Different Global Journalisms.

Cultures
and Contexts Saba Bebawi
Visit to download the full and correct content document:
https://ebookmass.com/product/different-global-journalisms-cultures-and-contexts-sa
ba-bebawi/
PALGRAVE STUDIES IN
JOURNALISM AND THE GLOBAL SOUTH

Different Global
Journalisms
Cultures and Contexts
Edited by
Saba Bebawi · Oxana Onilov
Palgrave Studies in Journalism and
the Global South

Series Editors
Bruce Mutsvairo
Auburn University
Auburn, AL, USA

Saba Bebawi
University of Technology Sydney
Ultimo, NSW, Australia

Eddy Borges-Rey
Northwestern University Qatar
Ar-Rayyan, Qatar
This series focuses on cutting-edge developments in journalism in and
from the Global South and illuminates how journalism cultures and prac-
tices have evolved from the era of colonization to contemporary globaliza-
tion. Bringing previously underrepresented research from the Global
South to the English speaking world, this series will focus on a broad
range of topics within journalism including pedagogy, ethics, history of
journalism, press freedom, theory, propaganda, gender, cross-border col-
laboration and methodological issues. Despite the geographical connota-
tions of the term ‘Global South’ the series will not be defined by
geographical boundaries, as Western countries are home to millions of
immigrants and the contributions of immigrant journalists will be covered.
Saba Bebawi • Oxana Onilov
Editors

Different Global
Journalisms
Cultures and Contexts
Editors
Saba Bebawi Oxana Onilov
Faculty of Arts Faculty of Arts
School of Communication School of Communication
University of Technology Sydney Sydney, NSW, Australia
Sydney, NSW, Australia

ISSN 2662-480X     ISSN 2662-4818 (electronic)

Palgrave Studies in Journalism and the Global South
ISBN 978-3-031-18991-3    ISBN 978-3-031-18992-0 (eBook)
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-18992-0

© The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer
Nature Switzerland AG 2023
This work is subject to copyright. All rights are solely and exclusively licensed by the
Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of
translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on
microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval,
electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now
known or hereafter developed.
The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this
publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are
exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use.
The publisher, the authors, and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information
in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the
publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, expressed or implied, with respect to
the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made.
The publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and
institutional affiliations.

Cover illustration: Paul Taylor/Getty Images

This Palgrave Macmillan imprint is published by the registered company Springer Nature
Switzerland AG.
The registered company address is: Gewerbestrasse 11, 6330 Cham, Switzerland
To all the journalists around the world who have to find different ways of
doing journalism to stay true to their role.
 Acknowledgements

This book was inspired by an international conference entitled International

Cultures of Journalism which was to be held at the University of Technology
Sydney (UTS) and which had to be put on a halt due to the COVID-19
pandemic. However we decided to bring together, in this collection, the
studies that attracted the authors to the theme of the conference and addi-
tionally invite other scholars who are interested in the topic to contribute.
Hence, the editors of this book would like to acknowledge and thank the
authors who contributed their insightful works towards this book. We
would also like to acknowledge and thank the reviewers, editors and
publisher.
We would like to acknowledge the support of the Australian Research
Council (ARC) who have funded this project through its Discovery Early
Career Researcher Award (DECRA) for the study entitled Developing an
Arab culture of investigative journalism.

vii
 Contents

1 Understanding
 Journalism Within Non-­Western Contexts  1
Saba Bebawi and Oxana Onilov

2 Harnessing
 Data and Digital Journalism in Latin America  9
Mathias-Felipe de-Lima-Santos, Lucia Mesquita, Gabriela
Gruszynski Sanseverino, Giuliander Carpes, Kamila Fernandes
Federal, and Ramón Salaverría

3 “Burmese
 Days” of Digitalization: From a Decade’s
Dream of Myanmar’s Modern Journalistic Culture and
Media System in the Making to a Press Freedom’s
Nightmare of the Military Putsch in 2021 35
Mandy Fox, Sascha Helbardt, Oliver Hahn, and Felix Krebs

4 Recovered
 Media in Argentina: A Resilient Response to
Instability and Precariousness 63
Carolina Escudero

5 Uncovering
 the Power of Whistleblowing as a New Form
of Citizen Journalism in Non-democratic Countries 85
Shepherd Mpofu, Bruce Mutsvairo, and Trust Matsilele

ix
x Contents

6 India:
 Mapping Journalism in the World’s Largest
Democracy107
Daya Kishan Thussu and Anilesh Kumar

7 Social
 Media, Television News and Protest Participation:
A Post-Soviet Media Culture127
Oxana Onilov

8 Investigative
 Journalism Is Global155
Hugo de Burgh

9 Confessions
 of Two Well-Meaning ‘Mzungu’ Journalism
Trainers173
Ivor Gaber and Naomi Goldsmith

10 Understanding Different Journalisms193

Saba Bebawi

Index201
 Notes on Contributors

Saba Bebawi is a professor of journalism at the University of Technology

Sydney, Australia. She has published on media power and the role of media
in democracy-building, in addition to investigative journalism in conflict
and post-conflict regions. She is author of Media Power and Global
Television News: The role of Al Jazeera English (2016); Investigative
Journalism in the Arab World: Issues and Challenges (2016); and co-author
of The Future Foreign Correspondent (2019); in addition to co-editor of
Social Media and the Politics of Reportage: The ‘Arab Spring’ (2014) and
Data Journalism in the Global South (2020). She is also co-editor for the
book series Palgrave Studies in Journalism and the Global South.
Giuliander Carpes (PhD) is a research associate at the Laboratory of
Studies and Applied Research in Social Sciences (Lerass) from the
University of Toulouse III Paul Sabatier, where he recently completed his
PhD within JOLT, a Marie Skłodowska-Curie European Training Network
funded by the European Commission’s Horizon 2020 initiative. In recent
years, he has been devoted to researching subjects at the intersection of
platforms and journalism, such as the effects of social media and messag-
ing applications on news production and distribution, the adaptation of
newsrooms to these tools, and news organizations’ development of new
revenue streams to keep their long-term sustainability as digital platforms
increasingly hold dominance over digital advertising revenue.
Hugo de Burgh is Walt Disney Professor of Media and Communications
at Schwarzman College, Tsinghua University. He is also Founder Chairman
of Kensington Wade Dual Language Chinese English School (est 2017)

xi
xii NOTES ON CONTRIBUTORS

and Director of the China Media Centre which he set up in London in

2005. In 2022 he is initiating, with business leaders, politicians and intel-
lectuals, China Insight Foundation, to forge a deeper comprehension of
China. De Burgh started professional life in Scotland, teaching history at
Edinburgh University. His campaigning journalism, focussing on poverty,
undereducation and employability, lead to full-time journalism and then
TV. He worked for Scottish Television (politics and investigations), BBC
(business and documentaries) and (the UK’s) Channel4 (C4 Dispatches,
C4 News and Documentaries). In 1995 he returned to higher education,
with academic posts at London, Nottingham Trent (where he co-­
established the first Centre for Broadcasting and Journalism) and
Westminster universities. As a television producer he scripted many docu-
mentaries and some drama documentaries. As Director of China Media
Centre he has overseen concept development for Chinese screen drama
and entertainment programming (CCTV, Hunan, Zhejiang, Jiangsu,
Shanghai, etc.). Among his publications are the 3rd edition of Investigative
Journalism (2021), the 2nd edition of China’s Media in the Emerging
World Order (2020) China’s Environment and Chinese Environment
Journalists (2013); China and Britain: the potential impact of China’s
development (2007) and (with Boris Johnson, Alison Wolf et al) Can the
Prizes Still Glitter? The Future of British Universities in a Changing World
(2007). He was a (national) Gresham Lecturer in 2020 and will again be
a Gresham Lecturer in 2022. He will lecture on China’s media at Jesus
College, Cambridge University in 2022.
Mathias-Felipe de-Lima-Santos, (PhD) is a postdoctoral researcher in
the Human(e) AI project at the University of Amsterdam, Netherlands.
He is also a research associate in the Digital Media and Society Observatory
(DMSO) at the Federal University of São Paulo (Unifesp), Brazil.
Previously, he was a researcher at the University of Navarra, Spain, under
the JOLT project, a Marie Skłodowska-Curie European Training Network
funded by the European Commission’s Horizon 2020. He was also a
Visiting Researcher at the Queensland University of Technology (QUT)
in Brisbane, Australia. De-Lima-Santos is co-editor of the book
“Journalism, Data and Technology in Latin America” published by
Palgrave Macmillan in 2021. His research interests include the changing
nature of communications driven by technological innovations, particu-
larly in journalism, media, and online social networks.
 NOTES ON CONTRIBUTORS xiii

Kamila Fernandes holds a Ph.D. in Communication Studies from the

University of Minho, Portugal. She serves as an Adjunct Professor and
Coordinator of the Journalism Course at the Federal University of Ceará.
She is also a researcher at the Center for Studies in Communication and
Society (CECS), Institute of Social Sciences, University of Minho.
Carolina Escudero, PhD, joined the University of Missouri, USA, in
2006 bringing expertise in international journalism, gender perspective
and health communication, particularly as it relates to emotions and
human rights in the international context. She earned her doctorate degree
at the Universidad Kennedy, Argentina; her Master’s degree in Gender
Studies at the University of Barcelona, Spain, and her Bachelor’s degree at
the University Robert Schuman, Strasbourg, France. Dr. Escudero has
lived and taught in Argentina, pursued research and communication work
as a Leonardo Da Vinci Fellow in Belgium, studied and worked in France,
Netherlands and Spain; she also was a student/correspondent in Serbia.
This broad range of international exposure has made her especially sensi-
tive and interested to the ways that media portrays victims/survivors and
how media can influence the recovery process, an awareness that she
brings to her research and teaching. Her preferred approach is the action
research (quantitative and enriched by qualitative insights). Her disserta-
tion research tested how media can induce altruistic behaviors. In the aca-
demic and formative field, she obtained grants such as Leonardo Da Vinci,
European Union (2001); Global Programs Research support for the TEB
campaign USA (2016–2017); Women & Gender Studies Research and
Creativity scholarship USA (2018); UJFK University from Argentina,
Postdoctoral Research grant (2021–2022). She received the Solidarity,
Communication and Resistance Award, Spain (2017).
Mandy Fox, MA, is a Journalist and Research Associate to the Chair of
Journalism at the University of Passau, Germany.
Ivor Gaber is Professor of Political Journalism at the University of
Sussex. He has published more than 50 books, chapters and articles on
various aspects of political communication. His journalistic career includes
senior editorial positions at BBC TV and Radio, Independent Television
xiv NOTES ON CONTRIBUTORS

News, Channel Four and Sky News. He has been training journalists at
UK universities and in Sub-Saharan Africa for more than 20 years and has
developed and led major media initiatives in Uganda, Nigeria and Malawi.
He is the UK representative at UNESCO’s International Programme for
the Development of Communication.
Naomi Goldsmith is a media consultant and journalism trainer who
travels to some of the most dangerous and demanding environments for
journalists to operate in. She has been the editor-in-chief of a radio station
in South Sudan and project directed in Afghanistan. Her journalistic career
was predominantly with the BBC where she anchored “Asia Today” on
their global TV channel. She has also reported on UK politics and the
conflict in Northern Ireland for the BBC. She is an associate trainer for
Dart Centre Europe, which educates and supports journalists covering
traumatic stories.
Oliver Hahn, PhD, is Professor of Journalism at the University of Passau,
Germany.
Sascha Helbardt, PhD, is a former Research Assistant to the Chair of
Southeast Asian Studies at the University of Passau, Germany.
Felix Krebs, MA, is a Copywriter and Editor in Munich and a former
Research Assistant to the Chair of Journalism at the University of Passau,
Germany.
Anilesh Kumar is an award winning former senior journalist currently
enrolled at Hong Kong Baptist University as a PhD candidate. He holds a
master’s degree in TV Journalism from Goldsmiths, University of London
and a master’s in International Relations and Democratic Politics from
University of Westminster, London. He is also the host for Hong Kong
Baptist University’s talk series—‘Global Ideas’.
Trust Matsilele, PhD, is a lecturer in the Media and Communication
Studies Department of the Cape Peninsula University of Technology. He
is also a research fellow of the CPUT’s Centre for Communication Studies.
Matsilele holds a DLitt et Phil Communication Studies from the University
of Johannesburg. Matsilele is an interdisciplinary researcher with an inter-
est in digital humanities, the intersection of artificial intelligence and jour-
nalism, cyber-protest cultures, and the intersection of culture and
technology. His monograph on social media and digital dissidence in
Zimbabwe is set to be published in 2023.
 NOTES ON CONTRIBUTORS xv

Lucia Mesquita (PhD) is a research associate at the DMSO research

group at the Federal University of São Paulo (Unifesp)—Campus São José
dos Campos. Mesquita recently completed her PhD at Dublin City
University. At DCU, she was also an Early Stage Researcher within the
JOLT–Harnessing Digital and Data Technology for Journalism project, a
Marie-Skłodowska-Curie European Training Network. Before joining
DCU, she was a Master’s student at the Faculty of Social and Political
Sciences (ISCSP) at the University of Lisbon in Portugal. She is also a
journalist, having graduated from the Methodist University of Sao Paulo
in Brazil.
Shepherd Mpofu is Associate Professor of Media and Communication at
the University of Limpopo in South Africa. He has published several arti-
cles on communication, media and journalism in Africa. His body of work
covers social media and politics; social media and identity; social media
and protests. He is the editor of The politics of laughter in the social media
age: Perspectives from the Global South (Palgrave Macmillan 2021) and
Digital humour in the COVID-19 pandemic: Perspectives from the Global
South (Palgrave Macmillan 2021) and co-editor of Mediating xenophobia
in Africa (Palgrave 2020).
Bruce Mutsvairo is the UNESCO Chair in Data, Disinformation and
Democracy at Utrecht University in the Netherlands, where he became a
Full Professor and Chair in Media, Politics and the Global South in
April 2022.
Oxana Onilov, PhD, is an early career researcher with a doctorate in
media and communication from the University of Technology Sydney.
Oxana has worked as a researcher on various projects, including investiga-
tive and constructive journalism as well as measurement and evaluation of
health communication.
Ramón Salaverría, (PhD) is a full professor at the School of
Communication, University of Navarra (Pamplona, Spain), where he
heads the Digital News Media Research Group. As the author of over 200
scholarly publications, his research focuses on digital journalism and media
convergence in national and international comparative studies.
Gabriela Gruszynski Sanseverino is a PhD researcher on ‘Politics and
Ethics of User-Generated Content’ at the University of Toulouse III Paul
Sabatier, within the Laboratory of Studies and Applied Research in Social
xvi NOTES ON CONTRIBUTORS

Sciences (LERASS). Sanseverino is a Former Marie Skłodowska-Curie

Early Stage Researcher for the JOLT Project with a Bachelor’s degree in
Social Communication—Journalism and a Master’s degree in
Communication and Information from the Federal University of Rio
Grande do Sul (Brazil).
Daya Kishan Thussu is Professor of International Communication at
Hong Kong Baptist University. In 2018–2019, he was a visiting
Distinguished Professor and inaugural Disney Chair in Global Media at
Schwarzman College, Tsinghua University, Beijing. For many years he was
Professor of International Communication at the University of Westminster
in London, where he was also founder and Co-Director of India Media
Centre and research advisor to the China Media Centre. Author or editor
of 20 books, among them International Communication: Continuity and
Change (New York: Bloomsbury Academic, 2019). His latest publication
is BRICS Media: Reshaping the Global Communication Order? (London:
Routledge, 2021). He is the founder and Managing Editor of the Sage
journal Global Media and Communication.
 CHAPTER 1

Understanding Journalism Within

Non-­Western Contexts

Saba Bebawi and Oxana Onilov

This book was inspired by an international conference entitled International

Cultures of Journalism. Although it was scheduled to take place in Sydney
in 2020, the Covid-19 pandemic put a halt to that. However, we decided
to bring together, in this collection, the studies that attracted the authors
to the theme of the conference from around the world. We wanted to
gather and learn about journalism in different countries. It was on purpose
that we did not want to pinpoint a theme for researchers to abide to as we
knew that every part of the world has its own issues and intricacies when
it comes to journalism practice. For the same reason, we didn’t structure
the book in sections, geographically, thematically or even in format, as
there are chapters that are theoretical, empirical, in addition to reflective
practice. Although the chapters together provide an overview of how
culture shapes a multitude of journalism practices, each chapter stands on
its own.

S. Bebawi (*)
Faculty of Arts, School of Communication, University of Technology
Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
e-mail: Saba.Bebawi@uts.edu.au

© The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature 1

Switzerland AG 2023
S. Bebawi, O. Onilov (eds.), Different Global Journalisms, Palgrave
Studies in Journalism and the Global South,
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-18992-0_1
2 S. BEBAWI AND O. ONILOV

Journalists in the non-Western world are trained, generally speaking,

within Western models of reporting and are taught to do so as a practice
these reporters need to aspire and aim for. Yet what such training is short
of achieving is teaching these reporters how ‘to do’ journalism within their
own environments. In turn, what is required is a method of journalistic
training, and in turn practice, that is reflective of the actual practice these
reporters will encounter on the ground. Although local trainers could help
to address this, one way of assisting with this is better understanding how
journalism is practiced in different parts of the world, the contexts sur-
rounding such practices, the issues and challenges associated, in addition
to the positive practices that Western journalism can offer. This book is an
attempt to do just that—to better understand how journalism in non-­
Western contexts is different and learn more about these practices.

Western Domination and the Role

of Different Journalisms

In his book entitled The Media Were American (Tunstall, 2007), as a fol-
low up to a previous book called The Media Are American (Tunstall,
1977), Jeremy Tunstall revisits the global media scene as a result of a
changing media environment. In it, he argues that Western domination of
the global scene, specifically American-based media, ‘have been in decline
on the world scene for several decades’ (Tunstall, 2007: 321). He, there-
fore, suggests that there is an exaggeration in Western dominance and
believes that this is, in fact, changing.
Nonetheless, the question that rises here is to what extent can this emerg-
ing global news space be considered to represent a ‘global public sphere’
that does not exclude any members of the global community? Historically,
there have been many factors that have prevented the emergence of a global
public sphere, as outlined in the NWICO debates. Such factors are slowly
being addressed and facilitated as a result of developments at various levels,
such as technology. In support of an emerging global space, Ingrid Volkmer
views the public sphere as a ‘representative public zone’ where it is charac-
terised as having ‘cross-cultural, cross-­societal, and cross-national implica-
tions’, in other words, ‘the global space […] can be considered as a

O. Onilov
Faculty of Arts, School of Communication, Sydney, NSW, Australia
e-mail: Oxana.Onilov@uts.edu.au
 1 UNDERSTANDING JOURNALISM WITHIN NON-WESTERN CONTEXTS 3

multi-discursive political space’ (Volkmer, 1999: 122–123). According to

Volkmer, the process of globalisation marks a change to the meaning of
‘public’ as understood in previous debates, where the public sphere has
expanded beyond the limits of the national onto a global context (Volkmer,
1999: 122). Volkmer argues that ‘the global communication sphere, involv-
ing fragmented satellite television targeting specific audiences worldwide
and the Internet, provides not so much ‘global’ communication but par-
ticular globalized communication’ (Volkmer, 2007: 58).
Here Volkmer refers to ‘new discourse spheres’ within the global public
sphere, and introduces the concept of ‘negotiated sovereignty’ (Volkmer,
2007: 62): ‘[t]he study ofe political ‘information flows’ within the global-
ized sphere reveals new notions of ‘sovereignty’ not so much in view of a
universal but an increasingly particular framework. Therefore, Volkmer
considers the global public sphere to consist of smaller ‘spheres of influ-
ence’ where dominance is practiced within these smaller spheres which can
be captured in different practices of journalisms around the world that
eventually make up the wider discourses of the global public sphere, as we
showcase in this edited collection.

Cultures of Journalism
It has taken many decades, on the parts of both Western journalists and
journalists from the Global South, to acknowledge that journalism is not
universal and nor should it be. Reporters from the Global South have
always looked up to the ‘Western’ way of doing journalism and relied
heavily on coaches and trainers from the Global North who were seen as
the key to ‘fixing’ their journalism. Yet when these reporters return to
their local newsrooms, the cultural, political, economic and ideological
realities prevent them from applying what they learnt in relation to doing
journalism the Western way. It has taken them a while to realise that what
works in one part of the world simply cannot work in another.
Worlds of Journalism: Journalistic Cultures Around the Globe, edited by
Thomas Hanitzsch, Folker Hanusch, Jyotika Ramaprasad, and Arnold
S. de Beer (2019), is based on the largest, comparative study of journalism
cultures around the world, The Worlds of Journalism Study (WJS) (http://
worldsofjournalism.org/) which was founded in 2010. This edited collec-
tion offers an account of the study including the findings which provides
an understanding of the complexity and multifaceted nature of journalism
within a global context. According to the editors, there has been a general
assumption on the part of Western journalism researchers that their work
is applicable to those outside the Western world, yet at the same time,
4 S. BEBAWI AND O. ONILOV

researchers from the Global South face criticism for relying on scholarly
work that stems from their parts of the world (Hanitzsch et al., 2019: 5).
The tension, therefore, is evident, not just from a journalism training and
practice standpoint, but also within a scholarly perspective. There has been
a recent wave of efforts to make for a more inclusive global journalism
scholarly representation from both the Global North and South with the
aim of addressing the Western domination of journalism conceptualisa-
tions of training and practice, yet journalism academics from the non-­
Western world remain disadvantaged both financially and linguistically.
Hanitzsch argues that journalism cultures differ and are dependent on
the various influences that affect the practice, namely political, economic,
organizational, procedural, and personal networks influences (Hanitzsch
et al., 2019: 107). Although these influences play different roles in differ-
ent journalistic cultures, journalists’ perceptions of these influences also
differ. So, in some cultures, the ‘political and economic pressures appear
to be less important in journalists’ perceptions because these influences are
further removed from their daily practice than, for example, the influence
of norms and routines’ (Hanitzsch et al., 2019: 113). Furthermore, edito-
rial autonomy is another variant since in countries where journalism is
closely monitored and state controlled, ‘there is no editorial autonomy in
any recognizable Western form’.
This edited collection does not seek to conduct a comparative analysis
between different journalisms from around the world as this presents its
own set of challenges. Such challenges, at first instance, include the diffi-
culty in finding common points of comparison which lies at the heart of
what this study set out to address. This includes a ‘workable definition’ of
who is a journalist, for example. Definitions and boundaries in relation to
this, therefore, needed to be articulated to provide a comparative platform
across all journalistic practices for the countries studied. Additionally, the
need for finding some form of common ‘theoretical universalism’ could
‘lead to measurement that is insensitive to context and formulates key
concepts at such a high level of abstraction’ that doesn’t reflect the reality
of practices at a local level (Hanitzsch et al., 2019: 23). Despite this, this
collection of studies has taken details of difference into account to provide
a comprehensive articulation of different journalistic practices around the
globe. In turn, this book provides an important basis for researchers work-
ing on international cultures of journalism to build on. By acknowledging
the need for an inclusive, representative global public sphere consisting of
as many journalism models, this book is an attempt to learn about diverse
 1 UNDERSTANDING JOURNALISM WITHIN NON-WESTERN CONTEXTS 5

journalistic cultures through a collection of case studies, reflective writ-

ings, empirical studies and theoretical papers. The book seeks to cover
factors that influence the development of journalism in non-Western con-
texts; challenges and opportunities for its training and practice; the ways
technologies impact the development of distinctive cultures of journalism;
and the emergence of particular models of journalism in different cultural
journalism contexts.

Plan of the Book

Following the editors’ opening chapter, the contributing authors of this
book explore how different practices, routines and conventions allow dif-
ferent cultures of journalism to become distinctly visible in non-Western
countries. Together, these chapters provide an overview of how culture
shapes, renegotiates, and redefines journalism practices. The book centres
on journalists and their practices in different media environments and
accentuates how journalists find their own ways to adjust, adapt, innovate,
deal with challenges—successfully or not—in their social, cultural and
political contexts embedded in non-Western environments. Through dif-
ferent snapshots of journalists operating and navigating multifaceted con-
texts, we aim to learn about Different Journalisms in this edited book.
Chapter 2, entitled Harnessing Data and Digital Journalism in Latin
America by Mathias Felipe de-Lima-Santos, Lucia Mesquita, Gabriela
Gruszynski Sanseverino, Giuliander Carpes, Kamila Fernandes and Ramón
Salaverría explores how the Latin American news ecosystem is evolving
and reshaping the relationship between newsrooms and audiences through
technology and digitalisation. Through a combination of content analysis
and interviews with news organisations and practitioners in the region, the
authors reveal that despite the lack of technological and research resources
abundant in Western democracies, Latin American countries find their
own ways to innovate and embrace novel technologies. To understand
how digital journalism and data journalism have evolved in Latin American
newsrooms, the authors discuss change in terms of praxis, business mod-
els, audience participation, and platforms.
Chapter 3, entitled “Burmese Days” of Digitalization: From a Decade’s
Dream of Myanmar‘s Modern Journalistic Culture and Media System in the
Making to a Press Freedom‘s Nightmare of the Military Putsch in 2021 by
Mandy Fox, Sascha Helbardt, Oliver Hahn and Felix Krebs describe the
Myanmar media changes within the decade of transition from the end of
6 S. BEBAWI AND O. ONILOV

the military rule in 2011 to the military coup of 2021. Based on interviews
with Burmese journalists, editors, media owners, academics, key activists,
and key actors in the media field, the authors shed a light on the impact of
this decade of transition on journalists’ practice, private media companies,
ethnic and exile media. The authors reflect on the emergence of a modern
journalistic culture whose development was abruptly interrupted by the
military coup.
Chapter 4, Recovered Media in Argentina: A Resilient Response to
Instability and Precariousness by Carolina Escudero, examines the phe-
nomenon of workers co-ops, abandoned or closed media outlets recov-
ered by their workers. Based on a combination of interviews with journalists
and content analysis of materials on professional and self-management
experiences published by recovered media, the author investigates the
phenomenon of recovered media in Argentina. The chapter delves into
recovery processes and challenges, and analyses the resilience of media
workers who by responding to unstable economic situations assume new
roles, in addition to exercising their profession.
Chapter 5, Uncovering the Power of Whistle-Blowing as a New Form of
Citizen Journalism in Non-Democratic Countries by Shepherd Mpofu,
Bruce Mutsvairo and Trust Matsilele explore whistleblowing as an emerg-
ing form of citizen journalism in non-democratic environments. Through
the case of a celebrated Zimbabwean blogger turned activist, who exposed
corrupt practices among the country’s political elite, the authors illustrate
the intervention of digital technologies in aiding whistle-blowing styled
citizen journalism. The chapter, ultimately shows how such practices have
helped deepen democratic participation in Zimbabwe.
Chapter 6, India: Mapping Journalism in the World’s Largest Democracy
by Daya Thussu and Anilesh Kumar assesses the interplay between democ-
racy and journalism in India. The authors describe the transformation of
the Indian news media from state-controlled media to marketization,
expansion of television news and bollywoodization. The multi-channel
hyper-commercial media context is increasingly resulting in news content
that takes the form of infotainment, and acts as an important element in
shaping public discourse. This undermines the informational role of news
in India, where millions of people still cannot read or write.
Chapter 7, Social Media Use, Television News and Protest Participation:
A Post-Soviet Media Culture by Oxana Onilov focuses on the impact of
social media on protest participation in the context of a post-Soviet
Moldovan media context. Based on interviews with protesters and
 1 UNDERSTANDING JOURNALISM WITHIN NON-WESTERN CONTEXTS 7

activists, the author reveals how distrust in media and simultaneous toler-
ance towards it—as well as an emerging trend and strive for Western val-
ues—mediated the use of social media for participation. The author
describes how social media usage is endogenous to community character-
istics, contextual factors, an intergenerational divide, and the interplay of
different online and offline media shape its importance for participation.
In Chap. 8, in his essay entitled Investigative Journalism Is Global,
Hugo de Burgh introduces the work of colleagues around the world
whose operations illustrate current developments in investigative journal-
ism. Each of these works contributed a chapter to the third edition of
Investigative Journalism, which Hugo de Burgh edited with Paul Lashmar.
The author first introduces the context in which investigative journalism
operates currently around the world. Then, the author focuses on the
places where investigative journalism is conducted.
In Chap. 9, entitled Confessions of Two Well-Meaning ‘Mzungu’
Journalism Trainers, Ivor Gaber and Naomi Goldsmith discuss the role of
the Anglo-American model of journalism in media development in the
Global South. First, reflecting on their own wide experiences as media
trainers and consultants, each of the authors shares insights gained from
leading journalism training in more than 40 countries, many of them in
the sub-Saharan Africa. Then, the authors jointly suggest seven universal
journalistic principles that should form the bedrock of any international
journalistic interventions.
Chapter 10, Understanding Different Journalisms by Saba Bebawi,
explores trends in journalistic training and newsroom practices of Arab
journalists and investigative reporters. The author reflects on how journal-
ists operate in negotiating a balance between the way they are trained on
Western models and the way they practice journalism according to their
own local models. The final chapter aims to reinforce and conclude the
main message of the book. Bebawi emphasises the need to move beyond
universalistic ways and claims of practicing journalism, towards nuanced
models that embrace contextual peculiarities of different countries in the
Global South.

References
Hanitzsch, T., Hanusch, F., Ramaprasad, J., & De Beer, A. S. (Eds.). (2019).
Worlds of journalism: Journalistic cultures around the globe. Columbia
University Press.
8 S. BEBAWI AND O. ONILOV

Tunstall, J. (1977). The media are American. Columbia University Press.

Tunstall, J. (2007). The media were American: U.S. mass media in decline. Oxford
University Press.
Volkmer, I. (1999). News in the global sphere: A study of CNN and its impact on
global communications. University of Luton Press.
Volkmer, I. (2007). Governing the “spatial reach”? Spheres of influence and chal-
lenges to global media policy. International Journal of Communication, 1(1), 18.
 CHAPTER 2

Harnessing Data and Digital Journalism

in Latin America

Mathias-Felipe de-Lima-Santos, Lucia Mesquita,

Gabriela Gruszynski Sanseverino, Giuliander Carpes,
Kamila Fernandes Federal, and Ramón Salaverría

Introduction

An Endless Source of Inspiration

Latin America is composed of a diverse group of countries, all with par-
ticular landscapes, peoples, and cultures. It is generally understood that
the region consists of the entire continent of South America besides
Central America, and the islands of the Caribbean and Mexico. Despite
this diversity, the context of the region is marked by a news ecosystem

M.-F. de-Lima-Santos (*)

Digital Media and Society Observatory (DMSO), Federal University of São
Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
Faculty of Humanities, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
e-mail: mathias.felipe@unifesp.br

© The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature 9

Switzerland AG 2023
S. Bebawi, O. Onilov (eds.), Different Global Journalisms, Palgrave
Studies in Journalism and the Global South,
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-18992-0_2
10 M.-F. DE-LIMA-SANTOS ET AL.

often criticized for the concentration of political clientelism, ownership,

and a consistent failure to represent its pluralism (Porto, 2016). This sce-
nario has begun to change with the emergence of Latin American digital
media, which provided new ways to communicate and consume
information.
A prior study analyzed the survey results conducted by the nonprofit
organization SembraMedia (2017), which has been dedicated to mapping
the digital media ecosystem in Latin America. It has identified five critical
elements for the development of these initiatives: the active participation
of women; the search for financial sustainability; a need for training,
including the use of technologies; market-oriented production; and the
reliance on collaboration, including with traditional media outlets
(Salaverría et al., 2019).
Similarly, Latin American journalists face precarious circumstances not
well understood in the Western world, as precarity is perceived in wealthy
nations as job insecurity. However, in the Global South, particularly in
Latin America, insecurity is translated into the risks and fears that typically
accompany each phase of news reporting. Therefore, Latin American jour-
nalists live under censorship, political oppression, and other forms of
repression, requiring them to unleash their creativity to produce content
that positively impacts their society (Matthews & Onyemaobi, 2020).
These characteristics have been exacerbated with the advent of the
information age and the changes brought about by digitalization. Thus,

L. Mesquita
Institute for Future Media and Journalism (FuJo), Dublin City University,
Dublin, Ireland
e-mail: lucia.mesquita2@mail.dcu.ie
G. G. Sanseverino • G. Carpes
Lerass (Laboratoire d’études et recherches appliquées en Sciences Sociales),
University of Toulouse III Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
e-mail: gabriela.gruszynski-sanseverino@univtlse3.fr;
giuliander.carpes-da-silva@univ-tlse3.fr
K. F. Federal
Arts and Culture Institute (ICA), Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Brazil
R. Salaverría
School of Communication, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
e-mail: rsalaver@unav.es
 2 HARNESSING DATA AND DIGITAL JOURNALISM IN LATIN AMERICA 11

news outlets across the region embraced news norms, routines, and prac-
tices (Boczkowski, 2005). Latin American news organizations are finding
new avenues of growth, optimizing operations, and paying attention to
topics that other latitudes were not focused on, which has opened new
opportunities and diversified the news media ecosystem.
In other cases, these challenges have also contributed to adjustments in
the professional values that guide journalistic work. In this chapter, we will
explore several compelling examples of Latin American journalistic prac-
tices that have been shaped and redefined by advances in technology and
data. Through a combination of content analysis and interviews conducted
between 2019 and 2020, we discuss that Latin American news organiza-
tions are finding their own way to innovate and harness data and digital
journalism in their newsrooms despite the lack of technological and
research resources available in Western democracies. By merging, con-
trasting, and adapting from Western “ideals” and non-Western “realities,”
journalism in Latin America builds onto a journalism culture that is not in
opposition, but instead in confluence and convergence with international
trends, but with a strong appeal of innovation, collaboration, and partici-
pation. To demonstrate this, we look at five topics to shed light on the
future of journalism in the region, namely praxis, business models, data
journalism, audience participation, and platforms.

Praxis

Journalism Shaped to Resist

The evolving digital landscape serves as a response to the over-­concentrated
and politicized regional media systems. Looking at Brazil, Colombia, and
Mexico, Hallin and Papathanassopoulos (2002) characterized the Latin
American media system by its ‘low level of newspaper circulation, a tradi-
tion of advocacy reporting, instrumentalization of privately-owned media,
the politicization of public broadcasting and broadcast regulation, and
limited development of the overall media industry’ (177). Further research
studies have identified that civil society has more fragile ties in the
region (Waisbord, 2009). In contrast, the media system of different Latin
American countries have been highly influenced by both the State and the
market (Fox & Waisbord, 2009). These influences are mainly due to the
economic investment that the State provides to the media industry, such
12 M.-F. DE-LIMA-SANTOS ET AL.

as official propaganda. Thus, governments have consolidated themselves

as the region’s leading financier of the media, which persists until today.
Previous studies have identified that the so-called mainstream media in
Latin America dominates over 80% of the region’s production, access, and
distribution of content and news across the region (Becerra & Mastrini,
2010; Gutiérrez & Ocampo, 2019). Scholars have emphasized that the
Latin American mainstream media presents common traits, such as large
audiences, commercial orientation, and proximity to official sources. Even
among the most ideologically progressive outlets, these characteristics
tend to reproduce certain discourses that reinforce the status quo
(Carvalho, 2017). Thus, private media preponderance directly affects the
content disseminated, as the media in the region does not necessarily
search for the public interest but rather to expand its audience.
In this context, incorporating the new deployments of information and
communication technologies into the media environment resulted in
changes in journalistic practices to overcome the media system’s dominant
structures. It allowed the emergence of countless new actors as active edi-
torial content producers, disconnected from the mainstream media. To
combat the disruption of its social role, journalism as a profession engages
in new models and formats that bring communities and other social actors
together.
Journalism has suffered a disruption by new information and commu-
nication technologies that deranged and reorganized the circuitry of prac-
tices in different ways. To analyze the praxis in Latin America, we circulated
a questionnaire with around a hundred news organizations. Data were
collected in three phases between late 2018 and the beginning of 2020.
First, an initial questionnaire was designed and then submitted to the
feedback of Brazilian practitioners. A second phase was sent to other Latin
American countries. Lastly, some of these practitioners were invited for
interviews in the first half of 2020. Our data brought two main findings:
Latin American digital media organizations see the need for innovation in
journalistic practices and the widespread adoption of technologies will
result in new norms and routines in newsrooms.

Embracing New Practices

As an example of new practices, collaboration has been one of the most
common strategies to deal with the complexity of the local context. The
Brazilian media organization #Colabora defends the idea that
 2 HARNESSING DATA AND DIGITAL JOURNALISM IN LATIN AMERICA 13

collaboration should feature intrinsically in the journalists’ work, that is,

this should be employed not only when there are working ties, but in their
daily activities. The organization’s members believe that collaboration
should spread across different parts of the world, providing information
needed in real-­time and forming a worldwide “network of collaborators.”
The initiative also considers collaboration between independent media
outlets, which can share resources helping to overcome their limitations to
reduce costs, such as sharing physical space and legal support. Other news
organizations have relied on alliances to expand access to information in
more distant locations, such as the Peruvian Wayka. The outlet mainly
uses community radio stations to bring information from remote areas
in Peru.
However, collaborating does not mean working for free. Among the
initiatives heard in the interviews, employees’ paid work prevails, either as
duly registered employees, such as in the case of Wayka, or through recur-
ring scholarships (for example, the Brazilian news outlet Amazônia Real
dedicated to covering the Amazon region). In other cases, the payments
are made for production, such as the case of #Colabora. On the other
hand, #Colabora admits the volunteers’ participation, that is, people who
like the project and want to collaborate for free.
However, the remuneration paid by the digital media in Latin America
is insufficient. According to the respondents, only 18.3% said employees
could keep working exclusively in these media organizations. Among the
others, 34.4% said that they could not maintain themselves in any way only
with the work carried out in these journalistic groups. In comparison,
another 43% claimed they could partially support themselves, having to
perform other services to supplement their income. The low or even the
lack of remuneration often hampers the exclusive dedication of journalists
in digital media organizations, which could potentially impact their con-
tent’s quality and frequency.
Even with the rough and precarious conditions, Latin American jour-
nalists are looking for ways to engage with the public and work with pro-
fessionals from different backgrounds. For this, sharing content, workforce,
and financial strategies became essential features in the region. However,
journalism’s central core values remain unchanged. The search to bring
diversity, a plurality of voices, hold power accountable, and deliver quality
information to the public remains the primary purpose and commitment
of these organizations.
14 M.-F. DE-LIMA-SANTOS ET AL.

Consequently, this is set to become another means of distinguishing

between digital and traditional media. While the mainstream media is
associated with the stigma of the defense of the interests of the most influ-
ential players, the digital media seeks to focus its practices on truth-­seeking
work. Thus, the reaffirmation of traditional journalistic mission and values
combined with a position that emphasizes journalism’s social role in the
fight against injustices and inequalities to build social transformations
become the primary justification for the existence and survival of the digi-
tal journalistic groups in Latin America.

Business Models

A Never-Ending Search for Sustainability

As we discussed, change is constant in the media landscape. With the digi-
tal revolution, the legacy media business model based on ads revenue had
its success limited in an online and networked environment where plat-
forms hold power (Sirkkunen & Cook, 2012). In the search for a sustain-
able model, Latin American media organizations have explored different
revenue streams that could turn journalism into a viable product.

From Basic to More Innovative Ideas

While target advertising continues to be an essential revenue source with
programmatic ads, native advertising, and sponsored content, many news
outlets worldwide are also adopting subscription models based on audi-
ences’ funding (Arrese, 2016; Chyi, 2012; Pickard & Williams, 2014).
Historically, Latin American news organizations have increasingly relied
on funding from government advertising and subsidies differently from
their Western counterparts, which translated into a state interventionism
culture (Waisbord, 2014). In contrast, Latin American digital news media
has relied their business model mostly on philanthropic funding (Requejo-­
Alemán & Lugo-Ocando, 2014; Rashidian et al., 2018). To circumvent
this dependency, some organizations have focused on niche markets to
sustain their business models, such as the case of Nexo Jornal and JOTA
(both from Brazil). Other news media are relying on funding journalism
through more innovative ideas, such as training, workshops, and consult-
ing, such as Ojo con mi pisto (Guatemala).
Another random document with
no related content on Scribd:
 (1875.0)
No. Class Description
α δ
22 31.3 7 27 10 e eF, vS, bet. 2*.
23 34.9 7 31 47 e vF, S.
24 36.0 7 30 3 f vF, vS.
25 36.2 7 42 4 f vF, vS.
26 37.5 7 41 4 f vF, vS.
27 41.8 7 29 40 h FN, mE160°, 80″×20″.
28 41.8 7 13 46 f pF, vS, bM, Δ with 2 faint *.
29 42.4 7 44 32 e eF, eS,*14m1′sp.
30 46.1 7 32 31 n pFN, eccentric, mE90°.
31 46.2 7 29 21 i pF, vS, R.
32 52.8 6 40 49 f st. 14m.
33 54.9 7 32 39 e F, S, 1E.
34 56.2 7 10 7 i vF, S, E, *14m30″sf.
35 56.9 6 47 41 e vF, 1E, *15m30″s.
36 58.5 7 33 24 e vF, vS, *17m30″f.
37 23 15 5.9 7 51 23 e vF, R, lvM,40″d, *12.1′n.
38 11.1 7 20 15 f vF, S, E, *14m30″sp.
39 16.9 7 34 23 e vF, vS, *15m1′np.
40 20.4 7 38 15 d vF, vS.
41 21.8 8 18 24 h vF, E, *9m, superimposed.
42 26.0 8 23 37 d pF, pL, R, lbM.
43 28.7 7 29 43 f F, S.
44 53.0 8 15 14 e eF, pL, iR, no nuc.
45 56.3 7 46 32 e eF, S, *16m40″p.
46 23 16 24.2 7 40 32 e vF, E, *17m40″f.
47 38.8 8 18 39 h₀ eF, no nuc., vmE175°, 150″×30″.
48 42.5 7 33 39 g vF, S, E.
49 43.4 7 36 39 e eF, pS, no nuc. Trapz. of 4*.
50 55.3 7 51 8 e vF, S, *12m1′s.
51 23 17 14.2 7 37 37 e eF, vS, *12m2′nf.
 (1875.0)
No. Class Description
α δ
52 34.9 6 55 40 d eF, pS, no nuc.

Nebulae Previously Known in Field VII

N.G.C.
7604 23ᴴ 11ᵐ 31.7ˢ +6°44′48″ f F, R, bM.
7605 32.6 6 41 46 f F, R, bM, *15m70″p.
7586 36.1 7 54 7 f pF, st.
7608 23 12 55.5 7 40 6 h pF, sharp nuc., mE20°,100″×25″.
7611 23 13 16.6 7 22 45 g₀ pB, gbM, mE140°, 80″×30″.
7612 24.7 7 53 38 g pB, mbM, cE170°, 80″×40″.
7615 35.0 7 42 58 f F, E130°, * 14m involved.
7617 49.2 7 28 54 e pF, pS, mbM, vlE20°.
7619 54.8 7 31 19 f B, R, 90″d.
7621 23 14 5.0 7 40 56 g pF, pS, mbM, E0°.
7623 10.4 7 42 45 f pB, R, mbM, 60″d.
7626 22.8 7 31 56 f B, R, bM, 90″d, *14m60″p.
7631 23 15 7.1 7 31 59 g pB, mbM, mE80°, 110′×40″.
7634 22.3 8 12 14 f F, R, *10m20″p.
2d I.C.
5309 23 12 51.8 7 25 32 g pF, mbM, E0°, 50″×30″,
*14m on south edge.

Yerkes Observatory
May, 1917
Plate III
Wolf’s Classes of Nebulae
(Copied from the Königstuhl [Heidelberg] Publications)
 Plate IV

Enlarged Negative of Field III

 Center at Center at α=11ᴴ 4ᵐ, δ=+29°30′
For identification of lettered stars see footnote 7 page 5.

Footnotes:
[1] A dissertation submitted to the Faculty of the Ogden Graduate
School of Science of the University of Chicago in candidacy for
the degree of Doctor of Philosophy.
[2] Nucleus is eccentric and undefined on the photograph, hence
the photographic position is probably in error by several seconds
of arc.
[3] Mean of the positions given in Vols. III and IV. N.G.C. 7621 is
5ˢ.4 preceding, and 1′ 49″ south of 7623. There is a double star in
the position published in the Strassburg Annals.
[4] Mean of the positions given in Vols. III and IV. N.G.C. 7621 is
5ˢ.4 preceding, and 1′ 49″ south of 7623. There is a double star in
the position published in the Strassburg Annals.
[5] Mean of the positions given in Vols. III and IV. N.G.C. 7621 is
5ˢ.4 preceding, and 1′ 49″ south of 7623. There is a double star in
the position published in the Strassburg Annals.
[6] Mean of the positions given in Vols. III and IV. N.G.C. 7621 is
5ˢ.4 preceding, and 1′ 49″ south of 7623. There is a double star in
the position published in the Strassburg Annals.
[7] See Plate IV, enlarged from negative R 3352, taken with 120ᵐ
exposure on February 26, 1916. The numbers were marked on
only those nebulae which promised to be readily visible on the
engraving, and which were separated enough to give room for
inscribing the number. The B.D. stars are designated by letters,
for which the key is as follows.

FIELD III
STAR B.D.
A = +30°2107
B = +30°2108
C = +30°2109
D = +30°2110
 E = +30°2115
F = +30°2121
G = +30°2123
H = +29°2123
J = +29°2125
K = +29°2126
L = +29°2128
M = +29°2129
N = +29°2130
P = +29°2133
R = +29°1970
S = +28°1971

[8] Popular Astronomy, 24, 111, 1916.

[9] Journal of the R.A.S., Canada, 10, 134, 1916.
[10] Field IV covers the position of a group of 18 small nebulae
announced by E. E. Barnard in Astronomische Nachrichten, 125,
369, 1890. The positions there given were rough estimations from
the stars B.D. +56°.1679 and B.D. +56°.1682. On the
photographs, the nebulae in this region are so small and so
crowded that I have been able to identify only three individuals of
the group. Barnard’s Nos. 4, 7, and 18 are very probably my Nos.
41, 43, and 62.
 Transcriber’s Notes:

Ancient words were not corrected.

The illustrations and tables have been moved so that they do not break up
paragraphs and so that they are next to the text they illustrate.
Typographical and punctuation errors have been silently corrected.
 *** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK
PHOTOGRAPHIC INVESTIGATIONS OF FAINT NEBULAE ***

Updated editions will replace the previous one—the old editions will
be renamed.

Creating the works from print editions not protected by U.S.

copyright law means that no one owns a United States copyright in
these works, so the Foundation (and you!) can copy and distribute it
in the United States without permission and without paying copyright
royalties. Special rules, set forth in the General Terms of Use part of
this license, apply to copying and distributing Project Gutenberg™
electronic works to protect the PROJECT GUTENBERG™ concept
and trademark. Project Gutenberg is a registered trademark, and
may not be used if you charge for an eBook, except by following the
terms of the trademark license, including paying royalties for use of
the Project Gutenberg trademark. If you do not charge anything for
copies of this eBook, complying with the trademark license is very
easy. You may use this eBook for nearly any purpose such as
creation of derivative works, reports, performances and research.
Project Gutenberg eBooks may be modified and printed and given
away—you may do practically ANYTHING in the United States with
eBooks not protected by U.S. copyright law. Redistribution is subject
to the trademark license, especially commercial redistribution.

START: FULL LICENSE

THE FULL PROJECT GUTENBERG LICENSE
 PLEASE READ THIS BEFORE YOU DISTRIBUTE OR USE THIS WORK

To protect the Project Gutenberg™ mission of promoting the free

distribution of electronic works, by using or distributing this work (or
any other work associated in any way with the phrase “Project
Gutenberg”), you agree to comply with all the terms of the Full
Project Gutenberg™ License available with this file or online at
www.gutenberg.org/license.

Section 1. General Terms of Use and

Redistributing Project Gutenberg™
electronic works
1.A. By reading or using any part of this Project Gutenberg™
electronic work, you indicate that you have read, understand, agree
to and accept all the terms of this license and intellectual property
(trademark/copyright) agreement. If you do not agree to abide by all
the terms of this agreement, you must cease using and return or
destroy all copies of Project Gutenberg™ electronic works in your
possession. If you paid a fee for obtaining a copy of or access to a
Project Gutenberg™ electronic work and you do not agree to be
bound by the terms of this agreement, you may obtain a refund from
the person or entity to whom you paid the fee as set forth in
paragraph 1.E.8.

1.B. “Project Gutenberg” is a registered trademark. It may only be

used on or associated in any way with an electronic work by people
who agree to be bound by the terms of this agreement. There are a
few things that you can do with most Project Gutenberg™ electronic
works even without complying with the full terms of this agreement.
See paragraph 1.C below. There are a lot of things you can do with
Project Gutenberg™ electronic works if you follow the terms of this
agreement and help preserve free future access to Project
Gutenberg™ electronic works. See paragraph 1.E below.
1.C. The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation (“the
Foundation” or PGLAF), owns a compilation copyright in the
collection of Project Gutenberg™ electronic works. Nearly all the
individual works in the collection are in the public domain in the
United States. If an individual work is unprotected by copyright law in
the United States and you are located in the United States, we do
not claim a right to prevent you from copying, distributing,
performing, displaying or creating derivative works based on the
work as long as all references to Project Gutenberg are removed. Of
course, we hope that you will support the Project Gutenberg™
mission of promoting free access to electronic works by freely
sharing Project Gutenberg™ works in compliance with the terms of
this agreement for keeping the Project Gutenberg™ name
associated with the work. You can easily comply with the terms of
this agreement by keeping this work in the same format with its
attached full Project Gutenberg™ License when you share it without
charge with others.

1.D. The copyright laws of the place where you are located also
govern what you can do with this work. Copyright laws in most
countries are in a constant state of change. If you are outside the
United States, check the laws of your country in addition to the terms
of this agreement before downloading, copying, displaying,
performing, distributing or creating derivative works based on this
work or any other Project Gutenberg™ work. The Foundation makes
no representations concerning the copyright status of any work in
any country other than the United States.

1.E. Unless you have removed all references to Project Gutenberg:

1.E.1. The following sentence, with active links to, or other

immediate access to, the full Project Gutenberg™ License must
appear prominently whenever any copy of a Project Gutenberg™
work (any work on which the phrase “Project Gutenberg” appears, or
with which the phrase “Project Gutenberg” is associated) is
accessed, displayed, performed, viewed, copied or distributed:
 This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United
States and most other parts of the world at no cost and with
almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away
or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License
included with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org. If you
are not located in the United States, you will have to check the
laws of the country where you are located before using this
eBook.

1.E.2. If an individual Project Gutenberg™ electronic work is derived

from texts not protected by U.S. copyright law (does not contain a
notice indicating that it is posted with permission of the copyright
holder), the work can be copied and distributed to anyone in the
United States without paying any fees or charges. If you are
redistributing or providing access to a work with the phrase “Project
Gutenberg” associated with or appearing on the work, you must
comply either with the requirements of paragraphs 1.E.1 through
1.E.7 or obtain permission for the use of the work and the Project
Gutenberg™ trademark as set forth in paragraphs 1.E.8 or 1.E.9.

1.E.3. If an individual Project Gutenberg™ electronic work is posted

with the permission of the copyright holder, your use and distribution
must comply with both paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 and any
additional terms imposed by the copyright holder. Additional terms
will be linked to the Project Gutenberg™ License for all works posted
with the permission of the copyright holder found at the beginning of
this work.

1.E.4. Do not unlink or detach or remove the full Project

Gutenberg™ License terms from this work, or any files containing a
part of this work or any other work associated with Project
Gutenberg™.

1.E.5. Do not copy, display, perform, distribute or redistribute this

electronic work, or any part of this electronic work, without
prominently displaying the sentence set forth in paragraph 1.E.1 with
active links or immediate access to the full terms of the Project
Gutenberg™ License.
1.E.6. You may convert to and distribute this work in any binary,
compressed, marked up, nonproprietary or proprietary form,
including any word processing or hypertext form. However, if you
provide access to or distribute copies of a Project Gutenberg™ work
in a format other than “Plain Vanilla ASCII” or other format used in
the official version posted on the official Project Gutenberg™ website
(www.gutenberg.org), you must, at no additional cost, fee or expense
to the user, provide a copy, a means of exporting a copy, or a means
of obtaining a copy upon request, of the work in its original “Plain
Vanilla ASCII” or other form. Any alternate format must include the
full Project Gutenberg™ License as specified in paragraph 1.E.1.

1.E.7. Do not charge a fee for access to, viewing, displaying,

performing, copying or distributing any Project Gutenberg™ works
unless you comply with paragraph 1.E.8 or 1.E.9.

1.E.8. You may charge a reasonable fee for copies of or providing

access to or distributing Project Gutenberg™ electronic works
provided that:

• You pay a royalty fee of 20% of the gross profits you derive from
the use of Project Gutenberg™ works calculated using the
method you already use to calculate your applicable taxes. The
fee is owed to the owner of the Project Gutenberg™ trademark,
but he has agreed to donate royalties under this paragraph to
the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation. Royalty
payments must be paid within 60 days following each date on
which you prepare (or are legally required to prepare) your
periodic tax returns. Royalty payments should be clearly marked
as such and sent to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive
Foundation at the address specified in Section 4, “Information
about donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive
Foundation.”

• You provide a full refund of any money paid by a user who

notifies you in writing (or by e-mail) within 30 days of receipt that
s/he does not agree to the terms of the full Project Gutenberg™
License. You must require such a user to return or destroy all
 copies of the works possessed in a physical medium and
discontinue all use of and all access to other copies of Project
Gutenberg™ works.

• You provide, in accordance with paragraph 1.F.3, a full refund of

any money paid for a work or a replacement copy, if a defect in
the electronic work is discovered and reported to you within 90
days of receipt of the work.

• You comply with all other terms of this agreement for free
distribution of Project Gutenberg™ works.

1.E.9. If you wish to charge a fee or distribute a Project Gutenberg™

electronic work or group of works on different terms than are set
forth in this agreement, you must obtain permission in writing from
the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the manager of
the Project Gutenberg™ trademark. Contact the Foundation as set
forth in Section 3 below.

1.F.

1.F.1. Project Gutenberg volunteers and employees expend

considerable effort to identify, do copyright research on, transcribe
and proofread works not protected by U.S. copyright law in creating
the Project Gutenberg™ collection. Despite these efforts, Project
Gutenberg™ electronic works, and the medium on which they may
be stored, may contain “Defects,” such as, but not limited to,
incomplete, inaccurate or corrupt data, transcription errors, a
copyright or other intellectual property infringement, a defective or
damaged disk or other medium, a computer virus, or computer
codes that damage or cannot be read by your equipment.

1.F.2. LIMITED WARRANTY, DISCLAIMER OF DAMAGES - Except

for the “Right of Replacement or Refund” described in paragraph
1.F.3, the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the owner
of the Project Gutenberg™ trademark, and any other party
distributing a Project Gutenberg™ electronic work under this
agreement, disclaim all liability to you for damages, costs and
expenses, including legal fees. YOU AGREE THAT YOU HAVE NO
REMEDIES FOR NEGLIGENCE, STRICT LIABILITY, BREACH OF
WARRANTY OR BREACH OF CONTRACT EXCEPT THOSE
PROVIDED IN PARAGRAPH 1.F.3. YOU AGREE THAT THE
FOUNDATION, THE TRADEMARK OWNER, AND ANY
DISTRIBUTOR UNDER THIS AGREEMENT WILL NOT BE LIABLE
TO YOU FOR ACTUAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, CONSEQUENTIAL,
PUNITIVE OR INCIDENTAL DAMAGES EVEN IF YOU GIVE
NOTICE OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.

1.F.3. LIMITED RIGHT OF REPLACEMENT OR REFUND - If you

discover a defect in this electronic work within 90 days of receiving it,
you can receive a refund of the money (if any) you paid for it by
sending a written explanation to the person you received the work
from. If you received the work on a physical medium, you must
return the medium with your written explanation. The person or entity
that provided you with the defective work may elect to provide a
replacement copy in lieu of a refund. If you received the work
electronically, the person or entity providing it to you may choose to
give you a second opportunity to receive the work electronically in
lieu of a refund. If the second copy is also defective, you may
demand a refund in writing without further opportunities to fix the
problem.

1.F.4. Except for the limited right of replacement or refund set forth in
paragraph 1.F.3, this work is provided to you ‘AS-IS’, WITH NO
OTHER WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED,
INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO WARRANTIES OF
MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR ANY PURPOSE.

1.F.5. Some states do not allow disclaimers of certain implied

warranties or the exclusion or limitation of certain types of damages.
If any disclaimer or limitation set forth in this agreement violates the
law of the state applicable to this agreement, the agreement shall be
interpreted to make the maximum disclaimer or limitation permitted
by the applicable state law. The invalidity or unenforceability of any
provision of this agreement shall not void the remaining provisions.
1.F.6. INDEMNITY - You agree to indemnify and hold the
Foundation, the trademark owner, any agent or employee of the
Foundation, anyone providing copies of Project Gutenberg™
electronic works in accordance with this agreement, and any
volunteers associated with the production, promotion and distribution
of Project Gutenberg™ electronic works, harmless from all liability,
costs and expenses, including legal fees, that arise directly or
indirectly from any of the following which you do or cause to occur:
(a) distribution of this or any Project Gutenberg™ work, (b)
alteration, modification, or additions or deletions to any Project
Gutenberg™ work, and (c) any Defect you cause.

Section 2. Information about the Mission of

Project Gutenberg™
Project Gutenberg™ is synonymous with the free distribution of
electronic works in formats readable by the widest variety of
computers including obsolete, old, middle-aged and new computers.
It exists because of the efforts of hundreds of volunteers and
donations from people in all walks of life.

Volunteers and financial support to provide volunteers with the

assistance they need are critical to reaching Project Gutenberg™’s
goals and ensuring that the Project Gutenberg™ collection will
remain freely available for generations to come. In 2001, the Project
Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation was created to provide a
secure and permanent future for Project Gutenberg™ and future
generations. To learn more about the Project Gutenberg Literary
Archive Foundation and how your efforts and donations can help,
see Sections 3 and 4 and the Foundation information page at
www.gutenberg.org.

Section 3. Information about the Project

Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation
The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation is a non-profit
501(c)(3) educational corporation organized under the laws of the
state of Mississippi and granted tax exempt status by the Internal
Revenue Service. The Foundation’s EIN or federal tax identification
number is 64-6221541. Contributions to the Project Gutenberg
Literary Archive Foundation are tax deductible to the full extent
permitted by U.S. federal laws and your state’s laws.

The Foundation’s business office is located at 809 North 1500 West,

Salt Lake City, UT 84116, (801) 596-1887. Email contact links and up
to date contact information can be found at the Foundation’s website
and official page at www.gutenberg.org/contact

Section 4. Information about Donations to

the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive
Foundation
Project Gutenberg™ depends upon and cannot survive without
widespread public support and donations to carry out its mission of
increasing the number of public domain and licensed works that can
be freely distributed in machine-readable form accessible by the
widest array of equipment including outdated equipment. Many small
donations ($1 to $5,000) are particularly important to maintaining tax
exempt status with the IRS.

The Foundation is committed to complying with the laws regulating

charities and charitable donations in all 50 states of the United
States. Compliance requirements are not uniform and it takes a
considerable effort, much paperwork and many fees to meet and
keep up with these requirements. We do not solicit donations in
locations where we have not received written confirmation of
compliance. To SEND DONATIONS or determine the status of
compliance for any particular state visit www.gutenberg.org/donate.

While we cannot and do not solicit contributions from states where

we have not met the solicitation requirements, we know of no
prohibition against accepting unsolicited donations from donors in
such states who approach us with offers to donate.

International donations are gratefully accepted, but we cannot make

any statements concerning tax treatment of donations received from
outside the United States. U.S. laws alone swamp our small staff.

Please check the Project Gutenberg web pages for current donation
methods and addresses. Donations are accepted in a number of
other ways including checks, online payments and credit card
donations. To donate, please visit: www.gutenberg.org/donate.

Section 5. General Information About Project

Gutenberg™ electronic works
Professor Michael S. Hart was the originator of the Project
Gutenberg™ concept of a library of electronic works that could be
freely shared with anyone. For forty years, he produced and
distributed Project Gutenberg™ eBooks with only a loose network of
volunteer support.

Project Gutenberg™ eBooks are often created from several printed

editions, all of which are confirmed as not protected by copyright in
the U.S. unless a copyright notice is included. Thus, we do not
necessarily keep eBooks in compliance with any particular paper
edition.

Most people start at our website which has the main PG search
facility: www.gutenberg.org.

This website includes information about Project Gutenberg™,

including how to make donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary
Archive Foundation, how to help produce our new eBooks, and how
to subscribe to our email newsletter to hear about new eBooks.