans, homopterans, heteropterans, coleopterans, lepidopterans, and

dipterans, both as larvae and as adults. The second kind of damage is indirect, where the

insect itself causes little to no harm but spreads a bacterial, viral, or fungal infection into

a crop. Examples include the viral illnesses of potatoes and sugar beets spread by aphids

from plant to plant.

Dengue in the Philippines has been an endemic and a significant health concern.

According to the Department of Health (DOH) there were approximately 271,000 cases

of dengue fever in 2019, resulting in 1,000 deaths. The number of cases has been

increasing throughout the years up to present year (2023), with outbreaks regularly - June

to August, during this month's rainy season.

The Philippine government has implemented different measurements to control or

regulate the spread of dengue fever, including the use of larvicides - an insecticide to kill

larvae before they grow and turn into an adult mosquito. Fumigation on affected areas

and public education campaigns in communities affected to raise awareness and give

knowledge about the disease and how to prevent it. The DOH has also urged and

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convinced the public to take steps to reduce their risk of mosquito bites, such as cleaning

stagnant water and using a mosquito repellent lotion.

Dengue fever is more common in urban areas like Manila, which has a ton of

problems in canals running through the city that sometimes leads to floods and also leads

to growth of mosquitoes. Where there are high population densities, the more potential of

breeding sites for mosquitoes.Children are at higher risk to dengue because of playing

outside.

It is essential in the urban and rural areas to remove and eliminate stagnant or

standing water where mosquitoes may breed and increase their number.

The effects of dengue in the philippines, includes increase healthcare costs:

dengue fever is a severe sickness and potentially life-threatening, requiring

hospitalization and medical treatment.

Economic Burden the increased health care costs and lost of life due to dengue

can have a significant impact on the economy to fall. Social Impact: Dengue fever can

give people fear, anxiety spreading among communities and high mortality rate: severe

cases of dengue can result in death to children and older adults.

A survey of plants used as repellents against hematophagous insects by the Ayta people

of Porac, Pampanga province, Philippines. (Jasper John A. Obico and Elena M.

Ragragio)

According to Obico, Jasper John A., and Elena M. Ragragio's findings in 2014.

From their study "A survey of plants used as repellents against hematophagous insects by

the Ayta people of Porac, Pampanga province, Philippines," 121 informants from five

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villages, aged between 20 and 60, were surveyed. Data were analyzed using the use value

(UV) and informant consensus factor (FIC), and the survey produced a list of 54 species

of plants divided into 49 general categories. The majority of plants that have

insectrepellent properties are found in the Family Fabaceae. Based on their UVs, exotic

plants, mostly Leucaena leucocephala (Lam.) de Wit, Gliricidia sepium (Jacq.) Walp.,

Eucalyptus sp., Gmelina arborea Roxb., Blumea balsamifera (L.), DC., and Azadirachta

indica A., are the most significant plants utilized as insect repellent. Juss., Phyllodium

pulchellum (L.) Desv., and (7) Juss. The FIC value of 0.78 shows that the Ayta have

chosen plants in agreement. The majority of plant materials, including the leaves from the

ampalaya plant, are dried and burned stems and leaves. It is thought that the smoke drives

the insects away. Among the seven significant plants, five are alien and only two are

native, and the Ayta people mostly used a mixture of the dried stem and leaf of the plant,

which is burned to activate its repellent function against hematophagous insects.

Ampalaya leaves are regrettably not included on the list and had no chance

against the plants with the highest proportion of insect repellent characteristics.

Comparative toxicity, phytochemistry, and use of 53 Philippine medical plants (Lydia M.

Clemen-Pascual, Rene Angelo S. Macahig, and Nina Rosario L. Rojas)

The effectiveness of the extract in killing brine shrimp nauplii from the species

Artemia in a lab serves as the basis for this test. In their study,

"Comparative toxicity, phytochemistry, and use of 53 Philippine medical plants," Lydia

M. Clemen-Pascual, Rene Angelo S. Macahig, and Nina Rosario L. Rojas (2022)

compare the toxicity of 53 medicinal plants that are frequently used in the Philippines to

5
treat various illnesses. It employs Vitex negundo L. as a benchmark because it has

undergone clinical evaluation and been found to be safe and effective as an herbal

remedy for cough and asthma by the Philippine Food and Drug Administration. The

procedures were picked for their ease of use and suitability for laboratories with low

resources. The medicinal plant parts' extracts (95% ethanol) were chemically profiled

using qualitative phytochemical tests that look for specific classes of bioactive chemicals,

and their toxicity was assessed using the brine shrimp (Artemia sp.) lethality assay

(BSLA). A general phytochemical screening found that 50 plant extracts contained

tannins, 43 had alkaloids, 33 contained glycosides, 31 contained flavonoids, 21 contained

steroids, 20 contained triterpenoids, and 8 contained saponins.

The team used the brine shrimp lethality assay (BSLA), a quick, accurate, and

affordable micro-scale bioassay technique, to evaluate the toxicity of the plants

concurrently. This technique can identify a variety of bioactivity in ethanolic extracts as

well as isolated, purified bioactive natural products. The effectiveness of the extract in

killing brine shrimp nauplii from the species Artemia in a lab serves as the basis for this

test. Table 2 displays the outcomes of the phytochemical screening and BSLA performed

on the ethanolic extracts of the Filipino medicinal plants. The 53 plant extracts profiled

according to the general phytochemical assessment contained 43 alkaloids, 10

anthraquinones, 31 flavonoids, 33 glycosides, eight saponins, 21 steroids, 50 tannins, and

20 triterpenoids. The majority of extracts had a variety of chemical components; on

average, four separate groups of secondary metabolites were detected in the plants. Senna

alata and Bidens pilosa demonstrated the highest diversity by testing positive for all

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classes except saponins, whereas Momordica charantia and Pterocarpus indicus shown

the least diversity by only testing positive for tannins

Calamansi [Citrofortunella microcarpa (BUNGE) WIJNANDS]: A Potential Insecticide

against Brown Planthopper (Nilaparvata lugens STÅL) (Adrienne

Clarisse C. Caugma, LJ Lairah Mae R. Acabal, Alliya Cieline C. Gerolaga, and Erickson

F. Del Mundo)

In the 2020 study about using Citrofortunella microcarpa against the third to

fourth instar nymphs of BPH, Adrienne Clarisse C. Caugma, LJ Lairah Mae R. Acabal,

Alliya Cieline C. Gerolaga, and Erickson F. Del Mundo found that Brown planthopper

(Nilaparvata lugens Stl) is an economically significant rice pest in In the 2020 study

about using Citrofortunella microcarpa against the third to fourth instar nymphs of BPH,

Adrienne Clarisse C. Caugma, LJ Lairah Mae R. Acabal, Alliya Cieline C. Gerolaga, and

Erickson F. Del Mundo found that Brown planthopper (Nilaparvata lugens Stl) is an

economically significant rice pest in Asia. To create the crude peel extract, calamansi

peels were dried, macerated for 48 hours, and then processed using rotary evaporation. N

was treated with various 2, 4, and 6% solutions of crude calamansi peel extracts. lugens

in duplicate, each replicate containing 20 hoppers. After 72 hours of exposure to various

doses of calamansi peel extract, the percent mortality was noted. The mortality of N was

discovered to be directly proportional to increasing concentrations of calamansi peel

extract. lugens. Calamansi peel extract's LC50 and LC90 values were 8.37% and 54.57%,

respectively. Asia. To create the crude peel extract, calamansi peels were dried,

macerated for 48 hours, and then processed using rotary evaporation. N was treated with

various 2, 4, and 6% solutions of crude calamansi peel extracts. lugens in duplicate, each

7
replicate containing 20 hoppers. A In the 2020 study about using Citrofortunella

microcarpa against the third to fourth instar nymphs of BPH, Adrienne Clarisse C.

Caugma, LJ Lairah Mae R. Acabal, Alliya Cieline C. Gerolaga, and Erickson F. Del

Mundo found that Brown planthopper (Nilaparvata lugens Stl) is an economically

significant rice pest in Asia. To create the crude peel extract, calamansi peels were dried,

macerated for 48 hours, and then processed using rotary evaporation. N was treated with

various 2, 4, and 6% solutions of crude calamansi peel extracts. lugens in duplicate, each

replicate containing 20 hoppers. After 72 hours of exposure to various doses of calamansi

peel extract, the percent mortality was noted. The mortality of N was discovered to be

directly proportional to increasing concentrations of calamansi peel extract. lugens.

Calamansi peel extract's LC50 and LC90 values were 8.37% and 54.57%, respectively.

fter 72 hours of exposure to various doses of calamansi peel extract, the percent mortality

was noted. The mortality of N was discovered to be directly proportional to increasing

concentrations of calamansi peel extract. lugens. Calamansi peel extract's LC50 and

LC90 values were 8.37% and 54.57%, respectively. According to the findings, calamansi

peel extract may be used as an organic plant-based pesticide and may be effective against

BPH.

Also, they note from their research that Calamansi, or Citrofortunella microcarpa

(Bunge) Wijnands, is a citrus fruit that belongs to the Ructaceae family (Yee, 2014). The

fruit is widely grown and utilized as a souring ingredient, flavoring agent, and in

beverages (Rodeo, 2016). D-Limonene, a substance found in calamansi, has been shown

to have insecticidal properties (Yee, 2014). Many citrus peels contain limonene, a

monocyclic monoterpene with the chemical formula C10H16 (Yee, 2014). Brown

8
planthopper death may have been brought on by the presence of phytochemicals like

flavonoids and alkaloids in calamansi, which were discovered to have insecticidal effects.

Findings indicated a rise in C concentration. Microcarpa peel extract increases N

mortality percentage. lugens. At a concentration of 54.57%, calamansi peel extract at

8.37% can inhibit LC50 and LC90. Thus, it is advised to use calamansi peel extract as an

organic plant-based insecticide against brown planthoppers. It is a cheap and

environmentally benign method of regulating N because it is a water-based therapy.

lugens.

Its juice has been utilized extensively in Malaysia as a flavoring in beverages and

foods, which can be discussed as the basis and history for its deodorizing qualities as one

of its purposes. Peels, which make up around 50% of the raw processed fruit after the

juice extraction, are one of the many waste or byproducts that the growing demand for

citrus fruit juice in the food and agrofood processing industry has caused.

Due to microbial deterioration, the citrus plant's byproduct will cause pollution

and environmental problems. Due to their widespread availability in the processing

industry and their abundance of beneficial components, such as flavonoids, dietary fibers,

and essential oils, citrus peels are typically chosen for further commercialization. The

most popular limes used in Malaysia are kaffir lime (Citrus hystrix), key lime (Citrus

aurantifolia), and calamansi lime (Citrus microcarpa), and their peels were chosen for this

study's essential oil extraction because they have a lot of potential for use in other

commercial forms. Before further research on the volatile components of the plant can be

done, an extraction technique is necessary to separate the essential oil from the plant.

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 The extraction time, temperature, pressure, solvent used for extraction, the

extraction method, and the types of equipment utilized are the fundamental factors that

affect the yield and quality of essential oil extraction. The yield and quality of essential

oil extracted from citrus peels will gradually rise by selecting the proper extraction

process with the optimal parameters. For the extraction of essential oils, some newly

discovered extraction techniques have been applied, including pressurized liquid

extraction (PLE), supercritical fluid extraction (SFE), and microwave assisted extraction

(MAE). These techniques haven't been employed for mass manufacturing but are still

being researched. In this study, hydrodistillation (HD), one of the promising conventional

extraction methods, was chosen for the extraction of citrus essential oil

Calamansi may therefore have application as a microbial agent in aquaculture.

Major chemicals like limonene were present and greatly influenced the scent as well as

the antibacterial, antifungal, and insect repellent qualities. The amount of limonene in

citrus essential oils, which can be found in many citrus fruits, has a significant impact on

the oil's quality. In this research, the potential use of citrus essential oil as a natural

aromatic gel was investigated. The influence of the hydrodistillation extraction procedure

on the yield and limonene content of essential oil derived from peels of calamansi lime

has been researched. Hydrodistillation had been used to extract the citrus essential oil for

3, 4, 5, 6 and 7 hours from various citrus peels. According to the results, the

hydrodistillation process' extraction time will have a substantial (p 0.05) impact on the

yield and limonene composition of citrus essential oil. 8 A sensory evaluation of the

created natural aromatic gel had been done. The preciseness, intensity, and persistence

criteria had been scored above the level of moderate level based on the results, while the

10
rating for overall acceptability had been rated above the level of mildly like. As a result,

citrus essential oil has the potential to be used to create natural aromatic gel that can take

the place of synthetic air fresheners in everyday life.

Legal Basis

Regarding the purchase and use of unregistered household/urban pesticides

(H/UP), there are laws in place in the Philippines. Via postmarketing surveillance, the

FDA confirmed that the aforementioned product has no active Certificate of Product

Registration (CPR) as of May 14, 2020. Food and Drug Administration Act of 2009, also

known as Book II, Article I, Section 1 (a) of the Rules and Regulations Implementing

Republic Act No. 9711, prohibits the production, importation, exportation, sale, offering

for sale, distribution, transfer, non-consumer use, promotion, advertising, and

sponsorship of any health product without the required FDA approval.

The FDA cannot guarantee the performance, quality, or safety of the

aforementioned unregistered household/urban pesticide product because it has not gone

through the registration procedure. Consumers may run the danger of health problems if

they utilize such illegal products. Active chemicals that are hazardous, dangerous, or

illegal could present risks to both human and animal health. Itchy skin, anaphylactic

shock, respiratory problems, endocrine issues, brain damage, and organ failure are just a

11
few of the negative effects that might occur when using subpar and probably

contaminated household/urban pesticide products.

The public is urged not to buy the aforementioned unlawful product in light of the

foregoing. The general public is therefore urged to always confirm with the FDA whether

a household/urban pesticide product is registered. Until they have received the required

authorization, a License to Operate (LTO) for the establishment and a Certificate of

Product Registration (CPR) for the household/urban pesticides, all relevant

establishments are cautioned not to distribute contravening household/urban pesticides.

Presidential Decree No. 135 (February 22, 1973)

The Fertilizer and Pesticide Authority (FPA) is in charge of protecting the public

from the risks associated with pesticide use, ensuring that the agricultural sector has

sufficient amounts of fertilizer and pesticide at reasonable prices, rationalizing the

manufacture and marketing of fertilizer, and training the agricultural sector in the use of

these inputs. As part of their duties, they drafts legislation with range of goalsincluding

the Presidential Decree No. 135 (February 22, 1973) created the Fertilizer Industry

Authority (FIA), with the mission "to regulate, control, and develop the fertilizer industry

in the country to guarantee the agricultural sector of a sufficient supply of fertilizer at the

most affordable price. Presidential Decree No. 1144 (May 30, 1977), and the Fertilizer

and Pesticide Authority (FPA) was established as a linked agency of the Department of

Agriculture. And the FPA which one of the agencies attached to the Ministry of

Agriculture (now the Department of Agriculture) as a result of Executive Order No. 116,

which was issued on January 30, 1987, and reorganized the departments within the

12
Ministry of Agriculture (nomenclature due to reorganization/change in the form of

government).

The Researchers wants to learn more about the potential uses of Ampalaya leaves

and Calamansi peels while considering the final product's uniqueness, how it will stand

out and be distinct from other products in terms of usage and purposes. This study will

provide solutions to common household issues such as mosquito and insect infestations,

as well as community issues. This can be used as an insect repellant, to provide a

soothing aroma in the classroom, offices, public places, hotels, and other amenities, and it

will not cause any skin problems because it is chemical free. Additionally, it will allow

researchers to broaden their ideas in their specific strand, where knowledge gained

through research is a valuable resource for the development of new natural products.

The Researchers want to conduct this study to help our environment, the

Researchers found out that insects can cause many potential problems such as; Insects

can have a negative and harmful impact on agricultural production and market access, the

natural environment, and our way of life. Pest insects can be a nuisance and a health

hazard to humans by damaging crops and food production, parasitizing livestock, or

being a nuisance and a health hazard. Some types of flies can spread eye infections.

Mosquitoes can transmit potentially fatal viruses like Japanese Encephalitis and Dengue

Fever. Dust mites and cockroaches have been linked to an increase in asthma cases. Some

caterpillars and beetles can cause severe skin irritation.

The incense sticks are intended to provide solutions to common household

problems. Combining these two ingredients will be an exciting experiment. The

ingredient responsible for its mosquito and insect repellent properties is ampalaya leaves.

13
And the idea of adding Calamansi peel as an additive to provide scent for its use as a

home deodorizer or air freshener, but further research revealed that it contains d-

limonene, a bitter taste that irritates insects by destroying the wax coating of the insect's

respiratory system.

Incense sticks are known to have a number of advantages, including the ability to

repel insects. Incense smoke can act as a natural insect repellent, keeping bugs away from

your home or outdoor space. Certain incense sticks, such as citronella, are especially

effective at repelling mosquitoes and other flying insects. Furthermore, incense sticks can

be a more natural and safer alternative to chemical insecticides, which can be harmful to

both humans and the environment. Incense sticks can also be used to create a pleasant

aroma in your home or outdoor space, creating a relaxing and calming environment. To

use incense effectively, select all-natural incense that has been grown in a sustainable

manner.Burn one stick at a time to avoid inhaling too much smoke, which can harm your

lungs. Find a suitable location to burn the incense stick and leave a window open during

or after burning. To enjoy the fragrance, light the incense stick and keep it burning. It is

also critical to extinguish the incense stick after use.

Conceptual Framework

Through the evaluated purpose of developing the recent study, the research

patterned by the figure utilizing Coomb’s System Approach. According to Lapada

(2018), Coomb’s System Approach was used to show the input process and output

in the study.

14
 INPUT PROCESS OUTPUT

 Scissor  Preperation of materials

 Ampalaya Leaves needed

Ampalaya leaves and
 Making powdered
 Calamansi Peels
Ampalaya leaves and Calamansi peels as
 Net
Calamansi peels Multipurpose Incense
 Food Processor
 Evaluating the Sticks
 Water effectiveness and scent

of combining Ampalaya

leaves and Calamansi

Peels

15
 FEEDBACK

Figure 1
Conceptual Framework of the Study

The input frame includes the preparation of all the materials such as

drying of ampalaya leaves and orange peels, then the crushing of dried

leaves and peels into powder and combining them with water as a binding

agent. Then, it will proceed on to the process stage, where it will detail all

the trials and tribulations to make the product, numerous tests and

experiments that are carried out, surveys or interviews that will be presented,

and different observations that will be made in order to move on to the

output process, which is to have successful Ampalaya leaves and orange

peels as an incense mosquito repellent.

Objectives of the Study

16
 The main purpose of this study is to determine whether using Ampalaya leaves

and Calamansi peels has the capability and effectiveness against insects and odor

Specifically, the study sought to answer the following:

1. What are the capabilities and effectiveness of Ampalaya leaves and

Calamansi peels as multi-purpose incense sticks in terms of its:

1.1 Insect repellent properties

1.2 Scent

1.3 Duration

Hypothesis

The study entitled Ampalaya Leaves and Calamansi Peels as multipurpose of

Incense sticks tested the null hypothesis:

H0: It is not possible to create multi-purpose incense sticks made out of Ampalaya leaves

and Calamansi peels.

Scope and Limitations of the study

The research entitled "The use of dried Ampalaya leaves and Calamansi peels as

the main ingredient in making multipurpose incense sticks" directly involves the

alternative and sustainable use of Ampalaya leaves and Calamansi peels in the production

of the new multipurpose incense stick. The researcher's study focuses on how to construct

a sturdy multipurpose incense stick out of ampalaya leaves and calamansi peels. It also

considers whether the ampalaya leaves and calamansi peels are a better option for an
17
incense stick. The researchers wanted to produce a kind of incense stick that is free from

chemicals, won't cause any skin trouble, and provides a soothing aroma inside a room.

The researchers also wanted to help with one of the common household problems in the

country, which is mosquito and insect problems in the environment. The leaves of

ampalaya are usually used as a cooking ingredient and for medicinal purposes, and the

peeling of calamansi is usually thrown away. Instead of contributing to the country's

waste, the researchers wanted to make ampalaya leaves and calamansi peeling more

useful and efficient.

The study was conducted by the Grade 11 (STEM) students of Binangonan

Catholic College during the school year of 2022-2023. The research employed a

quantitative approach. Plant lovers, households, and the environment are all included in

the study's scope. The researchers gathered the data using documents and records

Significance of the Study

This study has its benefits from both society or community uses and

environmental resources including:

To the society/community:

Given that incense stick serves multiple functions, it will provide solutions to

common household issues such as mosquito, insect and odor problems as well as in the

community. In addition to being utilized for spiritual and meditative purposes, natural

incense sticks are sometimes employed as air fresheners because of their considerably

milder and more subtle aroma than synthetic incense. Natural incense sticks are a terrific

18
way to fill your house with a fragrant smell without using harmful chemicals. Incense

smoke can help clean the air by removing odors, smoke, and other airborne contaminants.

Incense smoke is produced when incense sticks are burned.

For the environment:

The natural incense sticks are sourced naturally and ethically. This indicates that

the items are grown and harvested with consideration for the environment. Natural

incense is manufactured from elements found in nature, such as flowers, herbs, spices,

natural oils, resins, and many more. Incense produced from ampalaya leaves and

calamansi peels is created by hand with the highest care and is devoid of hazardous

materials. It contains only natural, plantbased ingredients including herbs and essential

oils. Regarding this matter, another way to recognize natural incense is to look for

certifications or labels such as "organic," "wildcrafted," or "fair trade." These

designations indicate that it has been sustainably sourced and processed using eco-

friendly practices. Synthetic fragrances or artificial ingredients, on the other hand, are

frequently used in commercial products and can be harmful to our health and the

environment.

To the Researchers:

It will allow the researchers to expand their ideas their certain strand where

knowledge obtained through studies is a valuable resource for the developments of new

natural products.

Definition of Terms

19
 For better understanding of the study, the following term are defined in context of

this research.

Ampalaya Leaves. The leaves of the ampalaya plant, sometimes referred to as bitter

melon or bitter gourd. An important raw element in the making of the experimental

paper.

Calamansi Peel. Refers to the calamansi fruit's outer zest or skin. It is one of the primary

raw ingredients and was combined with ampalaya leaves to create the experimental

paper.

Dengue. An infection caused by the dengue virus, which is primarily transmitted to

people by mosquitoes. It is one of the damages caused by insects; these insects were used

to test the efficacy of our experimental paper.

DOH. The Department of Health (DOH) is a government department or ministry in

charge of managing and implementing healthcare and public health policies, initiatives,

and services in a certain country or region.

FDA. According to the FDA's position on incense sticks, depending on their intended

purpose and marketing claims, they may be subject to legal regulation as either cosmetics

or pharmaceuticals.

Health Hazard. Due to the smoke that incense sticks release, which contains a number

of chemical compounds that are powerful etiological factors for creating air pollution,

airway disease, and other health issues, incense sticks can be harmful to human health.

20
Incense Stick. Incense sticks are a sort of fragrance product that, when burned, emits a

pleasant aroma. They are created by blending natural and synthetic substance.

CHAPTER 2

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

This chapter presents the discussion of research design, setting of the study,
subject of the study, instrumentation/sources of data, and procedure of the study.

Research Design

In this study, the researchers used the quantitative method. Quantitative research

is a research strategy that focuses on collecting and analyzing numerical data to develop

and test mathematical models and hypotheses pertaining to phenomena (Bhandari 2020).

The researchers conducted sets of experiment using the variable in this study which is the

ampalaya leaves and calamansi peels.

The researchers used the Quasi- experimental research, Quasiexperimental

research use non- experimental variation in the main independent variable of interest,

21
essentially mimicking experimental conditions in which some subjects are exposed to

treatment and others are not on a random basis (Gopalan 2020). To successfully make the

incense stick, the researchers create containing ampalaya leaves and scent produced by

calamansi peels to multiple experiments.

Settings of the Study

The study will take place at Talim Island, Barangay Malakaban in Binangonan,

Rizal.

Binangonan is a first-class municipality comprising 23 mainland and 17 island

barangays located between the foothills of the Sierra Madre Mountain Range and the

coasts of Laguna de Bay. The town became an independent parish and separated in 1621

because of the initiatives of the Franciscan missionaries. The town was established in

1737 and incorporated in 1900. During the colonial period of the Americans,

Binangonan's historical landmark is the 200-year-old Santa Ursula Parish which still

stands today. Whereas, Talim Island is renowned as the largest lake island in Laguna de

Bay, the largest lake in the Philippines. It is located at the center of the Laguna de Bay

lake. The western side of Talim Island is administered by the municipality of

Binangonan, while the eastern sector is administered by the municipality of Cardona. The

22
island's coastlines are served by 24 barangays, 17 of which belong to Binangonan and 7

to Cardona.

The researchers decided upon conducting the research at Talim island, Barangay

Malakaban in Binangonan, Rizal to further investigate the comparative study of

Ampalaya and calamansi peels as multi-purpose incense sticks.

23
 Figure 2

Location map of the study

Subject of the Study

The Ampalaya leaves and Calamansi peels are the composites of the product. The

process in making of the product involves drying of the leaves and peels and combining

them with water as its natural adhesive to create an incense sticks. In this study,

Multipurpose incense sticks is the subject . It is the main source of data. The researchers

conducted a series of tests and observations to the incense sticks for a period of time.

Additionally, the objectives serve as the foundation for the researchers' efficient data

collection.

24
Materials, Tools, and Equipmentd

PICTURE NAME DESCRIPTION

Used to simplify the fining process by trimming

leaves and peels.
SCISSOR

AMPALAYA One of the two primary materials used to make

incense sticks is tested for its capacity to ward off
LEAVES insects.

CALAMANSI One of the two main ingredients used to make the

product serves as an additional ingredient for its
PEELS perfume, adding a natural aroma.

25
 Utilize to collect leaves that have fallen during the
air-drying process of amplaya leaves.
NET

Helps to combine substances and aids in the process

of fining an ingredient to make it more powerful.
FOOD

PROCESSOR

Serving as the product's adhesive when combined

with the component.
WATER

Table 1.
Materials and Equipment for Product Making

Procedure of the Study

Product Making Procedures

The following steps can be taken in order to create the product:

1. The primary ingredients and the powdering process after airdrying.

Prepare all the tools and supplies required to make the product.

26
2. To begin, combine the ingredients, which are the powdered calamansi and

ampalaya leaves, in a tray

3. After combining the components, add the sufficient water to achieve the

desired consistency. The finished combination must be moldable.

4. Take a wooden stick, take a portion of the mixture, insert it inside the stick

till the bottom so that the wood shows.

27
 5. For a week, let the incense sticks to cure in a cool, dry environment.

The Gantt chart below shows the schedule and execution of the essential task being

accomplished in the study.

28
 Figure 3
Gantt chart of the Study

Instrumentation

In this study, researchers utilized both experimental and observational methods to

evaluate the scent, duration, and insect-repellent properties of the product. They

diligently observed and recorded each step, ensuring comprehensive documentation. The

collected data serves as the cornerstone for further analysis and action research. The

experiment involves testing the product's scent, longevity, and effectiveness as an insect

repellent. Researchers emphasize the accuracy and authenticity of their data, meticulously

recorded to minimize errors.

29
 CHAPTER 3

PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA

This chapter presents the data gathered including the analysis and interpretation of
data based on the sub-problems that were set at the outset of the study.

Several Trials and Observation

I. First Trial

MEASUREMENTS Materials
30 grams Ampalaya Leaves

30
 25 grams Calamansi Peels
7 tbsp Water

Table 2.
Quantitative Measurements of materials for the first trial

Throughout the research project's initial phase, researchers concentrated on the

materials' quantitative data from the first experiment, highlighting the crucial first

step of ingredient refinement. The procedure began with the components being finely

chopped. A special blend of ampalaya leaves and calamansi peels was used. The

trial's next stage then comprised measuring out 30 grams of ampalaya leaves, 25

grams of calamansi peels, and 7 tablespoons of water. This mixture was carefully

shaped into plastic straws, and it was allowed to air dry for one or two days. But a

close examination of the finished product showed that it differed significantly from

what was expected. The addition of water to the dehydrated materials resulted in an

unanticipated juicing effect, which hindered the achievement of the intended texture

and consistency. This unanticipated result emphasizes how crucial accurate

measurements and formulation modifications are to the experimental procedure.

31
 Figure 4.
Results of the First Trial

II. Second Trial

MEASUREMENTS Materials
25 grams Ampalaya Leaves
25 grams Calamansi Peels
4 tbsp Water

Table 3
Quantitative Measurements of materials for the second trial

Researchers continued the study by moving on to the second trial, in which

they improved the approach of material measurements by taking into account the lessons

acquired from the errors made in the first trial. In this case, the ingredients were 25 grams

of ampalaya leaves and 25 grams of calamansi peels each, along with 4 tablespoons of

water, to create a more balanced mixture.

This modification was effective since it gave the product the right consistency and

texture. But there was one obvious difference from the first trial—that is, in the smell

department. The material had the desired physical properties, but it had no unique or

noteworthy smell.

This result is in contrast to the first trial, in which the texture was not up to par but

did have a distinct scent. The differing results amongst the trials underscore the complex

nature of the formulation process and the necessity of maintaining an accurate

32
equilibrium between the physical and sensory characteristics. Further exploration of the

quantitative measurements will be undertaken in order to clarify the variables affecting

the presence or lack of a unique smell in the second trial.

Figure 5.
Result of the Second Trial

III. Third Trial

MEASUREMENTS Materials
25 grams Ampalaya Leaves
30 grams Calamansi Peels
4 tbsp Water

Table 4
Quantitative Measurement of Materials for third trial.

To improve the product's sensory profile, the researchers improved our material

measurements in the third phase of our experimental series. A change in component

33
amounts was made for this trial: 35 grams of calamansi peels were used instead of the 25

grams of ampalaya leaves. Intentionally highlighting and elevating the finished product's

smell was the aim. This adjustment was successful because the material smelled better

than it did in the second trial, but it wasn't quite as unique as it was supposed to be.

Although scent enhancement was successful, the smell was not as strong as anticipated; it

resembled the spicy undertones seen in the first and second experiments. More

specifically, the smell was described as being similar to ordinary smoke rising from

burning leaves. In contrast, the first trial's substance had a distinct aroma in spite of

texture problems, whereas the second trial's material effectively attained the desired

texture but lacked a distinctive scent.

Figure 6.
Result of the Third Trial

Presentation of Data
34
 In a community-focused investigation, the researchers distributed plant-related

products to a sample of five individuals in Barangay Malakaban, Binangonan, Rizal, on

Talim Island. This group comprised 60% males, known as plantitos, and 40% females,

referred to as plantitas, all of whom exhibited a shared curiosity and passionate care for

plants. This effort aimed to understand the demographic characteristics, motivations, and

plant care practices of the local plant enthusiast subculture in this specific geographic

context.

Table 5

STATEMENT MEAN VERBAL

INTERPRETATION

INSECT REPELLENT

1. The ampalaya leaves and 2.2 Agree

calamansi peels incense multi-
purpose stick is efficient to use
to repel insects.

2. The ampalaya leaves and 2.8 Disagree

calamansi peels incense multi-
purpose stick is helpful to
prevent insects

3. The smoke that ampalaya 2.4 Agree

leaves and calamansi peels

35
 incense multi-purpose stick
contain provide protection and
scent not more than 6 hours.

4. Even the smallest part of the 2.2 Agree

incense stick with amaplaya
leaves and calamansi peels can
repel mosquitoes efficiently.

GENERAL WEIGHTED 2.4 Agree

AVERAGE

Table 5
Respondents view on product’s insect repellent

In the final analysis, new findings from the study survey that aimed to determine

respondents' opinions about insect repellent products were found. The efficiency of the

Ampalaya leaves and calamansi peels incense multi-purpose stick in repelling insects was

the subject of question 2, which stands out for having the highest mean score of 2.8. This

indicates that most respondents did not agree with the statement. This suggests concern or

weak confidence in the product's capacity of performing its stated function. On the other

hand, item 1, which claims that a particular incense stick works effectively to repel

insects, received the lowest mean score of 2.2, indicating that respondents decided on to

agree with the given statement. In addition, item 4, which evaluated how well even the

tiniest portion of the incense stick deters insects, obtained a mean score of 2.2 and a

verbal interpretation of agree. These findings imply that the respondents' views of the

particular qualities and capabilities of the specified insect repellent product were varied.

36
 Obico and Ragragio's study on the Ayta people of Porac, Pampanga province,

Philippines, identified 54 plant species utilized as insect repellents, predominantly from

the Fabaceae family. Exotic plants like Leucaena leucocephala, Gliricidia sepium, and

Eucalyptus sp. ranked highest in repellent efficacy. However, despite not being included

in the list, ampalaya leaves are commonly utilized by the Ayta people, though they

proved less effective against hematophagous insects compared to other plants surveyed.

Nonetheless, ampalaya still contains alkaloids potentially lethal to insects, suggesting its

potential to repel other species effectively.

Table 6

STATEMENT MEAN VERBAL

INTERPRETATION

SCENT

1. The ampalaya leaves and 1.6 Agree

calamansi peels incense multi-
purpose stick is efficient to use
to freshen the air condition.

2. The ampalaya leaves and 1.6 Agree

calamansi peels incense multi-
purpose stick is helpful to
prevent bad odors.

3. Some allergies can be 3.6 Strongly Disagree

37
 triggered by ampalaya leaves
and calamansi peels incense
multi-purpose stick scent and
insect repellent.

4. The scent of ampalaya leaves 3.6 Strongly Disagree

and calamansi peels incense
multi-purpose stick can be
irritating.

5. The ampalaya leaves and 2.2 Agree

calamansi peels incense multi-
purpose stick is helpful to those
people who experience
sensitivity in smelling.

GENERAL WEIGHTED 2.5 Disgree

AVERAGE

Table 6
Respondents view on product’s scent

In summary, there are differences in respondents' assessments of the product's

scent based on the study survey results. Unexpectedly, question 3 which focused on the

potential that the aroma of the Ampalaya leaves and calamansi peels incense multi-

purpose stick may cause allergies had the highest mean score of 3.6 among respondents,

indicating a strongl disagreement. Item 4, which raised the possibility of irritation from

the product's scent, likewise had a high mean score of 3.6, supporting the considerable

disagreement that was found overall. On the other hand, respondents agreed on questions

1 and 2, which had notably lower mean scores of 1.6. This shows that most participants

thought incense sticks were a good way to freshen the air and get rid of smells. To

summarize, the survey reveals a range of opinions about the product's smell. While some

38
respondents are strongly against the idea that the product has allergic or irritating

properties, others agree that it works well to improve air quality and eliminate odors.

The study by Adrienne Clarisse C. Caugma et al. investigated the effectiveness of

calamansi peel extract as an insecticide against the Brown Planthopper in rice fields.

Results indicated that higher concentrations of calamansi peel extract led to increased

mortality rates among the pests, with an LC50 of 8.37% and LC90 of 54.57%, suggesting

its potential as an organic plant-based insecticide. Additionally, the presence of D-

Limonene in calamansi was highlighted for its insecticidal properties. The research also

explored the extraction process of citrus essential oil from calamansi peels, suggesting its

potential applications in aquaculture and as a natural aromatic gel. Overall, the findings

underscore the promising role of calamansi as an effective and eco-friendly solution for

pest control in agriculture.

Table 7

STATEMENT MEAN VERBAL

INTERPRETATION

DURATION

1. The ampalaya leaves and 1.4 Strongly Agree

calamansi peels incense multi-
purpose stick lasts longer than
commercial mosquito and insect
repellent.

2. The ampalaya leaves and 2.8 Disagree

calamansi peels incense multi-
purpose stick is easy to lighten

39
 up.

3. The smoke that ampalaya 2.8 Disagree

leaves and calamansi peels
incense multi-purpose stick
contain provide protection and
scent not more than 6 hours.

GENERAL WEIGHTED 2.3 Agree

AVERAGE

Table 7
Respondents view on product’s duration

The study survey's findings about respondents' opinions of the product's duration

show some interesting connections. With a mean score of 1.4, Statement 1, which claims

that the Ampalaya leaves and calamansi peels incense multi-purpose stick lasts longer

than commercial mosquito and insect repellents, was strongly disagreed with. whereas

items 2 and 3 had the highest mean score of 2.8, indicating that respondents thought the

product was simple to light and that the smoke it produced only lasted for six hours in

terms of protection and aroma. These findings suggest that while respondents

acknowledged the product's ease of use and limits in terms of long-term protection, they

were mostly uncertain about how long it would last in comparison to commercial

alternatives.Level of Agreement:

The study conducted on the acceptability and efficacy of Calamansi

(Citrofortunella microcarpa) and Turmeric (Curcuma longa) as an alternative toilet

deodorizer aimed to address the importance of maintaining a fragrant home environment,

particularly in comfort rooms where bacteria thrive. Utilizing an experimental research

40
design, the study found that the Calamansi and Turmeric mixture received a high level of

acceptability, with the odor of the product rated as completely acceptable and its

availability and practicality as very acceptable. These results indicate the effectiveness of

using Calamansi and Turmeric as a deodorizing solution, offering a viable alternative to

commercial products.

1.00-1.49 – Strongly Agree

1.50-2.49– Agree

2.50-3.49 – Disagree

3.50-4.00 – Strongly Disagree

CHAPTER 4

SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

This chapter presents the vital findings of the study, the conclusions drawn and
recommendations offered based on the specific problems of the study.

Summary of Findings

41
 In summary, the study aimed to assess the effectiveness and capabilities of Ampalaya

leaves and calamansi peels as multi-purpose incense sticks, particularly focusing on their

insect repellent properties, scent, and duration. The survey findings revealed a strong

correlation between the research objectives and the perceptions of the respondents. Most

participants expressed positive views on the product's efficacy, citing its ability to outlast

commercial mosquito repellents, efficiently freshen the air, and effectively deter

mosquitoes even with minimal usage. While there was some disagreement regarding the

sticks' ability to repel all insects, especially among those sensitive to strong odors,

overall, the research underscored the product's potential as a versatile incense stick. The

identified areas for improvement through participant feedback highlighted the alignment

of the study's objectives with real-world application and consumer needs, indicating

avenues for further refinement and development in line with the original research goals.

Thus, the study successfully correlated its findings with the overarching objective of

determining the effectiveness and capabilities of Ampalaya leaves and calamansi peels as

multi-purpose incense sticks, providing valuable insights into their potential and areas for

enhancement.

Based on the analysis of the data gathered in this study, the following were found:

1. Ampalaya leaves and calamansi peels incense sticks effectively outlast

commercial mosquito repellents, supporting the study's focus on duration as a

multi-purpose incense stick.

42
 2. While there's some disagreement on repelling all insects, participants agree on

the sticks' effectiveness against mosquitoes, in line with the study's aim to

evaluate insect repellent properties.

3. Participant feedback highlights areas for improvement, aligning with the study's

goal of determining the capabilities of Ampalaya leaves and calamansi peels as

versatile incense sticks.

Conclusion

In conclusion, the research conducted an extensive exploration into the effectiveness of

a product derived from Ampalaya leaves and calamansi peels as an insect repellent.

Through systematic trials and meticulous measurements, it examined the impact of

varying ingredient proportions on scent, duration, and insect-repelling abilities. The

findings revealed distinct differences among the trials, with Trial 2 emerging as the most

favored in terms of scent, while Trial 3 showcased the longest-lasting fragrance.

Moreover, positive feedback from participants provided indirect validation of the

product's efficacy in repelling insects.

The study's hypothesis tested whether it's possible to make multi-purpose incense sticks

using Ampalaya leaves and calamansi peels. The findings supported the alternative

hypothesis, suggesting that creating such incense sticks with desirable qualities is indeed

feasible.

Overall, the study portrayed a favorable view of the product, with participants

acknowledging its insect-repelling properties, pleasant aroma, and reasonable duration.

43
These outcomes signify the promising potential of the Ampalaya leaves and calamansi

peels derived product as an effective insect repellent, aligning closely with the research's

original objectives.

Recommendation

Based on the findings and conclusions. The following recommendations are set forth:

1. Place the incense stick in the desired area for insect protection, ensuring thorough

coverage. Replace as needed for continuous efficacy.

2. Store in a cool, dry place away from direct sunlight to preserve scent and repellent

properties, prolonging shelf life.

3. Educate users on the product's benefits and environmentally friendly nature,

emphasizing natural ingredients and effectiveness in repelling insects.

Bibliography

Gayathry, K. S., & John, J. A. (2022, May 25). A comprehensive review on bitter gourd
(momordica charantia L.) as a gold mine of functional bioactive components for
therapeutic foods-food production, processing and Nutrition. BioMed Central.
https://fppn.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s43014-022- 00089-x/tables/3

44
Sciencedirect.com | Science (n.d.). https://www.sciencedirect.com/science

Calamansi [Citrofortunella microcarpa (Bunge) Wijnands]: (n.d.-a).

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/345309150_Calamansi_Citrofortunella_
microcarpa_Bunge_Wijnands_A_Potential_Insecticide_against_Brown_Planthop
per_Nilaparvata_lugens_Stal

NRI C-PLR (n.d.). Comparative toxicity, phytochemistry, and use of 53 Philippine

medicinal plants. Toxicology reports. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34976744/

Scienggi. (n.d-c). https//scienggi.org/2014/PSL%202014-vol07-no01-p013-

021%20Vallejos pdf

Ampalaya (Momordica Charantia) as an additive in a candle to repel Mosquito

(Culicidae) (2016) Rustico Baydo III Property. Available at
https://zarraganhspuso.wordpress.com/2016/05/08/ampalaya-momordica- charantia-as-
an-additive-in-a-candle-to-repel-mosquito- culicidae/#-text-In%20this%20study%2C
%20the%20above, responsible%20in %20repelling%20a%20Mosquito

The feasibility of calamansi extract as an Alternative Air Freshener (no date) Scribd.
Available at: https://www.scribd.com/document/358994102/The- Feasibility-of-
Calamansi-Extract-as-an-Alternative-Air-Freshener

Appendices

AMPALAYA LEAVES AND CALAMANSI PEELS AS MULTI-PURPOSE

INCENSE STICKS

Survey Questionnaire

45
Researchers would like to know your thoughts about our multipurpose incense stick product. We

greatly appreciate your thoughts. Please be true when responding to this survey.

Name: ____________________________ (Optional)

Age: 18-20 21-23 24-26 27-29 30-32

Sex: Male Female

Directions: Indicate how much you agree or disagree with the statement with a statement by
putting a check in the box on the right side of each statement.

1 – Strongly Agree 2 – Agree 3 – Disagree 4 – Strongly Disagree

1 2 3 4
Capabilities and Effectiveness

Insect repellent

Ampalaya leaves and calamansi peels incense multi-purpose stick is

efficient in repelling insects.

Ampalaya leaves and calamansi peels incense multi-purpose stick is

helpful in preventing insects.

The smoke from the ampalaya leaves and calamansi peels incense

multi-purpose stick provide protection and scent not longer than 6

hours.

Even the smallest part of the mpalaya leaves and calamansi peels

incense multi-purpose stick efficiently repel mosquitoes.

Scent

The ampalaya leaves and calamansi peels incense multi-purpose stick

efficient in freshening the air condition.

46
 The ampalaya leaves and calamansi peels incense multi-purpose stick

is helpful in preventing bad odors.

Some allergies can be triggered by the scent of ampalaya leaves and

calamansi peels incense multi-purpose stick and insect repellent.

The scent of ampalaya leaves and calamansi peels incense multi-

purpose stick irritating.

The ampalaya leaves and calamansi peels incense multi-purpose stick

is helpful to people who experience sensitivity in smelling.

Duration

The ampalaya leaves and calamansi peels incense multi-purpose stick

lasts longer than commercial mosquito coils.

The ampalaya leaves and calamansi peels incense multi-purpose stick

easy to lighten up.

The smoke from the ampalaya leaves and calamansi peels incense

multi-purpose stick provide protection and scent not longer than 6

hours.

Binangonan Catholic College

Binangonan, Rizal
Senior High School Department

January 23, 2023

Mrs. Marivic DC. Lobramonte

Binangonan Catholic College
Science SHS Teacher

47
Dear Mrs. Lobramonte,

A blessed day to you!

We are the Grade 12 students from our beloved school Binangonan Catholic College taking up the strand of
Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics. We are conducting a research study entitled
“Ampalaya Leaves and Calamansi Peels as Multi-purpose Incense Sticks” as our requirements in the
subject of Practical Research II.

We are humbly requesting your approval to become our research adviser. We strongly believe that your
knowledge and expertise will benefit the success of this study. Your approval of our request will greatly
help us to fulfill our requirements in this subject.

We would greatly appreciate your consent at our request. Thank you for giving us your time to read this
letter.

Respectfully yours,
The researchers

__________________
Gian Basty O. Garcia
Group Leader

__________________
Celine Marie T. Carandang
Group Member

__________________
Ma. Sophia C. Paralejas
Group Member

__________________
Christopher Sam S. Ulang
Group Member

__________________
Leean D. Salvan
Group Member

Approved by:

__________________
Mrs. Marivic C. Lobramonte

Binangonan Catholic College

Binangonan, Rizal
Senior High School Department

January 23, 2023

Ms. Katrina Guttierez

Binangonan Catholic College
English SHS Teacher

48
Dear Ms. Guttierez,

A blessed day to you!

We are the Grade 12 students from our beloved school Binangonan Catholic College taking up the strand of
Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics. We are conducting a research study entitled
“Ampalaya Leaves and Calamansi Peels as Multi-purpose Incense Sticks” as our requirements in the
subject of Practical Research II.

We are humbly requesting your approval to become our research critique. We strongly believe that your
knowledge and expertise will benefit the success of this study. Your approval of our request will greatly
help us to fulfill our requirements in this subject.

We would greatly appreciate your consent at our request. Thank you for giving us your time to read this
letter.

Respectfully yours,
The researchers

__________________
Gian Basty O. Garcia
Group Leader

__________________
Celine Marie T. Carandang
Group Member

__________________
Ma. Sophia C. Paralejas
Group Member

__________________
Christopher Sam S. Ulang
Group Member

__________________
Leean D. Salvan
Group Member

Approved by:

__________________
Ms. Katrina Guttierez

Binangonan Catholic College

Binangonan, Rizal
Senior High School Department

January 23, 2023

Ms. Jolina B. Bedis

Binangonan Catholic College
Math SHS Teacher

49
Dear Ms. Bedis,

A blessed day to you!

We are the Grade 12 students from our beloved school Binangonan Catholic College taking up the strand of
Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics. We are conducting a research study entitled
“Ampalaya Leaves and Calamansi Peels as Multi-purpose Incense Sticks” as our requirements in the
subject of Practical Research II.

We are humbly requesting your approval to become our research Statistician. We strongly believe that your
knowledge and expertise will benefit the success of this study. Your approval of our request will greatly
help us to fulfill our requirements in this subject.

We would greatly appreciate your consent at our request. Thank you for giving us your time to read this
letter.

Respectfully yours,
The researchers

__________________
Gian Basty O. Garcia
Group Leader

__________________
Celine Marie T. Carandang
Group Member

__________________
Ma. Sophia C. Paralejas
Group Member

__________________
Christopher Sam S. Ulang
Group Member

__________________
Leean D. Salvan
Group Member

Approved by:

__________________
Ms. Jolina B. Bedis

CURRICULUM VITAE
PERSONAL PROFILE
PERSONAL PROFILE
PERSONAL
Name: CelinePROFILE
Marie T. Carandang
PERSONAL PROFILE
PERSONAL PROFILE
Name: Gian Basty O. Garcia
Address:
Name: Ma.615, J.M Basa
Sophia Street Libid Binangonan
C. Paralejas
Name: Leean D. Salvan
Address: 0013 @B Purok 4 Int. St. Malakaban
Name:
Rizal Christopher Sam S. Ulang
Address:
Address:Sitio
048Hulo Pilapila
Bilog Binangonan,
St. Batingan Rizal
Binangonan,
Binangonan, Rizal
Address: 1657 L. Cerrero St. Macamot,
Rizal
Email: celinecarandang60@gmail.com
Email: sophiaparalejas16@gmail.com 50
Email: gianbastyg@gmail.com
Binangonan Rizal
Phone
Email: Number: 09359710132
salvanleean@gmail.com
Phone Number: 09682049043
09260772476
Date of Birth: September 12, 2005
Email:
Phone kiryuu.haru13@gmail.com
Number: 0953207797 Achievements