Chemistry Module I Physical Chemistry I For Iit Jee Main and Advanced Ranveer Singh Mcgraw Hill Education Ranveer Singh Full Chapter PDF Scribd

Chemistry Module I Physical Chemistry
I for IIT JEE main and advanced

Ranveer Singh McGraw Hill Education
Ranveer Singh
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About the Author
Ranveer Singh has an M.Sc. in Chemistry and has been mentoring and teaching Chemistry to JEE aspirants for more than 15
years. He aims for perfection and has an enormous passion when it comes to applying new methods to create solutions. These
are the qualities that make him stand out from the crowd as a teacher and instructor.

Ranveer Singh
McGraw Hill Education (India) Private Limited

CHENNAI
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Physical Chemistry for JEE (Main & Advanced) Module-I
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Dedicated
to
Shri Amar Chand Ji Maharaj

Preface
Chemistry forms an important part of all entrance tests. In my teaching career, spanning over a decade and half, I have felt that a
chemistry book based on the changing perceptions, needs, feedback and the experiences of the students and educators is needed
by the engineering aspirants. It is with this vision that the present book has been written.
This book is not a textbook. It is a refresher text to help students revise their lessons in the quickest possible way and in the
most effective manner. It does not over emphasise theories, as has been done in several other competitive books available in the
market. However, every care has been taken to ensure that no important theory is left out. This book has several new features:
coverage of the syllabus of JEE (Main + Advanced); a great number of solved numerical examples to acquaint students with
the application of several theories, solution at the end of each exercise and two levels of questions at the end of the chapters to
give readers an opportunity to assess their understanding of the chapters. The use of easily understandable language is at the
core of the author’s efforts.
The exercises given at the end of every chapter is further categorised into three difficulty level of questions and their patterns
asked in JEE along with the previous year questions with solutions.
l Level-I has the questions mainly suitable for JEE Main exam.
l Level-II contains slightly difficult questions suitable for JEE Advanced.
l Level-III has the highest questions of various patterns asked in JEEAdvanced (such as more than one correct answer,
comprehension, match the column and single digit integer).

I hope this book will help in motivating and encouraging the students towards the preparation forthe Chemistry portion of
the examinations. Every care has been taken to make the book error-free. However, some mistakes may have been crept in inad-
vertently. Constructive suggestions and comments from students and teachers would encourage me to make the book more au-
thentic and acceptable in the next edition. We wish our young readers a great success at the engineering entrance examinations.
Ranveer Singh

Acknowledgements
I express my gratitude towards the publisher and the members of the editorial team. I would be failing in my duty if I don’t
express my thankfulness to Mr. Sanjay Agrawal for encouraging me to start writing this book and helping me step by step while
preparing the manuscript.

Contents
Preface vii
Acknowledgements ix
1.Mole Concepts 1.1–1.45
● Key Concepts 1.1
● Solved Examples 1.7
● Exercise 1.12
■ Level I 1.12
■ Level II 1.17
■ Level III 1.20
● Previous Years’ Questions of JEE (Main & Advanced) 1.24
● Answer Key 1.25
● Hints and Solutions 1.26
2.Atomic Structure 2.1–2.49
● Exercise 2.12
■ Level I 2.12
■ Level II 2.19
■ Level III 2.21
● Answer Key 2.30
3.Gaseous State 3.1–3.63
● Exercise 3.28
■ Level I 3.28
■ Level II 3.33
■ Level III 3.35
● Answer Key 3.42

xii Physical Chemistry-I for JEE (Main & Advanced)
4. Chemical Equilibrium 4.1–4.32

l Key Concepts 4.1
l Solved Examples 4.6
l Exercise 4.9
■ Level I 4.9
■ Level II 4.12
■ Level III 4.14
l Previous Years’ Questions of JEE (Main & Advanced) 4.18
l Answer Key 4.19
l Hints and Solutions 4.20
5. Ionic Equilibrium 5.1–5.52
l Key Concepts 5.1
l Solved Examples 5.13
l Exercise 5.18
■ Level I 5.18
■ Level II 5.20
■ Level III 5.22
l Previous Years’ Questions of JEE (Main & Advanced) 5.27
l Answer Key 5.29
l Hints and Solutions 5.30

Chapter
1
Mole Concept
Key Concepts
Mole in Latin means ‘heap’ or ‘mass’ or ‘pile’. A mole of at- 1 Liter = 10–3 m3
oms is a collection of atoms whose total weight is the number T = Temperature in Kelvin
of grams equal to the atomic weight. R = Universal gas constant
The mole is defined as the amount of a substance con- = 0.0821 L atom K–1 mol–1
taining as many atoms, molecules, ions, electrons or other = 8.314 J K–1 mol–1
elementary entities as there are carbon atoms in exactly 12 g = 1.987 cal K–1 mol–1
of C12. Hence, 1 mole is a collection of 6.022 ¥ 1023 particles STP or NTP fi Temperature 273 k and P = 1 atm but in
which is known as the Avogadro Number thermodynamics, T = 298 k.
1 NA = 6.022 ¥ 1023 fi Volume of 1 mole of gas at STP is 22.4 L
fi Volume of 1 mole of gas at 300 k is 24.63 L
fi Number of moles of solute = Molarity ¥ Volume
Method of Calculation of solution in Liter
of Mole
(i) If the number of species is given then Average Atomic Mass
Number of atom
Number of moles =
6.022 ¥ 1023 It is defined as the mass of all atoms divided by number of
(ii) If the weight of an element is given then atoms.
Weight in gram
Number of moles =
Atomic weight Average Molecular Mass
(iii) If the weight of a molecule is given
Weight in gram
Number of moles = It is defined as the total mass of molecules divided by number
Molecular weight of molecules
(iv) Calculation of moles for ideal gases. We know xM +x M +x M º
PV = nRT Average molecular mass = 1 1 2 2 3 3
x1 + x2 + x3 + º
Patm ¥ Vliter
\ n= where M1, M2, M3 are the molecular masses of compound
0.0821 ¥ TKelvin whose abundance x1, x2, x3 ….
P = Pressure exerted by gas (no force of attraction be- fi It is in terms of number of moles or in terms of
tween them) molecules
1 atm = 760 mm Hg or 76 cm Hg fi If x1 + x2 + x3 + …. = 100 then it is called percentage
V = Volume of gas (free volume available for the mo- abundance
tion of gas molecule
IIT JEE PC-V1_01.indd 1 3/21/2017 5:09:44 PM

1.2 Physical Chemistry-I for JEE (Main & Advanced)
N2 + 3H2 Æ 2 NH3
MoleCular forMulae and Nitrogen Hydrogen Ammonia
eMPiriCal forMulae 1 mole 3 mole 2 mole
28 gram 6 gram 34 gram
Molecular formulae: The actual number of atoms of various NA molecules 3 NA 2 NA
elements present in the compound, e.g., C6H12O6. 22.4 litre 3 ¥ 22.4 litre 2 ¥ 22.4 litre
Empirical formulae: The simplest whole number ratio of
atom in element present in compound, e.g., E.F. of glucose Steps for Using Mole Method in Problem _____
(C6H12O6) is CH2O which shows that carbon, hydrogen and (i) Write down a balanced chemical reaction.
oxygen combined in simple ratio 1 : 2 : 1. (ii) Calculate the number of moles known substance.
Relation between M.F. and E.F. (iii) Write down the number of moles of known substance
under the chemical reaction and relate them.
Molecular Formula = n[Empirical formula]
n = 1, 2, 3, …..
Molecular weight solution and
n= ConCentration terM
Empirical formula weight
Step for Determination of Empirical Formulae Solution is defined at a homogenous mixture of more than
(i) Divide % of atom by its atomic mass. It gives relative one substance in which one is solvent and rest solute.
number of moles of various elements present in the Which substance is solute or solvent is controversial and
can be concluded in the following cases:
compound.
(ii) Divide relative number of moles obtained in Step (i) by Case I: When substances forming solution are in different
the smallest mole so as to get simple ratio of moles of states, the final state of solution will be solvent irrespective
various elements present in compound. of substances.
(iii) If simple ratio of mole is a fractional value, then the Case II: When substances forming solution are in the same
value of simple ratio of moles of each element is mul- state, then the solvent is one which is present in large amount.
tiplied by smallest integer so as to get simplest whole Amounts compared should be in mass and mole.
number ratio of each element present in the compound. Some hints are given in the question like A in B. Then A is
solute and B is solvent.
Determination of Molecular Formulae _______ All the concentrated terms defined are applicable only for
(i) When the molecular mass is given homogenous mixture and not for heterogeneous mixture.
Suppose Empirical formula = C3H6O and Weight of solute
1. Density =
Molecular mass = 174 Volume of solution
174 Unit is either in g/mL or g/litre
n= =3 Temperature is dependent because Mass µ / T but vol-
58
ume is depend upon temperature (T µ V).
then M.M. = 3[C3H6O] = C9H18O3
\ T inversily proportional to
(ii) When number of any atom is given
Suppose EF is C3H6O and given that number of oxygen Weight of solute
(density) except water
atom is 2. Volume of solution W
then MF = [C3H6O] ¥ 2 = C6H12O6 2. Mass percentage or percentage mass %
W
(iii) When the vapour density is given W Weight of Solute
%= ¥ 100
(only for gas and vapour) W Weight of solution
2 ¥ VD Temperature independent
n=
Molecular weight For example, 20% mass of NaOH solution means 100 g
of solution contains 20 g of NaOH and mass of solvent
is 80 g.
stoiChioMetrY W
3. % weight by volume or % or % by volume.
V
It deals with the calculation of quantities of various reactants W Weight of Solute
and products in a chemical reaction. %= ¥ 100
V Volume of solution
The numerical used to balance a chemical reaction is V
known as stoichiometric coefficient. 4. % volume by volume or % or % by volume.
V
Balanced equations gives the qualitative and quantitative
V Volume of Solute
information. %= ¥ 100
V Volume of solution

Mole Concept 1.3
Molarity For gases

Moles of solute Volume of solute
M= PPM = ¥ 106
Volume in liter Volume of solution
Temperature dependent Moles of solute
PPB = ¥ 109
For example, 2 M NaCl solution means 1 L solution contains Moles of solution
2 moles of NaCl. Æ For gases parts = volume = moles
Æ For solid/liquid parts = weight
For solid/liquid
MolaritY of Pure
weight of solute
suBstanCe PPM = ¥ 106
weight of solution
1 mL = 1 g weight of solute
1000 mL = 1000 g = 55.56 moles PPB = ¥ 109
weight of solution
\ moles in 1 L pure solution Æ For dilute solution
weight (Weight of Solute  Weight of Solution)
Molar mass 55.56 mole weight of solute
= = = Molarity = 55.56 M PPM = ¥ 106
Volume in liter 1 liter weight of solvent
MolalitY [m] tYPiCal ConCentration

terMs
Number of moles of solute in 1 kg solvent.
These concentrated terms are typical because they are de-
So temperature is independent.
fined exclusively for the substance concerned depending on
For example, 2 m solution of NaCl means 2 moles of NaCl
what purpose those substances are used.
present in 1000 g of solvent.
Concentration of H2O2: H2O2 is used as a source of oxygen
gas and hence the typical concentration of H2O2 gives the
Mole fraCtion value of oxygen obtained from the given solution. Since it
decomposes according to following reaction:
Ratio of moles of one component to the total number of 2H2O2 Æ 2H2O + O2
moles of solution. Definition of concentration term of H2O2: “x volume
A B C H2O2” means 1 L of H2O2 gives x L of O2 gas at STP.
nA nB nC Number of moles For example, 20 volume H2O2 means 1 L of H2O2 gives
XA XB XC mole fraction 20 L of O2 at STP. It can be converted to normal concentration.
nA
XA=
n A + nB + nC ConCentration of oleuM
and Sx = 1
or xA + xB + xC = 1 Oleum is considered as a solution of SO3 gas dissolved in
H2SO4. H2S2O7 is a type of oleum and 1 mole of SO3 and 1
For binary solution xA + xB = 1 mole of H2SO4.
XB = 1 – xA H2SO4 SO3 H2S2O7
Log10[xA + xB + xC] = log101 = 0 Liquid Gas
If Sn = 1 Solvent solute solution
Concentration of oleum is defined in such a way that it
XA = nA gives an idea of amount of H2SO4 it can give.
It means MF of A = mole of A. Concentration of oleum is given by x % oleum. It means
100 g of oleum sample can maxima give x g of H2SO4 by the
PPM and PPB (Parts per million and addition of (x – 100) g of water.
For example, 109 % oleum means 100 g oleum is capable
Parts per billion) _________________________
of giving 109 g H2SO4 by adding 9 g of H2O in 100 g of
Parts of solute oleum.
PPM = ¥ 106 An oleum sample labelled as x % implies the (x – 100) g of
Parts of solution
H2O will be required to react with all the SO3 present in 100
Parts of solute
PPB = ¥ 109 g of oleum according to the following reaction:
Parts of solution
H2O + SO3 Æ H2SO4 in 100 g oleum

So, number of mole of water required = number of moles of

SO3 gas present in Oleum
analYsis of gaseous
suBstanCes in
x % Max. wH2O nH2O wSO3 wH2SO4 eudioMetriC tuBes
Oleum H2SO4 = nSO3
Gaseous reactions are studied in this tube. After the comple-
104.5 % 104.5 4.5 0.25 0.25 ¥ 80 = 20 100 – 20 = 80 tion of reaction, the reaction is brought back to original tem-
109 % 109 9 0.5 0.5 ¥ 80 = 40 60 perature.
118 % 118 18 1 1 ¥ 80 = 80 20 1 atm
Pt
Filament to 1 atm
spark mixture Reactant can
be added
analYsis of gaseous
Hg
reaCtion [eudioMetrY]
This method is used to determine the composition of gaseous
mixture or to find out the M.F. of an unknown compound.
It is based on ‘Gay Lussac Law of combining volume’.
This law states that gaseous reaction volume of reactant
Eudiometric Tube
consumed and volume of product obtained [at fixed T and P]
are in a simple whole number ratio [which is same as the ratio Fig. 1.1
of Stoichiometric coefficient of balanced reaction].
To estimate the volume of each gas, certain solvents are
For example, from experiment it was found that 10 L of N2 used.
require 30 L of H2 to produce 20 L NH3.
Solvent Gases absorbed
\ volume ratio = 1 : 3 : 2 [Stoichiometric coefficient] 1. KOH CO2, SO2, Cl2
Since the reaction is carried out at constant T and P, then, 2. CuSO4/CaCl2 H2O (g)
volume of gaseous mixture is directly proportional to number 3. H2O NH3, HCl
of moles of gases and change in volume is proportional to 4. Terpentine oil O3
change in number of moles of gases. 5. Alk. Pyrogallol O2
Vµn 6. Ammonical Cu2Cl2 CO
\ DV µ Dn We will consider only the volume of gases and not of solid
This expression can be used if pressure of individual spe- and liquid as they have very less volume compared to gas.
cies used [at constant T and V] Hence, the volume of solids and liquids is neglected with re-
Pµn spect to gases.
Whenever water is formed inside the eudiometric tube, it
DP µ Dn is always assumed to be liquid until a minimum temperature
Hence, for N2 + 3H2 Æ 2NH3 of 100°C.
1 mole 3 mole 2 mole It is used in the following combinations:
1 atm of N2 3 atm of N2 2 atm of NH3 (i) Combustion of all organic compound.
So V µ n [at constant T and P] (ii) Reaction of H2 with O2.
P µ n [at constant T and V] (iii) Dissociation or formation of NH3.
(iv) Reaction between N2 and O2 never occur inside the
Example: 10 mL of alkane on complete combustion gives 30 eudiometric tube as it requires very high temperature.
mL of CO2. Calculate molecular formula? (v) H2 when reacts with certain oxide gives H2O.
È y˘ y (vi) Whenever a substance is added in eudiometric tube for
CxHy + Í x + ˙ O2 Æ xCO2 + H2O
Î 4˚ 2 a particular reaction, it is always assumed to be taken
1 mole gives x mole in excess.
1 mL give x mL
10 mL 10 ¥ x mL = 30 mL given eXPeriMental Methods
and x=3 for deterMination of
È y˘ y eleMents in organiC
10 mL 10 Í x + ˙ ml 10x mL 10 ¥ mL CoMPound
Î 2 ˚ 2
Since, molecular formula of alkane CxH2x + 2 = Cx Hy A sample of organic compound on qualitative analysis (with
So, y = 8 elements present) was found to contain C S H N P O X. The
following experiment were performed. Calculate % composi-
Therefore, molecular formula = C3H8
tion of each element.

Mole Concept 1.5
A w g sample was burned in the presence of CuO to cause

[P – P ¢]V ml ¥10-3
oxidation of C, H and N only (CO2, H2O, N2). The gaseous and nN2 =
mixture was passed through a solution of KOH weighing RT
w1 g. The final weight after passing the gases was w2. The -3 28
\ % N = ÈÍ(P - P ¢)V ml ¥10 ˘˙ ¥ ¥ 100
remaining gases on passing through white CuSO4 crystal to W
Î RT ˚
convert into blue crystal (hydrated CuSO4) caused a weight
rise of w3 g.
The remaining gas was collected over H2O at T Kelvin. estiMation of n2 inforM
[Any gas collected over H2O is present with some water va- of nh3 in solution
pour]. Total pressure observed was ‘P atm’. Value of displaced KJeldohl’s Method
liquid was V mL and T. If aq. tension of H2O at T is P1 atm [aq.
tension at any temperature is defined as maximum pressure W g sample was reacted with concentrated H2SO4 to cause
which can be exerted by water vapour in equilibrium with wa- conversion of all N2 present in the compound. Ammonium
ter in liquid form], calculate the composition of each element. sulphate (NH4)2SO4 solution was then added with excess of
From first experiment NaOH and all NH3 librated was reacted with H2SO4 solution
[Liebig Method] having molarity M1 and volume V1 liter. The residual acid
Organic Compound
CuO
CO2 + H2O + N2 was reacted with NaOH solution and it was observed that V2
liter of NaOH molarity M2 was required to complete natural-
Wgram
Absorbed Absorbed ization of residual acid. Calculate % composition of N2 from
by by above data?
KOH w2 (after) con.H SO
W1 CuSO4 Sol. Organic Compound æææææ
2
MV
4
Æ (NH 4 ) 2SO 4
1 1
before w3 gm W gram
Weight rise in KOH = w2 – w1 = wCO2 NaOH (for neutralisation of excess H SO )

æææææææææææææ
2 4
Æ NH3
M V 2 2
Since all CO2 obtain from Organic Compound
2NH3 + H2SO4 Æ (NH4)2 SO4
w - w1
\ nC = nCO2 fi 2 and
44
\ % of Carbon in Organic Compound H2SO4 + 2 NaOH Æ Na2SO4 + 2H2O
1 w2 - w1 1
= ¥ 12 ¥ 100 MV MV
44 W 2 2 2 2 2
w M V
Moles of H2O = 3 = nH2O = nH2 (i) nH2SO4 = 2 2
18 2
w3 (react with NaOH)
\ moles of H2 = È M V ˘
18 (ii) nH2SO4 = Í M1V1 - 2 2 ˙
w react with NH3 Î 2 ˚
\ weight of H2 = 3 ¥ 2
18 È M V ˘
w 2 (iii) \ nNH3 = 2 Í M1V1 - 2 2 ˙
\ % of H in Organic Compound = 3 ¥ ¥ 100 Î 2 ˚
18 W
From second experiment : [Duma Method] È1 ¥ nNH3 ¥ 14 ˘
(iv) % N in OC = Í ˙ ¥ 100
Organic Compound æææ
CuO
Æ H2O + CO2 + N2 Î W ˚
P¢ + PN2 = P Ï È M 2V2 ˘ ¸
Ì2 Í M1V1 - ˙ ¥ 14 ˝
Î 2 ˚
= Ó ˛ ¥ 100
aq. tension
N2
W
Barometric
pressure = P \ PN2 = P – P¢
Carius Method
[identifiCation of
Fig. 1.2 halogen eXCePt fluorine]
PN2 ◊ VN2 Organic Compound Wgram æææ
3
Æ X-
HNO
n N2 = but % N in Organic Compound
R ◊ TN2 AgNO
ion in solution ææææ
3
Æ AgX
wN2
= ¥ 100 W Gram ________________________________
W
W g of Organic Compound is reacted with concentrated
nN2 ¥ 28 ¥ 100
\ %N = HNO3, then AgNO3 solution is added in the remaining solu-
W

tion (containing halide ion solution which is obtained by re-

action between Organic Compound and concentrated HNO3).
eXPeriMental Methods
Weight of residue will be formed if w1 g white precipitate, w2
for deterMination of
g of AgBr (pale yellow precipitate) and w3 g of AgI (bright atoMiC Mass of Metals
yellow precipitate) are formed. Then calculate % composi- Dulong Petit’s law
tion of Cl, Br and iodine. Atomic weight ¥ Specific heat of compound ≥ 6.4
wCl (i) This is experimental law.
% WCl in Organic Compound = ¥ 100
W (ii) Specific heat should be measured in calorie/gram.
1 ¥ n[AgCl] ¥ 35.5 ¥ 100 (iii) The above expression given is approximately Atomic
= (using POAC)
W weight.
1 ¥ w1 ¥ 35.5
% WCl in Organic Compound = ¥ 100 1 g of metal at 30º was immersed in 10 g of water at 19.886
143.5 ¥ W ºC. If the final temperature is 20ºC then predict that metal
as same
could be iron (Specific heat of H2O = 1 cal/g).
1 ¥ w2 80
% WBr in Organic Compound = ¥ ¥ 100 1 gm metal at 10 gm water at
188 W 30°C 19.866°C
1 ¥ w3
% WI in Organic Compound = ¥ 127 ¥ 100
235 ¥ W
20°C
estiMation of sulPhur Heat lost by metal = Heat gained by water
m1C1Dt1 = m2C2 Dt2
W g sample of Organic Compound was reacted with concen-
trated HNO3. The remaining solution containing H2SO4 (ob- 1 ¥ C1 ¥ [30 – 20] = 10 ¥ 1[20 – 19.886]
tained after all the sulphure gets oxidised to SO3 and then to \ C1 = 0.114
H2SO4) was reacted with excess of BaCl2 solution and w1 g 6.4
of white ppt of BaSO4 was obtained. Calculate % composi- \ Atomic mass = = 56.2
0.114
tion of sulphur.
w 1 ¥ w1 ¥ 32
% S = S ¥ 100 = ¥ 100
W W ¥ 233 deterMination of
MoleCular Mass
estiMation of PhosPhorus [viCtor MaYer Method]
Weight
Organic Compound æææ
3 HNO
Æ H3PO4 æææææææ Æ
Magnesia mixture PV = nRT = ¥ RT
[MgSO + NH Cl] 4 4 Molar Mass
D
Mg(NH4)PO4 ææ
Æ Mg2P2O7 (white ppt) W RT
M Mass =
( P – P ¢)V
W g sample of Organic Compound was reacted with
HNO3. All phosphorous after being oxidised to H3PO4 was Vair displaced = Vvapour
reacted with magnesia mixture and a yellow precipitate was and Pair displaced = Pvapour
obtained, which on heating gives w1 g of white precipitate of
Mg2P2O7. Calculate % of P in Organic Compound. w ( P – P¢)V
and =
w Molar mass RT
% of P in Organic Compound = P ¥ 100
W
2 ¥ w1 31 P = P + Pdisplaced air
= ¥ ¥ 100
222 W
From
2[nMg 2 P2O7 ]
¥ 31 ¥ 100
W
W gram Water
estiMation of oXYgen
Weight of oxygen in Organic Compound Fig. 1.3

= Weight of organic compound – W ¢
[sum of weight of all element] \ Pdisplaced air = (P – P¢)

Mole Concept 1.7
Vapour of volatile substance are collected over water and and Molar Mass of AgX = Atomic Mass of Ag + Molecular
measured by the method as Duma’s method. Mass of X
w1
deterMination of ¥ 108 = 108 + Molecular Mass of X
w2
MoleCular Mass of
organiC aCid silver salt Èw ˘
Molecular mass of X = Í 1 ¥ 108 - 108˙
Method Î w2 ˚
Hydrogen connected to a more electronegative atom is acidic. Molecular mass of HX = Atomic Mass of H + Molecu-
Basicity is defined as the number moles of hydrogen ion
lar Mass of X
in 1 mole of given acid.
AgNO3 soluton D = 1 + M.M. of X
Organic Acid ææææææ Æ Silver salt ææ Æ Ag
For monobasic Acid (CH3COOH) Molecular mass of HX or Organic Acid = 1 + Molar Mass
AgNO D of X
HX ææææ 3
Æ AgX ææ
Æ Ag
CH3COOH w1 w2 For dibasic Acid H2X
Applying POAC on Ag Atom ÔÏ È w ˘ Ô¸

Molecular mass of H2X = 2 + Ì Í 1 ¥ 108 - 108˙ ˝ ¥ 2
w1 w2 w
ÓÔ Î 2 ˚ ˛Ô
=
Molar Mass of AgX Atomic Mass of Ag
ÏÔ È w1 ˘ ¸Ô
w For tribasic Acid H3X = 3 + Ì Í ¥ 108 - 108˙ ˝ ¥ 3
\ Molar Mass of AgX = 1 ¥ Atomic Mass of Ag ÓÔ Î w2 ˚ ˛Ô
w2
w1 Èw ˘
= ¥ 108 = Í ¥ 108 - 107 ˙ ¥ 3
w2 w
Î 2 ˚
Solved Examples
1. Calculate the volume of 1 mole gas exerting pressure Sol. 1 mole of S8 = NA molecules of S8 = 8 ¥ 32 g
of 1 atm at a temperature of 273 K. 64 N
nRT \ number of molecules = = A
Sol. V = = 0.0821 ¥ 273 = 22.4 L 8 ¥ 32 4
P NA
2. Calculate the volume of 1 mole of gas exerting pres- \ number of atom of sulphur = 8 ¥ = 2 NA
4
sure of 1 atm at a temperature of 300 K. 6. Calculate the number of molecules in
Sol. PV = nRT (i) 34.2 g of cone sugar (C12H22O11)
nRT (ii) 1 L of water assuming density 1 g
\ V= = 1 ¥ 0.0821 ¥ 300 = 24.3 L (iii) 1 drop of water having mass 0.05 g
P
3. 44.8 L of oxygen contains how many moles of O2? 34.2 N
Sol. (i) ¥ NA = A
Sol. Since T and P are not given, so number of mole cannot 342 10
be calculated. (ii) 1 mL = 1 g
4. 22.4 L of aq.{H2O] at STP contains how many moles? 1000 g
Sol. 1 mL = 1 g \ 1000 mL = NA
18
1000 0.05 N
1 litre = 1000 g = moles (iii) ¥ NA = A
18 18 360
Calculation of number of atoms and molecules in a given 7. Elemental analysis of an organic compound containing
mass of substance. C, H, N and O and weighing 7.3 g was found to contain
5. How many atoms and molecules of sulphur are present 3.6 g of carbon, 0.7 g of H and 1.4 g of nitrogen. Cal-
in 64 g of S8? culate Empirical formula.

0.7 \ number of moles of O2 obtained

Sol. H 0.7 = 0.7 7
1 3 3 È 1.49 ˘
3.6 = [n] = ¥ Í ˙
C 3.6 = 0.3 3 2 2 Î 74.5 ˚
12 3 È 1.49 ˘
1.4 \ mass of O2 = ¥ 32
N 1.4 = 0.1 1 2 ÍÎ 74.5 ˙˚
14
\ volume of oxygen at STP
1.6
O 1.6 = 0.1 1 3 1.49
1.6 = ¥ ¥ 22.4 L = 0.672 L
\ Empirical formula = C3H7NO 2 74.5
11. When 4 g of CaCO3 and sand mixture is treated with
OR
excess of HCl, 0.88 g of CO2 is produced. Calculate %
weight weight weight of CaCO3.
C H
Atomic weight Atomic weight
Sol. CaCO3 + 2HCl Æ CO2 + H2O + CaCl2
weight weight
N O Sand + HCl Æ No reaction
Atomic weight Atomic weight 0.88
C 3.6 H 0.7 N 1.4 O1.6 = C3H 7 NO Number of moles of CO2 = = 0.02 mole
44
12 1 14 1.6
\ number of moles of CaCO3 = 0.02 moles
8. Calculate the Empirical formula of the following min-
erals that have the following composition: ZnSO4 = 0.02 ¥ 100
\ % mass of CaCO3 = ¥ 100
56.14 H2O = 43.86. Weight of mixture
56.14 0.35 0.02 ¥ 100
Sol. ZnSO4 56.14 = 0.35 =1 = ¥ 100 = 50%
161.4 0.35 4
43.86 2.44
H2O 43.86 = 2.44 =7 12. A sample of 5 g of natural gas consisting of methane
18 0.35 and ethylene was burnt in excess of O2 yielding 14.5 g
ZnSO4.7H2O of CO2. Calculate the weight % of ethylene.
9. Calculate Empirical formula of hydrocarbon if 1.4 g of Sol. CH4 = x g
this compound is on complete combustion. Gives 4.4 g C2H4 = 5 – x g
of CO2 and 1.8 g of H2O. Number of Moles of CH4 = x/16
y Number of Moles of C2H4 = 5 – x/28
Sol. CxHy + O2 Æ xCO2 + H2O CH4 + O2 Æ CO2 + 2 H2O
2
 1 mole of CO2 contains 1 mole of C C2H4 + O2 Æ 2 CO2 + 2 H2O
\ 44 g of CO2 contains 12 gram of C 14.5
\ 4.4 g of CO2 contain 1.2 g of C Number of Moles of CO2 =
44
1 mole H2O contains 2 mole of H. [from methane and ethylene]
18 gram H2O contains 2 mole = 2 g
14.5 È5 - x ˘ Èx ˘
\ 1.8 gram H2O contains 2 mole = 0.2 g = Í ¥ 2˙ + Í ¥ 1˙
44 Î 28 ˚ Î16 ˚
1.2
C 1.2 0.1 1 5- x
1.2 \ % weight of ethylene = ¥ 100
0.2 5
H 0.2 0.2 2 13. In a rocket motor filled with butane, how many kg of
1
CH2 = EF liquid oxygen should be provided for each kg of butane
for its complete combustion?
10. Calculate the weight of KClO3 required and the weight
13
of oxygen in product. If 1.49 g of KCl is obtained on Sol. C4H10 + O2 Æ 4CO2 + 5 H2O
heating, calculate the volume of oxygen at STP. 2
Sol. 2KClO3 Æ 2 KCl + 3O2 [1 ¥ 103 g]
1.49 1000
Number of moles of KCl = \ number of moles of C4H10 =
74.5 58
2 moles of KCl produced from 2 moles of KClO3.
\ mass of KClO3 = n ¥ molecular weight È1000 ˘ 13
\ number of moles of O2 = Í ¥
1.49 Î 58 ˙˚ 2
= ¥ 122.5
74.5 È1000 ˘ 13
\ Mass of O2 = Í ¥ ¥ 32 gram = 3.586 Kg
and 2 moles of KClO3 is required for 3 moles of O2. Î 58 ˙˚ 2

Mole Concept 1.9
14. In a sample of NaCl and KCl weight of mixture is 20.75 2.76 È Weight ˘
g. This was dissolved in water and heated with excess
138
= 12 Í ˙ \ Weight = 1.163 gram
Î 698.2 ˚
of AgNO3. If weight of white precipitate of AgNO3 is
43.05 g, calculate the weight of each component. 17. For preparation of H2SO4 from iron pyrite [FeS2] in-
volves following set of reaction:
Sol. Weight of NaCl = x g FeS2 + O2 æÆ Fe2O3 + SO2
\ weight of KCl = 20.75 – x g SO2 + O2 æÆ SO3
AgNO SO3 + H2O æÆ H2SO4
NaCl ææææ 3
Æ AgCl
H 2O Calculate the weight of H2SO4 which can be obtained
x
= (a mole) when 240 kg of FeS2 is used.
58.5 Sol. Applied POAC of S
AgNO3
KCl ææææ Æ AgCl 2 moles of FeS2 = 1 ¥ moles of H2SO4
H O2
20.75 - x È Weight of FeS2 ˘ È Weight of H 2SO 4 ˘
= (b mole) 2Í ˙ = 1¥ Í ˙
143.5 Î MM of FeS2 ˚ Î MM of H 2SO 4 ˚
43.05 x 20.75 - x È 240 ¥ 103 ˘
a+b= = + È weight ˘
143.5 58.5 74.5 2Í ˙ = 1¥ Í
Î MM of FeS 2˚ Î 98 ˙˚
If chemical reaction are not balanced [Principle of Atomic Weight of H2SO4 = 392 kg
conservation] [POAC]
v w w
According to this theory, if atoms are conserved, then moles 18. If 20 % is given then convert into % and % .
of atoms shall also be conserved [POAC]. V W V
This concept is used when chemical reaction is not bal- If d is the density of solution.
anced and atleast one of the atoms is such that it is present Sol. 100 mL of solution contains 20 mL of NaOH and 80
only in one given compound and required compound. mL of H2O.
KClO3 Æ KCl + O2 w Mass of solution - Mass of solvent
% = ¥ 100
Applied POAC on K atom W Mass of solution
Weight of KClO3 Weight of KCl È100d - 80 ¥ 1˘ È100d - 80 ˘
= Í ¥ 100 = Í ˙˚ %
Molar Mass of KClO3 = Molar Mass of KCl Î 100 d ˙
˚ Î d
Applied POAC on oxygen atom
w È 100d - 80 ¥1 ˘
3 ¥ moles of KClO3 = 2 ¥ moles of O2 %= Í ˙ ¥ 100 = [100d – 80]%
V Î100(Volumeof solution) ˚
Weight of KClO3 Weight of O 2
3¥ =2¥ w
MM of KClO3 MM of O 2 19. Given 20 % of aq. NaOH. Then find its molarity.
V
15. CaCO3 æÆ CaO + CO2
Sol. 100 mL solution contains 20 g NaOH.
1000 g weight of CO2 = ?
\ 1000 mL solution contains 200 g NaOH
POAC on C atom 200
1 ¥ mole of CaCO3 = 1 mole of CO2 \ number of moles = = 5 moles
40
Weight of CaCO3 Weight of CO 2 and 1000 mL = 1 L
=
MM of CaCO3 MM of CO 2 5
1000 weight of CO 2 \ molarity = = 5 M.
= 1
100 44 w
Weight of CO2 = 440 g 20. Convert 40 % NaOH solution into molarity. If
W
16. Calculate the mass of compound [K2Zn3[Fe(CN)6]2 density of solution is d g/mL.
when 2.76 g of K2CO3 undergoes series of reaction Sol. 100 g solution contains 40 g NaOH.
such that all carbons convert into this complex. Given 40 g of NaOH = 1 mole
Molar Mass of complex compound (C.C) = 698.2 and
100 1
MM of K2CO3 = 138. Volume of solution = = L
d ¥ 1000 10 d
Sol. K2CO3 Æ K2Zn3[Fe(CN)6]2
È Mass ˘
Applied POAC on carbon ÍSince V = density ˙
1 mole of K2CO3 = 12 ¥ moles of complex Î ˚
Weight of K 2 CO3 È Weight of C.C ˘ 1
= 12 Í  L solution contains 1 mole of NaOH
˙ 10 d
MM of K 2 CO3 Î MM of C.C ˚

\ 1 L solution contains 1 mole of NaOH \ molarity after ionisation

1 0.1 ¥ 80
= = 10 dM 0.1 – aa 2aa
1 100
10 d 0.1 ¥ 80 2 ¥ 0.1 ¥ 80
=
\ Molarity = 10 dM 100 100
M Be+2 = 0.08 M
21. Calculate molality of 20% by mass NaOH solution. and M Cl- = 0.16 M
Sol. 20 % by mass means 20 g NaOH present in 80 g of
solvent. pH = – log[H+]
20/40 20 1000 [H+] Æ [1] 10–7 10–14
\ Molality m = = ¥ Neutral
80/1000 40 80 Acidic Basic
PH O ¨æææ 7 æææ
Æ 14
22. A solution of I2 in benzene has a mole fraction of
I2 = 0.2. If density of solute is 1.2 g/mL, calculate 25. Calculate the degree of dissociation of pure water at
(i) Molality (ii) Molarity 298 K if it is known that pH = 7.
Sol. I2 in benzene means I2 solute and benzene solvent Sol. H2O æÆ H+ + OH–
nI 55.55 M 0 0
and X I 2 = 2 [55.55 – 55.55a] 55.55a 55.55a
Sn
nI 2 = X I 2 ¥ Sn but [H+] = 55.55a = 1 ¥ 10–7
1 ¥ 10-7 1
\ nC6H6 = xC6H6 ¥ Sn \ a= = = 1.8 ¥ 10–9
55.55 55.55 ¥ 107
X I 2 = 0.2 \ X C6H6 = 1 – 0.2 = 0.8 Hence, out of 55.55 ¥ 107 molecule of water, only one
x I 2 ¥ Sn molecule dissociate.
m= ¥ 1000 concentration of any ion
xC6H6 ¥ Sn ¥ 78 Note: a =
concentration of that ion (theoritically)
È x I 2 ¥ Sn ˘ (complete ionisation)
M= Í ˙ ¥ 1000
[(
Í I2 x ¥ S n ) ¥ 254] + ( xC6 H 6 ◊ S n ) ¥ 78 ˙ 26. If Molarity of Na3PO4 is 1 molar and concentration of
ÍÎ 1.2 gram/ml ˙˚ Na ion is 0.2 M. Calculate % dissociation of Na3PO4.
23. Calculate molality of all ions present in 1 molar Sol. Na3PO4 æÆ 3Na+ + PO -4 - -
Al2(SO4)3 solution. Given that density of solution = 1 0 0
2.34 g/mL. 1–x 3x x
1 If complete ionisation actually
Sol. mAl2 (SO4 )3 = ¥ 1000 ---
1000 ¥ 2.342 - 1 ¥ 342 1 mole gives 3 mole Na+ and 1 mole PO 4
2 Given that 3x = 0.2
mAl+3 = ¥ 1000 = 1 m
2000 0.2 20
\ a= ¥ 100 = = 6.6 %
3 3 3
m - - = 3 ¥ 100 = m
SO4
2000 2 27. (i) 200 mL of 1 M HCl solution is mixed with 800 mL
of 2 M HCl solution. Calculate the molarity of final
Case II: Degree of Dissociation solution.
Moles dissociated (x) Number of moles of solute
= Sol. Molarity =
Total number of moles before dissociation Total volume(V1 + V2 )
x
a= È ˘
a Í 1 ¥ 200 2 ¥ 800 ˙
\ x = aa Í 1000 + 1000 ˙
For A æÆ 3B + C = Í ˙ ¥ 1000
Î 800 + 200 ˚
a 0 0
a–x 3x x = 1.8 M
(a – aa) (3aa) (aa) (ii) If density of solution is 1.2 g/mL, calculate molal-
24. Find the molarity of each ion in 0.1 M BaCl2 consider- ity.
ing degree of dissociation = 80 % 1000 M
Sol. m =
BeCl2 æÆ Be+2 + 2Cl– 1000d - Molar Mass of solute
0.1 0 0 1.8 ¥ 1000
0.1 – x x 2x = m
1000 ¥ 1.2 - 1.8 ¥ 36.5

Mole Concept 1.11
(iii) If sample of H2SO4 in 1.8 g/mL is 98% wt. What 30. Calculate [H+] concentration if 0.2 M of H2SO4 solu-
is the volume of acid that has to be taken to tion having volume 100 mL is mixed with 0.1 M of 300
form 1 L of 0.2 M H2SO4 solution? mL of NaOH.
Sol. 2NaOH + H2SO4 Æ Na2SO4 + 2 H2O
98 % wt. diluted 1L of 0.2 M before reaction
Sol. æææÆ
1.8 g/mL H 2SO 4 solvent No. of moles of NaOH = 0.1 ¥ 0.300
No. of moles of H2SO4 = 0.2 ¥ 0.100
Number of mole of solute before dilution = Number of No. of moles of H2SO4 after reaction
mole of solute after dilution
0.003
È 98/98 ˘ = 0.02 – = .005
V ¥ M = 1 ¥ 0.2 = Í ¥ 1000 2
100 ˙
Í ˙ \ [H+] = 2 ¥ 0.005 Mole = 0.01 mole
Î 1.8 ˚
È 0.01˘
28. 10 mL of H2O[d = 1 g/mL] and 4 mL of CH3OH \ molarity = Í ¥ 1000 = 0.025 M
[d = 0.8 g/mL) is mixed to form a solution. If the den- Î 400 ˙˚
sity of final solution is 1.1 g/mL, calculate the molarity 31. 200 mL of 0.1 M NaCl is mixed with 100 mL of 0.2 M
of final solution. AgNO3 solution. Calculate molarity of all the ions in
Sol. WH2O = 10 ¥ 1 = 10 g final solution.
Sol. NaCl + AgNO3 Æ AgClØ + NaNO3
WCH3OH = 4 ¥ 0.8 = 3.2 g
0.2 ¥ 0.1 0.1 ¥ 0.2 ppt
Total weight of solution = 10 + 3.2 = 13.2 g 0.02 0.02 \ if no ion is formed
13.2 0 0 0.02 0.02
\ volume of solution = = 12 mL
1.1 0.02
\ M Na + = ¥ 1000 and
È 3.2/32 ˘ 300
\ molarity of solution = Í ˙ ¥ 100
Î 12 ˚ 0.02
M NO- = ¥ 1000
3 300
Note:
32. 10 L mixture of C2H6 and C3H8 at STP on complete
1. If during mixing of solution, mass of final solu-
combustion gives 22 L of CO2 at STP. Find the molar
tion and density of final solution is given then
concentration of the mixture in molar ratio.
volume of solution should be calculated by
Total mass 7
V= Sol. C2H6 + O2 Æ 2CO2 + 3H2O
Density of solution 2
2. If any one data of the following is not given: C3H8 + 5O2 Æ 3CO2 + 4H2O
(a) mass of any mixing substance (b) density Since V µ Number of moles of gas
of resultant solution, then it has to be assumed
and VCO2 = 22 L = [VCO2 ]C2H6 + [VCO2 ]C3H8
that there is no volume contraction or expan-
sion taking place and V = V1 + V2 + …… = 2V + 3(10 – V) = 22
\ –V = –8
29. 100 mL of 0.1 M of Al2(SO4)3 is mixed with 100 mL V=8L
of 0.1 M AlCl3. Calculate molarity of Al+3 ion if final VC2H6 nC H 8
solution has density of 1.2 g/mL. \ = 2 6 = =4:1
VC3H8 nC3H8 2
100 ¥ 0.1
Sol. nAl2 (SO4 )3 = = 0.01 mole 33. If volume of CO2 is 24 L at 1 atm and 300 K in Q32,
1000
then calculate the molar composition of initial mixture.
nAlCl3 = 100 ¥ 0.1 = 0.01 mole PV PV
1000 1 1
= 2 2
\ n of Al+3 T1 T2
0.02 mole + 0.01 mole = 0.03 mole PV T 1 ¥ 24 ¥ 273
\ V2 = 1 1 2 =
From Al2(SO4)3 and AlCl3 P2T1 1 ¥ 300
\ molarity of Al+3 V2 = 2V + 3[10 – V]
nAl+3
= Note:
Total volume If in a question [volume or pressure] is given in dif-
È 0.03 ˘ ferent conditions then it is better to convert at STP
= Í ¥ 1000
Î 200 ˙˚ PV
condition by using 1 1 = 2 2
PV
= 1.5 ¥ 10–1 M T1 T2

34. A mixture of C2H6 and C3H8 at 200 mm of Hg on com- 37. The vapour of W g sample of Organic Compound oc-
plete combustion gives CO2 at 450 mm Hg. Calculate cupy V mL at STP in Victor mayer process. Calculate
molar ratio of initial mixture. Molar mass of compound?
Sol. Since P µ Number of moles of gas Sol. From V mL = W gram at STP
450 mm = (PCO2 )C2H6 + (PCO2 )C3H8 W
\ 22400 mL = ¥ 22400 = Molar mass
7 V
C2H6 + O2 Æ 2CO 2 + 3H2O
2 (2x )
38. 0.41 g of silver salt is obtained after reaction between
dibasic acid and silver nitrate solution, which on heat-
C3H8 + 5O2 Æ 3CO 2 + 4 H2O
3[200 - x ] ing gives 0.216 g of residue. Calculate MM of acid.
Sol. w1 = 0.41 g, w2 = 0.216 g
\ 450 = 2x + 3[200 – x]
Acid fi dibasic then
X = 150 = PC2H6
\ PC3H8 = 200 – 150 = 50 Ïw ¸
MM = Ì 1 ¥ 108 - 107 ˝ ¥ 2
nC2H6 3 Ó w2 ˛
\ = Ï 0.410 ¸
nC3H8 1 = Ì ¥ 108 - 107 ˝ ¥ 2 = 196
Ó 0.216 ˛
35. 1 g of metal at 30º was immersed in 10 g of water at
19.886 ºC. If the final temperature is 20ºC then predict 39. Estimation of Molar Mass
that metal could be iron (Specific heat of H2O = 1 cal/g). of silver salt, acid graph of
Sol. 1 gm metal at 10 gm water at the residue obtained and the
30°C 19.866°C weight of silver salt was
plotted as shown in fol- Ag
q = 30°
lowing graph. If the acid (w2)
20°C is known to be monobasic, Silver salt
(w1)
Heat lost by metal = Heat gained by water calculate Molar Mass of
Fig. 1.4
salt and Molar Mass of acid.
m1C1Dt1 = m2C2 Dt2
1 ¥ C1 ¥ [30 – 20] = 10 ¥ 1[20 – 19.886] w1 w2
Sol. We know =
\ C1 = 0.114 Molar Mass of AgX Molar Mass of Ag
6.4 w1 1
\ atomic mass = = 56.2 Slope = tan 30° = =
0.114 w2 3
36. A sample of Organic Compound weight 10 g in Victor
w2 1 Molar Mass of Ag
mayer process was found to displace 2.463 mL at 1 atm \ = =
and 300 K. Calculate Molar Mass of volatile substance. w1 3 Molar Mass of AgX
Weight 10 Patm ¥ VLiter 1 108
Sol. n = = = =
Molar Mass Molar Mass 0.0821 ¥ TKelvin 3 Molar Mass of AgX
10 g Æ 2.463 mL [At P = 1 atm and T = 300 K]
Molar Mass of AgX = 108 3
10 1 ¥ 2.463 ¥ 10-3
= \ Molar Mass of HX = [108 3 - 107]
Molar mass 0.0821 ¥ 300
\ molar mass = 105 g
Exercise
(c) Ratio of number of nitrogen atom to number of
level i oxygen atom is 3 : 4.
(d) Total number of atoms in one mole of (NH4)3PO4
1. Select the correct statement(s) for (NH4)3PO4. is 20.
(a) Ratio of number of oxygen atom to number of (a) ab (b) abc (c) bc (d) All
hydrogen atom is 1 : 3. 2. What volume (in mL) of liquid H2O2 has same number
(b) Ratio of number of cation to number of anion is of atoms as there are number of atoms in 22.4 mL H2O
3 : 1. gas at 2 atm and 546 K?

Mole Concept 1.13
[Given: Density of liquid H2O2 = 5.1 ¥ 10–3 g/mL; 14. X is molecular substance containing 21 atoms of car-
Density of liquid H2O = 1 g / mL] bon per molecule. The weight % of C in X is 50.4%.
(a) 2 (b) 5 (c) 3.5 (d) 4.2 What is the molecular weight of X in amu?
3. A sample of Mg3(PO4)2 contains 72 g Mg in the sam- (a) 500 (b) 200 (c) 300 (d) 400
ple. Calculate the number of g molecule of oxygen in 15. Calculate pressure (in atm) exerted by gas at 27°C,
the sample. which is produced by the complete decomposition of
(a) 2 (b) 3 (c) 3.5 (d) 4 162.5 g of FeCl3 in 0.0821 L container according to the
4. What mass (in gram) of Na2SO4 would contain the same following reaction: (Assume volume occupied by the
number of total ions as present in 930 g of Ca3(PO4)2? solid substances is negligible.)
(a) 710 (b) 800 (c) 200 (d) 500 FeCl3(s) æÆ FeCl2 (s) + Cl2 (g)
5. A sample of Cl contains 80% Cl35 and 20% Cl37 iso- (a) 250 (b) 150 (c) 15 (d) 300
topes. The average number of neutrons per atom is 16. A term ‘P’ is defined as
(a) 18.4 (b) 19.4 (c) 35.4 (d) 20.4 P = 294 ¥ (Ratio of masses of Al2 (SO4)3 and H2SO4 in
6. A sample of K2SO4. Al2(SO4)3. 24 H2O contains 6.4 kg g each containing 96 g of sulphur).
oxygen. Calculate mass of sulphur (in gram) in same Calculate P.
sample. (a) 342 (b) 294 (c) 684 (d) 171
(a) 1280 (b) 1000 (c) 128 (d) 12.8 17. Calculate molality(m) of pure water if its density is
7. A 448 L vessel contains O2(g) and CO2 (g) in 2 : 3 ratio 0.936 g/mL.
at 1 atm and 0°C. Calculate the number of moles of (a) 50 (b) 55.56 (c) 57.56 (d) 56.56
CO2 (g) present in the vessel. 18. The volume (in mL) of 0.5 M NaOH required for the
(a) 12 (b) 1.1 (c) 1.2 (d) 120 complete reaction with 150 mL of 1.5M H3PO3 solu-
8. Find the value of ‘x’, if hydrated salt A2SO4 . xH2O tion is
undergoes 45% loss in mass on heating and becomes (a) 1350 (b) 900 (c) 1250 (d) 1150
anhydrous (where atomic weight of ‘A’ is 7). 19. For the reaction,
(a) 8 (b) 9 (c) 10 (d) 5 AlCl3 + NaOH æÆ Al(OH)3 + NaCl
9. Calculate the volume of Cl2 gas (in mL) liberated at 1 if initially, 1 mole of each reactant is taken, then the
atm and 273 K when 1.74 g MnO2 reacts with 2.19 g number of moles of AlCl3 remaining after the comple-
HCl according to the following reaction with % yield tion of reaction is
40: 1
(a) 1 (b)
MnO2 + HCl æÆ MnCl2 + Cl2 + H2O 3
(a) 336 mL (b) 112 mL (c) 134.4 mL(d) 44.8 mL 2
(c) (d) None of these
10. Calculate the mass % of CaCO3 in the 103 g mixture 3
containing CaCO3 and Na2CO3, which produces 24 L 20. A mixture of CaCO3 and CaO on heating gives off
of CO2 at 1 atm and 300 K with excess of HCl. 22.4 L of CO2 gas at 273 K and 1 atm. If the same mass
[Given : R = 0.08 atm. lit / mol/ K] of mixture when treated with HCl required 219 g of
(a) 50 % (b) 48.5 % (c) 53 % (d) 40 % HCl for complete reaction, then the mole % of CaCO3
11. Calculate the mass of HCl (in g) produced if 2 g H2 is in the mixture is
mixed with 71 g Cl2. (a) 50% (b) 33.33%
H2 + Cl2 æÆ 2HCl (c) 25% (d) None of these
(a) 35.5 (b) 72 (c) 36.5 (d) 73 21. The relative density of a mixture of CO2 (g) and H2O (g)
12. Select the correct statement(s): w.r.t. gaseous hydrogen atoms is 30. The molecular %
(a) Number of oxygen atoms are same in 1 g O2 and of the CO2 is
1 g O3. 600 2400
(a) (b) %
(b) 1 g molecule of any substance contains equal 13 13
number of atoms. 1200
(c) Reactant having minimum number of moles, acts (c) (d) None of these
13
as limiting reagent. 22. Molar mass of electron is nearly (NA = 6 ¥ 1023)
(d) During a chemical reaction total number of moles (a) 9.1 ¥ 10–31 kg mol–1 (b) 9.1 ¥ 10–31 g mol–1
may increase or constant. (c) 54.6 ¥ 10–8 g mol–1 (d) 54.6 ¥ 10–8 kg mol–1
13. Calculate the volume (in mL) of NO2 at 1 atm and 273 23. Calculate the number of moles of compound (KH-
K obtained by treating 12.7 g of Cu with excess of con- C2O4)0.95· H2C2O4 in its pure sample if sample contains
centrated nitric acid from the following reaction: 4 moles of oxygen atoms.
Cu(s) + HNO3 (aq) æÆ Cu(NO3)2 (aq) + H2O (l) + NO2
(a) 0.5 (b) 0.5 ¥ 0.95
(a) 8960 (b) 896 (c) 89.3 (d) 6900 4 4
(c) (d)
(4 + 0.95 ¥ 4) 0.95

24. What is the relationship between mole fraction of of a 32. One of the major uses of H2O2 is for artificial respira-
solute (XA) and its molality (m). If molar mass of sol- tion. It is stored in cylinder of 3 L capacity completely
vent is 100. (g/mol). filled with H2O2 solution of ‘44.8 V’. In a hospital, pa-
(X A) (X A) tient under artificial respiration takes 200 mL O2 per
(a) (b) min at 1 atm at 273 K for 2.8 hours from cylinder.
10 (1 - X A ) 100 (1 - X A )
[Assume volume of solution and rate of decomposition
10 (1 - X A ) 10 ( X A ) remain constant.]
(c) (d) Then which of the following statements is incorrect?
(X A) (1 - X A )
(a) Initial moles of H2O2 in a cylinder are 12.
25. 100 mL of 0.1 M ammonium phosphite solution is (b) Volume of oxygen used for respiration is 33.6 L.
mixed with 200 mL of 0.2 M sodium pyrophosphate (c) Volume strength of H2O2 left in solution is 11.2 V.
solution. Assuming complete dissociation of each salt (d) Volume strength of H2O2 left in solution is 33.6 V.
and no reaction occurs between the ions produced, cal- 33. Two gases N2 and H2 are allowed to react completely to
culate the concentration of total positive ions in mil- form mixture of N2H2(l) and N2H4 (g) leaving no reac-
limoles per litre.
tants. Formation of N2H2 (l) does not create any energy
(a) 600 (b) 200 (c) 500 (d) 60
change whereas formation of 1 mL N2H4 (g) absorbs 2 J
26. A mixture of C2H4, CO and N2 gases having total pres-
energy. Ratio of volume contraction to energy change
sure 250 mm of Hg in which 250 mm Hg of O2 is added
(in mL / Joule) when 30 mL N2 and 40 mL H2 react
at 27°C and then sparked. After the system is brought
to the original temperature, the total pressure becomes under similar conditions of temperature and pressure.
370 mm of Hg. If the partial pressure of CO2 is 200 mm (a) 3mL /J (b) 5mL /J
of Hg, then calculate the sum of initial pressure of CO (c) 6mL /J (d) None of these
and O2 in mm of Hg before the sparking 34. 150 mL mixture of CO and CO2 is passed through a
Given : At 27°C aqueous tension is 20 mm of Hg. tube containing excess of red hot charcoal. The volume
(a) 100 (b) 200 (c) 300 (d) 350 becomes 200 mL due to reaction.
27. Human lungs can absorb 8 g O2 per hour by respira- CO2 (g) + C(s) æÆ 2CO (g)
tion. If all oxygen atoms are converted to carbohy- Select the correct statement(s).
drates (C6H12O6), how long will it take to produce 180 (a) Mole percent of CO2 in the original mixture is 50.
g C6H12O6? (b) Mole fraction of CO in the original mixture is 0.56.
(a) 8 hr (b) 12 hr (c) 10 hr (d) 6 hr (c) Original mixture contains 50 mL of CO2.
28. If in a sample of oleum, mole fraction of SO3 is 0.5, (d) Original mixture contain 50 mL of CO.
label the oleum sample. 35. A mixture of formic acid and oxalic acid is heated in
(a) 109 % (b) 110.11 % the presence of H2SO4.
(c) 104.5 % (d) 114.22 HCOOH æÆ H2O + CO
29. Manganese oxide (MnO2) is heated in a stream of hy- H2C2O4 æÆ H2O + CO2 + CO
drogen to give water and new oxide MnxOy. If 17.4 g of
MnO2 produces 12.6 g of MnxOy then y : x will be The produced gaseous mixture is collected and cooled.
On its treatment with KOH solution, the volume of
1 3 5
(a) 1 (b) (c) (d) gaseous mixture decreases by one-tenth. Calculate the
2 2 2 molar ratio of the two acid in original mixture. [If the
30. A pure sample of an element ‘E’ is cut by knife into
simplest ratio is a : b then find a + b.]
perfect cubes. If 7.5 ¥ 1022 atoms are present in one
(a) 6 (b) 9 (c) 2 (d) 5
such cube and ‘a’ is edge length of cube in cm, then
36. In a tyre of a ‘ferrari’ car, a tube having a volume of
what will be the value of a6 (in cm6)?
12.3 L is filled with air at a pressure of 4 atm at 300
[Given : Atomic mass of E = 32, NA = 6 ¥ 1023, Density
K. Due to travelling, the temperature of the tube and
of element = 4/3 g/cm3 ]
air inside it is raised to 360 K. The porosity (number
(a) 9 (b) 4 (c) 16 (d) 25
of pores per unit area) of the tube material is 5 ¥ 105
31. Which of the following option(s) is incorrect?
pores/cm2 and each pore can transfer air from inside to
[Take H2O to be solvent in every case and solute is
outside of tube at the rate of 6.023 ¥ 108 molecules per
completely soluble]
minute. Due to above factors, pressure reduces to 3.6
(a) If mass fraction of CaBr2 and H2O are same then
atm in 20 min. Calculate the total surface area (m2) of
molality of CaBr2 is 5 m.
the tube, assuming volume of tube to be constant. (R =
(b) If equal moles of NaCl and H2O are taken then
0.082 lit-atm/mole-K)
molality of NaCl is 55.55 m.
(a) 5000 (b) 500 (c) 4000 (d) 400
(c) If in place of NaCl we use NaBr as solute in op-
37. Calculate the number of milligrams of SO2 in a sample
tion (2) then molality of NaCl changes.
of air, if in the following reaction 9 mL of 0.008 M
(d) If mole fraction of NaCl is same as that of H2O
KMnO4 solution is required for titration.
then molality of NaCl will be 55.55 m.

Mole Concept 1.15
SO2 + MnO4– æÆ SO4 –2 + Mn+2 47. Calculate the number of Na+ ion present in 142 amu of
(a) 11.52 mg (b) 0.18 mg Na2SO4 in aqueous solution.
(c) 0.072 mg (d) None of these (a) 5 (b) 2 (c) 1 (d) 4
38. Two acids H2SO4 and H3PO4 are neutralised separately 48. 1 mole of diatomic gas A2 contains 32 and 36 moles
by the same amount of base, producing sulphate and of electrons and neutrons respectively. Find the mass
dihydrogen phosphates respectively. The ratio of mass number of element A.
of H2SO4 and H3PO4 reacted with base respectively is (a) 32 (b) 68 (c) 40 (d) 34
(a) 1 : 1 (b) 2 : 1 49. Find the number of moles of Na3PO4 which contain as
(c) 1 : 2 (d) Data insufficient many ions as present in 6840 g of Al2(SO4)3.
39. Calculate mass % of oxygen in water (a) 20 (b) 25 (c) 30 (d) 60
(a) 88.88% (b) 73.68 % 19 39
50. An equimolar mixture of 9 F, 19 K and 32XA have
(c) 20.61% (d) 25.63 % average number of neutron of 25. Find average mass
40. 100 g ‘118% oleum’ sample is mixed with 9 g of H2O. number of mixture.
The final solution has (a) 22.5 (b) 21.5 (c) 45 (d) None
(a) mass % of H2SO4 is 2.7. 51. Find the correct option for 36 g C6H12O6.
(b) Mass % of combined SO3 is 16.3. (a) 4.8 NA molecules of C6H12O6
(c) New labelling as 108.25% oleum. (b) 19.2 NA electrons
(d) Mass % of free SO3 is 80. (c) 0.8 moles
M (d) 0.6 g molecules of oxygen
41. The two solutions of NaOH having molarity and 52. To obtain maximum mass of NO2 from a given mass of
M 10
are mixed to prepare 1 L of NaOH solution in such a mixture of NH3 and O2, the ratio of mass of NH3 to
30 O2 should be
a way that 300 mL of final solution is completely neu- 7
tralised by 10 mL of 0.5 M H3PO4 solution. Calculate 2NH3 + O2 æÆ 2NO2 + 3H2O
2
M 17 4
the volume (in mL) of NaOH solution used.
10 (a) (b)
40 7
[Assuming 100% dissociation]
17
(a) 250 mL (b) 350 mL (c) (d) None of these
(c) 50 mL (d) 500 mL 56
42. 1 mole of ammonium phosphite will contain 53. Find the mass (in g) of P4O10 produced if 31 g of phos-
(a) 2 moles of nitrogen atoms. phorus (P4) is mixed with 32 g of O2.
(b) 8 moles of hydrogen atoms. (a) 26.8 (b) 56.8 (c) 568 (d) 5.68
(c) 12 moles of hydrogen atoms. 54. If 200 mL of 0.1 M Na2SO4 is mixed with 100 mL of 0.2
(d) 6 moles of hydrogen atoms. M Na3PO4 solution, what is the molarity of Na+ in the
43. In a container 6 L N2 and 30 L H2 are taken which react final solution, if final solution has a density of 1.2 g/mL.
according to the following reactions and N2H2 reacts (a) 0.196 M (b) 0.33 M
with H2 to give N2H4. (c) 1.5 M (d) 0 .66 M
55. Mark the option containing temperature-independent
N2(g) + H2(g) æÆ N2H2(g)
concentration terms.
N2H2(g) + H2(g) æÆ N2H4(l)
(I) ppm
Find percentage of volume contracted. (II) %w/w
(a) 50 (b) 40 (c) 30 (d) 60 (III) Volume strength of H2O2
44. Find the total number of carbon atom present in one (IV) % labelling (V) %w/v
molecule, if 0.078 g hydrocarbon having simplest for- (a) All except V (b) I, II, IV
mula unit CH, occupy 22.4 mL of volume at 1 atm and (c) I, II only (d) Only II
0°C.
56. Total number of electrons present in 818O–2 is 1.2 ¥ 1022
(a) 5 (b) 4 (c) 2 (d) 6
then the number of moles of oxide ion present is
45. Find the % mass of Ca in 10 g of pure CaCO3. (a) 2 ¥ 10–3 mole (b) 10–3 mole
(a) 40 (b) 30 (c) 60 (d) 50 (c) 10 mole (d) 0.02 mole
46. Find volume occupied by 1 molecule of CH3CH2OCH3 57. Ratio of number of protons to neutrons in 3.011 ¥ 1022
having density of 0.8 g/cm3. molecules of D3O+ is
[Given : NA = 6 ¥ 1023] (a) 2 (b) 1 (c) 4 (d) 3
(a) 1.25 ¥ 10–22 cm3 (b) 2.25 ¥ 10–22 cm3 58. 80 g of SOx gas occupies 14 L at 2 atm and 273 K. The
(c) 3.25 ¥ 10–22 cm3 (d) 1.00 ¥ 10–22 cm3 value of x is
(Use R = 0.0821L-atm/K-mole)
(a) 3 (b) 2 (c) 1 (d) None

59. Haemoglobin contains 0.25% iron by mass. The mo- 71. If one million atoms of silver weight is 1.79 ¥ 10–16 g,
lecular mass of haemoglobin is 89600 then the number the gram atomic mass of silver is
of iron atoms per molecule of haemoglobin (Atomic (a) 107 g (b) 107.2 g
mass of Fe = 56) is (c) 107.8 g (d) 108.2 g
(a) 8 (b) 4 (c) 12 (d) 160 72. How many g-atoms are present in 1.4 g of Nitrogen?
60. 12 g of mg was burnt in a closed vessel containing 32 g (a) 1 (b) 0.1 (c) 0.01 (d) 0.5
oxygen. Which of the following statements is not cor- 73. On heating a given mass of blue vitrol 95.7 g, anhy-
rect? drous copper sulphate is obtained. The number of water
(a) 2 g of mg will be left unburnt. molecules lost are
(b) 0.75 gram-molecule of O2 will be left unreacted. (a) 3 (b) 5
(c) 20 g of MgO will be formed. (c) 18.06 ¥ 1023 (d) 30.10 ¥ 1023
(d) The mixture at the end will weight 44 g. 74. The amount of zinc needed to produce 112 mL of H2 at
61. Calculate maximum mass of CaCl2 produced when STP on reaction with dil H2SO4 will be
2.4 ¥ 1024 atoms of calcium is taken with 96 L of Cl2 (a) 0.65 g (b) 0.325 g
gas at 380 mm pressure and at 27ºC. (c) 6.5 g (d) 3.25 g
[R : 0.08 atm L/mole-K and NA = 6 ¥ 1023] 75. Calculate the number of electrons present in 18 mL of
(a) 111 g (b) 444 g H2O at 25ºC.
(c) 61 g (d) 222 g
(a) 6.023 ¥ 1023
62. A mixture containing 3 moles each of C4H8 and C6H6
(b) 6.023 ¥ 1024
undergoes complete combustion with O2 to form CO2
180
and H2O. Calculate the total mass of CO2 produced. (c) ¥ 6.023 ¥ 1023
(a) 1320 g (b) 610 g 22400
(c) 528 g (d) 792 g 180
(d) ¥ 6.023 ¥ 1023
63. An impure sample of KClO3 of 50% purity on decom- 22.4
position produces 67.2 L of oxygen at 0ºC and 1 atm. 76. Experimentally it is found that a metal oxide has for-
The other product of decomposition is KCl. The initial mula M0.98O1. Metal M is present as M+2 and M+3 in its
mass of impure original sample (in gram) taken is oxide. Fraction of metal which exist as M+3 would be
(a) 245 (b) 122.5 (a) 7.01% (b) 4.08%
(c) 490 (d) None of these (c) 6.05% (d) 5.08%
64. A cylinder of compressed gas contains nitrogen and 77. The ratio of masses of O2 and N2 in a particular gaseous
oxygen gas in the mole ratio 3 : 1. If the cylinder is mixture is 1 : 4. The ratio of number of their molecules
known to contain 2.40 g of oxygen, what is the total is
mass of gas mixture? (a) 1 : 8 (b) 3 : 16 (c) 1 : 4 (d) 7 : 32
(a) 8.7 g (b) 7.2 g (c) 6.8 g (d) 6.3 g 78. A solution of H2O2 is labelled as 11.2 V. If the density of
65. If in urea [CO(NH2)2] there are 20 g – atoms of nitro- solution is 1.034 g/mL then identity the correct option.
gen present then the mass of urea will be (a) Molarity of solution = 2M
(a) 600 g (b) 60 g 1
(c) 6 g (d) 120 g (b) Molality of solution =
1.034
66. The weight of 2.8 liter of gas at NTP is 3.50 g. Its va- w 3400
pour density is (c) % =
w 1034
(a) 14 (b) 28 (c) 32 (d) 20
w 34
67. If nickel oxide has the formula Ni0.98 O1.00, then what (d) % =
fraction of nickel exist as Ni+3? v 1000
(a) 96% (b) 4% (c) 98% (d) 2% 79. A gaseous mixture of CO and CO2 having total volume
68. Find the number of iodine atoms present in 40 mL of its 150 mL is passed through a tube containing excess of
0.1 M solution. red hot charcoal to cause the following reaction:
(a) 48.1 ¥ 1020 (b) 4.81 ¥ 1020 CO2(g) + C(s) æÆ 2CO(g)
23
(c) 6.02 ¥ 10 (d) None of these The volume increases to 250 mL. Identify the correct
69. Assuming complete ionisation, the pH of 0.1 M HCl is statement.
1. The molarity of H2SO4 with same pH is (a) Original mixture contains 50% by moles CO.
(a) 0.1 (b) 0.2 (c) 0.05 (d) 2 (b) Original mixture contains 33.33% by moles CO.
70. The mole fraction of solute in one molal aqueous solu- (c) Original mixture contains 33.33% by moles CO2.
tion is (d) Mole fraction of CO2 in the original mixture is 0.4.
(a) 0.009 (b) 0.018 (c) 0.027 (d) 0

Mole Concept 1.17
80. Hydrogen gas is prepared in the laboratory by reacting 6. An ore of iron contains FeS and some non-volatile im-
dilute HCl granulated zinc. Following reaction takes purity. On roasting this ore converts all FeS into Fe2O3
place: and 8% loss in weight was observed. Calculate mass
Zn + 2HCl æÆ ZnCl2 + H2 percentage of FeS in ore?
Calculate the volume of H2 evolved at STP when 130.6 FeS + O2 Æ Fe2O3 + SO2
g of zinc reacts with HCl. (a) 20 (b) 60 (c) 88 (d) 44
[Atomic mass of Zn = 65.3] 7. For the reaction,
(a) 22.4 L (b) 44.8 L 7 A + 13 B + 15 C Æ 17 P
(c) 11.35 L (d) 68.1 L if 15 moles of A, 26 moles of B and 30.5 moles of C are
81. For a mixture of KCl and KNO3 which of the following taken initially then limiting reactant is
is possible percentage of K by mass? (a) A (b) B
(a) 10% (b) 45% (c) 70% (d) 90% (c) C (d) None of these
82. In 200 mL of aqueous HCl solution, excess of MnO2 is 8. The number of moles of KOH required for complete
added. If the liberated gas occupies 164.2 mL at 127ºC neutralisation of H2SO4 produced from dissolution of
and 38 cm-Hg, then the molarity of HCl solution is 500 g of 118% oleum in water is nearly
(R = 0.0821 L atm/K mol) (a) 12 (b) 10 (c) 13 (d) 15
90%
MnO2(s) + 4HCl(aq) æÆ 9. Zn + O2 æææ Æ ZnO ... (i)
MnCl2(aq) + Cl2(g) + 2H2O(l) ZnO + H2O Æ Zn(OH)2 ... (ii)
(a) 0.1 M (b) 0.2 M If on taking 130 g of Zn with 100 g of O2 and 50 g of
(c) 0.4 M (d) 0.05 M H2O afterwards 178.2 g Zn(OH)2 is obtained, calculate
the % yield of second reaction.
[Take Zn = 65]
level ii (a) 100 (b) 75 (c) 10 (d) 80
10. A mixture of C2H4, CO and N2 gases having total pres-
1. Select the correct option for increasing order of number sure 250 mm of Hg in which 250 mm Hg of O2 is added
of atoms. at 27°C and then sparked. After the system was brought
(I) 2 g of hydrogen (II) 16 g of sulphur to the original temperature, the total pressure becomes
(III) 4 g of oxygen (IV) 31 g of phosphorus 370 mm of Hg. If the partial pressure of CO2 is 200 mm
(a) II > III > IV > I (b) IV > II > III > I of Hg, then calculate the initial partial pressure of C2H4
(c) I > IV > II > III (d) I = IV > II > III (in mm of Hg)
2. Two elements C and D combine to form two com- [Given : At 27°C aqueous tension is 20 mm of Hg.]
pounds; CxDy and CyDx. 0.5 mole of CyDx weigh 40 g (a) 40 (b) 50 (c) 60 (d) 75
and 1 molecule of CxDy weigh 1.66 ¥ 10–25 kg. The 11. A mixture of C2H4, CO and N2 gases having total pres-
atomic weight of C and D are 20 and 40 respectively. sure 250 mm of Hg in which 250 mm Hg of O2 is added
What are ‘x’ and ‘y’? at 27°C and then sparked. After the system was brought
(a) 3, 2 (b) 1, 3 (c) 1, 2 (d) 2, 2 to the original temperature the total pressure becomes
3. To form one molecule of Mg3N2, the total number of 370 mm of Hg. If the partial pressure of CO2 is 200 mm
electron transferred from metal to non–metal is of Hg, then calculate total O2 consumed in mm of Hg.
(a) 6 NA (b) 3 NA (c) 3 (d) 6 [Given: At 27°C aqueous tension is 20 mm of Hg.]
4. A gaseous mixture contains SO3 (g) and CH4(g) in 5 : 1 (a) 150 (b) 170 (c) 200 (d) 220
ratio by mass. Calculate Q 12. To a 100 g an oleum sample labelled as ‘118% oleum’,
where Q = 200 ¥ ratio of total number of atoms present 9 g of water is added. Select the correct option(s).
in SO3(g) to total number of atoms present in CH4(g). (a) It contains only H2SO4 , SO3 and SO2.
(a) 160 (b) 16 (c) 320 (d) 32 (b) It contains H2SO4, SO3 and H2O.
5. Select the correct statement(s) for the following reac- (c) New solution will have labelling 109 %.
tion: (d) % w/w of SO3 is nearly 36.7 %.
2 A(s) + B(g) Æ 3 C (g) + 4 D (l) 13. Acid sample is prepared using HCl, H2SO4, H2SO3 and
(a) 2 moles of A always produce 3 moles of C and 4 H3PO4 separately or as a mixture of any two or more.
moles of D Calculate the minimum volume of 4% w/v NaOH add-
(b) 22.4 l of B (g) produces 3 moles of C at 1 atm and ed (in mL) to 294 g sample, in order to ensure complete
273 K in excess of A. neutralisation in every possible case.
(c) B will always remain in excess because volume of (a) 9000 (b) 6000 (c) 4000 (d) 900
gas is very high than solid. 14. 30 mL gaseous mixture of methane and ethylene in vol-
(d) Moles of D produced is always less than C be- ume ratio X : Y requires 350 mL air, containing 20%
cause volume of liquid is less than gas. of O2 by volume for complete combustion. If ratio of

methane and ethylene is changed to Y : X, what will be mL of 0.2 M KMnO4 solution under acidic conditions.
the volume of air (in mL) required for complete reac- Calculate the volume strength of the diluted H2O2 solu-
tion under similar condition of temperature and pres- tion.
sure? (a) 28 V (b) 14 V (c) 32 V (d) 16.8 V
(a) 400 (b) 200 (c) 300 (d) 800 20. The number of oxygen atoms present in 24.5 g of
15. The Haber’s process for preparing ammonia involves H3PO4 is equal to
direct conversion of hydrogen and nitrogen gases into (a) Number of electrons present in 1.6 g methane
NH3 at high temperature and pressure using a catalyst (CH4).
N2(g) + 3H2(g) Æ 2NH3(g) (b) Number of molecule of CO2 present in 11.2 L at 1
atm and 546 K.
If air [consider it to contain 80% N2, 20% O2 by vol-
(c) Number of moles of proton present in NA gram-at-
ume] is used as source for nitrogen, O2 present in the air
om of Hydrogen.
will oxidise NH3 to NO as per the following reaction:
(d) Number of total atoms present in 4/3 mol of CO2.
4NH3 (g) + 5O2 (g) Æ 4NO (g) + 6H2O (g) (a) a, c and d (b) a and c
Air and H2 are taken in equal volumes in the begin- (c) Only c (d) a and b
ning. Assume that both above reactions get completed 21. 25 mL of a solution containing HCl and H2SO4 re-
and no other reaction is taking place. Select the correct quired 10 mL of 1M NaOH solution for complete neu-
statement(s). tralisation. 20 mL of the same acid mixture on being
(a) O2 is completely exhausted. treated with excess of AgNO3 gives 0.1435 g of AgCl.
(b) H2 is not completely exhausted. If molarity of HCl is ‘x’ and that of H2SO4 is ‘y’
(c) N2 is completely exhausted. (x + y) will be
(a) 0.225 (b) 0 .125 (c) 1.25 (d) 0.05
(d) NH3 is completely exhausted.
22. Consider the given reaction.
16. Calcium phosphide Ca3P2 formed by reacting magne- H4P2O7 + 2NaOH Æ Na2H2P2O7 + 2H2O
sium with excess calcium orthophosphate Ca3(PO4)2, If 534 g of H4P2O7 is reacted with 30 ¥ 1023 molecules
was hydrolysed by excess water. The evolved phos- of NaOH then total number of molecules produced in
phine PH3 was burnt in air to yield phosphrous pentox- the product is
ide (P2O5). How many grams of magnesium metaphos- (a) 2.5 ¥ NA (b) 5 ¥ NA
phate would be obtained if 192 gram Mg were used? (c) 7.5 ¥ NA (d) 75 ¥ NA
(Atomic weight of Mg = 24, P = 31) 23. The phosphorus pentaoxide used to produce phos-
Ca3(PO4)2 + Mg Æ Ca3P2 + MgO phoric acid for cola soft drinks is prepared by burning
Ca3P2 + H2O Æ Ca(OH)2 + PH3 phosphorus in oxygen. What is the % yield if 10 g of
PH3 + O2 Æ P2O5 + H2O P4O10 is isolated from the reaction P4 + 5O2 Æ P4O10.
MgO + P2O5 Æ Mg(PO3)2 Initially 0.2 mole of each P4 and O2 each are taken.
(a) 11.52 g (b) 182 g (a) 88.13 % (b) 98.1 %
(c) 18.2 g (d) 24 (c) 68.1 % (d) 95. 1%
17. A solution contains substances A and B in H2O (sol- 24. Automotive air bags are inflated when a sample of so-
vent). The mole fraction of ‘A’ is 0.05 and molarity of dium azide (NaN3) is rapidly decomposed [2NaN3(s)
‘B’ is 7 M. The solution has a density of 1.14 g/mL. Æ 2Na(s) + 3N2(g)]. What mass of sodium azide is
Calculate molarity of ‘A’. required to produce 368 L of N2(g) with density 1.12
[Molecular weight of A = 10 g/mol; molecular weight g/L?
of B = 30 g/mol] (a) 0.638 kg (b) 1.2 kg
(a) 2 M (b) 3 M (c) 1.5 kg (d) 5 kg
(c) 0.5 M (d) None of these 25. A mixture of AgCl and AgBr undergoes a loss in weight
18. If 200 mL of 0.1 M Na2SO4 is mixed with 100 mL of by 8.9% when exposed to excess chlorination. The %
0.2 M Na3PO4 solution. Find molarity of Na+ in the by mass of AgCl in the original mixture is
final solution, if final solution has density 1.2 g/mL. (a) 37.6% (b) 17.8%
(a) 0.196 M (b) 0.33 M (c) 62.4% (d) 82.2%
(c) 0.5 M (d) None of these 26. Which of the following options does not represent con-
19. A solution of H2O2, labelled as ‘32V’, was left open. centration of semi-molal aqueous solution of NaOH
Due to this, some H2O2 decomposed and the volume having dsolution = 1.02 g/mL?
strength of the solution decreased. To determine the 1 9
(a) Molarity = M (b) XNaOH =
volume strength of the remaining H2O2 solution, 10 mL 2 1009
of this solution was taken and it was diluted to 100 mL. (c) % w/w = 10% (d) % w/v = 2%
10 mL of this diluted solution was titrated against 25

Mole Concept 1.19
27. Statement 1: During the reaction: N2(g) + 2H2(g) Æ The volume change is given by
N2H4(l) volume contraction takes place. (a) 0 mL (b) 30 mL (c) 5 mL (d) 10 mL
Statement 2: Volume contraction always takes place 34. 112.0 mL of gaseous NO2 at 1 atm and 273 K was liq-
when one of the product is in liquid state. uefied, the density of the liquid being 1.15 g/mL. Cal-
(a) Statements 1 and 2 are true. Statement 2 is the culate the volume of and the number of molecules in
correct explanation for statement 1. the liquid NO2.
(b) Statements 1 and 2 are true. Statement 2 is NOT (a) 0.10 mL and 3.01 ¥ 1022
the correct explanation for statement 1. (b) 0.20 mL and 3.01 ¥ 1021
(c) Statement 1 is true, statement 2 is false. (c) 0.20 mL and 6.02 ¥ 1023
(d) Statement 1 is false, statement 2 is true. (d) 0.40 mL and 6.02 ¥ 1021
28. Statement 1: For a very dilute solution, molality and 35. Adipic acid HOOC–(CH2)4 COOH is used in making
molarity are always approximately equal nylon. Calculate the weight of hydrogen atom present
Statement 2: Mass of solution is always approximate- in 58.4 g of adipic acid.
ly equal to mass of solvent for a very dilute solution. (a) 4 g (b) 8 g (c) 40 g (d) 0.4 g
(a) Statements 1 and 2 are true. Statement 2 is the 36. A gaseous mixture contains SO3 (g) and C2H6 (g) in
correct explanation for statement 1. a 16 : 15 ratio by mass. The ratio of total number of
(b) Statements 1 and 2 are true. Statement 2 is NOT atoms present in C2H6(g) and SO3 (g) is
the correct explanation for statement 1. (a) 2 : 5 (b) 1 : 5 (c) 5 : 1 (d) 5 : 2
(c) Statement 1 is false, statement 2 is true. 37. What amount of heat (in kJ) is released during forma-
(d) Statement 1 is true, statement 2 is false. tion of 31.2 g AsH3 by the following reaction?
29. Statement 1: As temperature increases, molality of so- [Given: Atomic weight As = 75, H = 1
lution decreases. 2As (s) + 3H2 (g) Æ 2 AsH3; DH = –770 kJ]
Statement 2: Molality of a solution is dependent on (a) 250 (b) 350 (c) 154 (d) 35
the mass of solute and solvent. 38. 5 mole of N2 gas is added in a vessel at 1 atm and 300 K.
(a) Statements 1 and 2 are true. Statement 2 is the Find the change in volume (in litre) of gas when 2 mole
correct explanation for statement 1. of He gas is added in it at same temperature and new
(b) Statements 1 and 2 are true. Statement 2 is NOT pressure of 1.05 atm.
the correct explanation for statement 1. [Given: R = 0.08 atm L]
(c) Statement 1 is true, statement 2 is false. (a) 240 L (b) 40 L
(d) Statement 1 is false, statement 2 is true. (c) 100 L (d) 54 L
30. SO3 can be produced by the following two reactions: 39. 1 atom of X, 2 atoms of Y and 3 atoms of Z combine
S8 + O2(g) Æ SO2(g) together to give a molecule XY2Z3. Now we take 10 g
SO2(g) + O2(g) Æ SO3(g) of X and 2 ¥ 1023 atoms of Y and 0.06 moles of Z in a
How many moles of S8 are required to produce 20 mole container, to give 5.6 g of XY2Z3. What is the molar
of SO3? mass of Z.
[Given: MX = 60 g/mol MY = 80 g/mol]
5 5
(a) mole (b) mole (a) 25 (b) 24 (c) 32 (d) 20
2 4 40. Hydrogen sulphide reacts with chloric acid in an aqueous
(c) 10 mole (d) 5 mole solution liberating chlorine by the following reaction:
31. When CH4(g) is burnt in oxygen, it forms carbon H2S + HClO3 Æ Cl2 + H2SO4 + H2O
dioxide and water. If 16 g of methane is mixed with In an experiment, 40 mL of solution of chloric acid was
6.022 ¥ 1024 molecules of oxygen at 1 atm, 300 K allowed to react with sufficient amount of H2S.
maximum volume of water that can be produced can be Cl2 formed were reduced by 20 mL H2O2 by the fol-
[Given : R = 0.0821 L-atm/mole K, d H2O(l ) = 1 g/mL] lowing reaction:
(a) 49.26 L (b) 44.8 L (c) 90 mL (d) 36 mL H2O2 + Cl2 Æ HCl + O2≠
32. Percentage loss in mass heating mixture of Na2CO3 In the above reaction, 896 mL of O2 was evolved at 1
and CaCO3 containing equal masses of Na2CO3 and atm and 273 K.
CaCO3 is Which of the following option is incorrect for afore-
(a) 44% (b) 25% (c) 22% (d) 50% mentioned experiment?
33. To an Eudiometry tube 10 mL of P, 30 mL of Q, 20 mL (a) Normality of H2O2 solution used is 4 N.
of R and 15 mL of S are added and subjected to spark- (b) Molarity of original HClO3 solution used is 2 M.
ing to cause the following reactions: (c) Equivalents of H2S reacted with HClO3 is 0.05.
2P(g) + 3Q(g) Æ 2A(g) + B(l) (d) Moles of Cl2 produced is 0.04.
R(g) + 2S(g) Æ 3A(g) + 2C(g)

Stage 1: The water sample is treated with excess of Mn2+ (aq)

level iii solution along with a base to cause the following reaction:
Mn2+ (aq) + 2OH– (aq) Æ Mn(OH)2 (s) …(i)
Paragraph for Q. Nos. 1 to 3
24 g pure sample of magnesium is burned in air to form mag- The precipitate then reacts with dissolved oxygen as shown
nesium oxide and magnesium nitride. When products are below.
treated with excess of H2O, 3.4 g of gaseous NH3 is generated 1
according to given reactions. 2Mn(OH)2 (s) + O2(aq) + H2O(l) Æ 2Mn(OH)3 (s) …(ii)
2
Mg + O2 Æ MgO
Mg + N2 Æ Mg3N2 Stage 2: The solution is added with excess of acidified solu-
tion of KI to cause the following reaction:
Mg3N2 + 6H2O Æ 3Mg (OH)2 + 2NH3
1. Calculate the amount of magnesium oxide (in g) in 2Mn(OH)3 (s) + 2KI + 3H2SO4
products. Æ 2MnSO4 + K2SO4 + I2(aq) + 6H2O …(iii)
(a) 28 (b) 20 (c) 16.8 (d) 32 Stage 3: The I2 produced is calculated by the following reac-
2. Calculate the amount of Mg(OH)2 (in g) produced in tion by calculating the amount of Na2S2O3 consumed.
the above reaction.
(a) 11.6 (b) 17.4 (c) 23.2 (d) 15.8 I2 + 2Na2S2O3 Æ 2NaI + Na2S4O6 …(iv)
3. Calculate the mass % of Mg converted into Mg3N2. Using the above information answer the following questions:
(a) 20 (b) 30 (c) 35 (d) 40 8. If 1 L of water sample is taken then calculate the maxi-
mum volume of 0.01 M Na2S2O3 solution required if
Paragraph for Q. Nos. 4 to 5
the sample is considered ‘heavily polluted’.
12 mL gaseous mixture of an alkane and an alkene (contain-
ing same number of carbon atoms) require exactly 285 mL of (a) 80 mL (b) 80 L (c) 120 mL (d) 120 L
air (containing 20% v/v O2 and rest N2) for complete com- 9. If 1 L of water sample is taken then calculate maxi-
bustion at 200 K. After combustion when gaseous mixture is mum volume of 0.1 M Na2S2O3 solution required if the
passed through KOH solution it shows volume contraction sample is considered ‘optimum fit’ for aquatic life.
of 36 mL. (a) 8 mL (b) 80 mL (c) 12 mL (d) 120 mL
4. Formula of alkane is 10. Which of the following statements is correct w.r.t.
(a) C5H12 (b) C3H8 above method?
(c) C2H6 (d) C4H10 (a) Greater the amount of dissolved oxygen, lesser
5. Mole fraction of CO2 in final gaseous sample is will be moles of Na2S2O3 required.
6 6 6 6 (b) Excess solution in Stage 1 ensure all dissolved
(a) (b) (c) (d) oxygen reacts.
51 44 45 13 (c) Moles of Mn(OH)2(s) reacted and moles of
Paragraph for Q. Nos. 6 to 7 Mn(OH)3 formed will be different.
1292.5 g of aquesous solution of ‘5 m’ NaCl is kept in a (d) 1 mole of dissolved oxygen will require 2 moles
large bucket. The bucket is placed under a tap from which of Na2S2O3 for estimation.
‘2 m’ aqueous solution of NaCl is flowing. Rate of flow of
solution from tap is 0.5 g/sec. (One or more than one correct type)
6. The total amount of solution (in g) finally present in 11. Which of the following solutions will be definitely
bucket when solution present in bucket have concentra- basic?
tion of NaCl 4 m is (a) 400 mL of 0.1 M NaOH is mixed with 100 mL of
(a) 558.5 (b) 1851 0.4 M CH3COOH.
(c) 1351 (d) 1938.75 (b) Equal volumes of same % w/v of NaOH and
7. The time (in seconds) after which the bucket will have H2SO4 solutions are mixed.
‘4m’ concentration of NaCl. (c) Different volumes of 0.2 M NaOH and 0.1 M HCl
(a) 117 (b) 2000 (c) 1117 (d) 1292.5 solutions are mixed.
Paragraph for Q. Nos. 8 to 10 (d) Equal masses of same % w/w NaOH and HCl so-
Analysis of dissolved oxygen in river water is very essential lutions are mixed.
to ensure that aquatic life is safe. As per European standards, 12. In the formation reaction of NH3 from N2 and H2, 140
dissolved oxygen should never be less than 6.4 mg/L and g of N2 and 40 g H2 were mixed. Select the option(s)
preferably should be greater than 9.6 mg/lit. A water body which is are not correct.
having value less than 6.4 mg/L is considered ‘heavily pol- (a) Maximum mass of NH3 which can be formed is
luted’ and a water body having value greater than 9.6 mg/L 180 g.
is considered optimum fit for aquatic life. One method to (b) If % yield of reaction is 80%, then H2 consumed
measure dissolved oxygen is through Winkler titration. The will be 32 g.
method involves three stages:

Mole Concept 1.21
(c) Some N2 (g) will be left after the reaction. 18. For the following reactions:
(d) If NH3 formed is 85 g then % yield will be 50%. I. (NH4)2SO4+2NaOH æææ
40 %
Æ Na2SO4+2H2O+
13. 500 g of 109% labelled oleum is taken. Which of the 2NH3
following statement(s) is/are correct regarding this ole- 80%
II. NH3 + HCl æææ Æ NH4Cl
um sample?
If 4 g of NaOH is taken then
(a) The maximum mass of H2SO4 which may be ob-
(a) produced moles of NH4Cl (in IInd reaction) are 1.6
tained from the sample is 509 g.
times of produced moles of Na2SO4 (in reaction I).
(b) When 100 g water is added in it, the sample fi- (b) reacting moles of HCl (in reaction II) is 20 %
nally contains 545 g H2SO4 and 55 g water. lesser than original (NH4)2SO4 moles.
(c) When 100 L water is added in it, the approxi-
(c) reacting moles of HCl (in reaction II) is lesser
mate molarity of H2SO4 solution obtained will be
than reacting moles NaOH (in reaction I).
0.056M.
(d) produced mass of NH4Cl is 2.71 g.
(d) When 20 g water is added to it, the sample finally
contains 520 g pure H2SO4. 19. Choose incorrect options.
(a) 2 25 ¥ 10–22g of Ca(OH)2 containing 32 amu of O.
14. When taken in an Eudiometer tube operating at room
(b) If one atom of an element weighs 1.8 ¥ 10–22 g,
temperature and pressure and subjected to complete
then its atomic mass is 108.36.
reaction, in which of the following options the contrac- (c) 10 g of CaCO3 contains 0.3 g atom of oxygen.
tion in volume is greater than or equal to 30% of origi- (d) Number of atoms in 2 moles of S8 is greater than
nal volume. 5.5 moles of SO2.
(a) CO(g) and O2(g) taken in a molar ratio of 2 : 1. 20. Which of the following is/are correct?
(b) 10 mL of CH4(g) and 30 mL of O2(g). (a) The density of a gas depends upon pressure and
(c) N2(g) and H2(g) taken in a molar ratio of 3 : 1. temperature.
(d) N2 and H2 taken in a molar ratio of 1 : 3 (b) The relative density of a gas depends upon pres-
15. Which of the following is/are correct statement(s)? sure and temperature.
(a) For the production of equimolar mixture of CO (c) The vapour density of a gas depends upon pres-
and CO2 gases, 12 g carbon must be burnt with sure and temperature.
24 g oxygen (assuming 100% yield of reactions). (d) The relative density of SO3 with respect to oxy-
(b) Molarity of any aqueous solution will be equal to gen is 2.5 at 1 atm and 273 K.
21. A mixture of H2 and O2 having total volume 55 mL is
its molality if the volume of solution (in mL) and
sparked in an eudiometry tube and contraction of 45
the mass of solvent (in gram) are numerically same.
mL is observed after cooling. What can be the compo-
(c) Gases behave ideally in the conditions of their
sition of reacting mixture?
very low molar volumes and force of attraction (a) 30 mL H2 and 25 mL O2
between them. (b) 10 mL H2 and 45 mL O2
(d) all of the above. (c) 40 mL H2 and 15 mL O2
16. A gaseous organic compound CxH2yOy (M = 150) was (d) 35 mL H2 and 20 mL O2
burnt with four times the amount of O2 gas as required 22. Which of the following is/are incorrect statement(s)?
for complete combustion. The resulting gases when (a) Vapour density of gaseous mixture decreases
cooled to 1 atm pressure and 300 K were found to oc- during the progress of
cupy (4.926) L along with 0.9 g of water. Identify the H2(g) + Cl2(g) Æ 2HCl(g) reaction.
correct option(s). (b) 22.4 L of H2O at 1 atm and 273 K contains
(a) If 10 mL of organic compounds is taken then oxy- 6.02 ¥ 1023 molecules of H2O.
gen taken should be 200 mL. (c) 10 g of 104.5 % labelling oleum sample contains
2 2 g of free SO3.
(b) Fraction of O by number in the compound is .
(c) The compound should be C4H6O3. 3 (d) Volume of solution is always equal to the sum of
(d) Percent of H by mass in the compound will be volume of solute and solvent.
100 23. Choose the correct statement(s).
%. (a) The mole is the amount of substance containing
15
the same number of chemical units as there are
17. The sample(s) containing same number of ‘Na’ atom as atoms in exactly 12 g of 12C.
there are ‘Na’ atoms in 5.3 g of Na2CO3, is/are (b) Avoggadro’s number is the number of units in a
(a) 4 g of NaOH mole.
(b) 5.85 g of NaCl (c) The weight of one gram-atom of an element
(c) 0.25 mole of Na2SO4 means its atomic weight in g.
(d) 5.6 g of Na3PO4 (d) One g-atom of each element contains the same
number of atoms.

24. Select the incorrect statement(s). Column I Column II

(a) Mass of 6.022 ¥ 1025 molecule of SO3 is 8 kg.
(A) 1 mole of O2 (P) occupies 22.4 L at 1 atm
(b) Number of oxygen atoms in 4.8 g of O3 are 18.06
and 0°C
¥ 1023.
(c) Mass of 22.7 mL of C2H6 at 1.bar pressure and (B) 1 mole of SO2 (Q) weighs 32 g
273 K is 30 g. (C) 4 g of He (R) collection of NA smallest
(d) Volume of 51 mg of NH3 at 1 bar pressure and existing independent spe-
273 K is 68.1 l. cies
25. Choose the incorrect option(s). (D) 1 g of H2 (S) occupies 12.3 L at 1 atm
(a) 2.25 ¥ 10-22 g of Ca(OH)2 containing 32 amu of O. and 300 k
(b) One atom of an element weighs 1.8 ¥ 10–22 g, then
its atomic mass is 108.36. 29. Match the expressions/statements Column–I with ex-
(c) 10 g of CaCO3 contains 1 g atom of C. pressions/Statements in Column–II.
(d) Number of atoms in 2 moles of S8 is greater than Column I Column II
5.5 moles of SO2. Atomic masses % composition of
26. Identify the incorrect statement(s). Isotope-I, Isotope-II, heavier isotope
(a) Molarity of very dilute solution with CCl4 as Avg
solvent is greater than its molality if density of (A) (z – 1), (z + 2), z (P) 33.33 % by moles
CCl4 is 1.6 g/cm3. (B) (z + 1), (z + 3), (z + 2) (Q) 50 % by moles
196 (C) z, 3z, 2z (R) % by mass depen-
(b) An oleum with labelling ¥ 100 will have
178 dent on z
160
mass % combined SO3 equal to ¥ 100% . (D) (z –1), (z + 1), z (S) 75 % by mass
178
(c) The value of universal gas constant is (0.0821 ¥ 30. Match the expressions/statements in Column I with
0.76) in mm of Hg – m3/mole Kelvin. expressions/Statements in Column II.
(d) For an all gaseous reaction if volume changes
Column I Column II
during reaction at constant temperature and pres-
sure then vapour density may remain constant. (A) 1.0 g-ion of Na+ (P) 6.02 ¥ 1024 electron
(B) 23.0 g of Na (Q) 7.224 ¥ 1024 neutron
(Column matching)
(C) 1.0 g-ion of Mg+2 (R) 6.02 ¥ 1023 ¥ 2 ¥ 1.6 ¥
27. A2 reacts with B2 in either of the following ways 10–19 columb charge
depending upon supply of B2: (D) 24 g of Mg (S) 7.224 ¥ 1024 proton
A2 + B2 Æ 2AB
A2 + 3B2 Æ 2AB3 31. Match the expressions/statements in Column I with
Also, the products formed may also react with appro- expressions/Statements in Column II.
priate reactant remaining to form other product. Using
Column I Column II
this information, match composition of the final mix-
ture for initial amount of reactants. (A) 0.5 mol of CO2(g) (P) Occupy 11.2 L at 1 atm
and 273 K
Column I Column II
(B) 2 g of helium (g) (Q) mass = 24 g
(Initial reactants) (Final Products)
(C) 0.5 g molecule of (R) total number of atoms
(A) 4 moles of A2 are (P) None of the reactant
O3(g) = 1.5 ¥ 6.02 ¥ 1023
mixed with 8 moles is left
of B2 (D) 4.515 ¥ 1023 mol- (S) mass = 22 g of oxygen
ecules O2 (g)
(B) 2 moles of A2 are (Q) Product contains
mixed with 5 moles both AB and AB3 (T) 3.01 ¥ 1023 molecules
of B2
32. Match the expressions/statements in Column I with
(C) 2 moles of A2 are (R) One of the reactant expressions/Statements in Column II.
mixed with 1 moles is left
of B2 Column I Column II
(No. of moles)
(D) (S) Equal moles of AB
and AB3 are formed (A) Oxygen atoms in 0.5 mol (P) 8
Ca3(PO4)2
28. Match the expressions/statements in Column I with
expressions/Statements in Column II. (B) Carbon atoms in 89.6 L (Q) 4
CH3 at 1 atm and 273 K.

Mole Concept 1.23
(C) Sulphur atoms in 192 g of (R) 5 37. 10.48 g of chloroplatinate salt of diacidic organic base
SO2 was subjected to heating to obtain 3.9 g of white shining
residue. Molar mass of the organic base is given by
(D) ‘Cl’ in 15 ¥ 1023 molecules (S) 3 (a) 1048 (b) 228 (c) 114 (d) 72
Cl2O [Take NA = 6 ¥ 1023] 38. Different acid samples are prepared by using H2SO4,
(T) 6 HCl, HNO3, H3PO2 and HClO4 separately or as a mix-
ture. Calculate minimum volume of 20% w/v NaOH
33. Match the expressions/statements in Column I with solution required (in mL) to completely neutralise any
expressions/Statements in Column II. sample which can be prepared if mass of the sample
Column I Column II cannot exceed 292 g.
(No. of moles) [Round-off answer to nearest integer if required]
39. Calculate a four-digit number “abcd” from the
(A) 1 mole of O2 (P) Occupies 22.4 L at 1
following information.
atm and 0°C
ab = Volume of water (in L) required to obtain 3 L
(B) 1 mole of SO2 (Q) Weighs 32 g of 17% w/v AgNO3 solution from a stock solution of
(C) 4 g of He (R) Collection of NA units AgNO3 having molarity 3 M.
of given substance cd = Mole percentage of ethane in a mixture of ethane
(D) 1 g of H2 (S) Occupies 12.3 L at 1 4
and argon having mass fraction of Argon equal to .
atm and 300 K 7
(T) Contains 2 g-atom of [if your answers are 6 and 25 fill 0625]
oxygen 40. 10 mL of a gaseous organic compound CxHyOzNp (mo-
lar mass = 61) is taken in an eudiometry tube and mixed
with sufficient oxygen gas such that volume becomes
(Integer type) 42.5 mL. On sparking, some contraction was observed.
34. KClO4 can be prepared by Cl2 and KOH by a series of On passing the residual gas through alcoholic KOH,
reactions as given below: a contraction of 20 mL was observed. The volume of
Cl2 + 2KOH Æ KCl + KClO + H2O the residual gas is 5 mL. All volumes are measured at
3KClO Æ 2KCl + KClO3 room temperature and pressure. Calculate the value of
4KClO3 Æ 3KClO4 + KCl the four digit number ‘xyzp’.
If 10 moles of Cl2 are mixed with 22 moles of KOH, 41. 10 mL of a mixture of CO (g) and CH4(g) was mixed
calculate total moles of all the substance at the end of with 22 mL of O2 gas and subjected to sparking. The
reaction. (Assuming 100% yield of all the reactions.) contraction observed when the residual gases are
35. Four identical bottles numbered from 1 to 4 are arbi- passed through alc. KOH is given by x mL. Find x?
trarily filled with four substances : C6H12O6 (Glucose), [All volumes are measured at same temperature
CH3COOH (Acetic acid), CH3–COCH3 (Acetone) and and pressure]
HCHO (Formaldehyde) (No specific order). Based on 42. Compositions Solution codes
following information given, identify the substances (a) 100 g SO3 and 200 g H2SO4 8
filled. (b) 80 g SO3 and 80 g H2SO4 6
Information-I : Percentage of C is same in compounds (c) 5 moles SO3 and 5 moles H2SO4 4
filled in bottles 1, 3, 4 but different in 2. (d) 6 moles SO3 and 5 moles H2SO4 2
Information-II : Vapour density of compound filled Calculate a four-digit number ‘abcd’ which is obtained
in bottle 4 = 3 ¥ vapour density of compound filled in by writing solution codes of above compositions in the
bottle 1. increasing order of % labelling of above oleum.
After identifying the substances filled in different bot- 43. Three substances A, B and C can react to form C and D
tles, arrange them in decreasing order of their molecu- as shown below.
lar masses. 2A + 3B + C Æ 4D + 2E
[For example, If molecular mass order is 4 > 3 > 2 > If molar masses of A, B, C and D are 40, 30, 20 and
1 then answer is 4321] 15 respectively and 570 g of mixture of A, B, and C is
[Assuming normal behaviour of all the substances.] reacted then calculate maximum mass of E which can
36. 1000 g of a mixture of Na2CO3, Na2SO4 and NaOH be obtained (in gram).
for complete neutralisation requires 511 g of HCl. The 44. If 246 g of a triatomic ideal gas having only one type
same mixture when reacted with excess of BaCl2 so- of atoms is found to occupy 44.8 L at 2 atm and 546 K
lution, produced 466 g of white precipitate of BaSO4. then what will be the atomic weight of the element?
Calculate mass % of NaOH in mixture. 45. 100 mL of 0.2M H2SO4 solution is mixed with 400 mL
of 0.05M Ba3(PO4)2. The concentration of [Ba+2] ion in
resulting solution is xM. Find the value of 100 ¥ x?

46. Acrylonitrile, C3H3N, is the starting material for the 4. The density (in g mL–1) of a 3.6 M sulphuric acid solu-
production of a kind of synthetic fibre (acrylies). It can tion that is 29 % H2SO4 (molar mass = 98 g mol–1) by
be made from propylene, C3H6, by reaction with nitric mass will be [AIEEE 2007]
oxide, NO as (a) 1.64 (b) 1.88 (c) 1.22 (d) 1.45
C3H6(g) + NO(g) Æ C3H3N(g) + H2O(g) + N2(g) (Un- 5. Amount of oxalic acid present in a solution can be de-
balanced) termined by its titration with KMnO4 solution in the
How many kilograms acrylonitrile are obtained from presence of H2SO4. The titration gives unsatisfactory
420 kg of propylene and excess NO? result when carried out in the presence of HCl because
47. 10 mL gaseous C4Hx requires exactly 55 mL O2 for HCl [AIEEE 2008]
complete combustion. What is the value of ‘x’. (a) gets oxidised by oxalic acid to chlorine.
48. In 1200 g solution, 12 g urea (NH2CONH2) is present. (b) furnishes H+ ions in addition to those from oxalic
If density of the solution is 1.2 g/mL, then the molarity acid.
of the solution is xM. Find 10x? (c) reduces permanganate to Mn2+.
49. In the following reactions if initially 100 moles of A (d) oxidises oxalic acid to carbon dioxide and water.
were taken then calculate sum of moles of D and C 6. The mass of potassium dichromate crystals required to
after the reaction. oxidise 750 cm3 of 0.6 M. Mohr’s salt solution is (mo-
40%
Æ 3B + D
A æææ lar mass = 392) [AIEEE 2011]
(a) 0.49 g (b) 0.45 g
50%
2B æææ
Æ 4C (c) 22.05 g (d) 2.2 g
50. Calculate the sum of molality and molarity of a pure 7. The molality of a urea solution in which 0.0100 g of
liquid (molar mass M = 50) having density d = 2 g/mL. urea, [(NH2)2CO] is added to 0.3000 dm3 of water at
51. What would be the maximum volume (in mL) of 3 M STP is [AIEEE 2011]
HCl solution that can be prepared by using 2 M, 1 L (a) 5.55 ¥ 10–4 m (b) 33.3 m
HCl and 5 M, 2 L HCl kept in separate vessels. (c) 3.33 ¥ 10–2 m (d) 0.555 m
52. 20 mL of a mixture of C2H6 and C3H8 gases in X : Y 8. The density of a solution prepared by dissolving 120 g
mole ratio, is burnt completely by which 52 mL CO2 of urea (mol. mass = 60 u) in 1000 g of water is 1.15 g/
gas is evolved. If 20 mL of a mixture of CH4 and C4H10 mL. The molarity if this solution is [AIEEE 2012]
gases in Y : X mole ratio is burnt completely, then what (a) 0.50 M (b) 1.78 M
is the volume (in mL) of CO2 gas evolved? (c) 1.02 M (d) 2.05 M
9. The molarity of a solution obtained by mixing 750 mL
of 0.5 M HCl with 250 mL of 2 M HCl will be
Previous Years’ Questions [JEE Main 2013]
of Jee (Main & advanCed) (a) 0.875 M (b) 1.00 M
(c) 1.75 M (d) 0.0975 M
JEE Main 10. A gaseous hydrocarbon gives 0.72 g of water and 3.08
g of CO2 upon combustion. The empirical formula of
1. How many moles magnesium phosphate, Mg3(PO4)2,
hydrocarbon is [JEE Main 2013]
will contain 0.25 mole of oxygen atoms?
(a) C2H4 (b) C3H4
[AIEEE 2006]
(c) C6H5 (d) C7H8
(a) 2.5 ¥ 10–2 (b) 0.02
11. The ratio of masses of oxygen and nitrogen in a par-
(c) 3.125 ¥ 10–2 (d) 1.25 ¥ 10–2
ticular gaseous mixture is 1 : 4. The ratio of number of
2. Density of a 2.05 M solution of acetic acid in water is
their molecule is [JEE Main 2014]
1.02 g/mL. The molality of the solution is
(a) 1 : 4 (b) 1 : 8 (c) 7 : 32 (d) 3 : 16
[AIEEE 2006]
(a) 0.44 mol kg–1 (b) 1.14 mol kg–1 JEE Advanced
(c) 3.28 mol kg–1 (d) 2.28 mol kg–1
3. In the reaction : 2Al(s) + 6HCl (aq) Æ 2 Al3+ (aq) + Single Correct Answer Type
6Cl–(aq) + 3H2 (g) [AIEEE 2007] 12. Consider a titration of potassium dichromate solution
(a) 6 L HCl(aq) is consumed for every 3 L H2(g) pro- with acidified Mohr’s salt solution using diphenyl-
duced. amine as indicator. The number of moles of Mohr’s salt
(b) 33.6 L H2(g) produced regardless of temperature required per mole of dichromate is [IIT JEE 2007]
and pressure for every mole Al that reacts. (a) 3 (b) 4 (c) 5 (d) 6
(c) 67.2 L H2(g) at STP is produced for every mole Al 13. Given that the abundance of isotopes 54Fe, 56Fe and
that reacts. 57
Fe is 5%, 90% and 5% respectively. The atomic mass
(d) 11.2 L H2(g) at STP is produced for every mole of Fe is [IIT JEE 2009]
HCl(aq) consumed.

Mole Concept 1.25
(a) 55.85 (b) 55.95 Find the volume of (mL) of stock solution required to
(c) 55.75 (d) 55.05 prepare a 200 mL solution of 0.4 M HCl.
14. Dissolving 120 g of urea [Mw = 60) in 1000 g of water [IIT JEE 2012]
gave a solution of density 1.15 g mL–1. The molarity of 20. If the value of Avogadro number is 6.023 ¥ 1023 mol–1
solution is [IIT JEE 2011] and the value of Boltzmann constant is 1.380 ¥ 1028 J
(a) 1.78 M (b) 2.00 M K–1, then find the number of significant digits in the
(c) 2.05 M (d) 2.22 M calculated value of the universal gas constant.
[JEE Advanced 2014]
Integer Answer Type 21. The molecular formula of a commercial resin used for
15. A student performs a titration with different burettes exchanging ions in water softening is C8H7SO3Na (mo-
and finds titre values of 25.2 mL, 25.25 mL and 25.0 lecular weight = 206). What would be the maximum
mL. Find the number of significant figures in the aver- uptake of Ca2+ ions by the resin when expressed in
age titre value. [IIT JEE 2010] mole per gram resin? [2015 JEE Main]
16. Silver (atomic weight = 108 g mol–1) has a density of 1 1
10.5 g cm–3. The number of silver atoms on a surface (a) (b)
103 206
of area 10–12 m2 can be expressed in scientific notation 2 1
as y ¥ 10x. Find the value of x. [IIT JEE 2010] (c) (d)
309 412
17. Find the value of n in the molecular formula BenAl-
22. 3g of activated charcoal was added to 50 mL of acetic
2Si6O18. [IIT JEE 2010]
acid solution (0.06 N) in a flask. After an hour it was
18. Among the following, what is the number of elements filtered and the strength of the filtrate was found to be
showing only one non-zero oxidation state ? O, Cl, F, 0.042 N. The amount of acetic acid adsorbed (per gram
N, P, Sn, Tl, Na, Ti [IIT JEE 2010] of charcoal) is [2015 JEE Main]
19. 29.2 % (w/w) HCl stock solution has a density of 1.25 (a) 18 mg (b) 36 mg
g mL–1. The molecular weight of HCl is 36.5 g mol–1. (c) 42 mg (d) 54 mg
Answer Key
level i
1. (b) 2. (b) 3. (d) 4. (a) 5. (a) 6. (a) 7. (a) 8. (d) 9. (c) 10. (b)
11. (d) 12. (a) 13. (a) 14. (a) 15. (b) 16. (a) 17. (b) 18. (b) 19. (c) 20. (b)
21. (a) 22. (d) 23. (c) 24. (d) 25. (a) 26. (d) 27. (b) 28. (b) 29. (b) 30. (a)
31. (c) 32. (c) 33. (a) 34. (c) 35. (b) 36. (a) 37. (a) 38. (c) 39. (a) 40. (c)
41. (a) 42. (a) 43. (a) 44. (d) 45. (a) 46. (a) 47. (b) 48. (d) 49. (b) 50. (c)
51. (b) 52. (c) 53. (b) 54. (b) 55. (b) 56. (a) 57. (b) 58. (b) 59. (b) 60. (a)
61. (d) 62. (a) 63. (c) 64. (a) 65. (a) 66. (a) 67. (b) 68. (a) 69. (c) 70. (b)
71. (c) 72. (b) 73. (c) 74. (b) 75. (b) 76. (b) 77. (d) 78. (c) 79. (b) 80. (b)
81. (b) 82. (d)
level ii
1. (c) 2. (c) 3. (d) 4. (a) 5. (b) 6. (c) 7. (b) 8. (a) 9. (a) 10. (b)
11. (c) 12. (d) 13. (a) 14. (a) 15. (a) 16. (b) 17. (b) 18. (b) 19. (b) 20. (b)
21. (a) 22. (c) 23. (a) 24. (a) 25. (c) 26. (c) 27. (c) 28. (c) 29. (d) 30. (a)
31. (d) 32. (c) 33. (a) 34. (b) 35. (a) 36. (c) 37. (c) 38. (b) 39. (d) 40. (c)
level iii
1. (a) 2. (b) 3. (b) 4. (b) 5. (b) 6. (b) 7. (c) 8. (a) 9. (c) 10. (b)
11. (a, b) 12. (a, b, c) 13. (b, c) 14. (a, b, d) 15. (a, b) 16. (a, d) 17. (a, b, d)

18. (a, b) 19. (a, d) 20. (a, d) 21. (a, c) 22. (a, b, d) 23. (a, b, c, d) 24. (b, c, d)
25. (a, c, d) 26. (b, d) 27. (A) Æ P, Q, S; (B) Æ P, Q; (C) Æ R
28. (A) Æ P, Q, R; (B) Æ P, R; (C) Æ P, R; (D) Æ S 29. (A) Æ P, R; (B) Æ Q, R; (C) Æ Q, S; (D) Æ Q, R
30. (A) Æ P, Q; (B) Æ Q; (C) Æ P, Q, R, S; (D) Æ Q, S 31. (A) Æ P, R, S, T; (B) Æ P; (C) Æ P, Q, T; (D) Æ Q, R
32. (A) Æ Q; (B) Æ Q; (C) Æ S; (D) Æ R 33. (A) Æ P, Q, R, T; (B) Æ P, R, T; (C) Æ P, R; (D) Æ S
34. (32) 35. (4123) 36. (8) 37. (114) 38. (1600) 39. (0251) 40. (2711) 41. (10) 42. (8426) 43. (390)
44. (41) 45. (8) 46. (530) 47. (6) 48. (2) 49. (160) 50. (60) 51. (1500) 52. (44)
Previous Years’ Questions of Jee (Main & advanCed)
1. (c) 2. (d) 3. (d) 4. (c) 5. (c) 6. (c) 7. (a) 8. (d) 9. (a) 10. (d)
11. (c) 12. (d) 13. (b) 14. (c) 15. (3) 16. (7) 17. (2) 18. (2) 19. (8) 20. (4)
21. (d) 22. (d)
Hints and Solutions

Average number of neutrons
level 1
18 ¥ 80 + 20 ¥ 20
= = 18.4
100
1. (a) (1) Oxygen atom : Hydrogen atom
6. (a) K2SO4. Al2(SO4)3 ◊ 24 H2O
4 : 12 [1 : 3]
6.4 kg oxygen
(2) 3NH +4 : 1 PO34- [3 : 1] [moles of substance ¥ 40] = number of mole of oxygen
(3) N atom : Oxygen atom [3 : 4] 40 ¥ x ¥ 16 = 6400 g= wt of oxygen
(4) (NH4)3PO4 | 3N + 12 H + P + 4 O x = 10 moles
1 mole number of moles of S = 4 ¥ 10 moles = 40 moles
1 mole of (NH4)3PO4 having 20-Mole of atoms and weight of sulphur = 40 ¥ 32 = 1280 g
or (20 ¥ NA) atoms. 7. (a) 448 l O2 and CO2(g) 2 : 3
2. (b) PV = nRT
3
= 1 ¥ 10–3 number of moles Volume of CO2 = ¥ 448 = 268.8 l
\ No of moles of of atom = 3 ¥ 10–3 5
Let volume of H2O2 is V mL 268.8L
Number of moles of CO2 = = 12 mole
Mass of H2O2 = V ¥ d = V ¥ 5.1 ¥ 10–3 22.4L
8. (d) A2SO4 ◊ xH2O
V ¥ 5.1 ¥ 10-3 A2SO4 ◊ xH2O h A2SO4 + xH2O
Moles of H2O2 =
34 x ¥ 18
% of H2O = ¥ 100 = 45
V ¥ 5.1 ¥ 10-3 110 + x ¥ 18
Number of moles of atoms = ¥4
34 1800 x = 4950 + 810 x
= 3 ¥ 10–3 1800 x – 810 x = 4950
V of H2O2 = 5 mL 990 x = 4950
3. (d) 72 g Mg is present in x=5
1 mole Mg3(PO4)2 9. (c) MnO2 + 4HCl h MnCl2 + Cl2 + 2H2O
\ 8 moles of O atoms
4 moles of O2 molecules 1.74
nMnO2 = = 0.02
4 gm molecules of O2 are present 87
4. (a) 930 gm of Ca3(PO4)2 = 3 mole of Ca3(PO4)2 2.19
nHCl = = 0.06
= 15 moles of ions 36.5
5 moles of Na2SO4 = 15 mole of ions No of moles /stoichiometric cofficient least for HCl
weight of Na2SO4 = 5 ¥ 142 \ HCl is limiting reagent
= 710 g 4 mole of HCl gives 1 mole of Cl2
5. (a) Average atomic weight = SXiMi 1 mole of HCl gives 1/4 mole of Cl2
= 35 ¥ 0.8 + 37 ¥ 0.2 0.06 mole of HCl gives 1/4 ¥ 0.06 mole of Cl2 = 0.015
= 35.4 Mole

Mole Concept 1.27
Actual product formed Ê 936 ˆ

% yield = ¥ 100 ÁË ˜
theoritical product formed 18 ¯ (52 ¥ 1000)
17. (b) m = fi fi 55.56
x Ê 936 ˆ 936
40 = ¥ 100 ÁË ˜
0.015 1000 ¯
0.015 18. (b) H3PO4 + 2NaOH h Na2HPO3 + 2H2O
x = 40 ¥ = 0.006 moles Cl2 Number of moles of H3PO4 = ½ No of moles of NaOH
100
Volume of Cl2 at 1 atm, 273 K = 0.006 ¥ 22.4 (lit.) = 150 ¥ 1.5 1 V 0.5
= ¥ ¥
134.4 ml 1000 2 1000 1
10. (b) (CaCO3 + Na2CO3) mixture = 103 g V = 900 mL
Let moles of CaCO3 = x 19. (c) AlCl3 + 3NaOH h Al(OH)3 + 3NaCl
moles of Na2CO3 = y 1 1
x y 1 1 mole AlCl3 Require 3 mole NaOH for Completion of
CaCO3 + Na2CO3 + HCl h CO2 and other products. Reaction
CO2 produced have C atoms from Na2CO3 and CaCO3 \ No of moles of AlCl3 react with 1 mole
moles of CO2 produce = PV = nRT 1
NaOH = Mole
1 ¥ 24.63 = n ¥ 0.0821 ¥ 300 3 1 2
n=1 \ Moles of AlCl3 left = 1 – = Mole
3 3
Apply POAC on C atom
20. (b) a
mole CaCO3 + b mole CaO
1¥x+y¥1=1  
x+y=1 CaCO3 h CaO + CO2
100 x + 106 y = 103 = wt of mixture a mole CaCO3 give 22.4 litre or 1 mole CO2
6x = 3; x = 0.5; y = 0.5 CaCO3 + 2HCl h CaCl2 + CO2 + H2O
weight of CaCO3 = 50 g 1 ¥100 gram CaCO3 React with 2 ¥ 36.5 = 73 gram HCl
weight of Na2CO3 = 53 g CaO + 2HCl h CaCl2 + H2O
\ Wt of HCl react with CaO
50
% CaCO3 = ¥ 100 = 48.54 % = 219 – 73 = 146 gram
103 146
11. (d) H2 + Cl2 h 2HCl nHCl = = 2b = 4 mole
36.5
2g 71 g \ b = 2 mole
1 mole of H2 react with 1 mole Cl2 gives 2 mole HCl = 2 × 56 = 112 gram
\ No of moles of HCl produced Mole % of CaCO3
= 2 moles = 2 ¥ 36.5 g = 73 g
1
12. (a) Conceptual ¥ 100 = 33.33%
13. (a) Cu + 4 HNO3 h Cu(NO3)2 + 2H2O + 2NO2 3
1 mole Cu Provide 2 moles NO2 d gas M gas È PM ˘
21. (a) RD = = ÍÎ d = RT ˙˚
12.7 12.7 d ref .gas M ref . gas
Mole Cu provide = 2 ¥ Mole NO 2
63.5 63.5 M gas
nNO2 = 0.4 RD = fi Mgas = 30
1
\ Volume = 0.4 ¥ 22.4 ¥ 1000 mL = 8960 mL W
Mavg = T
14. (a) Mass of carbon in 1 molecule of X = 21 ¥ 12 = 252 amu nT
if % weight of carbon is 50.4 % in molecule then CO2 : H2O
252 ¥ 100 Mole a b
Molecular mass of X = = 500 amu
50.4 a ¥ 44 + b ¥ 18
30 = fi 30a + 30b = 44a + 10b
1 a+b
15. (b) FeCl3(s) h FeCl2(s) + Cl2(g)
2 a 6
14a = 12b fi =
1 mol FeCl3(s) given 0.5 mol Cl2(g) b 7
0.5 ¥ 0.0821 ¥ 300 a 6 600
P= = 150 atm Mole % of CO2 = ¥ 100 = ¥ 100 =
0.0821 a+b 13 13
–31
È 54 + 96 ¥ 3 ˘ È 342 ˘ 22. (d) Mass of 1 electron = 9.1 ¥ 10 kg
16. (a) P = 294 Í ˙ = 294 Í = 342 Molar mass of Electron mean mass of NAe–
Î 98 ¥ 3 ˚ Î 294 ˙˚

= 9.1 ¥ 10–31 ¥ 6.022 ¥ 1023 = 54.8 ¥ 10–8 kg/ mole From (i), (ii) and (iii)
23. (c) (KHC2O4)0.95 · HC2O4 x = 50, y = 100 and z = 100
[4 + 0.95 ¥ 4] mole oxygen atom present in 1 mole \ PCO + Po2 = 100 + 250 = 350 mmHg
compound 27. (b) 3O2 h C6H12O6
1 For 1 mole Glucose requires 3 mole O2
\ 1 mole oxygen atom present in
[4 + 0.95 ¥ 4] 8
Mole compound mole (O2) in 1 hour is taken
1 32
\ 4 mole oxygen atom present in 1 32
[4 + 0.95 ¥ 4] 1 mole (O2) in taken in hour = hour
Mole compound 8/32 8
No of moles of solute (WA ) 32 ¥ 3
24. (d) M = ¥ 1000 (i) \ 3 mole (O2) in taken in = 12 hours.
Wt of solvent (gm) 8
nA 28. (b) If total moles = 1
xA = moles of SO3 = mole of H2SO4 = 0.5
Sn
mass of SO3 + H2SO4 = 40 + 49 = 89 g
n A = x A Sn
SO3 + H2O h H2SO4
WA 0.5 0.5
= X A Sn
MA mass of H2O require = 0.5 ¥ 18 = 9 g
\ WA = XASn MA = wt of solute 89 g require 9 g H2O
100 g require = 10.11 g
\ WB = XBSn MB = wt of solute % Labelling = (100 + 10.11) = 110.11%
From equation (1) 29. (b) MnO2 + H2 h MnxOy + H2O
x SnM A 17.4 g 12.6 g
m= A ¥ 1000
xB SnM B 17.4 12.6
x A 1000 87 55 x + 16 y
= ¥
xB M B Applying POAC on Mn atom
xA 1000 10 X A 1 12.6 x
= ¥ = =
(1 - x A ) 100 1 - X A 5 55 x + 16 y
25. (a) 100 mL of 0.1 M (NH4)2HPO3 63x = 55x + 16y
10 mm of (NH4)2HPO4 8x = 16y
È y 1˘
ÍÎ x = 2 ˙˚
NH4+ HPO42–
20 mm 10 mm ¥ 0.2 M = 40 mm
7.5 ¥ 1022 1
30. (a) Moles of element in cube = =
Na4P2O7 h 200 mL + 0.2 M = 40 mm 6 ¥ 1023 8
1
Mass of element in cube = ¥ 32 g = 4 g
Na+ P2O74– 8
4 ¥ 40 mm 40 mm
4 Mass
Volume of cube = = 3 cm3 =
Total millimoles of positive ions = 180 4/3 density
180 1800 a3 = 3 cm3 \ a6 = 9 cm6

Conc. (mm/litre) = = = 600 mass of CaBr2
0.3L 3 31. (c) (1) m = ¥ 1000
M.W. ¥ mass of H 2O
x C2H4 C2H4 H2O(l)
CO Sparking CO2 1000
26. (d) y CO N2 m= = 5m
N2
O2 200
z N2 O2 H2O(Vapour) 0.5
(2) m = ¥ 1000 = 55.5
x + y + z = 250 ...(i) 0.5 ¥ 18
C2H4 + 3O2 h 2CO2 + 2H2O (l) 0.5
(2x + y) + z + [(250 – (3x + y/2)] + 20 = 370 (3) m = ¥ 1000 = 55.5
0.5 ¥ 18
CO + O2 h CO2(g)
2x + y = 200 ...(ii) (4) As mole fraction of NaCl and H2O are same which
–x + y/2 + z = 100 ...(iii) means both have same moles hence m will be 55.5.

Mole Concept 1.29
32. (c) M = 44.8/11.2=4 A = 5000 m2

(1) moles of H2O2 in 3L = 3 ¥ 4 = 12 +4 +7 +6
(2) volume of H2O2 (used) = (60 ¥ 0.2 ¥ 2.8) = 33.6 L 37. (a) SO 2 + MnO 4- h SO 4-2 + Mn +2
nf = 2 nf = 5
33.6
Mole of O2 used = = 1.5 Let x mole of SO2
22.4
Mole of H2O2 used = 2 ¥ 1.5 = 3.0 (equivalent of SO2 = equivalent of KMnO4)
(3) 2H2O2 h H2O + O2 9 ¥ 0.008 ¥ 5
moles (H2O2) = 2 ¥ 1.5 = 3 moles x¥2=
1000
moles of H2O2 left = 12 – 3 = 9 9 ¥ 0.008 ¥ 5
M (H2O2) = 9 mole/3L = 3M x=
1000 ¥ 2
(4) V.S. = 3 ¥ 11.2 = 33.6 V
33. (a) N2 + H2 h N2H2(l) + N2H4(g) weight of SO2, = x ¥ 64
POAC on N a mole b mole
Ê 9 ¥ 0.008 ¥ 5 ¥ 1000 ¥ 64 ˆ
30 ¥ 2 = 2a + 2b fi a + b = 30 = Á ˜¯ mg = 11.52 mg
POAC on H 40 ¥ 2 = 2a + 4b fi a + 2b = 40 Ë 1000 ¥ 2
b = 10, a = 20 38. (c) 98 gram 80 gram
V.C. = (30 + 40) – 10 = 60 mL H2SO4 + 2NaOH h Na2SO4 + 2H2O
Energy change = 10 ¥ 2 = 20 H3PO4 + NaOH h NaH2PO4 + H2O
60/20 = 3 98 gram 40 gram
34. (c) When mixture is pass through hot graphite CO2 will 40 gram NaOH reacts with 49 gram H2SO4 and 98
be converted into CO as C is present in excess gram H3PO4 to form sulphate and dihydrogen phos-
CO2(g) + C(s) h 2CO (g) phate.wt. ratio
x mL 2x mL H2SO4 : H3PO4
Initial mixture 150 mL 49 98
Volume of CO2 = x mL 1 : 2 Ans.
Volume of CO = 150 – x 39. (a) Mol % of oxygen Present in
Which is already present in mixture 16
Total volume after reaction = 150 – x + 2x = 200 H2O = ¥ 100 = 88.88%
18
x = 50 mL Volume of CO2 in original mixture = 50
Volume of CO in original mixture = 100 118 % Oleum
100 40. (c) + 9 g H2O
Mole fraction of CO in original mixture = = 0.66 100 g
150
35. (b) HCOOH h H2O + CO
a mole gives a a 80 g SO3 20 g H2SO4
H2C2O4 h H2O + CO2 + CO
b mole gives b b b H2SO4 + SO3
Since H2O exist in liquid state.
volume of CO 2 b 1
= =
total volume (CO + CO 2 ) a + b + b 10 69 g 40 g
10b = a + 2b H2SO4
8b = a (1) % H2SO4 by wt. = 63.30 %
mole ratio 8 : 1 8+1=9 (2) Mass % of combined SO3 fi = 51.67%
4 ¥ 12.3 (3) with 109 g New oleum water can react = 9 g
36. (a) Initial moles of air = =2 \ with 100 g New oleum water can react = new
0.082 ¥ 300
labelling = 100 + 8.25 fi 108.25 %
3.6 ¥ 12.3 40
mole of air after 20 minutes = = 1.5 (4) Mass % of free SO3 = ¥ 100 fi 36.69%
0.082 ¥ 300 109
mole of air leaked in 20 min. 0.5 41. (a) 3NaOH + H3PO4 h Na3PO4 + 3H2O
molecule escape = 0.5 NA Total m moles of H3PO4 = (10 ¥ 0.5) = 5
Let surface area A cm2 \ Require NaOH = 15 m moles
Total molecule escape in 20 min. 15 1
0.5 ¥ 105 ¥ A ¥ 6.023 ¥ 108 ¥ 20 = 0.5 NA for Molarity of NaOH required = fi
300 20
A = 5 ¥ 107 cm2

Number of neutron in one molecule = 36

Ê 1ˆ Ê 1ˆ
V1 Á ˜ + V2 Á ˜ 36
Ë 10 ¯ Ë 30 ¯ 1 Number of neutron in one atom = = 18
= 2
V1 + V2 20
Mass number = number of proton + number of neutron
2 = 16 + 18 = 34
V + 2V1 = V1 + V2 49. (b) Mol. wt. of Al2(SO4)3 = 342
3 2
1 6840
V1 = V2 No. of moles of Al2(SO4)3 = = 20 moles
3 342
V no. of moles of ions in it = 20 ¥ 5 = 100 mole
V1 = 2  4 moles of ions are present in 1 mole Na3PO4
3
100
V2 = 3V1 \ 100 moles of ions are present in mole Na3PO4
4
V1 + V2 = 1000 mL 50. (c) 9F19 19K39 32XA
4V1 = 1000 mL fi V1 = 250 mL 1 : 1 : 1 Mole ratio
42. (a) (NH4)2HPO3 10 : 20 : (A – 32) Number of neutron
43. (a) N2(g) + H2(g) h N2H2(g) Average number of neutron
6 30 0
10 ¥ 1 + 20 ¥ 1 + ( A - 32)
LR = = 25
0 24 6 3
N2H2(g) + H2(g) h N2H4(l) A – 2 = 75 \ A = 77
6 24 0 1 ¥ 19 + 1 ¥ 39 + 1 ¥ 77
\ av. mass =
LR 3
0 18 6 Average Mass = 45
Volume contraction = (30 + 6) – 18 = 18 L 51. (b) Molecular weight of C6H12O6 = 180
18 36
% of volume contracted = ¥ 100 = 50% Number of mole of C6H12O6 = = 0.2 mole
36 180
44. (d) wt = 0.078 gram Number of electron in one molecule of C6H12O6
PV = nRT = 6 ¥ 6 + 12 ¥ 1 + 6 ¥ 8 = 96
22.4 Number of electron in 0.2 mole C6H12O6 = 0.2 ¥ 96 ¥
1¥ = n ¥ 0.0821 ¥ 273 NA = 19.2 NA
1000
0.078 7
= ¥ 0.0821 ¥ 273 52. (c) 2NH3 + O2 h 2NO2 + 3H2O
M mass 2
w1 w2
M Mass of hydrocarbon = 78
EF mass = 13 w1 w2
molecular formula = C6H6 17 = 32 ; w1 = 2 ¥ 2 ¥ 17; = 17 Ans.
45. (a) 10 gm CaCO3 contains 4 g Ca 2 7 w2 32 ¥ 7 56
4 2
% mass = ¥ 100 = 40%
10 M mass 53. (b) P4 + 5O2 h P4O10
46. (a) Volume of 1 mole of CH3CH2OCH3 31
density mole 32
60 mole
= = 75 cm 3 4 ¥ 31 32
0.8
 O2 is limiting reagent
75
Volume occupied by 1 molecule = 1
6 ¥ 1023 So, Number of mole of P4O10 formed = mole
5
= 1.25 ¥ 10–22 cm3 1
47. (b) Na2SO4 h 2Na + SO4+ 2– wt. of P4O10 formed = ¥ 284 = 56.8 gm
5
1 molecule gives 2 ions of Na+
54. (b) Moles of Na2SO4 = 200 ¥ 0.1 ¥ 10–3
48. (d) One mole A2 contain 32 mole electron and 36 mole
neutrons. Moles of Na+ = (200 ¥ 0.1 ¥ 10–3) ¥ 2 = (2 ¥ 10–2) ¥ 2
So, Number of electron in one molecule = 32 Moles of Na3PO4 = 100 ¥ 0.2 ¥ 10–3
32 Moles of Na+ = (100 ¥ 0.2 ¥ 10–3) ¥ 3 = 2 ¥ 10–2 ¥ 3
Number of electron in one atom = = 16 Total moles of Na+ = 5 ¥ 2 ¥ 10–2 = 10–1
2

Mole Concept 1.31
10-1 1 1
M Na + = ¥ 1000 = = 0.33 M Ans \ wt of MgO = ¥ 40 = 20 g
300 3 2
12 + 32 = 44 g (Mass conservation)
Parts of solute wt of solute
55. (b) PPM = ¥ 106 = ¥106
Part of solution wt of solution 2.4 ¥ 1024
61. (d) nC a = = 4 Mole
6 ¥ 1023
w wt of solute
%= ¥ 100
w wt of solution 380
¥ 96
Pv 0.5 ¥ 96 48
% Labeling of OLEUM = 100 + wt of water added for nCl 2 = = 760 = = = 2 Mole
obtaining maximum wt of H2SO4 in 100 gram Oleum. RT 0.0800 ¥ 300 24.00 24
Since V µ T So above concentration term independent Ca + Cl2 h CaCl2
of temperature or volume. 4 2 0
56. (a) No of e– in one O– – ion = 8 + 2 = 10e 2 0 2 Mole = 2 ¥ 111 = 222 g
10e– present in one O– – ion 62. (a) C4H8 + 6O2 h 4 CO2 + 4H2O
1 –– 3 mole C4H8 give h 3 ¥ 4 CO2= 12 Mole CO2
\ 1 e– present in one O ion
10 C6H6 + O2 h 6 CO2 + 3H2O
1 3 Mole C6H6 gives h 6 ¥ 3 CO2 = 18 Mole CO2
\ 1.2 ¥ 1022 present in one ¥ 1.2 ¥ 1022
10 12 + 18 = 30 Mole CO2 = 30 ¥ 44 = 1320 gram.
= 1.2 ¥ 1021 oxideion 50%
63. (c) 2KClO3 æææ Æ 2KCl + 3O 2
1.2 ¥ 1021
= mole 67.2
6 ¥ 1023 nO 2 = = 3 Mole
22.4
= 2 ¥ 10–3 Mole
57. (b) No of proton in one D3O+ = 3 + 8 = 11 3 Mole O2 produced from 50% impure KClO3
No of neutron in one D3O+ = 3 + 8 = 11 \ Moles of pure KClO3 in impure Sample
n 11 2
\ ratio of = = 1 : 1 any amount = 2 ¥ ¥ 3 = 4 Mole
p 11 3
= 4 ¥ [39 + 35.5 + 48 ] = 490 gram.
Since Deuterium have 1P, ln and l e– 64. (a) No of moles of N2 = 3a
Oxygen atom have 8P, 8n and 8e– No of moles of O2 = a
PV wt 2.4
58. (b) n = = a=
RT Mwt 32
2 ¥ 14 80 2.4
= \ No of moles of N2 = 3 ¥
0.0821 ¥ 273 Mwt 32
28 80 2.4
= Wt of N2 = 3 ¥ ¥ 28 = 6.3 gram
22.4 Mwt 32
80 ¥ 22.4 \ Total Mass = 6.3 + 2.4 = 8.7 gram
Mwt = = 64
28 65. (a) Urea NH2 CONH2 have 2 atom of Nitrogen in one
64 = 32 + x [16] Molecule or 2 gram atom in 1 Mole
\ x=2 \ 20 gram atom in 10 Mole urea = 10 ¥ 60 = 600 gram
wt of iron 2.8 3.5
59. (b) ¥ 100 = 0.25 66. (a) =
M Mass 22.4 M Mass
x ¥ 56 0.25 22.4 ¥ 3.5
= = M Mass =
89600 100 2.8
89600 ¥ 0.25 M Mass
x= =4 \ VD = = 14
56 ¥ 100 2
1 67. (b) Ni0.98 O100 fi Ni98 O100
60. (a) Mg + O2 h MgO x [ + 3] + (98 – x) ¥ 2 + 100 (–2) = 0
2
1 3x + 196 – 2x = 200
Here Mg L.R. \ 12 g = mole Mg gives x=4
2
1 4
mole MgO ¥ 100  4%
2 98

40 \ number of M+3 = 0.04

68. (a) No of moles I2 = ¥ 0.1 0.04
1000
Percentage of M+3 = ¥ 100 = 4.08%
È 40 ˘ 0.98
\ No of atom = Í ¥ 0.1 ¥ 6.022 ¥ 1023 ˙ ¥ 2 1
Î1000 ˚ nO2 7
= 48.17 ¥ 1020 77. (d) = 32 =
nN2 4 32
+
69. (c) [H ] = 0.1 M 28
H2SO4 h 2H+ + SO -4 V 11.2
78. (c) M = = =1M
[H+] = 0.1 M 11.2 11.2
0.1 M w 10
\ MH2SO4 = = 0.05 M M= %
2 v MA
70. (b) 1 Molal aq solution means
1 Mole in 1000 gram = 55.5 mole water w 10
1= %¥
1 1 v 34
\ Mole fraction = = = 0.0179 = 0.018 w
1 + 55.5 56.5 % = 3.4%
v
71. (c) 1 Million = 106
Wt of 106 atom = 1.79 ¥ 10–16 g w 10d
M= %
w MA
1.79 ¥ 10-16
\ Wt of 1 atom = w 10 ¥ 1.034
106 1= %¥
w 34
1.79 ¥ 10-16 w 34 3400
\ wt of NA atom = ¥ 6.022 ¥ 1023 \ %= =
106 w 10.34 1034
= 17.9 ¥ 6.022 = 107.79 79. (b) CO(a mL) + CO2 (150-a mL) = 150 mL initially
72. (b) gram atom or Mole CO2 + C(s) Æ 2CO
(150 – a)mL CO2 gives 2 [150 – a] mL CO
1.4
= 0.1 gram atom Total volume after reaction
14 a + 2 [150 – a ] = 250
73. (c) CuSO4 ◊ 5H2O h CuSO4 + 5H2O 300 – a = 250
wt of CuSO4 = 95.7 a = 50 mL = VCO ˘
No of Moles of CuSO4 = No of moles of blue vitriol inoriginal mixture
Vco 2 = 100 ml ˙˚
95.7 95.7
= = 50
63.5 + 96 159.5 ¥ 100 = 33.33%
150
\ No of water Molecule 80. (b) Zn + 2HCl Æ ZnCl2 + H2
95.7
= ¥ 6.022 ¥ 1023 ¥ 5 = 18.06 ¥ 1023 130.6
159.5 = No of moles of Zn = No of mole of H2
65.3
74. (b) Zn + H2SO4 h ZnSO4 + H2
130.6
112 1 \ VH 2 = ¥ 22.4 = 44.8 L
No of moles of H2 = = moles 65.3
22400 200
39
no of moles of H2 = No of moles of Zn 81. (b) % wt of K in KCl = ¥ 100 = 52.34%
74.5
1
= Moles 39
200 % wt of K in KNO3 = ¥ 100 = 39%
1 101
= ¥ 65 = 0.325 g \ % of K vary between 39% to 52.34% in mixture of
200
KCl and KNO3
18 mL ¥ 1 g/mL 82. (d) MnO2 + 4HCl h MnCl2 (g) +Cl2 + 2H2O
75. (b) No of moles = = 1 mole
18 164.2 mL
No of e– in one molecule of H2O = 2 + 8 = 10 38 164.2
\ Total No of e– in 1 Mole = 10 ¥ 6.022 ¥ 1023 ¥
PV 1
= 6.022 ¥ 1024 nCl 2 = = 76 1000 = mole
RT 0.0821 ¥ 400 400
76. (b) n ¥ 2 + (0.98 – n) ¥ 3 = 1 ¥ (–2)
1
n = 0.94 \ nHCl = mole = M ¥ 0.2
100

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The Project Gutenberg eBook of Studiën in
Nederlandsche Namenkunde
This ebook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United
States and most other parts of the world at no cost and with
almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away
or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License
included with this ebook or online at www.gutenberg.org. If you
are not located in the United States, you will have to check the
laws of the country where you are located before using this
eBook.
Title: Studiën in Nederlandsche Namenkunde
Author: Johan Winkler
Release date: September 19, 2023 [eBook #71689]
Language: Dutch
Original publication: Haarlem: H. D. Tjeenk Willink & Zoon, 1900
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generously made available by The Internet Archive)
*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK STUDIËN IN

NEDERLANDSCHE NAMENKUNDE ***
[Inhoud]
[Inhoud]
Studiën in Nederlandsche Namenkunde.
[Inhoud]
STUDIËN
IN
NEDERLANDSCHE
NAMENKUNDE
DOOR
JOHAN WINKLER.
HAARLEM
H. D. TJEENK WILLINK & ZOON
1900
[Inhoud]
Boeck, ey soo men di wil laecken,
Segg’ dat si yet beters maecken.
Laecken end maecken is groet verscil,
Dye nyet en can maecken magh swigen still.
D’æbarre traeppet plomp yn ’t gnod,

Oer ’t goe kruwd hinne in sykt de Podd’.
Dy hier uwt naet az fuwl op-syckje,
Momme eack, mey rjuecht, by Rea-schonck
lyckje.
Gysbert Japicx.
Wy willen gheerne ’t onse om een beter gheven,

Isser iet ghefaelt, tsy groot oft cleene.
Maer qualick can ment elck te passe gheweven:
Want niemant volmaeckt, dan God alleene.
Marcus van Vaernewyck.

[Inhoud]
INHOUD.
Bladz.
Inleiding
I. Spotnamen van steden en dorpen 3
II. Nederlandsche plaatsnamen in Frankrijk 91
III. Gentsche geslachtsnamen 136
IV. Helmondsche namen uit de middeleeuwen 171
V. Friesche namen 196
VI. De namen der ingezetenen van Leeuwarden ten
jare 1511 255
VII. De hel in Friesland 280
Register 293
[1]
[Inhoud]
INLEIDING.
De Namenkunde vormt een belangrijk onderdeel van de Taalkunde

in haren grootsten omvang, en staat tevens in menigvuldige
betrekking tot Geschiedenis en Volkenkunde.
De kennis van de namen in ’t algemeen, wat hun oorsprong,

geschiedenis en beteekenis aangaat, is inderdaad een zeer
bijzonder vak van wetenschap, een tak van studie die mij steeds
bijzonder heeft aangetrokken, en die bij voorkeur door mij beoefend
is geworden. Herhaaldelijk heb ik dan ook het een en ander werk of
werkje geschreven en in ’t licht doen komen, dat de Namenkunde
van Nederland (plaatsnamen) en van Nederlanders (vóórnamen en
geslachtsnamen) in bijzondere onderdeelen behandelt. Ik behoef
hier slechts mijn werk De Nederlandsche Geslachtsnamen in
Oorsprong, Geschiedenis en Beteekenis 📘 (Haarlem, H. D. Tjeenk
Willink, 1885) te noemen en mijne Friesche Naamlijst (Leeuwarden,
Meyer en Schaafsma, 1898), twee uitgebreide, omvangrijke werken,
die mij veel moeitevolle studie hebben gekost, maar die mij evenzeer
veelvuldige voldoening hebben bereid. Buitendien is er nog in
tijdschriften en jaarboekjes 1 menig opstel van mijne hand
verschenen, dat het een of ander gedeelte der Namenkunde tot
onderwerp heeft, dat Nederlandsche namen uit verschillende
tijdperken van ons volksbestaan, en uit verschillende gouwen en
plaatsen behandelt. [2]
Een zestal van die verhandelingen, uit den aard der zaak weinig
bekend, heb ik uitgekozen, en, ten deele aangevuld, vermeerderd,
verbeterd, hier opnieuw doen afdrukken. Een grooter opstel, over de
Spotnamen van steden en dorpen, het hoofdnummer van dezen
bundel, heb ik daarbij gevoegd. Dat verschijnt hier voor ’t eerst in ’t
licht.
Deze verschillende verhandelingen hangen slechts los te zamen;

slechts in zooverre als ze allen een onderwerp van Namenkunde
behandelen. Overigens niet.
Millioenen namen, mans- en vrouwen-vóórnamen in honderderlei

vormen en vervormingen, oorspronkelijk volkseigene en vreemde,
zoowel als geslachts- en plaatsnamen, eveneens in honderderlei
vormen, en die voor een groot deel van die vóórnamen zijn afgeleid
—inderdaad millioenen namen zijn over alle Nederlanden verspreid,
bij het Nederlandsche volk in gebruik. Elke naam heeft zijnen
eigenen, bijzonderen oorsprong, zijne geschiedenis, zijne
beteekenis, en zeer vele namen zijn in hunnen oorsprong, in hunne
geschiedenis en beteekenis belangrijk en merkwaardig. Elke naam
kan met andere soortgelijke in verschillende groepen vereenigd
worden, en al die namengroepen afzonderlijk in wetenschappelijken
zin beoefend en behandeld worden. Welk een arbeidsveld! En, voor
zooveel het onze Nederlandsche namen betreft, is dat veld nog zoo
weinig ontgonnen!
Ik heb slechts hier en daar een greep kunnen doen in deze rijke stof,
die zoo ruimschoots voorhanden, en voor iedereen toegankelijk is;
slechts hier en daar een greep ter verklaring van sommige
namengroepen en namen.
Mogen de volgende studiën, die uit den aard der zaak slechts in zeer
beperkten en beknopten vorm sommige namengroepen behandelen,
den lezer welkom zijn, en zijne belangstelling opwekken! En mogen
velen, door de lezing en de beoefening dezer verhandelingen zich
aangespoord gevoelen om al mede aan dit onderwerp, aan de
Namenkunde, hunne krachten te wijden; en moge onze
vaderlandsche wetenschap daardoor grootelijks verrijkt en gebaat
worden!
Den vriendelijken lezer een vriendelijke groet van
Johan Winkler.
H a a r l e m , 1900. [3]
1 De Navorscher, De Vrije Fries (tijdschrift van het Friesch Genootschap voor

Geschied-, Oudheid- en Taalkunde, Leeuwarden), Rond den Heerd (Brugge),
Ostfriesisches Monatsblatt (Emden), Nomina Geographica Neerlandica (tijdschrift
van het Nederlandsch Aardrijkskundig Genootschap), Belfort (Gent), de Friesche
Volksalmanak (Leeuwarden), de Noordbrabantsche Almanak (Helmond), enz. ↑
[Inhoud]
I
SPOTNAMEN VAN STEDEN EN DORPEN.
Onderscheid in geaardheid, onderscheid in volkseigene zaken, taal

en tongval, kleeding, zeden en gebruiken, nering en bedrijf bij zee-,
steê- en landvolk, onderscheid in richting en partijschap op
godsdienstig en op staatkundig en maatschappelijk gebied is er
heden ten dage in ons vaderland nog ruimschoots voorhanden,
tusschen de bevolking van het eene en van het andere gewest, van
de verschillende Nederlandsche gewesten onderling.
Niettegenstaande dit onderscheid langzamerhand al minder en
minder wordt, en gedurig uitslijt, vooral door het meerdere en
gemakkelijke verkeer tusschen de lieden uit de verschillende
gewesten van ons land onderling, zoo onderkent men toch den Fries
aan allerlei volkseigene en bijzonder Friesche zaken en
eigenaardigheden nog gemakkelijk uit alle andere Nederlanders.
Maar ook de Groningerlander en de Zeeuw, de Hollander en de
Gelderschman, de Overijsselaar en de Brabander, de Drent en de
Limburger, ja ook de Hollander uit het Noorden (West-Friesland) en
die uit het Zuiden (het Overmaassche) zijn voor den opmerkzamen
man duidelijk en gemakkelijk te kennen, duidelijk en gemakkelijk de
een van den ander te onderscheiden.
Oudtijds traden de kenteekenen die den Fries en den Brabander,

den Gelderschman en den Hollander, den Drent en den Zeeuw
onderscheiden, veel sterker te voorschijn dan heden ten dage. Ja,
allerlei bijzondere kenmerken waren zelfs op te merken [4]bij de
bewoners van verschillende steden en dorpen—kenmerken,
waardoor dezen zich onderscheidden van de ingezetenen van
andere, van naburige of ook van verderaf gelegene plaatsen. Het
onderscheid tusschen de bewoners van twee naburige plaatsen, al
waren die lieden dan ook oorspronkelijk van geheel den zelfden
volksstam, viel juist hen onderling, over en weêr, bijzonder in ’t oog,
klonk juist te duidelijker in hun oor, werd juist door hen te scherper
opgemerkt. Voor den Hollander moge er geen onderscheid zijn te
bespeuren, in spraak noch in voorkomen, noch in eenigerlei andere
volkseigene zaak tusschen eenen burgerman uit Leeuwarden en
eenen uit Dokkum, voor den Leeuwarder en den Dokkumer zelven is
dit onderscheid zeer wel te hooren en te zien. De Friezen mogen de
Noord-Brabanders en Limburgers dooréén werpen, en niet
afzonderlijk onderkennen, Bosschenaren en Maastrichtenaren, die
van Breda en die van Roermond, zijn diep doordrongen van het
verschil dat er tusschen hen onderling bestaat. De Hollander, in ’t
algemeen de Nederlander uit het Westen en het Zuiden des lands
moge al Groningerlanders en Friezen over eenen en den zelfden
kam scheren en niet onderscheiden, de Amsterdamsche
grootstedeling moge die twee gelijkelijk als „buitenlui”, als
„provincialen, uit het Noorden” bestempelen en ze niet
onderscheidenlijk onderkennen, voor den Fries en den
Groningerlander zelven, over en weêr, zijn de bijzondere kenmerken,
die hen onderscheiden, zeer duidelijk en zeer groot, en de
Leeuwarder begrijpt zoo min als de Groninger hoe de Hollander den
een met den ander als in eenen adem kan noemen, hoe hij den een
met den anderen kan verwisselen en verwarren.
In oude tijden, toen de gelegenheden van onderling verkeer

tusschen de verschillende Nederlandsche gewesten, ook tusschen
de verschillende steden en dorpen van het zelfde gewest zoo veel
minder en geringer waren dan thans, kwamen de menschen, over ’t
algemeen genomen, uit de eene plaats vaak weinig of niet, soms
schier nooit in aanraking met die uit eene andere plaats, al ware ’t
ook dat die twee plaatsen, naar ons hedendaagsch begrip, volstrekt
niet verre van elkander af lagen. Natuurlijk bleven, ten gevolge van
dit besloten zijn binnen de muren en wallen en grachten van de
eigene stad, hoogstens binnen de [5]grenzen van de eigene gouw,
de oude volkseigenheden steeds vast en duidelijk in wezen, bleven
scherper begrensd, hielden veel langer stand dan heden ten dage,
nu schier de helft van de Nederlanders niet meer woont in de
plaatsen, waarin ze geboren en groot gebracht zijn, waar hunne
maagschap van oudsher gezeten is.
Het onderlinge verschil tusschen de ingezetenen van de eene plaats

en die van de andere, werd ook wel eene oorzaak van min
vriendelijke verhouding over en weêr, van onderlingen naijver—ja,
als ’t hoog liep, van onderlingen afkeer, zelfs van haat.
Kleingeestigheid, bekrompenheid, uit onkunde geboren, weêrhield,
aan den eenen kant, wederzijdsche erkenning als volks-, als
stamgenooten, en mat, aan de andere zijde, het onderlinge, veelal
onwezenlijke verschil ten breedsten, ten hatelijksten uit.
Leeuwarders en Dokkumers, bij voorbeeld, gevoelden zich niet als
volksgenooten, als Friezen, de eene zoo goed als de andere, maar
als Leeuwarders en Dokkumers op zich zelven, als „L e e u w a r d e r
G a l g e l a p p e r s ” en als „D o k k u m e r G a r n a t e n ”, zoo als
men elkanderen over en weêr betitelde, ja wel uitschold. Tusschen
Amsterdammers en Haarlemmers, al hoe nabij elkanderen hunne
steden ook gelegen zijn, heerschte in de 16e eeuw de grootste
naijver—een naijver die zich onder anderen lucht gaf in de
spotnamen „K o e k e t e r s ” en „M u g g e n ”, die men elkanderen
wederkeerig toevoegde—een naijver die, bij voorbeeld, ook blijkt uit
het min of meer smalende vers, waarmede de blijspeldichter
Gerbrand Adriaense Brederoô, een Oud-Amsterdammer in merg en
been, de Haarlemmers uitdaagde:
„Haerlemsche drooge harten nu,

Toont nu eens wie gy syt!
Wy Amsterdammers tarten u
Te drincken eens om stryt.”
En juist zulk eene verhouding bestond er tusschen den Zwolschen
B l a u w v i n g e r en den Kamper S t e u r , tusschen den
Deventerschman en den Zutfenaar, tusschen den Franeker
K l o k k e d i e f en den Harlinger To b b e d a n s e r , tusschen den
Rotterdammer en den Dordtenaar, tusschen den Emder
P o t s c h ĳ t e r en den Auriker P o g g e , tusschen den
Antwerpschen S i n j o o r en den Mechelschen
M a n e b l u s s c h e r , tusschen den Gentenaar [6]en den Bruggeling,
tusschen den K e u n e t e r van Duinkerke en den D r i n k e r van St.
Winoksbergen.
Overal in al de Nederlanden, Noord en Zuid, en in aangrenzende

stamverwante gewesten die thans tot Duitschland en Frankrijk
behooren (Oost-Friesland, Bentheim, Munsterland, Fransch-
Vlaanderen en Artesië), had men oudtijds zulke spotnamen voor de
inwoners van steden en dorpen; en al mogen die namen
tegenwoordig al minder sterk op den voorgrond treden als in vorige
tijden het geval geweest is, ze zijn toch heden ten dage nog
geenszins volkomen verdwenen. Oudtijds gaf de onderlinge naijver,
zich vooral ook uitende in het wederkeerig elkander noemen en
schelden met spotnamen, wel aanleiding tot zeer gespannen
verhoudingen, tot wrevel en haat, tot vechtpartijen zelfs, waarbij men
elkanderen wel bloedige koppen sloeg. Dit behoort in onzen tijd tot
het verledene, maar de oude spotnamen zijn nog wel bekend, en
worden nog wel eens gebruikt, zij het dan ook in tamelijk
onschuldige plagerij, of geheel in scherts.
Deze oude spotnamen zijn voor een goed deel belangrijk in menig
opzicht. Velen daarvan zijn reeds zeer oud en dagteekenen uit de
middeleeuwen. Velen ook berusten op het eene of andere
geschiedkundige feit, anderen op het wapen dat eigen is aan stad of
dorp (K l o k k e d i e v e n van Franeker, B a l k e d i e v e n van ’t
Ameland, M o l l e n van Schermerhorn). Anderen weêr danken hun
ontstaan aan het eene of andere bijzondere voorval, waarbij door
den nabuur, den tegenstander, in ’t geven van den spotnaam, juist
de domme, de belachelijke zijde der zaak werd in ’t licht gesteld
(K a l f s c h i e t e r s van Delft, K e i s l e p e r s van Amersfoort,
M a n e b l u s s c h e r s van Mechelen, R o g s t e k e r s van Weert).
Weêr anderen zijn ontleend aan eenen bijzonderen tak van handel,
van nering of bedrijf, die in de eene stad bestond, in de andere niet;
G o r t b u i k e n of G o r t z a k k e n van Alkmaar—te Alkmaar
bestonden oudtijds vele grutterijen, en de Alkmaarsche gort was wijd
vermaard in den lande; B o t e r v r e t e r s van Diksmude en
K a a s m a k e r s van Belle—beide deze Vlaamsche plaatsen zijn
van ouds bekend om hare zuivelbereiding. Sommigen ook zijn
ontstaan door de eene of andere lekkernij, die in de eene of andere
stad bijzonder gemaakt en [7]door de inwoners bij voorkeur gegeten
of gedronken werd. (K o e k e t e r s van Amsterdam,
K l i e n r o g g e n van de Joure, D ú m k e f r e t t e r s van Sneek,
M o l b o o n e n van Groningen, R o o d b i e r d r i n k e r s van
Harelbeke.)
Kieskeurig waren de oude Nederlanders geenszins, in het bedenken

en gebruiken van spotnamen. Van daar dat sommige dezer namen
heden ten dage slechts ternauwernood in beschaafd mannen-
gezelschap genoemd kunnen worden; (Z a n d p i s s e r s van de
Zijpe, G r u p p e n d r i e t e r s van Oldenzaal, P o t s c h ĳ t e r s van
Emden, L u z e k n i p p e r s van Eernewoude,
M o s t e r d s c h ĳ t e r s van Diest). Maar, jufferachtig preutsch moet
men niet zijn, als men sommige eigenaardigheden onzer voorouders
in nadere behandeling neemt.
Al deze Oud-Nederlandsche spotnamen te zamen genomen geven

een veelal verrassend, ook leerzaam en soms niet onvermakelijk

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Chemistry Module I Physical Chemistry

I for IIT JEE main and advanced

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l Level-II contains slightly difficult questions suitable for JEE Advanced.

comprehension, match the column and single digit integer).

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4. Chemical Equilibrium 4.1–4.32

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Molarity For gases

MolalitY [m] tYPiCal ConCentration

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So, number of mole of water required = number of moles of

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A w g sample was burned in the presence of CuO to cause

Weight rise in KOH = w2 – w1 = wCO2 NaOH (for neutralisation of excess H SO )

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tion (containing halide ion solution which is obtained by re-

Weight of oxygen in Organic Compound Fig. 1.3

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0.7 \ number of moles of O2 obtained

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\ 1 L solution contains 1 mole of NaOH \ molarity after ionisation

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Stage 1: The water sample is treated with excess of Mn2+ (aq)

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24. Select the incorrect statement(s). Column I Column II

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Previous Years’ Questions of Jee (Main & advanCed)

Hints and Solutions

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Actual product formed Ê 936 ˆ