Professional Documents
Culture Documents
JEE
Main and Advanced
About the Author
REJAUL MAKSHUD (RM)
Post Graduated from Calcutta University in PURE MATHEMATICS.
Presently, he trains IIT Aspirants at RACE IIT Academy, Jamshedpur.
Differential Calculus
Booster
with Problems & Solutions
JEE
Main and Advanced
Rejaul Makshud
M. Sc. (Calcutta University, Kolkata)
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DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS BOOSTER with Problems & Solutions for JEE Main and Advanced is meant for aspirants
preparing for the entrance examinations of different technical institutions, especially NIT/IIT/BITSAT/IISc. In writing this
book, I have drawn heavily from my long teaching experience at National Level Institutes. After many years of teaching I
have realised the need of designing a book that will help the readers to build their base, improve their level of mathemati-
cal concepts and enjoy the subject.
This book is designed keeping in view the new pattern of questions asked in JEE Main and Advanced Exams. It has
nine chapters. Each chapter has the concept booster followed by a large number of exercises with the exact solutions to
the problems as given below:
Remember friends, no problem in mathematics is difficult. Once you understand the concept, they will become easy.
So please don’t jump to exercise problems before you go through the Concept Booster and the objectives. Once you are
confident in the theory part, attempt the exercises. The exercise problems are arranged in a manner that they gradually
require advanced thinking.
I hope this book will help you to build your base, enjoy the subject and improve your confidence to tackle any type of
problem easily and skillfully.
My special thanks goes to Mr. M.P. Singh (IISc. Bangalore), Mr. Yogesh Sindhwani (Head of School, Lancers International
School, Gurugram), Mr. Manoj Kumar (IIT, Delhi), Mr. Nazre Hussain (B.Tech.), Dr. Syed Kashan Ali (MBBS) and Mr.
Shahid Iqbal, who have helped, inspired and motivated me to accomplish this task. As a matter of fact, teaching being the
best learning process, I must thank all my students who inspired me most for writing this book.
I would like to convey my affectionate thanks to my wife, who helped me immensely and my children who bore with
patience my neglect during the period I remained devoted to this book.
I also convey my sincere thanks to Mr Biswajit Das of McGraw Hill Education for publishing this book in such a
beautiful format.
viii Preface
I owe a special debt of gratitude to my father and elder brother, who taught me the first lesson of Mathematics and to
all my learned teachers—Mr. Swapan Halder, Mr. Jadunandan Mishra, Mr. Mahadev Roy and Mr. Dilip Bhattacharya, who
instilled the value of quality teaching in me.
I have tried my best to keep this book error-free. I shall be grateful to the readers for their constructive suggestions
toward the improvement of the book.
Rejaul Makshud
M. Sc. (Calcutta University, Kolkata)
Contents
Preface vii
5. Differentiation 5.1–5.66
Introduction 5.1
Definitions 5.1
Derivative of some standard functions 5.2
Differentiation of Composite function 5.3
Differentiation by Inverse Trigonometric Function 5.3
Formula for differentiation of inverse function 5.3
Differentiation of Implicit Functions 5.4
Logarithmic Differentiation 5.4
Differentiation of Infinite Series 5.4
Differentiation of Parametric Functions 5.4
Differentiation of a function w.r.t another function 5.4
Higher Order Derivatives 5.4
Differentiation of a Determinant 5.4
Leibnitz Rules for Differentiation 5.5
Exercises 5.5
Answers 5.21
Hints and Solutions 5.21
Contents xi
7. Monotonocity 7.1–7.36
Definitions 7.1
Test for Finding the Monotonicity at an End Point 7.2
Necessary Condition for Monotonicity 7.2
Sufficient Condition for Monotonicity 7.2
Critical Point 7.2
Application of Monotonocity in Isolations of Roots 7.2
Algebra of Monotonous Functions 7.2
General Approach to Proving Inequalities 7.3
Concave up and Concave Down 7.3
Inflection Point 7.3
Exercises 7.4
Answers 7.14
Hints and Solutions 7.14
Exercises 8.4
Answers 8.14
Hints and Solutions 8.14
1 Real Function
1.2 Domain
Concept Booster
The first set is called the domain of a function. It is denoted
1. Basic concepts of Real Functions as Df . In f (x) = x + 4 above, Df = A
()
f (v) Cubical Function
(v) Dom __
g = Dom f « Dom g – {x : g (x) = 0} (vi) Odd Power Function
____ (B) Rational functions
(vi) Dom (÷f(x) ) = {x : f(x) ≥ 0}
(i) Reciprocal Function
(vii) Dom ( loga ( f (x)) ) = {x : f (x) > 0}
(ii) Even power reciprocal Function
(viii) Dom ( a f(x) ) = Dom f provided a > 0 (iii) Odd power reciprocal Function
(C) Irrational functions
3. Range of a function
(i) Square root Function
There is no specific method to find out the range of a func- (ii) Even root Function
tion. But the following points should be kept in mind in
(iii) Odd root Function
finding the range of a function.
(D) Piece-wise defined functions
(i) First we find the domain of a function f(x).
(i) Modulus Function
(ii) If Df lie finite number of points, then the Rf is the
set of corresponding values of {f(x)} (ii) Signum Function/Sign Function
(iii) If Df = R, R – {some finite points}, then we express (iii) Greatest Integer Function
x in terms of y and define x. (iv) Least Integer Function
(iv) If D f is a finite interval, say, [a, b], then Rf is (v) Fractional part Function
the greatest and the least values of y = f (x) i.e.
Rf = [Least Value, Greatest Value] 4.2 Transcendental Functions
Note: We should note that determining range of a function
(Non-algebraic functions)
is comparatively more difficult proposition than determin- (i) Trigonometric Functions
ing domain of a function. (ii) Inverse Trigonometric Functions
Q. Find the domains and ranges of each of the following (iii) Exponential Functions
functions (iv) Logarithmic Functions
1. y = x2_____
+2 (A) Polynomial Function
2. y = ÷
x – 2 A function f : R Æ R is defined as
_____
3. y = ÷
9 – x2 f (x) = a0 + a1 x + a2 x2 + ... + an x n where n Œ W
______
4. y = ÷
x2 – 4
Real Function 1.3
Degree of a polynomial
The highest index power of x having non-zero co-efficient
is called the degree of the polynomial. The degree of the
above polynomial is n, when an π 0.
For examples,
The degree of the polynomials
1. f(x) = 3 is 0
2. f(x) = 2x + 4 is 1 Df = R and Rf = [0, •)
3. f(x) = x2 + 3x + 2 is 2
4. f(x) = x3 + 3x2 + 5x + 6 is 3 (iv) Even power Function
5. f(x) = x2014 + 10x2000 + 5x199 + 6 is 2014 A function f :R Æ R is defined as
6. f(x) = 0 is undefined. f (x) = x2n, n Œ N
Note: i.e. f (x) = x2, x4, x6, x8, x10,......
1. The domains and ranges of a polynomial depends
on the degree of a polynomial.
2. If the degree of a polynomial is odd, then its domains
and ranges are R.
3. If the degree of a polynomial is even, then its will
not be all real number.
(i) Constant Function
A function f : R Æ R is defined as f (x) = constant
=c
Y
Domains and ranges will remain same
(O, C) y = c
i.e Df = R and Rf = [0, •)
(v) Odd Power Function
X¢ X
O A function f : R Æ R is defined as
f (x) = x2n + 1, n Œ N
i.e. f(x) = x3, x5, x7, x9, x11,......
Y¢
D f = R, Rf = {c}
(ii) Identity Function
A function f : R Æ R is defined as f (x) = x
Y
x
y=
X¢ X Df = R and Rf = R
O
(B) Rational Functions
A function f : R Æ R is defined as
g(x)
Y¢
f(x) = ____
, h(x) π 0, g(x) and h(x) are two polynomials
h(x)
functions.
Df = R, R f = R
(i) Reciprocal Function
(iii) Parabolic Function
A function f :R Æ R is defined as f (x) = x2 A function f :R Æ R is defined as
1.4 Differential Calculus Booster
1 lim (y – mx) =
and lim (f (x) – mx) = c.
f(x) = __
x xƱ• xƱ•
1
Suppose f(x) = x + __ x
y
__ () ____( )
f (x) x + __
______
1
( )
x
Now lim x = lim x = lim x = 1
xÆ• xÆ• xÆ •
=0
fi y = x is an oblique asymptote
1
Note: 1. Let f (x) = _____
x–2
Df = R – {0} = Rf Vertical Asymptote: Dr = 0
Asymptote fi x–2 =0
It is a straight line which touches the curve at infinity. fi x=2
There are three types of asymptotes Horizontal Asymptote: y = lim f(x)
xƕ
(i) Vertical Asymptote
(ii) Horizontal Asymptote fi
xÆ• x – 2 (
1
y = lim _____ )
= 0
(iii) Oblique Asymptote.
Then Df = R – V.A = R – {2}
(i) Vertical Asymptotes A line x = a is said to be a
and Rf = R – H.A = R – {0}.
vertical asymptotes of the graph y = f(x) if
lim f (x) = ± • (ii) Even power reciprocal function
xÆa
1 A function f : R Æ R is defined as
Suppose f(x) = _____
x–2 1
f(x) = __
2
Then the vertical asymptote is x – 2 = 0 x
Y
fi x=2
1
Also, if f(x) = ______
2 , then its vertical asymptotes
x – 9
are x2 – 9 = 0 fi x = ± 3 X¢ X
(ii) Horizontal Asymptotes A line y = b is said to be
a horizontal asymptote of the graph y = f(x) if
lim f(x) = b =
lim f(x)
xÆ • xÆ–•
Y¢
1 Df = R – {0} and Rf = R+
Suppose f(x) = _____
x–1
1
Then the horizontal asymptote is Note: The graph of f (x) = ___
2n , n Œ N – {1}
x
xÆ• xÆ• 1 – x (
1
y = lim f(x) = lim _____ )
= 0
i.e. f(x) = __
1 1 __
4 , __
1 1
, , ___
, .....
x–2 x x6 x8 x10
Also, let f(x) = _____
x+2
Then its horizontal asymptote is
xÆ • xÆ • ( x+2
x–2 )
y = lim f(x) = lim ______ = 1
xƱ• x
y
lim __ () f(x)
lim ____
=
xƱ•
( )
x = m
Real Function 1.5
1
f(x) = _____
2n + 1 , n Œ N
x
1 1 __ 1 1
i.e. f(x) = __
3 , __
, , __
, ....
x x5 x7 x9
Df = R – {0} = Rf
i.e. f(x) = x1/2, x1/4, x1/6, x1/8,....
Df = [0, •) and Rf = [0, •)
A fordító előszava 5
I. A kormányformák alapelvei 9
II. A munkakörök zűrzavara 30
III. A hivatottság menedéke 47
IV. A hivatásos törvényhozó 53
V. Törvények a demokráciában 67
VI. Kontárság a kormányzat körében 75
VII. Kontárság a jogszolgáltatás körében 78
VIII. Egyéb kontárság 101
IX. Közerkölcsök 129
X. Hivatásszerű szokások 135
XI. Megkisérlett gyógyszerek 143
XII. Az álom 175
Fordító magyarázó jegyzetei 190
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