Differential Calculus Booster With Problems and Solutions For Iit Jee Main and Advanced Rejaul Makshud Mcgraw Hill Rejaul Makshud Full Chapter

Differential Calculus Booster with
Problems and Solutions for IIT JEE

Main and Advanced Rejaul Makshud
McGraw Hill Rejaul Makshud
Visit to download the full and correct content document:
https://ebookmass.com/product/differential-calculus-booster-with-problems-and-soluti
ons-for-iit-jee-main-and-advanced-rejaul-makshud-mcgraw-hill-rejaul-makshud/
8.5 x 11 inch
Differential Calculus Booster JEE main & Adv

11 March 2017 11:05:32 AM
Differential Calculus
Booster
with Problems & Solutions
JEE
Main and Advanced
About the Author
REJAUL MAKSHUD (RM)
Post Graduated from Calcutta University in PURE MATHEMATICS.
Presently, he trains IIT Aspirants at RACE IIT Academy, Jamshedpur.
Differential Calculus
Booster
with Problems & Solutions
JEE
Main and Advanced
Rejaul Makshud
M. Sc. (Calcutta University, Kolkata)
McGraw Hill Education (India) Private Limited

chennai
McGraw Hill Education Offices

Chennai New York St Louis San Francisco Auckland Bogotá Caracas
Kuala Lumpur Lisbon London Madrid Mexico City Milan Montreal
San Juan Santiago Singapore Sydney Tokyo Toronto
Published by McGraw Hill Education (India) Private Limited,
444/1, Sri Ekambara Naicker Industrial Estate, Alapakkam, Porur, Chennai - 600 116, Tamil Nadu, India
Differential Calculus Booster
Copyright © 2017, McGraw Hill Education (India) Private Limited.
No part of this publication may be reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise
or stored in a database or retrieval system without the prior written permission of the publishers. The program listings (if any) may be entered, stored
and executed in a computer system, but they may not be reproduced for publication.
This edition can be exported from India only by the publishers,

ISBN (13): 978-93-5260-575-0

ISBN (10): 93-5260-575-6
Information contained in this work has been obtained by McGraw Hill Education (India), from sources believed to be reliable. However, neither
McGraw Hill Education (India) nor its authors guarantee the accuracy or completeness of any information published herein, and neither McGraw
Hill Education (India) nor its authors shall be responsible for any errors, omissions, or damages arising out of use of this information. This work
is published with the understanding that McGraw Hill Education (India) and its authors are supplying information but are not attempting to render
engineering or other professional services. If such services are required, the assistance of an appropriate professional should be sought.
Typeset at Bharati Composers, D-6/159, Sector-VI, Rohini, Delhi 110 085, and text and cover printed at
Cover Designer: Creative Designer
Visit us at: www.mheducation.co.in

Dedicated to
My Beloved Mom and Dad
Preface
DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS BOOSTER with Problems & Solutions for JEE Main and Advanced is meant for aspirants
preparing for the entrance examinations of different technical institutions, especially NIT/IIT/BITSAT/IISc. In writing this
book, I have drawn heavily from my long teaching experience at National Level Institutes. After many years of teaching I
have realised the need of designing a book that will help the readers to build their base, improve their level of mathemati-
cal concepts and enjoy the subject.
This book is designed keeping in view the new pattern of questions asked in JEE Main and Advanced Exams. It has
nine chapters. Each chapter has the concept booster followed by a large number of exercises with the exact solutions to
the problems as given below:
Level - I : Problems based on Fundamentals

Level - II : Mixed Problems (Objective Type Questions)
Level - III : Problems for JEE Advanced
Level - IV : Tougher problems for JEE Advanced
(0.......9) : Integer type Questions
Passages : Comprehensive link passages
Matching : Matrix Match
Reasoning : Assertion and Reason
Previous years papers : Questions asked in Previous Years’ IIT-JEE Exams
Remember friends, no problem in mathematics is difficult. Once you understand the concept, they will become easy.
So please don’t jump to exercise problems before you go through the Concept Booster and the objectives. Once you are
confident in the theory part, attempt the exercises. The exercise problems are arranged in a manner that they gradually
require advanced thinking.
I hope this book will help you to build your base, enjoy the subject and improve your confidence to tackle any type of
problem easily and skillfully.
My special thanks goes to Mr. M.P. Singh (IISc. Bangalore), Mr. Yogesh Sindhwani (Head of School, Lancers International
School, Gurugram), Mr. Manoj Kumar (IIT, Delhi), Mr. Nazre Hussain (B.Tech.), Dr. Syed Kashan Ali (MBBS) and Mr.
Shahid Iqbal, who have helped, inspired and motivated me to accomplish this task. As a matter of fact, teaching being the
best learning process, I must thank all my students who inspired me most for writing this book.
I would like to convey my affectionate thanks to my wife, who helped me immensely and my children who bore with
patience my neglect during the period I remained devoted to this book.
I also convey my sincere thanks to Mr Biswajit Das of McGraw Hill Education for publishing this book in such a
beautiful format.
viii Preface
I owe a special debt of gratitude to my father and elder brother, who taught me the first lesson of Mathematics and to
all my learned teachers—Mr. Swapan Halder, Mr. Jadunandan Mishra, Mr. Mahadev Roy and Mr. Dilip Bhattacharya, who
instilled the value of quality teaching in me.
I have tried my best to keep this book error-free. I shall be grateful to the readers for their constructive suggestions
toward the improvement of the book.
Rejaul Makshud
M. Sc. (Calcutta University, Kolkata)
Contents
Preface vii
1. Real Function 1.1–1.95

Basic concepts of Real Functions 1.1
Algebraic operation on domain of a function 1.2
Range of a function 1.2
Types of functions 1.2
Classification of functions with respect to its images 1.12
Inverse Function 1.14
Compostion of Functions 1.14
Even and Odd Functions 1.15
Algebra of Even and Odd Functions 1.15
Even and Odd extensions of a function 1.16
Periodic Function 1.16
Functional Equation 1.18
Exercises 1.18
Answers 1.40
Hints and Solutions 1.40
2. Inverse Trigonometric Functions 2.1–2.84

Introduction to Inverse Function 2.1
Inverse Trigonometric Functions 2.1
Graphs of Inverse Trigonometric Functions 2.2
Constant Property 2.4
Conversion of Inverse Trigonometric Functions 2.4
Composition of Trigonometric Functions and its Inverse 2.5
Composition of Inverse Trigonometric Functions and Trigonometric Functions 2.5
Sum of Angles 2.6
Multiple Angles 2.7
More Multiple Angles 2.7
Exercises 2.8
Answers 2.24
x Contents
3. The Limit 3.1–3.67

Meaning of x a 3.1
Neighbourhood of a Point 3.1
Limit of a function 3.1
Formal definition of a limit 3.1
Concept of infinity 3.1
Concept of limit 3.1
Algebra of limits 3.2
Evaluation of limit 3.2
Exercises 3.5
Answers 3.22
4. The Continuity and Differentiability 4.1–4.71

Introduction 4.1
Continuity 4.1
Reasons of Discontinuity 4.1
Types of discontinuities 4.1
Continuity of an Interval 4.3
Single Point Continuity 4.4
Properties of Continuous Functions 4.4
Differentiability 4.4
Exercises 4.9
Answers 4.28
5. Differentiation 5.1–5.66
Introduction 5.1
Definitions 5.1
Derivative of some standard functions 5.2
Differentiation of Composite function 5.3
Differentiation by Inverse Trigonometric Function 5.3
Formula for differentiation of inverse function 5.3
Differentiation of Implicit Functions 5.4
Logarithmic Differentiation 5.4
Differentiation of Infinite Series 5.4
Differentiation of Parametric Functions 5.4
Differentiation of a function w.r.t another function 5.4
Higher Order Derivatives 5.4
Differentiation of a Determinant 5.4
Leibnitz Rules for Differentiation 5.5
Exercises 5.5
Answers 5.21
Contents xi
6. Rolle’s theorem and Lagrange’s mean value theorem 6.1–6.24

Rolle’s Theorem 6.1
Lagranges Mean Value Theorem 6.2
Constant Function Theorem 6.2
Constant Difference Theorem 6.2
Applications of L.M.V. Theorem 6.2
Cauchy’s Mean Value Theorem 6.3
Generalised Mean Value Theorem 6.3
Nature of the cubic polynomial 6.3
Exercises 6.4
Answers 6.10
7. Monotonocity 7.1–7.36
Definitions 7.1
Test for Finding the Monotonicity at an End Point 7.2
Necessary Condition for Monotonicity 7.2
Sufficient Condition for Monotonicity 7.2
Critical Point 7.2
Application of Monotonocity in Isolations of Roots 7.2
Algebra of Monotonous Functions 7.2
General Approach to Proving Inequalities 7.3
Concave up and Concave Down 7.3
Inflection Point 7.3
Exercises 7.4
Answers 7.14
8. The Tangent and Normal 8.1–8.43

Introduction 8.1
Secant 8.1
Tangent 8.1
Normal 8.1
Relation between tangent and normal 8.1
Equations of tangent and Normal 8.2
Conditions of different types of tangents 8.2
Equation of Tangent and Normal to a second degree curve 8.2
Length of Intercepts of the tangents by the axes 8.3
Tangents at the Origin or Through Origin 8.3
Angle between two curves 8.3
Shortest distance 8.3
Common tangent 8.3
Tangent to the curve at point P intersects the curve again at Q 8.3
Lengths of tangent, sub-tangent, normal and sub-normal to the curve at a point 8.4
xii Contents
Exercises 8.4
Answers 8.14
9. The Maxima and Minima 9.1–9.38

Definitions 9.1
Concept of Local Maxima and Local Minima 9.1
The First Order derivative Test 9.2
Test for Local maxima / Local minima, when f(x) is not differentiable at x = a 9.3
Extremum at end-points 9.3
More idea on Local Maximum and Local Minimum 9.3
Global Maximum / Global Minimum 9.3
Algebra of Global Extrema 9.4
The Second Order derivative Test 9.4
Exercises 9.6
Answers 9.21
Chapter
1 Real Function
1.2 Domain
Concept Booster
The first set is called the domain of a function. It is denoted
1. Basic concepts of Real Functions as Df . In f (x) = x + 4 above, Df = A
1.1 Definition 1.3 Co-domain

Let A and B be two non-empty sets. A function ‘f ’ is a rule The second set is called the co-domain of a function. It is
between two sets A and B in such a way that for every ele- denoted as Cf . In f (x) = x + 4 above, Cf = B
ment in A there exists a unique element in B. It is denoted Example-1. Let A = {1, 2, 3, 4} and B = {4, 5, 6, 8, 10}
as f: A Æ B and it is read as f is a function from A to B and f is a relation from A to B such that f = {(1, 4), (2, 5),
or f maps from A to B. (3, 6), (4, 8)} is f a function?
Let A = {1, 2, 3, 4}, B = {5, 6, 7, 8, 9} If so, then find its domain.
and f (x) = x + 4. Sol.
A B
A B
f 4
1 5
5 2 6
1
6 8
2 3
7 10
3 4
8
4 9
Yes, it is a function. Domain = {1, 2, 3, 4}
Note: 1.4 Image

1. Every point in A is related to some point in B If f(1) = 5, then 5 is called in image of 1 under the function f
2. A point in A cannot be related to two or more points and 1 is called an inverse element of 5 or pre-image of 5.
in B.
3. Two or more points in A can be related to a single 1.5 Range
point in B. The set of all images is called the range of a function. It
4. There some point in B which are not related to any is denoted as Rf Here, Rf = {5, 6, 7, 8} Õ B. In another
point in A. way, we can define, the range of a function is a subset of
5. Every function is a relation but every relation is not co-domain.
a function.
6. If the sets A and B consists of m and n elements 1.6 Real function
respectively, then the total number of function If the domain and co-domain are the subsets of a real num-
between A to B is nm and the total number of rela- ber, then it is called a real valued function or simply a real
tions between A to B is 2nm . function. It is generally denoted as f : R Æ R.
1.2 Differential Calculus Booster
__________
1.7 Number of real functions between two sets A 5. y = ÷x2 – 3x   
+ 2  
and B
Ans.
A f B
1. Df = R, Rf = [2, •)
a1 b1 2. Df = [2, •), Rf = [0, •)
a2 b2
a3 b3 3. Df = [– 3, 3], Rf = [0, 3]
a4 b4 4. Df = (– •, 2] » [2, • ) and Rf = [0, •)
am bn 5. Df = (– •, 1] » [2, •) and Rf = [0, •)
m n
4. Types of functions
If the number of elements of a set A contains are m and the
set B are n, then the number of real functions between two Basic functions can be divide into two categories
sets A and B are nm. (i) Algebraic Function
Let A = {1, 2, 3} and B = {2, 6}. Then the number of (ii) Transcendental Function
functions between two sets A and B are 23 = 8
4.1 Algebraic Functions
2. Algebraic operation on domain of a function
(A) Polynomial functions
(i) Dom ( f ± g) = Dom f « Dom g (i) Constant Function
(ii) Dom ( f ± g ± h) = Dom f « Dom g Dom h (ii) Identity Function
(iii) Dom ( f ◊ g) = Dom f « Dom g (iii) Parabolic Function
(iv) Dom ( f ◊ g ◊ h) = Dom f « Dom g « Dom h (iv) Even Power Function
()
f (v) Cubical Function
(v) Dom __
 g   = Dom f « Dom g – {x : g (x) = 0} (vi) Odd Power Function
____ (B) Rational functions
(vi) Dom (÷f(x) ) = {x : f(x) ≥ 0}
(i) Reciprocal Function
(vii) Dom ( loga ( f (x)) ) = {x : f (x) > 0}
(ii) Even power reciprocal Function
(viii) Dom ( a f(x) ) = Dom f provided a > 0 (iii) Odd power reciprocal Function
(C) Irrational functions
3. Range of a function
(i) Square root Function
There is no specific method to find out the range of a func- (ii) Even root Function
tion. But the following points should be kept in mind in
(iii) Odd root Function
finding the range of a function.
(D) Piece-wise defined functions
(i) First we find the domain of a function f(x).
(i) Modulus Function
(ii) If Df lie finite number of points, then the Rf is the
set of corresponding values of {f(x)} (ii) Signum Function/Sign Function
(iii) If Df = R, R – {some finite points}, then we express (iii) Greatest Integer Function
x in terms of y and define x. (iv) Least Integer Function
(iv) If D f is a finite interval, say, [a, b], then Rf is (v) Fractional part Function
the greatest and the least values of y = f (x) i.e.
Rf = [Least Value, Greatest Value] 4.2 Transcendental Functions
Note: We should note that determining range of a function
(Non-algebraic functions)
is comparatively more difficult proposition than determin- (i) Trigonometric Functions
ing domain of a function. (ii) Inverse Trigonometric Functions
Q. Find the domains and ranges of each of the following (iii) Exponential Functions
functions (iv) Logarithmic Functions
1. y = x2_____
+2 (A) Polynomial Function
2. y = ÷
x – 2  A function f : R Æ R is defined as
_____
3. y = ÷
9 – x2  f (x) = a0 + a1 x + a2 x2 + ... + an x n where n Œ W
______
4. y = ÷
x2 – 4  
Real Function 1.3
Degree of a polynomial
The highest index power of x having non-zero co-efficient
is called the degree of the polynomial. The degree of the
above polynomial is n, when an π 0.
For examples,
The degree of the polynomials
1. f(x) = 3 is 0
2. f(x) = 2x + 4 is 1 Df = R and Rf = [0, •)
3. f(x) = x2 + 3x + 2 is 2
4. f(x) = x3 + 3x2 + 5x + 6 is 3 (iv) Even power Function
5. f(x) = x2014 + 10x2000 + 5x199 + 6 is 2014 A function f :R Æ R is defined as
6. f(x) = 0 is undefined. f (x) = x2n, n Œ N
Note: i.e. f (x) = x2, x4, x6, x8, x10,......
1. The domains and ranges of a polynomial depends
on the degree of a polynomial.
2. If the degree of a polynomial is odd, then its domains
and ranges are R.
3. If the degree of a polynomial is even, then its will
not be all real number.
(i) Constant Function
A function f : R Æ R is defined as f (x) = constant
=c
Y
Domains and ranges will remain same
(O, C) y = c
i.e Df = R and Rf = [0, •)
(v) Odd Power Function
X¢ X
O A function f : R Æ R is defined as
f (x) = x2n + 1, n Œ N
i.e. f(x) = x3, x5, x7, x9, x11,......
Y¢
D f = R, Rf = {c}
(ii) Identity Function
A function f : R Æ R is defined as f (x) = x
Y
x
y=
X¢ X Df = R and Rf = R
O
(B) Rational Functions
A function f : R Æ R is defined as
g(x)
Y¢
f(x) = ____
   , h(x) π 0, g(x) and h(x) are two polynomials
h(x)
functions.
Df = R, R f = R
(i) Reciprocal Function
(iii) Parabolic Function
A function f :R Æ R is defined as f (x) = x2 A function f :R Æ R is defined as
1   lim (y – mx) =   
and      lim (f (x) – mx) = c.
f(x) = __
 x xÆ±• xÆ±•
1
Suppose f(x) = x + __  x
y
__ () ____( )
f (x) x + __
______
1
( )
 x
Now  lim  x   =  lim   x   =  lim   x   = 1
xÆ• xÆ• xÆ •
and  lim (y – x) =  lim (y – x) =  lim x + __

xÆ• xÆ• xÆ•
1
( )
 x – x
=0
fi y = x is an oblique asymptote
1
Note: 1. Let f (x) = _____
   
x–2
Df = R – {0} = Rf Vertical Asymptote: Dr = 0
Asymptote fi x–2 =0
It is a straight line which touches the curve at infinity. fi x=2
There are three types of asymptotes Horizontal Asymptote: y =  lim f(x)
xÆ•
(i) Vertical Asymptote
(ii) Horizontal Asymptote fi
xÆ• x – 2 (
 
1
y =  lim _____ )
   = 0
(iii) Oblique Asymptote.
Then Df = R – V.A = R – {2}
(i) Vertical Asymptotes A line x = a is said to be a
and Rf = R – H.A = R – {0}.
vertical asymptotes of the graph y = f(x) if
 lim f (x) = ± • (ii) Even power reciprocal function
xÆa
1 A function f : R Æ R is defined as
Suppose f(x) = _____
   
x–2 1
f(x) = __
  2 
Then the vertical asymptote is x – 2 = 0 x
Y
fi x=2
1
Also, if f(x) = ______
  2  , then its vertical asymptotes
x – 9
are x2 – 9 = 0 fi x = ± 3 X¢ X
(ii) Horizontal Asymptotes A line y = b is said to be
a horizontal asymptote of the graph y = f(x) if
 lim f(x) = b =   
  lim f(x)
xÆ • xÆ–•
Y¢
1 Df = R – {0} and Rf = R+
Suppose f(x) = _____
   
x–1
1
Then the horizontal asymptote is Note: The graph of f (x) = ___
  2n , n Œ N – {1}
x

xÆ• xÆ• 1 – x (
 
1
y =  lim f(x) =  lim _____ )
  = 0
i.e. f(x) = __
1 1 __
  4 , __
1 1
   ,    , ___
   , .....
x–2 x x6 x8 x10
Also, let f(x) =  _____ 
x+2
Then its horizontal asymptote is

xÆ • xÆ • ( x+2
x–2 )
y =  lim f(x) =  lim  ______    = 1
(iii) Oblique Asymptotes

A line y = mx + c is said to be an oblique asymptote
of the graph y = f(x) if
   
xÆ±• x
y
lim __ () f(x)
  lim ____
    =   
xÆ±•
( )
  x   = m
Real Function 1.5
(iii) Odd power reciprocal functions

1
f(x) = _____
  2n + 1 , n Œ N
x
1 1 __ 1 1
i.e. f(x) = __
  3 , __
   ,    , __
   , ....
x x5 x7 x9
Df = R – {0} = Rf
i.e. f(x) = x1/2, x1/4, x1/6, x1/8,....
Df = [0, •) and Rf = [0, •)
(iii) Cube root Function

__
f(x) = 3÷
x
(C) Irrational Functions

The algebraic function containing one or more terms
having non-integral rational powers of x are called irrational
functions.
2p +1
_____
f(x) = (g(x))  m , p, m, Œ N
D f = R = Rf
It is undefined for g(x) < 0
Note:
More over these functions are also not defined when __
1. The graph of y = f (x) = 3÷x is the image of the graph
denominator is zero.
of y = f(x) = x3 with respect to the line y = x.
(i) Square root Function
__
f(x) = ÷
x
Df = [0, •) and Rf = Rf = [0, •) 2n+1 __

Note: The graph of y = f(x) = ÷x , n ŒN
(ii) Even root Function
i.e y = x1/3, x1/5, x1/7,....
2n __
f(x) = ÷x , n ŒN
(iii) Greatest Integer Function (G.I.F)

f (x) = [x] £ x
Greatest integer of x means, we shall consider of all
those integers which are less than or equal to x.
i.e. any Real Number = Integral + Fractional Part
fi Greatest integers of x = Integral part of x.
Thus, [2.1] = 2, [3.5] = 3, [0.8] = 0, [1.9] = 1, [– 0.7]
= – 1, [– 1.7] = – 2, [– 2.8] = – 3 etc.
Therefore, [x] = n, if n £ x < n + 1.
Df = R = Rf
(D) Piece-wise Defined Functions Ï- 2 : - 2 £ x < -1

Ô- 1 : -1£ x < 0
(i) Modulus Function ÔÔ
A function f : R Æ R is defined as Thus y = f (x) = [x] = Ì0 : 0 £ x <1
Ô1 : 1£ x < 2
Ï x : x≥0 Ô
f(x) = |x| = Ì ÔÓ2 : 2£ x<3
Ó- x : x < 0
Df = R and Rf = [0, •)
(ii) Signum Function (Sign function/sgn function)
A function f : R Æ R is defined as f (x) = sgn (x)
Ï | x| Ïx
Ô : xπ0 Ô : xπ0
= Ìx Ì | x| Df = R and Rf = I
ÔÓ0 : x = 0 Ô0 : x = 0
Ó
Properties of greatest integer function
Ï1 : x > 0 (i) [x] = x, if x Œ I
Ô
= Ì0 : x = 0 . (ii) [– x] = – 1 – [x], if x œ I
Ô- 1 : x < 0
Ó Ï 0 : x ŒI
(iii) [x] + [–x] = Ì
Ó- 1 : x œ I
(iv) [x + m] = [x] + m, m Œ I
Ïx+y : x, y Œ I
ÔÔ
(v) [x + y] = Ì [ x ] + [ y] : 0 £ fx + fy < 1
Ô
ÔÓ[ x ] + [ y] + 1 : 1 £ f x + f y < 2
(vi) If [x] = n if n £ x < + 1
(vii) [x] ≥ n fi x ≥ n, n Œ I
(viii) [x] > n fi x ≥ n + 1, n Œ I
(ix) [x] £ n fi x < n + 1, n Œ I
Df = R and Rf = {– 1, 0, 1}
Real Function 1.7
(x) [x] < n fi x < n, n Œ I For examples,

(i) If x = 3.45, [x] = 3
[1
(xi) [x] + x + __
ŒN
] [ 2
 n   + x + __ ] [ n–1
 n   + ...+ x + ____ ]
  n   = [nx], n Thus, {x} = x – [x] = 3.45 – 3 = 0.45
(ii) If x = 5, then [x] = 5
Thus, {x} = x – [x] = 5 – 5 = 0
[
n+1
(xii)  _____
2 ] [n+2
   +  _____
4 ] [ n+4
   +  _____
8 ] [ n+8
]
   +  _____
16
   + ... = n, n (iii) If x = – 2.75, [x] = – 3
Thus, {x} = x – [x] = – 2.75 + 3 = 0.25
ŒN As we know that, x – 1 < [x] £ x
(iv) Least Integer Function fi – x £ – [x] < 1 – x
fi – x + x £ x – [x] < 1 – x + x
A function f : R Æ R is defined as f(x) = (x) ≥ x
fi 0 £ x – [x] < 1.
The least integer of x means, we shal considere of all
fi 0 £ {x} < 1.
those integers, which are more than and equal to x.
Though ‘0’ is not a function, but fractional part func-
For examples, (2.5) = 3, (3.1) = 4, (1.7) = 2, (0.5) = 1
tion evaluates to zero for integral values. We should keep
(– 1.4) = – 1 etc.
this exception in mind, while working with fractional part
Ï- 2 : - 3 < x £ - 2
Ô- 1 : - 2 < x £ - 1 function.
Ô Ïx + 3 : - 3 £ x < - 2
Ô0 : -1 < x £ 0 Ôx + 2 : - 2 £ x < - 1
y = f(x) = Ì Ô
Ô1 : 0 < x £1 Ô x + 1 : -1 £ x < 0
Ô2 : 1< x £ 2 y = f(x) = Ì
Ô Ôx : 0 £ x <1
Ó3 : 2< x£3 Ôx - 1 : 1 £ x < 2
Ô
Thus, y = (x) = n, n < x £ n + 1 Óx - 2 : 2 £ x < 3
y Thus, y = {x} = x – n, n £ x < n + 1
y = [x]
x¢ x
Df = R and Rf = [0, 1).
Properties of Fractional part Function

(i)0 £ {x} < 1
y¢
(ii){– x} = 1 – {x}, x œ I
Df = R and Rf = I
(iii){– x} = 0, x Œ I
Properties of Least Integer Function (iv) {x + m} = {x}, m Œ I
(v) If {x} = f, 0 < f < 1
(i) (x) = x, x Œ I
then x = n + f, when n Œ I
(ii) (x) = [x], x Œ I 1
(iii) (x) = [x] + 1, x œ I For examples, if {x} = __    
2
In fact, (x) = – [– x] 1
then x = n + __    , n Œ I
(iv) (x + n) = (x) + n, n Œ I 2
(v) (– x) = – x, x Œ I (vi) If {x} < f, 0 < f < 1
(vi) (– x) = 1 – (x), x œ I then n £ x < n + f, n Œ I
1
(v) Fractional part Function For examples, if {x} < __    
3
A function f : R Æ R is defined as 1
__
then n £ x < n +    , n Œ I
f(x) = {x} = x – [x] 3
(vii) If {x} > f, 0 < f < 1 Characteristics of cosine function

then n + f < x < n + 1, n Œ I 1. Df = R
1 2. Rf = [– 1, 1]
For examples, if {x} > __     3. It is an even function.
4
1 4. It is a periodic function.
then n + __
    < x < n + 1, n Œ I 5. It is non-monotonic function.
4
6. If cos x = 1 fi x = 2 np, n Œ I
4.2 Transcendental Functions 7. cos x = – 1 fi x = (2n + 1) p, n Œ I
p
All functions which are not algebraic are called transcen- 8. cos x = 0 fi x = (2n + 1) __    , n Œ I
dental functions. 2
9. If cos x > 0
p p
(i) Trigonometric Functions fi ( 2 2 )
x Œ (2n – 1) __ , (2n + 1) __   , n Œ I
(a) Sine function: A function f : R Æ R is defined as 10. If cos x < 0

p p
f(x) = sin x
Graph of f(x) = sin x
fi ( 2 2 )
x Œ (2n + 1)  __ , (2n + 3)  __   , n Œ I
11. If x > y fi cos x < cos y, " x, y Œ (0, p)
Y (c) Tangent function: A function f : R Æ R is defined as
f(x) = tan x.
y=1
Graph of f(x) = tan x
x p x Y
o
y = –1
Y¢ X¢ X
O
Characteristics of sine function
1. Df = R
2. Rf = [– 1,1] Y¢
3. It is an odd function. Characteristics of tangent function
4. It is a periodic function.
p
5. It is non-monotonic function. 1. Df = R – (2n + 1)  __ , n Œ I
p 2
6. If sin x = 1 fi x = (4n + 1) __
   , n Œ I 2. Rf = R
4
3. It is an odd function.
p
__
7. sin x = – 1 fi x = (4n – 1)    , n Œ I 4. It is a periodic function.
4
8. sin x = 0 fi x = np, n Œ I 5. It is monotonic function.
9. If sin x > 0 fi x Œ (2np, (2n + 1)p), n Œ I p
6. If tan x = 1 fi x = (4n + 1)  __ , n Œ I
10. If sin x < 0 fi x Œ ((2n – 1)p, 2np), n Œ I. 4
p
(p
11. If x > y fi sin x > sin y, " x, y Œ –  __,
2
p
__
)
    
2
7. If tan x = – 1 fi x = (4n – 1)  __ , n Œ I
4
8. If tan x = 0 fi x = np, n Œ I
(b) Cosine function: A function f : R Æ R is defined as
9. If tan x > 0
f(x) = cos x
Graph of f(x) = cos x p
fi ( )
x Œ np, (2n + 1)  __   , n Œ I
2
Y
10. If tan x < 0
(0, 1)
p
X¢
y=1
X
fi ( 2 )
x Œ (2n – 1)  __ , np , n Œ I
O
y = –1
11. If x > y fi tan x > tan y " x, y Œ R – np, n Œ I
(d) Co-tangent function: A function f : R Æ R is defined
Y¢ as f(x) = cot x
Real Function 1.9
p
Graph of f(x) = cot x 7. If cosec x = – 1 fi x = (4n – 1)  __ , n Œ I
4
8. cosec x can never be zero.
9. If cosec x > 0 fi x Œ (2np, (2n +1)p), n Œ I
10. If cosec x < 0 fi x Œ ((2n – 1)p, 2np), n Œ I.
(f) Secant function: A function f : R Æ R is defined as
f(x) = sec x
Graph of f(x) = sec x
Y
Characteristics of co-tangent function

1. Df = R – np, n Œ I
2. Rf = R
3. It is an odd function. X¢ X
O
5. It is monotonic function.
p
6. If cot x = 1 fi x = (4n + 1)  __ , n Œ I Y¢
4
p Characteristics of secant function
7. If cot x = – 1 fi x = (4n – 1)  __ , n Œ I p
4 1. Df = R – (2n + 1) __   , n Œ I
2
p
8. If cot x = 0 fi x = (2n + 1) __    , n Œ I 2. Rf = (– •, – 1] » [1, •)
2
9. If cot x > 0 3. It is an even function.
p
fi ( )
x Œ np, (2n + 1)  __   , n Œ I
2 4. It is a periodic function.
10. If cot x < 0 5. It is non-monotonic function.
p
fi ( 2 )
x Œ (2n – 1)  __ , np , n Œ I 6.
7.
If sec x = 1 fi = 2np, n Œ I
If sec x = – 1 fi x = (2n + 1) p, n Œ I
(e) Co-secant function: A function f : R Æ R is defined as
f(x) = cosec x 8. sec x can never be zero.
Graph of f (x) = cosec x 9. If sec x > 0
p p
Y
fi ( 2 2 )
x Œ (4n – 1)  __ , (4n + 1)  __   , n Œ I
10. If sec x < 0
p p
fi ( 2 2 )
x Œ (4n + 1)  __ , (4n + 3)  __   , n Œ I
(ii) Inverse Trigonometric Functions
X¢
O
X
[p p
(a) sin– 1x : A function f : [– 1, 1] Æ –  __ , __
–1
f(x) = sin x = arc sin x
2 2 ]
     is defined as
Graph of f (x) = sin– 1 x.
Y¢
Characteristics of co-secant function

1. Df = R – np, n Œ I
2. Rf = (– •, – 1] » [1, •)
5. It is non-monotonic function.
p
6. If cosec x = 1 fi x = (4n + 1)  __ , n Œ I
4
Characteristics of arc sine function Characteristics of arc tangent function

1. Df = [– 1, 1] 1. Df = R
[p p
]
2. Rf = –  __ , __
2 2
    
p p
(
2. Rf = – __
   , __
2 2 )
    
3. It is not a periodic function.

3. It is not a periodic function.
4. It is an odd function since, tan– 1(– x) = – tan– 1x
5. It is strictly increasing function.
since, sin– 1 (– x) = – sin– 1x
6. It is one-one function
5. It is strictly increasing function.
p
6. It is one-one function. 7. For 0 < x < __    , tan– 1x < x < tan x.
2
p (d) cot– 1 x : A function f : R Æ (0, p) is defined as
7. For 0 < x <  __ , sin x < x < sin– 1.
2 f (x) = cot– 1x.
(b) cos– 1x : A function f : [– 1, 1] Æ [0, p] is defined as
f (x) = cos– 1x = arc cos x Graph of f (x) = cot– 1x
Graph of f (x) = cos– 1x
Characteristics of arc co-tangent function

1. Df = R
Characteristics of arc cosine function 2. Rf = (0, p)
1. Df = [– 1, 1] 3. It is not a periodic function.
2. [0, p] 4. It is neither even nor odd function
3. It is not a periodic function. since, cot– 1 (– x) = p – cot– 1 x
4. It is neither even nor odd function 5. It is strictly decreasing function.
since, cos– 1(– x) = p – cos– 1(x) 6. It is one-one function
5. It is strictly decreasing function. p
7. For 0 < x < __    , cot x < x < cot– 1x
6. It is one-one function. 2
7. For 0 < x < __

p
   , cos– 1x < x < cos x
2
p p
2 2 [ ]
(e) cosec– 1: A function f : (– •, –1] » [1, •) Æ –  __ ,  __  
p p – {0} is defined as f (x) = cosec– 1x.

( )
(c) tan– 1x : A function f : R Æ –  __ ,  __   is defined as
2 2 Graph of f (x) = cosec– 1x.
f (x) = tan– 1 x.
Graph of f (x) = tan– 1x Y
y = p/2
X¢ X
O
y = – p/2
X = –1 Y ¢ X=1
Real Function 1.11
Characteristics of arc co-secant function Now, f(x) = a cos x + b sin x + c

= (sin q cos x + cos q sin x)
1. Df = (– •, –1] » [1, •)
= r = sin (q + x)
As we know that, – 1 £ sin (q + x) £ 1
[
p p
2. R f = –  __ , __
2 2 ]
     – {0}
fi – r + c £ r sin (q + x) + c £ r + c
3. It is an odd function, since fi – r + c £ f(x) £ r + c
_______ ______
cosec– 1(– x) = – cosec– 1(x) – ÷a2 + b2  + c £ f(x) £ ÷a2+ b2  + c
_______
4. It is non-periodic function.
Thus, the maximum value of f (x) is ÷
a2 + b2  + c
5. It is one-one function. _______
and the minimum values of f (x) is – ÷
a2 + b2  + c
6. It is strictly decreasing function with respect to its
domain.
p
__ (iii) Exponential Function
7. For 0 < x <
   
2 A function f : R Æ R is defined as
cosec– 1x < cosec x
f(x) = ax, a π 1, a > 0, x Œ R
(v) sec– 1x : A function f : (– •, –1] » [1, •) Æ [0, p]
p Case I: When a > 1
{ }
– __
     is defined as f(x) = sec– 1 x.
2
Graph of f (x) = sec– 1 x.
Df = R and Rf = R+
Case II: When 0 < a < 1
Characteristics of arc secant function

1. Df = (– •, –1] » [1, •)
p
2. Rf = [0, p] – __ { }
    
2
3. It is neither an even function nor an odd function,
since sec– 1 (– x) = p – sec– 1(x)
Df = R and Rf = R+
4. It is non-periodic function.
5. It is one-one function. (iv) Logarithmic Function
6. It is strictly decreasing function with respect to its A function f : R Æ R is defined as f(x) = loga x, a π 1,
domain. a > 0, x > 0
p
7. For 0 < x < __     Case I: When a > 1
2
sec– 1x < x < sec x.
(ii) The maximum and minimum values of

f (x) = a cos x + b sin x + c
We have f(x) = a cos x + b sin x + c
Let a = r sin q and b = r cos q
_______
a
Then r = ÷a2 + b2  and tan (q) = __
 
b
Df = R+ and Rf = R
Case II: when 0 < a < 1
Let A = {1, 2, 3, 4 }, B = {5, 6, 7, 8, 9}

and f (x) = x + 4.
Df = R+ and Rf = R Thus, f (1) = 5, f (2) = 7, ....., f (4) = 8. Clearly f is a
one-one function.
(v) Equal Functions (b) Checking algebraically:
(i) If x π y fi f (x) π f (y), then it is one-one
function.
(ii) If x π y fi f(x) = f(y), then it is not a one-one
function.
(c) Checking geometrically: Draw a system of lines
parallel to x-axis on the given curve. If those lines
intersects the curve in only one point, then it is one-
one function otherwise many-one function.
(d) Checking by Calculus: If a function is either strictly
increasing or strictly decreasing function, then it is
one-one function.
i.e. either f ¢(x) > 0 or f ¢(x) < 0, then it is one-one
function.
Example-1. Let y = f(x) = 3x + 4
Then f ¢(x) = 3 > 0
fi f(x) is strictly increasing function.
fi f(x) is one-one function.
Two functions f and g are said to be equal if Example-2. Let f(x) = tan–1(3 log (x) + 5)
1 1
(i) Df = Dg Then f ¢(x) = _______________
       × __
  > 0 for all positive x
(ii) Rf = Rg 1 + (3 log x + 5)2 x
(iii) f(x) = g (x), " x Œ D fi f(x) is strictly increasing function.
5. Classification of functions with respect to its images fi f(x) is one-one function.
There are 5 types of functions w.r.t its images such as Example-3. Let f(x) = 2 tan x + 3 sin x + 4 cos x + 10
(i) One-One Function Then f ¢(x) = 2 sec 2x + 3 cos x – 4 sin x.
(ii) Many-One Function fi f ¢(x) > 0 for all x in R.
(iii) Onto Function fi f(x) is strictly increasing function.
(iv) Into Function fi f(x) is one-one function.
x
(v) One-one-onto Function Example-4. Let f(x) = _____
   
1 + |x|
5.1 One-One function Case I: when x ≥ 0
x
(a) Definition: If different elements of the first set pro- Then f(x) = _____
 
1+x
vide us different images in the second set, then it is
known as one-one function or injective function. (1 + x) – 1 1
fi f(x) =  _________ = 1 – _____
 
1+x 1+x
Real Function 1.13
1 (b) Number of onto function between two sets A and

fi f ¢(x) = _______
    > 0
(1 + x)2 B: If two set A and B having m and n elements
respectively, where m ≥ n, then the number of onto
Case II: when x < 0 function between two sets A and B = Number of
x distribution of m balls into n boxes where no box is
Then f (x) = _____
 
1–x remain empty.
x–1+1 1
f(x) = –  ________   = – 1 – _____
   
x–1 x–1 5.4 Into Function
1
f ¢(x) = _______
   > 0 for all x < 0 If a function is not onto function, then it is into function.
(x – 1)2 In another way we can say, if the range of a function is a
Thus f is strictly increasing function. Hence, f is one-one proper subset of a co-domain then it is into function.
function.
(e) Number of one-one function between two sets A
and B.
The number of into functions

= The total number of functions
– The number of onto functions.
If A and B having m and n elements respectively,
then the total number of one-one functions between
5.5 One-one onto Function
ÏÔ0 : n<m
two sets A and B is = Ì n (a) Definition: If a function is one-one as well as onto
ÔÓ Pm : n≥m function, then it is one-one-onto function or bijective
function.
5.2 Many-One Function
Note: One-one-onto function exists only when the
If a function is not one-one function, then it is many-one number of elements of both the sets are same.
function.
Number of many one function
Number of many one function = Number of total func-
tion – Number of one-one function.
5.3 Onto Function
(a) Definition: If the range of a function is equal to its
co-domain, then it is called Onto function or surjec-
tive function
i.e. Rf = Co-domain. (b) Number of one-one onto functons between two
sets A and B.

Let two sets A and B having m and n elements (viii) If f : A Æ B be a one one function, then f – 1of =
respectiovely. IA and fof – 1 = IB , where IA and IB are the identity
Then the number of one-one onto functions between functions of the sets A and B respectively.
ÏÔ0 : mπn (ix) Let f : A Æ B, g : B Æ C be two invertible functions,
two sets A and B = Ì n then gof is also invertible with (gof) – 1 = (f –1og –1).
ÔÓ Pm : m=n
Rule to find out the Inverse of a Function
6. Inverse Function (i) First, we check the given function is bijective or
not.
(ii) If the function is bijective, then inverse exists,
otherwise not.
(iii) Find x in terms of y and replace y by x, then we get
inverse of f. i.e. f – 1(x).
7. Compostion of Functions
Let f and g be two real functions such that f : A Æ B and
g : B Æ C.
Here the set B is common to the two functions. Thus we
can define a function h : A Æ C for which h(x) = g(f (x)),
Let f : X Æ Y be a bijective function. If we can make a where for all x Œ A, f (x) Œ B, g( f (x)) Œ C. Then h = go f
function g from Y to X, then we shall say that g is the inverse is the composition of f and g. We read as h as g of f or
of f. “g composed with f ”
1
i.e. g = f – 1 π __   . A B C
f
Thus, f – 1( f (x)) = x f g
X f(X) g{f(x)}
Note:
(i) The inverse of a function exists only when the
function f is bijective.
gof
(ii) If the inverse of a function is exists, then it is called
Similarly we can define a function u : A Æ D such that
an invertible function.
u(x) = (ho (go f ))(x) = h (g( f (x)))
(iii) The inverse of a bijective function is unique.
f g h
(iv) Geometrically f – 1(x) is the image of f (x) with respect
to the line y = x.
A B C D
x f(x) g(fx) h(g(f(x)))
gof ho(gof)
Properties of Composition of Functions

(i) Let f : A Æ B and g : B Æ C be two real functions.
Then go f is defined only when if Rf Õ Dg.
(ii) Composition of functions is not commutative i.e. if
f and g are two real functions such that fog & go f,
(v) In another can say that f – 1(x) is the symmetrical
then fog π go f.
with respect to the line y = x.
(iii) Composition of functions is associative. i.e. if f, g, h
(vi) A function f(x) is said to be involution if for all
are three real functions such that (fo (go) oh)) are exist,
x for which f(x) and f(f(x)) are defined such that
then (fo (goh)) = ((fog) oh)
f(f(x)) = x.
(iv) The composition of two bijections is bijection i.e f
(vii) If f is an invertible function, then (f – 1) = f.
and g are two bijections, then go f is also bijection
Real Function 1.15
(v) The composition of any function with the identity 4. Product

function is the function itself. (i) E × E = E
i.e. foI = Io f = f (ii) O × O = E
8. Even and Odd Functions (iii) E × O = O
(iv) O × E = O
8.1 Even Function 5. Reciprocality
1
A function f (x) is said to be an even function if f (– x) (i)  __ = E
E
= f (x) for all x in Df . Geometrically, an even function is
1
symmetrical about y-axis. (ii)  __ = O
O
6. Quotient
E 1
(i)  __ = E × __
  = E × E = E
E E
O 1
(ii)  __ = O × __  = O × O = E
O O
O 1
(iii)  __  = O × __  = O × E = O
E E
E 1
(iv)  __ = E × __  = E × O = O
O O
7. Composition
8.2 Odd Function (i) E(E) = E
(ii) E(O) = E
A function f (x) is said to be an odd function if f(– x) = – f(x),
" x Œ Df . Geometrically, an odd function is symmetrical (iii) O(E) = E
about the origin. (iv) O(O) = O
Note: Composition of functions will be odd only when
all are odd.
Properties of even and odd functions

1. A function which is both even as well as odd is a
zero function.
i.e. f (x) = 0, " x Œ Df
2. A non-zero constant function is an even function.
i.e. f (x) = c, c π 0 is an even function.
3. Odd function always pass through the origin.
9. Algebra of Even and Odd Functions
4. Even function is many-one function.
Let the even function, odd function and neither even nor odd 5. The derivative of an odd function is even and an even
functions are denoted as E, O and Æ EO function is odd.
1. Addition 6. The integral of an odd function is even and even
(i) E + E = E function is odd.
(ii) O + O = O 7. Inverse of an even function is not defined.
(iii) E + O = EO 8. Every function can be expressed as a sum of an even
(iv) O + E = EO and an odd function.
2. Negativity 1
Let f (x) = __
    × (2f (x))
(i) – E = E 2
1
(ii) – O = O = __
    × ((f (x) + f (– x)) + (f (x) – f (– x)))
2
3. Difference
1 1
(i) E – E = E = __
    (f (x) + f (x)) + __
    (f (x) – f (– x))
2 2
(ii) O – O = O
= g(x) + h(x), (say)
(iii) E – O = EO
(iv) O – E = EO =E+O
To prove g(– x) = g(x) & h(– x)

1
Now, g(x) = __
    ( f (x) + f (– x))
2
1
fi g(– x) = __     ( f (– x) + f(x))
2
1
fi g(– x) = __     ( f (x) + f(– x)) = g(x)
2
fi g(x) is an even function.
1
Also, h(x) = __     ( f (x) – f (– x))
2
Let f (x) be defined on [a, b]
1
fi h(– x) = __     ( f (– x) – f (x)) Then its odd extension can be written as
2
1
fi h(– x) = –  __  ( f (x) – f (– x)) = – h(x) Ï f ( x) : a£x£b
2 g(x) = Ì
fi h(x) is an odd function. Ó- f (– x ) : - b £ x < - a
Hence, the result. 11. Periodic Function
10. Even and Odd extensions of a function A function f : R Æ R is said to a periodic func-
tion if there exists a positive real number T such that
10.1 Even Extension f (x + T) = f (x), " x Œ R
Let f (x) be defined on [0, a] The least positive value of T is called the fundamental
Then the even extension of f is defined as period or simply the period of a function.
Geometrically, if the graph of y = f (x) repeat itself after
Ï f ( x) : 0 £ x £ a a fixed interval, then the width of the interval is called the
g(x) = Ì
Ó f (– x ) : - a £ x < 0 period of the function y = f (x).
Geometrically, an even extension of a function is the Example-1. Let y = sin x

mirror image of the graph of f (x) with respect to y-axis.
Since the graph of y = sin x repeats after a fixed interval

2p
Thus, the period of sin x is 2p
Let f (x) be defined on [a, b]. Then its even extension can
be written as
Example-2. Let y = tan x
Ï f ( x) : a £ x £ b
g(x) = Ì
Ó f (– x ) : - b £ x < - a
10.2 Odd Extension
Let f (x) be defined on [0, a]
Then its odd extension is defined as
Ï f ( x) : 0£ x£a
g(x) = Ì
Ó - f (– x ) : -a £ x < -0 Since the graph of y = tan x repeats after a fixed
interval p
Geometrically, odd extension of a function is symmetrical
about the origin. Thus, the period of y = tan x is p
Another random document with
no related content on Scribd:
"Nothing now; the men have taken their grog, and promised to do
their duty wherever we go."
This was heavy news to me, for I had no reason to doubt the truth of
it. If the men drank their grog, I was satisfied in my own mind that
they had given up the battle. If they drank liquor they could be won
over to almost anything, for the mate could give them enough to
make demons of them.
"How are you, Phil?" said Waterford, in a mocking tone, as he
entered the steerage.
"As well as usual, excepting these bonds," I replied.
"I have you now where I want you, and I have come down to tell you
the news."
"I heard you tell it to the captain just now. It is not necessary to repeat
it."
"All right if you know which way the wind blows. You have been the
cause of all the mischief on board."
"I am sorry you took so much pains to keep me on board then."
"I have my reasons for all I do. I would rather have six devils than one
psalm-singer in my crew. As soon as the men knew you were safe,
they caved in, drank their grog like sailors, and now they are willing to
do their duty."
"Willing to help you run a cargo of slaves over to Cuba," I repeated.
"Yes; that's just what they are willing to do; and you will be of the
same mind before I have done with you."
"I hope not; though I don't know how much I am able to bear."
"Nor I; neither do I care. You shall have enough of it before you are
done. But I did not come here to pass compliments with you."
"I did not suspect you of any such intention."
"I'm glad you know me," he continued, seating himself on the
steward's berth. "I'm not an angel."
"You needn't have said that."
"Nor are you."
"I am not."
"But when a man uses me well, I am his friend."
"I pity your friend."
"None of your impudence, Phil. It's my next move."
"You said we were not to pass compliments."
"Have a care what you say. I'm not an angel; I'm not a psalm-singer;
and I don't pretend to be what I am not."
"You serve the devil, and are proud of your master," I replied, wishing
to prove that I was not ashamed of what I had done, nor sorry for it.
"There is no cant about me. You are a thief and a liar, in spite of your
cant."
"You are coming to the compliments, after all. Woe unto you when all
men shall speak well of you."
"All men don't speak well of you. I say you are a thief and liar."
"I appreciate the compliment."
"You stole my money, and then lied to me about it."
"I have nothing to say."
"You will have something to say before I am done with you," he
added, with a fierce oath, as he sprang to his feet. "You robbed my
trunk, and took fifteen hundred dollars in gold from it. Do you know
how to speak the truth?"
"I have always succeeded tolerably well in doing so."
"What did you do with the money you took from my trunk?"
"I should feel obliged to speak the truth if I said anything."
"You had better do it. I know that the money I lost was in my trunk
when I left my state-room, the day I put you in there."
"I had a similar confidence in regard to my own trunk on a certain
occasion," I answered.
"I'm not to be trifled with. I'll give you till to-morrow morning to make
up your mind. If you don't tell me then what you did with that money,
I'll give you the rope's end every hour till you are willing to answer
me."
"I will think of it."
"If you have thrown it overboard, I will throw you over after it."
"What makes you think I threw it overboard?"
"Because I found that the bull's eye in my state-room had been
opened."
"Did you lose all the money in your trunk?"
"No; you know I didn't."
"You ought to be thankful that I did not take what did not belong to
me. I should have done so if I had suspected to what use that money
was to be applied."
"No cant to me!"
"Perhaps you will be willing to own that you stole the money I took
from your trunk out of mine."
"I am; I do own it; and in due time it will buy fifteen or twenty niggers,
and pay me five hundred per cent."
"Never, if I can help it!"
"You can't help it. I don't believe you were fool enough to throw the
money overboard; and you will be glad to tell me where it is within
twenty-four hours."
I could not say that I should not; for, between fifteen hundred dollars
and being beaten to death, I should certainly choose to give up the
former.
"I suppose the money you obtained by forgery in St. Louis will be
used in buying negroes."
"Humph, Phil! You grow wise."
"A simple matter; my father wrote me that you were suspected."
"Did he, indeed?"
"He seemed to be interested, and I told him all I knew about it."
"If you are ready to tell me now where the money is, I can give you an
easier position for the night, Phil," said he, in gentler tones.
"I am not ready," I replied.
"Think well of it, for I shall do all I say I will," said he, leaving the
steerage.
I did not doubt it.
CHAPTER XVII.
IN WHICH PHIL BECOMES BETTER
ACQUAINTED WITH THE CABIN STEWARD.
I was alone again. I felt that we had lost our case. The men had
given up the battle, drank their grog, and, under the influence of
liquor, would be as willing to trade in human beings as to perform
their ordinary duty. I could do nothing single-handed, and I might as
well give up before I had suffered the tortures of the mate's wrath as
afterwards. I would yield no principle, I would take no part in handling
the vessel, but I would tell the mate where my gold was. I actually
shuddered when I thought of having the money which I had earned
by my labor applied to the purchase of human beings; but I did not
see how I could help myself, for after I had been beaten and abused,
my money was still likely to be found when the between-decks was
prepared for the reception of the miserable wretches whose flesh
and blood were to enrich Waterford and his infamous companions.
I looked around the steerage. It was fitted up with eight berths, but at
present it was occupied only by the cabin steward, whose
sympathies were with our party, though he had not yet committed
himself. I afterwards learned the use to which this steerage was to
be applied. As only a few of the crew could safely be informed of the
nature of the unlawful voyage before they were shipped, of course
not all of them could be expected to engage in the dangerous
business without compulsion, and they were liable, as in the present
instance, to ship a majority who would rather fight than incur the peril
of being hanged or imprisoned for being concerned in it. But the
officers were sure of five men,—the Spanish and Portuguese sailors,
—for they had signed the shipping articles with their eyes wide open.
Indeed, they had been employed to put down a mutiny, as well as to
work the bark. It was not desirable to separate the crew; but, when it
became necessary, those in the interests of the officers, or a
sufficient number of them to enable the captain and mate to enforce
their authority, were to be berthed in the steerage, where they could
at all times be within hail of their superiors.
This plan is often, if not always, adopted in whalemen, where boat-
steerers are regarded as officers, and are berthed in the steerage, in
order to be used in subduing the crew in the event of any
insubordination. I glanced about the place, and I found that it was
also used as the armory. When I first came on board, I had seen no
arms; but now there were four muskets, several pistols, and half a
dozen cutlasses hung upon the bulkhead. Probably they had been
brought out from their hiding-places since the disturbance with the
crew. I wondered that the Spanish and Portuguese sailors were not
already installed in their quarters; but I supposed the mate wished to
have them mingle with the other hands forward as long as possible,
so as to take note of any disaffection, and report it to him.
While I was looking about me, the cabin steward came into the
steerage with my supper. His name was Palmer, and he was an
American. He had a very light and fair complexion; and, though I had
not seen much of him on board, I judged that he was a little inclined
to be a dandy. He was about twenty-five years of age, and was
certainly a very good-looking fellow—which he evidently believed
himself.
"I am sorry for you, Phil," said he, as he placed his dishes in one of
the berths.
"Are you really so?" I asked.
"I am, indeed; and if I dared to do so, I would let you go at once."
"You haven't the courage to do that, then?"
"The mate would murder me if I did."
"Then it does not make much difference how sorry you are for me," I
added, rather despondent.
"I only wished to express my sympathy for you, and to say that, if I
could, I would let you loose."
"I suppose you know what kind of a voyage this bark is bound
upon?"
"I do; the mate told me yesterday, and I have heard enough said in
the cabin before to make me understand all about it," answered the
steward.
"Do you like the business?"
"No, I don't; but what can I do?"
"I don't know that you can do anything."
"If I had known what the voyage was to be, I would have hung
myself rather than come on board. I have a little African blood in my
veins, though I don't say much about it generally."
"Whether you have African blood in your veins or not, you must
dislike a voyage like this. What did the mate say to you?"
"He told me I might loose one of your hands to let you eat your
supper, but he would shoot me if I let you escape from the steerage,"
said he, unfastening the cord which bound my right arm to the
stanchion.
"Can't you ease off the other just a little? The cord hurts my wrist
very much."
"I'll do that."
He loosed the line, and thus to some extent relieved the pain I felt.
He handed me some tea, bread and meat, of which I ate while we
were talking.
"Where is the mate now?" I inquired.
"On deck."
"And the captain?"
"Drunk in his state-room. He came out to supper, but he did not eat
anything; only drank two half tumblers of whiskey, and then turned
in. I think the mate wishes to keep him drunk as much as possible,
so that he won't meddle with the affairs of the vessel," replied the
steward, in a whisper.
"Where are the two passengers?"
"They are on the deck with the mate."
"Do you know who they are?"
"I only know that they are Spaniards or Cubans. From what I hear
them say, I judge that they and the mate find the money to buy the
negroes, while the vessel and the captain have a share of the
profits."
"Have they the money on board?"
"I don't know anything about it from what they say; but of course they
have."
"You say the mate told you about the voyage yesterday. What did he
say?"
"He didn't say much; and I think he spoke of it because I couldn't
help hearing what was said in the cabin. He only told me to do my
duty, and I should make a thousand dollars out of the cruise."
"What did you say?"
"I told him I should do my duty. I was afraid of him, and I let him
believe that I didn't care whether the bark went a slaving or not. I
have always kept on the right side of him, but I hate him worse than I
hate the evil one. If I hadn't a mother on shore to take care of, I'd
sink the ship, and go down in her, rather than have anything to do
with slaving."
"Are you a spy, sent here by the mate to sound me?" I added,
suddenly, looking him in the face very earnestly.
"That's too bad, Phil!" said he, springing to his feet. "I only pity you
because you stood out against the mate, and against slaving."
"You say you have kept on the right side of the mate?"
"I have, for my own comfort and safety. My mother was a slave—but
no matter about that," he added; and before I knew what he was
about, he had unloosed my left hand.
"What are you doing?" I demanded.
"If you think I am a spy, I will prove to you that I am not. I will set you
free, though it costs me my life."
"Don't do it, Palmer. Pardon me for what I said. You need not wonder
that I am suspicious in a vessel like this."
"I don't wonder; but you shall not suspect me, if I can do anything to
prevent it."
"I do not suspect you any longer. I am satisfied that you are a good
fellow, and true at heart. But put the cords on as you found them; I
will not get you into trouble, whatever happens to me."
"No, you shall be free. Perhaps you can bring the men up to the
scratch again, for they have all backed down. They drank their grog
when I gave it to them this afternoon."
"If you are really my friend,—and I know you are now,—you can
serve me better than by loosing my bonds at this moment."
"I will do just what you tell me to do," replied the steward.
"I have full confidence in you. Tie my hands up just as you found
them, only not quite so tight."
He followed my directions; and, as I had finished my supper, he
made fast my right arm to the stanchion. I had my doubts about
trusting this man with the secret of the crew; but, since our party had
given in their adherence to the mate, and the plan had been
practically abandoned, so far as I knew, I did not feel that I need
distrust him.
"Palmer, where do you sleep?" I asked.
"Here," he replied, pointing to his berth.
"What time do you turn in?"
"Any time when I can; sometimes at eight bells, sometimes at two."
"What time do the mate and the passengers turn in?"
"Mr. Waterford always turns in at eight when he has the mid-watch.
The Spaniards sometimes sit up till eleven, but generally turn in by
ten. Why do you ask, Phil?"
"If you really wish to serve me, Palmer, you can do so."
"I'll do anything you tell me, even if it costs me my life; for I would
rather die than be in a slave ship. My mother—no matter about that.
She was a slave once, and I never will help any man or woman into
slavery if I can avoid it."
"All right, Palmer. You may be able to save the bark from this
miserable business. But I will not say anything more now."
"What shall I do?" asked the steward, not a little excited.
"Don't turn in till all is quiet in the cabin. The second mate has the
first watch to-night. Give the captain all the whiskey he wants, and
when the mate and passengers have turned in, and you think they
are asleep, then come into the steerage and let me know."
"I will do all just as you say."
"Don't bring any lights, and don't act as though anything had
happened. Go now."
"You may depend upon me, Phil. I meant to take sides with your men
as soon as I dared to do so."
"Hold on a minute, Palmer. Are there any guns or pistols in the
cabin?"
"The Spaniards have revolvers in their state-rooms, and they loaded
them this forenoon, when the row on deck took place."
"We don't want to kill any one, or have any one killed. If you could
draw the charges from their revolvers, and bring their ammunition in
here, you might help matters."
"What do you mean to do, Phil?" asked the steward, opening his
eyes very wide.
"We haven't time to talk about it now; but if there is any back-bone
left in the men, we will have the bark before morning," I whispered in
his ear.
"I'll do all I can."
"Where are the powder and ball for these guns and pistols?" I asked.
"Here, in that box in the corner."
"All right."
The cabin steward left the steerage, and I felt that I had an ally
whose aid made success hopeful, if not certain. I was excited by the
prospect. I intended, as soon as all was quiet in the cabin, to make
my way to the forecastle through the between-decks, and stir up the
men to carry out the project we had arranged. Right and justice, as
well as self-preservation, demanded action.
CHAPTER XVIII.
IN WHICH PHIL AND OTHERS VISIT THE CABIN
OF THE BARK.
I did not believe it would require a great deal of eloquence to bring
our party back to a sense of their duty, and I waited impatiently for the
time of action. The steerage grew dark, and presently the mate, with
a lantern in his hand, appeared. He looked over the cords by which I
was made fast to the stanchion, to satisfy himself that the steward
had left me secure for the night.
"You are all right, Phil; but I don't think you will sleep very well here,"
said he.
"I don't expect to sleep."
"Have you anything to say yet?"
"No, sir; not yet."
"I always took you for a sensible fellow; but I see I was mistaken."
"We are all liable to mistakes," I replied, feeling the necessity of
saying something.
"You can sleep in one of those berths, if you prefer."
"I do prefer it."
"Then tell me where the money is, and I will let you loose."
"The money belongs to me."
"I don't wish to argue the matter. If you want to sleep in a berth, you
can do so by telling me where the money is."
"I think you ought to let me have my own money, Mr. Waterford. I
worked hard—"
"No cant. I see you are not ready to tell yet. If you get tired of your
situation before morning, you can call the steward, who sleeps here,
and he will let me know. I have the mid-watch, and I'm going to turn in
now. It's no use to waste time talking with you."
I did not wish him to waste any time in this profitless manner; so I
said nothing, and he left me to my hard fate. Since Palmer had
loosed my bonds I was tolerably comfortable, though the pitching of
the bark occasionally threw the strain of the ropes upon my arms. I
heard no more from the mate, and I supposed he had turned in; but
the steward did not come as soon as I expected. I heard two bells on
deck, which indicated nine o'clock; but I concluded that the Spaniards
in the cabin had not yet turned in.
The steerage was pitch dark, and I could not see a thing; but soon
after I heard two bells, there was a sound not more than a mouse
might have made in his nocturnal perambulations in search of
cheese. I listened attentively, and was soon conscious that some one
was in the steerage with me.
"Phil," said a whispered voice, when I began to be not a little excited
over the circumstance.
"Who's there?" I replied, in a tone as low and guarded, for I was
willing to believe that the visitor was a friend until he had proved
himself to be a foe.
"Where are you?"
"Here."
I listened and heard the suppressed breathings of the person; and
presently I felt his hand laid upon me. I had a further opportunity to
exercise my senses, for I could smell rum very distinctly.
"Who is it?" I asked.
"Don't you know me? I'm Jack Sanderson," replied the visitor. "We
want you on deck."
"I thought you had all caved in."
"Not a bit of it, Phil. We are all as true as the compass."
"You have been drinking."
"Only a nip or two each; but we are all right. We pretended to cave in,
but we didn't, Phil. Now let me cut your ropes."
"No; not yet, Jack. You will spoil everything if you move too soon."
"What do you mean? Have you caved in, Phil?"
"No; but I have a friend in the cabin."
"Who?"
"Palmer, the steward."
"Good!"
"As soon as all hands in the cabin have turned in, he will loose me,
and then we shall be ready for you. Are the men all right?"
"Every one of them."
"Now leave me, Jack. If you like, you can stay between decks till the
steward comes, and then I will join you."
"All right, Phil."
Sanderson left me, and I was now thoroughly satisfied that the
scheme would be a success; I did not see how it could fail. The mate
evidently depended too much upon the instinctive subordination of
sailors, and appeared to have taken no special precautions for the
safety of the bark and his wicked project. The men had promised to
do their duty, which he interpreted as one thing and they as another.
The drinking of their grog was doubtless enough to convince him that
the crew were converted to his scheme.
I heard three bells, and then four; but Palmer did not come, and I
began to question whether I had not made a mistake in trusting him
as far as I had. I was sorry that I had not permitted Sanderson to
unfasten me, for then I might have availed myself of any chance that
offered if the steward was faithless. But I wronged him again. Before
five bells, he came with a lantern in one hand, and a couple of
revolvers in the other. He carefully closed the door behind him as he
entered, and laid the pistols in his berth.
"I was afraid you were not coming," I whispered; "but you are as true
as steel."
"I am, Phil. You needn't have any doubts of me. The passengers
didn't turn in till ten o'clock. They have been drinking and playing
cards."
"Are they asleep?"
"I reckon they are; they snore, at any rate. They were both tight, and
only quit their game when the liquor had made them so sleepy they
didn't know a jack from an ace."
"How's the captain?"
"Drunk as an owl. I gave him a whole tumblerful of whiskey at two
bells, and he won't know anything till morning."
"How is it on deck?"
"The second mate is on the watch, of course. It is almost calm, and
Waterford was afraid of that steamer we saw to-day. I heard him tell
the second mate to keep two men on the cross-trees, with an eye to
windward. He made him send Gorro and Martino up, for he wouldn't
trust any other men in the watch."
"Good! That will save us the trouble of knocking them on the head,
which we don't want to do," I replied, as Palmer untied the cords
which fastened me to the stanchion.
In a moment more I was free, and the steward handed me one of the
revolvers.
"Take this; you may want it," said he. "It isn't worth while to be too
nice in a scrape of this kind. The mate or those Spaniards would
murder any of us, if it was necessary, as easy as they would turn a
hand."
"I shall use it if the case requires; but I hope it will not be necessary to
shoot any one. Sanderson has been down to see me."
"No!"
"Yes, he has. The men are as true as we could wish. But we won't
waste any time," I added, moving towards the door which led into the
between-decks. "Sanderson is close by, I suppose."
"But what am I to do?"
"Go with us into the cabin. We shall secure the mate first. Take those
lines with you, for we must tie him hand and foot."
"Do you know how the second mate stands?"
"He's all right, though he don't say much, being an officer. Baxter will
take care of him. While Martino and Gorro stay aloft, there will be
nothing to do on deck. Now wait here till we come."
I took his lantern, and went between decks, where I found Sanderson
as impatient as though he had been waiting for his grog.
"I was afraid something had happened," said he, in tremulous
accents.
"No; everything is as well as it could be; better than I anticipated.
Everybody in the cabin except the mate is drunk, and the steward
says Gorro and Martino are on the cross-trees."
"That's so."
"How are the men?"
"All right. I went out to the forecastle, and told them how it was with
you; but I thought you would never come."
"The Spaniards in the cabin did not turn in till four bells. But heave
ahead now; bring down the men who are to act with us."
"Ay, ay!"
"Tell Baxter he need do nothing on deck until we come up from the
cabin. Do you know who is at the helm?"
"Welsh; we put him there when Martino was sent aloft on the
lookout."
"He will know what we are about."
"But you had better go to the scuttle, and speak a word to Baxter. It
will make the men feel better to know you are all right."
"Very well, I will; but we must not waste time. Everything is favorable
for the movement now, and we don't know how long it may be so."
I walked with Sanderson to the forecastle, leaving Palmer in the
steerage to warn us if anything went wrong in the cabin. Sanderson
whispered to Baxter that we were ready, and the four men who were
to join us came below.
"Don't do anything on deck, Baxter," I whispered. "Get our men out of
their berths and on deck as quietly as possible."
"They are all wide awake, and will come out when I rap on the
planks," replied the stout-hearted old salt.
"If Gorro and Martino attempt to come down from the cross-trees,
make a spread eagle of them on the main-rigging. Don't let the three
Spaniards come out of the forecastle."
"Ay, ay! But how about the second mate?" asked Baxter.
"In about ten minutes the work below will be done. By that time you
can tell him what we are about."
"What if he objects?"
"He won't object."
"But if he does?"
"Serve him as you do the others. Make him fast, hand and foot. Now
mind your eye."
I led the way aft, followed by my five companions. I had one of the
revolvers in my belt, and had given the other to Baxter, though I
cautioned him not to use it except in the last emergency. We all took
off our shoes, and left them between decks. We then entered the
steerage, where Palmer was nervously awaiting our arrival.
"What shall I do?" asked Palmer.
"Hold the light, and carry the ropes; nothing more. Sanderson and I
will take care of the mate."
"Has he a pistol in his state-room?" asked Jack.
"I don't know. Probably he has; but we won't mind a pistol. We will not
let him wake enough to know how to use it, if he has one. Are you all
ready?"
"Ay, ay!" whispered the men.
"Stay where you are, with the light, Palmer, until you hear a noise. I
know just where the room is, and I can find the mate in the dark."
I opened the door which led into the cabin, and crept cautiously aft till
I had reached the door of Waterford's room. I could hear the heavy
snoring of the captain, and I was satisfied that he would give us no
trouble. He was too drunk to resist us, and I had decided not to
meddle with him till we had secured the others.
I waited till all my companions were in the cabin; and then, closely
attended by Sanderson, I crept into the mate's state-room. I bent over
the berth, and, by his heavy breathing, ascertained where his head
lay. I then placed my right hand upon his throat, and with my left
thrust a handkerchief into his mouth, so that he could not cry out. At
the same instant, Sanderson seized his hands, and the mate was
secure.
Securing the Mate.
CHAPTER XIX.
IN WHICH PHIL AND HIS COMPANIONS OBTAIN
POSSESSION OF THE MICHIGAN.
Jack Sanderson was a powerful man, and when he had seized the
hands of Waterford, he threw his body upon that of his victim.
Resistance was useless and hopeless. The mate struggled, until his
breath and his strength were exhausted, and then he gave it up. I
had choked him so hard, that the want of breath very soon
weakened him.
"Show the men where the Spaniards are!" I called to Palmer.
But he had already indicated to the rest of our party in the cabin the
room of the two passengers. I heard a slight struggle in that
direction, but it was soon over, and I was satisfied that our men had
effectually done their work.
"The cords, Palmer!" I called to the steward.
"Here they are. Can I help you?"
"Yes; tie his hands together," I replied.
While the steward was thus engaged, I removed the handkerchief
from the mouth of the mate, for he was breathing with extreme
difficulty. He was so exhausted that he lay quite still until his hands
were made fast. But gradually he regained his breath and his
strength. He looked at me, and I saw that he understood the whole
matter without any explanation. His expression was ugly again, and I
was satisfied that we should have all the trouble with him which he
had the power to make.
"Put a line around each of his ankles, Sanderson," said I, when the
hands of the prisoner were securely bound.

Differential Calculus Booster With Problems and Solutions For Iit Jee Main and Advanced Rejaul Makshud Mcgraw Hill Rejaul Makshud Full Chapter

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Differential Calculus Booster With Problems and Solutions For Iit Jee Main and Advanced Rejaul Makshud Mcgraw Hill Rejaul Makshud Full Chapter

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Differential Calculus Booster with

Problems and Solutions for IIT JEE

Differential Calculus Booster JEE main & Adv

McGraw Hill Education (India) Private Limited

McGraw Hill Education Offices

Differential Calculus Booster

Copyright © 2017, McGraw Hill Education (India) Private Limited.

This edition can be exported from India only by the publishers,

ISBN (13): 978-93-5260-575-0

Cover Designer: Creative Designer

Visit us at: www.mheducation.co.in

Level - I : Problems based on Fundamentals

1. Real Function 1.1–1.95

2. Inverse Trigonometric Functions 2.1–2.84

3. The Limit 3.1–3.67

4. The Continuity and Differentiability 4.1–4.71

6. Rolle’s theorem and Lagrange’s mean value theorem 6.1–6.24

8. The Tangent and Normal 8.1–8.43

9. The Maxima and Minima 9.1–9.38

1.1 Definition 1.3 Co-domain

Note: 1.4 Image

and ​ lim ​ (y – x) = ​ lim ​ (y – x) = ​ lim ​ ​ x + __

(iii) Oblique Asymptotes

(iii) Odd power reciprocal functions

(iii) Cube root Function

(C) Irrational Functions

Df = [0, •) and Rf = Rf = [0, •) 2n+1 __

(iii) Greatest Integer Function (G.I.F)

(D) Piece-wise Defined Functions Ï- 2 : - 2 £ x < -1

(x) [x] < n ﬁ x < n, n Œ I For examples,

Df = R and Rf = [0, 1).

Properties of Fractional part Function

(vii) If {x} > f, 0 < f < 1 Characteristics of cosine function

(a) Sine function: A function f : R Æ R is defined as 10. If cos x < 0

Characteristics of co-tangent function

Graph of f (x) = sin– 1 x.

Characteristics of co-secant function

Characteristics of arc sine function Characteristics of arc tangent function

3. It is not a periodic function.

Characteristics of arc co-tangent function

7. For 0 < x < __

p p – {0} is defined as f (x) = cosec– 1x.

Characteristics of arc co-secant function Now, f(x) = a cos x + b sin x + c

Characteristics of arc secant function

(ii) The maximum and minimum values of

Case II: when 0 < a < 1

Let A = {1, 2, 3, 4 }, B = {5, 6, 7, 8, 9}

5. Classification of functions with respect to its images ﬁ f(x) is one-one function.

1 (b) Number of onto function between two sets A and

The number of into functions

x f(x) g(fx) h(g(f(x)))

Properties of Composition of Functions

(v) The composition of any function with the identity 4. Product

Properties of even and odd functions

To prove g(– x) = g(x) & h(– x)

Geometrically, an even extension of a function is the Example-1. Let y = sin x

Since the graph of y = sin x repeats after a fixed interval

You might also like

and  lim (y – x) =  lim (y – x) =  lim x + __