Elements of Chemical Reaction Engineering Global Edition 6Th Edition H Fogler Full Chapter

Elements of Chemical Reaction
Engineering, Global Edition, 6th Edition

H. Fogler
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For decades, H. Scott Fogler’s Elements of Chemical Reaction Engineering has been the world’s
foremost chemical reaction engineering text. This sixth edition, written for today’s students and
Elements of Chemical
aided by its accompanying resources, facilitates learners’ exploration of reactions and reactors
Reaction Engineering
by running realistic simulation experiments using sliders and by running interactive examples in
Wolfram, Python, POLYMATH, and MATLAB. And through a variety of open-ended problems,
it also enhances students’ creative thinking skills.
New to This Edition

• Incorporating the latest developments in the field, Chapter 3 has new discussions on molecular
simulations and stochastic modeling.
• Three thoroughly reworked chapters include new data on the effects of heat on reactions.
• Dedicated chapters on nonideal reactors, diffusion limitations, and residence time distribution
have been added.
• Throughout the book, there are Living Example Problems—simulations used to carry out
experiments on the reactor and the reactions occurring inside it. The book also has Molecular
Simulations—modules that help students understand chemical reactions along with their
pathways and mechanisms.
• This edition uses Wolfram and POLYMATH to solve real-world chemical reaction engineering
Elements of Chemical
EDITION
problems and to explore how these reactions behave as one manipulates the system variables.
SIXTH
• To support growing emphasis on chemical reactor safety, each chapter now ends with a
practical safety lesson.
• Keeping in mind the global fossil fuel crisis, this edition focuses on alternative energy sources
such as solar energy and biofuels.
Reaction Engineering
• The thoroughly updated companion Web site serves as an interactive part of the text. It features SIXTH EDITION
Fogler
enrichment resources such as interactive games, simulations, and computer experiments, which
allow learners to use Inquiry-Based Learning to explore the concepts of CRE.
H. Scott Fogler
CVR_FOGL6663_06_GE_CVR_Vivar.indd 1 22/12/21 1:21 PM

Elements
of Chemical
Reaction
Engineering
Sixth Edition
Global Edition
This page is intentionally left blank
Elements
of Chemical
Reaction
Engineering
Sixth Edition
Global Edition
H. SCOTT FOGLER
Ame and Catherine Vennema Professor of Chemical Engineering
and the Arthur F. Thurnau Professor
The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor
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Authorized adaptation from the United States edition, entitled Elements of Chemical Reaction Engineering, Sixth Edition, ISBN
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British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data

A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library
ISBN 10: 1-292-41666-1 (Print)

ISBN 13: 978-1-292-41666-3 (Print)
ISBN 13: 978-1-292-41668-7 (eBook)
eBook formatted by B2R Technologies Pvt. Ltd.

Dedicated to
Janet Meadors Fogler
For her companionship, encouragement,

sense of humor, love, and support throughout the years
Contents
INTRODUCTION 19
ABOUT THE AUTHOR 33
CHAPTER 1 MOLE BALANCES 35

1.1 The Rate of Reaction, –rA 38
1.2 The General Mole Balance Equation (GMBE) 42
1.3 Batch Reactors (BRs) 44
1.4 Continuous-Flow Reactors 46
1.4.1 Continuous-Stirred Tank Reactor (CSTR) 46
1.4.2 Tubular Reactor 48
1.4.3 Packed-Bed Reactor (PBR) 52
1.4.4 Well-Mixed “Fluidized” Catalytic Bed Reactor 54
1.5 Industrial Reactors 58
1.6 And Now… A Word from Our Sponsor—Safety 1
(AWFOS–S1 Safety) 59
1.6.1 What Is Chemical Process Safety? 59
1.6.2 Why Study Process Safety? 59
CHAPTER 2 CONVERSION AND REACTOR SIZING 69

2.1 Definition of Conversion 70
2.2 Batch Reactor Design Equations 70
2.3 Design Equations for Flow Reactors 73
2.3.1 CSTR (Also Known as a Backmix Reactor or a Vat) 74
2.3.2 Tubular Flow Reactor (PFR) 74
2.3.3 Packed-Bed Reactor (PBR) 75
2.4 Sizing Continuous-Flow Reactors 76
7
8 Contents
2.5 Reactors in Series 85

2.5.1 CSTRs in Series 86
2.5.2 PFRs in Series 90
2.5.3 Combinations of CSTRs and PFRs in Series 91
2.5.4 Comparing the CSTR and PFR Volumes and Reactor
Sequencing 95
2.6 Some Further Definitions 96
2.6.1 Space Time 96
2.6.2 Space Velocity 98
(AWFOS–S2 The NFPA Diamond) 100
CHAPTER 3 RATE LAWS 109

3.1 Basic Definitions 110
3.1.1 Relative Rates of Reaction 111
3.2 The Rate Law 112
3.2.1 Power Law Models and Elementary Rate Laws 113
3.2.2 Nonelementary Rate Laws 116
3.2.3 Reversible Reactions 120
3.3 The Reaction-Rate Constant 123
3.3.1 The Rate Constant k and Its Temperature Dependence 123
3.3.2 Interpretation of the Activation Energy 124
3.3.3 The Arrhenius Plot 130
3.4 Molecular Simulations 134
3.4.1 Historical Perspective 134
3.4.2 Stochastic Modeling of Reactions 135
3.5 Present Status of Our Approach to Reactor Sizing and Design 137
1
(AWFOS–S3 The GHS Diamond) 138
CHAPTER 4 STOICHIOMETRY 151

4.1.1 Batch Concentrations for the Generic Reaction, Equation (2-2) 155
4.2 Flow Systems 159
4.2.1 Equations for Concentrations in Flow Systems 160
4.2.2 Liquid-Phase Concentrations 160
4.2.3 Gas-Phase Concentrations 161
4.3 Reversible Reactions and Equilibrium Conversion 172
(AWFOS–S4 The Swiss Cheese Model) 177
CHAPTER 5 ISOTHERMAL REACTOR DESIGN: CONVERSION 189

5.1 Design Structure for Isothermal Reactors 190
5.2.1 Batch Reaction Times 195
Contents 9
5.3 Continuous-Stirred Tank Reactors (CSTRs) 202

5.3.1 A Single CSTR 202
5.3.2 CSTRs in Series 205
5.4 Tubular Reactors 212
5.4.1 Liquid-Phase Reactions in a PFR υ = υ0 213
5.4.2 Gas-Phase Reactions in a PFR [υ = υ0 (1 + εX) (T/T0)(P0/P)] 214
5.4.3 Effect of ε on Conversion 214
5.5 Pressure Drop in Reactors 219
5.5.1 Pressure Drop and the Rate Law 219
5.5.2 Flow Through a Packed Bed 221
5.5.3 Pressure Drop in Pipes 225
5.5.4 Analytical Solution for Reaction with Pressure Drop 228
5.5.5 Robert the Worrier Wonders: What If… 232
5.6 Synthesizing the Design of a Chemical Plant 242
(AWFOS–S5 A Safety Analysis of the Incident Algorithm) 244
CHAPTER 6 ISOTHERMAL REACTOR DESIGN:

MOLES AND MOLAR FLOW RATES 263
6.1 The Moles and Molar Flow Rate Balance Algorithms 264
6.2 Mole Balances on CSTRs, PFRs, PBRs, and Batch Reactors 264
6.2.1 Liquid Phase 2
264
6.2.2 Gas Phase 266
6.3 Application of the PFR Molar Flow Rate Algorithm to a
Microreactor 268
6.4 Membrane Reactors 273
6.5 Unsteady-State Operation of Stirred Reactors 282
6.6 Semibatch Reactors 283
6.6.1 Motivation for Using a Semibatch Reactor 283
6.6.2 Semibatch Reactor Mole Balances 283
6.6.3 Equilibrium Conversion 2
289
(AWFOS–S6 The BowTie Diagram) 290
2
CHAPTER 7 COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS OF RATE DATA 303

7.1 The Algorithm for Data Analysis 304
7.2 Determining the Reaction Order for Each of Two Reactants Using the
Method of Excess 306
7.3 Integral Method 307
7.4 Differential Method of Analysis 311
7.4.1 Graphical Differentiation Method 312
7.4.2 Numerical Method 312
7.4.3 Finding the Rate-Law Parameters 313
7.5 Nonlinear Regression 318
7.5.1 Concentration–Time Data 321
7.5.2 Model Discrimination 324
10 Contents
7.6 Reaction-Rate Data from Differential Reactors 324

7.7 Experimental Planning 331
(AWFOS–S7 Laboratory Safety) 331
CHAPTER 8 MULTIPLE REACTIONS 343

8.1 Definitions 344
8.1.1 Types of Reactions 344
8.1.2 Selectivity 345
8.1.3 Yield 346
8.1.4 Conversion 347
8.2 Algorithm for Multiple Reactions 347
8.2.1 Modifications to the Chapter 6 CRE Algorithm for Multiple
Reactions 348
8.3 Parallel Reactions 350
8.3.1 Selectivity 350
8.3.2 Maximizing the Desired Product for One Reactant 350
8.3.3 Reactor Selection and Operating Conditions 356
8.4 Reactions in Series 359
3
8.5 Complex Reactions 369
8.5.1 Complex Gas-Phase Reactions in a PBR 369
8.5.2 Complex Liquid-Phase Reactions in a CSTR 373
8.5.3 Complex Liquid-Phase Reactions in a Semibatch Reactor 375
8.6 Membrane Reactors to Improve Selectivity
in Multiple Reactions 377
8.7 Sorting It All Out 382
8.8 The Fun Part 3
382
(AWFOS–S8 The Fire Triangle) 383
8.9.1 The Fire Triangle 384
8.9.2 Defining Some Important Terms 384
8.9.3 Ways to Prevent Fires 3
384
8.9.4 Ways to Protect from Fires 3
385
CHAPTER 9 REACTION MECHANISMS, PATHWAYS, BIOREACTIONS,

AND BIOREACTORS 401
9.1 Active Intermediates and Nonelementary Rate Laws 402
9.1.1 Pseudo-Steady-State Hypothesis (PSSH) 403
9.1.2 If Two Molecules Must Collide,
How Can the Rate Law Be First Order? 406
9.1.3 Searching for a Mechanism 407
9.1.4 Chain Reactions 411
9.2 Enzymatic Reaction Fundamentals 411
9.2.1 Enzyme–Substrate Complex 412
9.2.2 Mechanisms 414
9.2.3 Michaelis–Menten Equation 417
9.2.4 Batch Reactor Calculations for Enzyme Reactions 423
Contents 11
9.3 Inhibition of Enzyme Reactions 425

9.3.1 Competitive Inhibition 426
9.3.2 Uncompetitive Inhibition 428
9.3.3 Noncompetitive Inhibition (Mixed Inhibition) 430
9.3.4 Substrate Inhibition 432
9.4 Bioreactors and Biosynthesis 433
9.4.1 Cell Growth 437
9.4.2 Rate Laws 438
9.4.3 Stoichiometry 441
9.4.4 Mass Balances 447
9.4.5 Chemostats 452
9.4.6 CSTR Bioreactor Operation 452
9.4.7 Washout 453
(AWFOS–S9 Process Safety Triangle) 456
9.5.1 Levels of the Process Safety Triangle 456
9.5.2 Application to Process Safety 457
9.5.3 Examples of Process Safety Triangle 458
CHAPTER 10 CATALYSIS AND CATALYTIC REACTORS 475

10.1 Catalysts 4
475
10.1.1 Definitions 476
10.1.2 Catalyst Properties 4
477
10.1.3 Catalytic Gas–Solid Interactions 479
10.1.4 Classification of Catalysts 480
10.2 Steps in a Catalytic Reaction 481
10.2.1 Mass Transfer Step 1: Diffusion from the Bulk to the External Surface of
the Catalyst—An Overview 484
10.2.2 Mass Transfer Step 2: Internal Diffusion—An Overview 485
10.2.3 Adsorption Isotherms 486
10.2.4 Surface Reaction 492
10.2.5 Desorption 494
10.2.6 The Rate-Limiting Step 495
10.3 Synthesizing a Rate Law, Mechanism, and Rate-Limiting Step 4
497
10.3.1 Is the Adsorption of Cumene Rate-Limiting? 500
10.3.2 Is the Surface Reaction Rate-Limiting? 504
10.3.3 Is the Desorption of Benzene the Rate-Limiting Step (RLS)? 505
10.3.4 Summary of the Cumene Decomposition 507
10.3.5 Reforming Catalysts 508
10.3.6 Rate Laws Derived from the Pseudo-Steady-State
Hypothesis (PSSH) 512
10.3.7 Temperature Dependence of the Rate Law 513
10.4 Heterogeneous Data Analysis for Reactor Design 513
10.4.1 Deducing a Rate Law from the Experimental Data 515
10.4.2 Finding a Mechanism Consistent with Experimental
Observations 516
10.4.3 Evaluation of the Rate-Law Parameters 518
10.4.4 Reactor Design 520
12 Contents
10.5 Reaction Engineering in Microelectronic Fabrication 524

10.5.1 Overview 524
10.5.2 Chemical Vapor Deposition (CVD) 524
10.6 Model Discrimination 527
10.7 Catalyst Deactivation 530
10.7.1 Types of Catalyst Deactivation 532
10.7.2 Decay in Packed-Bed Reactors 539
10.8 Reactors That Can Be Used to Help Offset Catalyst Decay 541
10.8.1 Temperature–Time Trajectories 542
10.8.2 Moving-Bed Reactors 544
10.8.3 Straight-Through Transport Reactors (STTR) 549
(AWFOS–S10 Exxon Mobil Torrance Refinery Explosion Involving
a Straight–Through Transport Reactor [STTR]) 553
CHAPTER 11 NONISOTHERMAL REACTOR DESIGN: THE STEADY-

STATE ENERGY BALANCE AND ADIABATIC
PFR APPLICATIONS 575
11.1 Rationale 576
11.2 The Energy Balance 577
11.2.1 First Law of Thermodynamics 577
11.2.2 Evaluating the Work Term 578
11.2.3 Overview of Energy Balances 580
11.3 The User-Friendly Energy Balance Equations 585
11.3.1 Dissecting the Steady-State Molar Flow Rates
to Obtain the Heat of Reaction 585
11.3.2 Dissecting the Enthalpies 587
11.3.3 Relating HRx (T), HRx (TR), and C P 588
11.4 Adiabatic Operation Q̇ 0 591
11.4.1 Adiabatic Energy Balance 591
11.4.2 Adiabatic Tubular Reactor 592
11.5 Adiabatic Equilibrium Conversion 600
11.5.1 Equilibrium Conversion 600
11.6 Reactor Staging with Interstage Cooling or Heating 605
11.6.1 Exothermic Reactions 605
11.6.2 Endothermic Reactions 605
11.7 Optimum Feed Temperature 609
(AWFOS–S11 Acronyms) 613
CHAPTER 12 STEADY-STATE NONISOTHERMAL REACTOR

DESIGN: FLOW REACTORS WITH HEAT EXCHANGE 625
12.1 Steady-State Tubular Reactor with Heat Exchange 626
12.1.1 Deriving the Energy Balance for a PFR 626
12.1.2 Applying the Algorithm to Flow Reactors with Heat Exchange 628
12.2 Balance on the Heat-Transfer Fluid 629
12.2.1 Co-Current Flow 629
12.2.2 Countercurrent Flow 631
Contents 13
12.3 Examples of the Algorithm for PFR/PBR Design with

Heat Effects 632
12.3.1 Applying the Algorithm to an Exothermic Reaction 637
12.3.2 Applying the Algorithm to an Endothermic Reaction 644
12.4 CSTR with Heat Effects 653
12.4.1 Heat Added to the Reactor, Q 654
12.5 Multiple Steady States (MSS) 664
12.5.1 Heat-Removed Term, R(T) 666
12.5.2 Heat-Generated Term, G(T) 667
12.5.3 Ignition–Extinction Curve 668
12.6 Nonisothermal Multiple Chemical Reactions 671
12.6.1 Energy Balance for Multiple Reactions in Plug-Flow Reactors 671
12.6.2 Energy Balance for Multiple Reactions in a CSTR 676
12.6.3 Series Reactions in a CSTR 676
12.6.4 Complex Reactions in a PFR 679
12.7 Radial and Axial Temperature Variations in a Tubular Reactor 686
(AWFOS–S12 Safety Statistics) 686
12.8.1 The Process Safety Across the Chemical Engineering Curriculum
Web site 686
12.8.2 Safety Statistics 687
12.8.3 Additional Resources CCPS and SAChE 688
CHAPTER 13 UNSTEADY-STATE NONISOTHERMAL REACTOR DESIGN 715

13.1 The Unsteady-State Energy Balance 716
13.2 Energy Balance on Batch Reactors (BRs) 718
13.2.1 Adiabatic Operation of a Batch Reactor 720
13.2.2 Case History of a Batch Reactor with Interrupted Isothermal Operation
Causing a Runaway Reaction 727
13.3 Batch and Semibatch Reactors with a Heat Exchanger 734
13.3.1 Startup of a CSTR 736
13.3.2 Semibatch Operation 741
13.4 Nonisothermal Multiple Reactions 745
(AWFOS–S13 Safety Analysis of the
T2 Laboratories Incident) 757
CHAPTER 14 MASS TRANSFER LIMITATIONS IN REACTING SYSTEMS 773

14.1 Diffusion Fundamentals 774
14.1.1 Definitions 775
14.1.2 Molar Flux: WA 776
14.1.3 Fick’s First Law 777
14.2 Binary Diffusion 778
14.2.1 Evaluating the Molar Flux 778
14.2.2 Diffusion and Convective Transport 778
14.2.3 Boundary Conditions 780
14.2.4 Temperature and Pressure Dependence of DAB 780
14 Contents
14.3 Modeling Diffusion with Chemical Reaction 782

14.3.1 Diffusion through a Stagnant Film to a Particle 7
782
14.4 The Mass Transfer Coefficient 784
14.5 Mass Transfer to a Single Particle 786
7
14.5.1 First-Order Rate Laws 786
14.5.2 Limiting Regimes 788
14.6 The Shrinking Core Model 7
792
14.6.1 Dust Explosions, Particle Dissolution, and Catalyst
Regeneration 792
14.7 Mass Transfer–Limited Reactions in Packed Beds 797
14.8 Robert the Worrier 800
14.9 What If . . . ? (Parameter Sensitivity) 804
(AWFOS–S14 Sugar Dust Explosion) 812
CHAPTER 15 DIFFUSION AND REACTION 825

15.1 Diffusion and Reactions in Homogeneous Systems 826
15.2 Diffusion and Reactions in Spherical Catalyst Pellets 827
15.2.1 Effective Diffusivity 827
15.2.2 Derivation of the Differential Equation Describing Diffusion
and Reaction in a Single Spherical Catalyst Pellet 829
15.2.3 Writing the Diffusion with the Catalytic Reaction Equation
in Dimensionless Form 832
15.2.4 Solution to the Differential Equation for a First-Order
Reaction 835
15.3 The Internal Effectiveness Factor 836
15.3.1 Isothermal First-Order Catalytic Reactions 836
15.3.2 Effectiveness Factors with Volume Change with Reaction 8
840
15.3.3 Internal-Diffusion-Limited Reactions Other Than First
Order 840
15.3.4 Weisz–Prater Criterion for Internal Diffusion Limitations 841
15.4 Falsified Kinetics 843
15.5 Overall Effectiveness Factor 845
15.6 Estimation of Diffusion- and Reaction-Limited Regimes 8
850
15.6.1 Mears Criterion for External Diffusion Limitations 850
15.7 Mass Transfer and Reaction in a Packed Bed 851
15.8 Determination of Limiting Situations from
Reaction-Rate Data 857
15.9 Multiphase Reactors in the Professional Reference Shelf 858
15.9.1 Slurry Reactors 859
15.9.2 Trickle Bed Reactors 860
15.10 Fluidized Bed Reactors 860
15.11 Chemical Vapor Deposition (CVD) 860
(AWFOS–S15 Critical Thinking Questions Applied to Safety) 860
Contents 15
CHAPTER 16 RESIDENCE TIME DISTRIBUTIONS OF CHEMICAL REACTORS 877

16.1 General Considerations 878
8
16.1.1 Residence Time Distribution (RTD) Function 879
8
16.2 Measurement of the RTD 8
880
16.2.1 Pulse Input Experiment 881
8
16.2.2 Step Tracer Experiment 886
8
16.3 Characteristics of the RTD 887
16.3.1 Integral Relationships 887
16.3.2 Mean Residence Time 888
16.3.3 Other Moments of the RTD 889
16.3.4 Normalized RTD Function, E() 893
16.3.5 Internal-Age Distribution, I() 893
16.4 RTD in Ideal Reactors 894
8
16.4.1 RTDs in Batch and Plug-Flow Reactors 894
16.4.2 Single-CSTR RTD 895
16.4.3 Laminar-Flow Reactor (LFR) 897
16.5 PFR/CSTR Series RTD 900
16.6 Diagnostics and Troubleshooting 903
16.6.1 General Comments 903
16.6.2 Simple Diagnostics and Troubleshooting Using the RTD for Ideal
Reactors 904
(AWFOS–S16 Critical Thinking Actions) 910
CHAPTER 17 PREDICTING CONVERSION DIRECTLY FROM THE

RESIDENCE TIME DISTRIBUTION 921
17.1 Modeling Nonideal Reactors Using the RTD 922
17.1.1 Modeling and Mixing Overview 922
17.1.2 Mixing 922
17.2 Zero Adjustable Parameter Models 924
17.2.1 Segregation Model 924
17.2.2 Maximum Mixedness Model 934
17.3 Using Software Packages Such as Polymath to Find Maximum
Mixedness Conversion 9
941
17.3.1 Comparing Segregation and Maximum Mixedness
Predictions 943
17.4 Tanks-in-Series One Parameter Model, n 944
17.4.1 Find the Number of T-I-S to Model the Real Reactor 945
17.4.2 Calculating Conversion for the T-I-S Model 946
17.4.3 Tanks-in-Series versus Segregation for a First-Order Reaction 946
17.5 RTD and Multiple Reactions 946
17.5.1 Segregation Model 946
17.5.2 Maximum Mixedness 947
(AWFOS–S17 Brief Case History on an Air Preheater) 951
16 Contents
CHAPTER 18 MODELS FOR NONIDEAL REACTORS 963

18.1 Some Guidelines for Developing Models 964
18.1.1 One-Parameter Models 966
18.1.2 Two-Parameter Models 966
18.2 Flow and Axial Dispersion of Inert Tracers in Isothermal
Reactors 967
18.2.1 Balances on Inert Tracers 967
18.2.2 Boundary Conditions for Flow and Reaction 969
18.3 Flow, Reaction, and Axial Dispersion 971
18.3.1 Balance Equations 971
18.3.2 Solution for a Closed-Closed System 972
18.4 Flow, Reaction, and Axial Dispersion in Isothermal
Laminar-Flow Reactors and Finding Meno 975
18.4.1 Determine the Dispersion Coefficient (Da) and the
Péclet Number (Per) 975
18.4.2 Correlations for Da 978
18.4.3 Dispersion in Packed Beds 978
18.4.4 Experimental Determination of Da 978
18.5 Tanks-in-Series Model versus Dispersion Model 985
18.6 Numerical Solutions to Flows with Dispersion and Reaction 986
18.7 Nonisothermal Flow with Radial and Axial Variations in a Tubular
Reactor 990
18.7.1 Molar Flux 990
9
18.7.2 Energy Flux 992
18.7.3 Energy Balance 992
18.8 Two-Parameter Models—Modeling Real Reactors with
Combinations of Ideal Reactors 998
18.8.1 Real CSTR Modeled Using Bypassing and Dead Space 999
18.8.2 Real CSTR Modeled as Two CSTRs with Interchange 1002
18.8.3 Other Models of Nonideal Reactors Using CSTRs and PFRs 1006
18.8.4 Applications to Pharmacokinetic Modeling 1007
18.9 And Now… A Word from Our Sponsor—Safety 18 (AWFOS–S18
An Algorithm for Management of Change (MoC)) 1008
APPENDIX A NUMERICAL TECHNIQUES 1025

A.1 Useful Integrals in Chemical Reactor Design 1025
A.2 Equal-Area Graphical Differentiation 1026
A.3 Solutions to Differential Equations 1028
A.3.A First-Order Ordinary Differential Equations 1028
A.3.B Coupled Differential Equations 1028
A.3.C Second-Order Ordinary Differential Equations 1029
A.4 Numerical Evaluation of Integrals 1029
A.5 Semi-Log Graphs 1031
A.6 Software Packages 1031
APPENDIX B IDEAL GAS CONSTANT AND CONVERSION FACTORS 1033

Contents 17
APPENDIX C THERMODYNAMIC RELATIONSHIPS INVOLVING

THE EQUILIBRIUM CONSTANT 1037
APPENDIX D SOFTWARE PACKAGES 1043

D.1 Polymath 10
1043
D.1.A About Polymath (http://www.umich.edu/~elements/6e/
software/polymath.html) 1043
D.1.B Polymath Tutorials (http://www.umich.edu/~elements/6e/
software/polymath-tutorial.html) 1044
10
D.1.C Living Example Problems (LEPs) 1044
D.2 Wolfram 1044
D.3 Python 1045
D.4 MATLAB 1045
D.5 Excel 1045
D.6 COMSOL (http://www.umich.edu/~elements/6e/12chap/comsol.html) 1046
D.7 Aspen 1047
D.8 Visual Encyclopedia of Equipment—Reactors Section 1047
D.9 Reactor Lab 1047
APPENDIX E RATE-LAW DATA 1049
APPENDIX F NOMENCLATURE 1051
APPENDIX G OPEN-ENDED PROBLEMS 1055

G.1 ChemE Car 1055
G.2 Effective Lubricant Design 1055
G.3 Peach Bottom Nuclear Reactor 1055
G.4 Underground Wet Oxidation 1056
G.5 Hydrodesulfurization Reactor Design 1056
G.6 Continuous Bioprocessing 1056
G.7 Methanol Synthesis 1056
G.8 Cajun Seafood Gumbo 1056
G.9 Alcohol Metabolism 1057
G.10 Methanol Poisoning 1058
G.11 Safety 1058
APPENDIX H USE OF COMPUTATIONAL CHEMISTRY SOFTWARE PACKAGES 1059

H.1 Computational Chemical Reaction Engineering 1059
APPENDIX I HOW TO USE THE CRE WEB RESOURCES 1061

I.1 CRE Web Resources Components 1061
INDEX 1063
CREDITS 1077
Introduction
The man who has ceased to learn ought not to be allowed

to wander around loose in these dangerous days.
—M. M. Coady
A. Who Is the Intended Audience?

This book was written with today’s students in mind. It provides instantaneous
access to information; does not waste time on extraneous details; cuts right to
the point; uses more bullets to make information easier to access; and includes
new, novel problems on chemical reaction engineering (e.g., solar energy).1 The
interaction between the text and Web site (http://www.umich.edu/~elements/6e/)
breaks new ground and provides one of the most comprehensive active learn-
ing resources available. With the advent of sliders in both Wolfram and
Python, students can explore the reactions and the reactor in which they
occur, by carrying out simulation experiments and then writing a set of
conclusions to describe what they found.
This book and interactive Web site are intended for use as both an
undergraduate-level and a graduate-level text in chemical reaction engineering.
The undergraduate course/courses usually focus on Chapters 1–13; the gradu-
ate course material includes topics such as diffusion limitations, effectiveness
factors (discussed in Chapters 14 and 15), nonideal reactors, and residence time
distribution (discussed in Chapters 16–18) along with the additional material
and Professional Reference Shelf (PRS) on the Web site.
This edition emphasizes chemical reactor safety by ending each chapter
with a safety lesson called And Now… A Word From Our Sponsor-Safety
(AWFOS–S). These lessons can also be found on the Web site at
http://umich.edu/~safeche/.
1 This Introduction is a condensed version of the full Preface/Introduction found on the

Web site (http://www.umich.edu/~elements/6e/toc/Preface-Complete.pdf ).
19
20 Introduction
B. What Are the Goals of This Book?
B.1 To Have Fun Learning Chemical Reaction Engineering (CRE)
Chemical reaction engineering (CRE) is a great subject that is fun to learn and is
the heart of chemical engineering. I have tried to provide a little Michigan humor
as we go. Take a look at the humorous YouTube videos (e.g., “Black Widow” or
“Chemical Engineering Gone Wrong”) that illustrate certain principles in the
text. These videos were made by chemical engineering students at the universi-
ties of Alabama and Michigan. In addition, I have found that students enjoy the
Interactive Computer Games (ICGs) that, along with the videos, are linked from
the CRE homepage (http://www.umich.edu/~elements/6e/index.html).
B.2 To Develop a Fundamental Understanding of Reaction

Engineering
The second goal of this book is to help the reader clearly understand the fun-
damentals of CRE. This goal is achieved by presenting a structure that allows
the reader to solve reaction engineering problems through reasoning rather
than through memorization and recall of numerous equations and the restric-
tions and conditions under which each equation applies (http://www.umich
.edu/~elements/6e/toc/Preface-Complete.pdf ).
B.3 To Enhance Thinking Skills
A third goal of this text is to enhance critical thinking skills and creative think-
ing skills. How does the book help enhance your critical and creative thinking
skills? We discuss ways to achieve this enhancement in Table P-2, Critical
Thinking Questions; Table P-3, Critical Thinking Actions; and Table P-4,
Practicing Creative Thinking, in the complete preface on the CRE Web site
(http://www.umich.edu/~elements/6e/toc/Preface-Complete.pdf ) and also from the
Problem Solving Web site (http://umich.edu/~scps/).
C. What Is the Structure of CRE?
C.1 What Are the Concepts That Form the Foundation of CRE?
The strategy behind the presentation of material is to build continually on a

few basic ideas in CRE to solve a wide variety of problems. The building blocks
of CRE and the primary algorithm allow us to solve isothermal CRE problems
through logic rather than memorization. We start with the Mole Balance
Building Block (Chapter 1) and then place the other blocks one at a time on top
of the others until we reach the Evaluate Block (Chapter 5), by which time we
can solve a multitude of isothermal CRE problems. As we study each block, we
need to make sure we understand everything in that block and be sure not to
cut corners by leaving anything out so we don’t wind up with a stack of cylin-
drical blocks. An animation of what happens to such a stack is shown at the
end of Lecture 1 notes (http://www.umich.edu/%7Eelements/6e/lectures/umich.html).
For nonisothermal reactions, we replace the “Combine” building block in
Figure I-1 with the “Energy Balance” building block because nonisothermal
reactions almost always require a computer-generated solution. Consequently,
Introduction 21
Evaluate
Combine
Stoichiometry
Rate Law
Mole Balance
Figure I-1 Building blocks.
we don’t need the “Combine” block because the computer combines everything
for us. From these pillars and building blocks, we construct our CRE algorithm:
Mole Balance + Rate Laws + Stoichiometry + Energy Balance + Combine → Solution
C.2 What Is the Sequence of Topics in Which This Book Can Be Used?
The selection and order of topics and chapters are shown in Figure P-3 in the
Complete Preface/Introduction on the Web site (http://www.umich.edu/~elements/
Margin Notes 6e/toc/Preface-Complete.pdf ). There are notes in the margins, which are meant to
serve two purposes. First, they act as guides or commentary as one reads
through the material. Second, they identify key equations and relationships
that are used to solve CRE problems.
D. What Are the Components of the CRE Web Site?

The interactive companion Web site material has been significantly updated
and is a novel, and integral part of this book. The main purposes of the Web
site are to serve as an interactive part of the text with enrichment resources.
The home page for the CRE Web site (http://www.umich.edu/~elements/6e/
index.html) is shown in Figure I-2. For discussion of how to use the Web site and
text interactively, see Appendix I.
Figure I-2 Screen shot of the book’s companion Web site

(http://www.umich.edu/~elements/6e/index.html).
22 Introduction
The objectives of the Web site are fourfold:

(1) To facilitate the interactive learning of CRE by using the companion
Web site and Wolfram and Python sliders to explore Living Example
Problems to gain a deep understanding of the reaction and the reactors
in which they take place.
(2) To provide additional technical material in the extended material and in
the Professional Reference Shelf.
(3) To provide tutorial information and self-assessment exercises such as
the i>clicker questions.
(4) To make the learning of CRE fun through the use of interactive games,
LEP simulations, and computer experiments, which allow one to use
Inquiry-Based Learning (IBL) to explore the concepts of CRE.
D.1 How to Use the Web Site
I would like to expand a bit on a couple of things that we use extensively,

namely the useful links. These items can be accessed by clicking on the Chap-
ter number on the Home Page. After clicking on Chapter 1 shown in Figure I-3,
one will arrive at
Figure I-3 Access to useful links

(http://www.umich.edu/~elements/6e/01chap/obj.html#/).
Introduction 23
The important point I want to make here is the list of all resources shown
in Figures I-3 and I-4. In addition to listing the objectives for this chapter, you
will find all the major hot buttons, such as
Figure I-4 Useful links.
The Living Example Problems (LEPs), including COMSOL, have all numerical
Example Problems programmed and read for use with the click of a button. The
Extra Help includes interactive notes, screen casts, and techniques that facilitate
learning and studying. The Additional Material and Professional Reference Shelf pro-
vide expanded derivations and material that is relevant to CRE, but did not
make the final cut owing to limitations of the thickness of the book; that is, stu-
dents can’t concentrate about CRE if their backpacks are so heavy they are suf-
fering from carrying them. The Self Tests and i>Clicker Questions help readers
gauge their level of understanding.
D.2 Living Example Problems (LEPs)
What are LEPs? LEPs are Living Example Problems that are
really simulations that can be used to carry out experiments
on the reactor and the reactions occurring inside the reactor.
Here, rather than being stuck with the parameter values the LEP Sliders
author gives, the LEPs allow you to change the value of a
parameter and see its effect on the reactor’s operation. LEPs have been unique to
this book since their invention and inclusion in the Third Edition of this title,
published in 1999. However, Wolfram and Python have allowed us to take LEPs
to a new level, resulting in a minor paradigm shift. The LEPs use simulation soft-
ware, which can be downloaded directly onto one’s own computer in order to
“play with” the key variables and assumptions. Using the LEPs to explore the
problem and asking “What if…?” questions provide students with the opportu-
nity to practice critical and creative thinking skills. To guide students in using
these simulations, questions for each chapter are given on the Web site (e.g.,
http://www.umich.edu/~elements/6e/12chap/obj.html).2 In this edition, there are more
than 80 interactive simulations (LEPs) provided on the Web site. It is the author’s
strong belief that using the LEP sliders will develop an intuitive feel for Chemical
Reaction Engineering (CRE).
The simulations labeled Stop and Smell the Roses are
comprehensive-interactive simulations that will provide significant
insight and an intuitive feel for the reactor and the reaction when you
take the time to explore the parameters using the Wolfram or Python
sliders. #wellworthyourtime
2 See Introduction section D and Appendix I for ideas on how to use the LEPs.
24 Introduction
Figure I-5 shows a screen shot of the LEPs for Chapter 5. One simply
clicks on the hot button of the desired programming language (Wolfram,
Python) and the program loads, then uses the sliders to explore the reactors
operating variables and the property parameters.
Figure I-5 Living Example Problems (LEPs).
It has been shown that students using Inquiry-Based Learning ning (IBL)
have a much greater understanding of information than students educated by
traditional methods (Univers. J. Educ. Res., 2(1), 37–41 (2014)).3,4 The learning was
most definitely enhanced when it came to questions that required interpreta-
tion such as, “Why did the temperature profile go through a minimum?” Each
chapter has a section on Computer Simulations and Experiments that will
guide students in practicing IBL. Students have commented that the Wolfram
slider LEPs are a very efficient way to study the operation of a chemical reactor.
For example, one can carry out a simulation experiment on the reactor (e.g.,
LEP 13-2) to investigate what conditions would lead to unsafe operation.
3 Ibid, Adbi, A.
4 Documentation of the advantages of IBL can be found at Studies in Higher Education,
38(9), 1239–1258 (2013), https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/03075079.2011
.616584.
Introduction 25
You will note the tutorials listed just below the screen shot of the Living
Example Problems page. There are 11 Polymath tutorials, and one LEP tutorial
for each Polymath, Wolfram, Python, and MATLAB in later chapters. There are
also six COMSOL tutorials. To access the LEP software you want to use, that is,
Polymath, Wolfram, Python, or MATLAB, just click on the appropriate hot but-
ton, and then load and run the LEPs in the software you have chosen. Home-
work problems using the LEPs have been added to each chapter that requires
the use of Wolfram, Python, and Polymath. The use of the LEP sliders will allow
students to vary the reaction and reactor parameters to get a thorough under-
standing of the Computer Simulation Problems.
D.3 Extra Help
The components of Extra Help are shown in Figure I-6.
Figure I-6 Screen shot of Extra Help.
The Learning Resources give an overview of the material in each chapter through
the Interactive Summary Notes. These notes include on-demand derivations of
key equations, audio explanations, additional resources such as Interactive
Computer Games (ICGs), computer simulations and experiments, Web modules
of novel applications of CRE, solved problems, study aids, Frequently Asked
Questions (FAQs), Microsoft PowerPoint lecture slides, and links to LearnChemE
videos. The Web modules consist of a number of examples that apply key CRE
concepts to both standard and nonstandard reaction engineering problems
(e.g., glow sticks, the use of wetlands to degrade toxic chemicals, and pharma-
cokinetics of death from a cobra bite). The Web modules can be loaded directly
26 Introduction
from the CRE Web site (http://www.umich.edu/~elements/6e/web_mod/index.html).

These resources are described in Appendix I.
D.4 Additional Material
The additional material shown in Figure I-7 includes derivations, examples,

and novel applications of CRE principles that build on the CRE algorithm in
the text.
Figure I-7 Screen shot of Additional Materials.
D.5 Professional Reference Shelf
This material is important to the practicing engineer, such as details of the

industrial reactor design for the oxidation of SO2 and design of spherical reac-
tors and other material that is typically not included in the majority of chemi-
cal reaction engineering courses.
D.6 Computer Simulations, Experiments, and Problems
As discussed in section D.2, these problems help guide students to understand

how the parameters and operating conditions affect the reaction and the reac-
tors. These problems are in the printed version of the second edition of
Essentials of Chemical Reaction Engineering, and the sixth edition of Elements of
Chemical Reaction Engineering, but not in the printed version of the fifth edition
of Elements of Chemical Reaction Engineering.
D.7 YouTube Videos
Here, you will find links to humorous YouTube videos made by students in
Professor Alan Lane’s 2008 chemical reaction engineering class at the Univer-
sity of Alabama, as well as videos from the University of Michigan’s 2011 CRE
class, which includes the ever-popular chemical engineering classic, “Reaction
Engineering Gone Wrong.” If you have a humorous YouTube video on CRE, I
would be happy to consider linking to it.
Introduction 27
D.8 COMSOL
The COMSOL Multiphysics software is a partial differential equation solver

that is used with Chapters 13 and 18 to view both axial and radial temperature
and concentration profiles. For users of this text, COMSOL has provided a spe-
cial Web site that includes a step-by-step tutorial, along with examples. See
Figure 18-15 on page 964 and also (https://www.comsol.com/books/elements-of-
chemical-reaction-engineering-5th/models). Further details are given in the Living
Example Problems on the Web site.
E. Why Do We Assign Homework Problems?

The working of homework problems facilitates a true understanding of CRE.
After reading a chapter, the student may feel they have an understanding of the
material. However, when attempting a new or slightly different application of
CRE in a homework problem, students sometimes need to go back and reread
different parts of the chapter to get the level of understanding needed to even-
tually solve the homework problem. Polymath is a most user-friendly soft-
ware and is recommended to solve these end-of-chapter problems.
I would like to point out research has shown ( J. Exp. Psychol. Learn. Mem.
Cogn., 40, 106–114 (2014)) that if you ask a question of the material before read-
ing the material you will have greater retention. Consequently, the first ques-
tion of every chapter will have such a question on that chapter’s material. For
Chapter 1, the question is, “Is the generation term, G, the only term in the mole
balance that varies for each type of reactor?” The questions that follow are
qualitative in Q1-2A and Q2-3A, and so on.
It is recommended that students first work through Computer Simulation
Problems that use MATLAB, Python, and Wolfram before going on to other
problems. These example problems are a key resource. The subscript letter (A,
B, C, or D) after each problem number denotes the difficulty of the problem
(i.e., A = easy; D = difficult). The A- and B-level problems should be worked
before tackling the more challenging homework problems in a given chapter.
F. Are There Other Web Site Resources?

CRE Web Site (http://www.umich.edu/~elements/6e/index.html). A complete
description of all the educational resources and ways to use them can be found
in Appendix I.
Safety Web Site. During the past two years, a safety Web site has been devel-
oped for all core chemical engineering courses (http://umich.edu/~safeche/). A sec-
tion at the end of each chapter called And Now… A Word From Our Sponsor-Safety
(AWFOS-S) has taken the tutorials and distributed them in chapters through-
out the text. A safety module for both the T2 Laboratory incident
(http://umich.edu/~safeche/assets/pdf/courses/Problems/CRE/344ReactionEngrModule(1)
PS-T2.pdf ) and the Monsanto incident (http://umich.edu/~safeche/assets/pdf/
courses/Problems/CRE/344ReactionEngrModule(2)PS-Monsanto.pdf ) can be found on
the safety Web site. A safety algorithm is included in both of these modules.
28 Introduction
What Entertainment Is on the Web Site?

A. YouTube Videos. The humorous videos are discussed in Section D, what
are the components of the CRE Web site, above.
B. Interactive Computer Games (ICGs). Students have found the Interactive
Computer Games to be both fun and extremely useful for reviewing the
important chapter concepts and then applying them to real problems in a
unique and entertaining fashion. The following ICGs are available on the
Web site:
• Quiz Show I (Ch. 1) • The Great Race (Ch. 8)

• Reactor Staging (Ch. 2) • Enzyme Man (Ch. 9)
• Quiz Show II (Ch. 4) • Catalysis (Ch. 10)
• Murder Mystery (Ch. 5) • Heat Effects I (Ch. 12)
• Tic Tac (Ch. 5) • Heat Effects II (Ch. 12)
• Ecology (Ch. 7)
As you play these interactive games, you will be asked a number of questions
related to the corresponding material in the textbook. The ICG keeps track of
all the correct answers and at the end of the game displays a coded perfor-
mance number that reflects how well you mastered the material in the text.
Instructors have a manual to decode the performance number.
G. How Can One’s Critical Thinking and Creative

Thinking Skills Be Enhanced?
(http://umich.edu/~scps/html/probsolv/strategy/crit-n-creat.htm)
A third goal of this book is to enhance critical and creative thinking skills. How
does one enhance their critical thinking skills? Answer: By learning how to ask
critical thinking questions and taking critical thinking actions of the type given
on the Web site in Tables P-2 and P-3. Further discussion is found in the
Complete Preface-Introduction on the Web site (http://www.umich.edu/~elements/
6e/toc/Preface-Complete.pdf ).
The goal to enhance creative thinking skills is achieved by using a number
of problems that are open-ended to various degrees. With these, students can
practice their creative skills by exploring the example problems, as outlined at the
beginning of the homework problems of each chapter, and by making up and
solving an original problem using the suggestions in Table P-4 on the Web site
(http://www.umich.edu/~elements/6e/toc/Preface-Complete.pdf ).
One of the major goals at the undergraduate level is to bring students to
the point where they can solve complex reaction problems, such as multiple
reactions with heat effects, and then ask “What if . . . ?” questions and look for
optimum operating conditions and unsafe operating conditions. The solution
to one problem exemplifies this goal: the Manufacture of Styrene (Chapter 12,
Problem P12-26C). This problem is particularly interesting because two reac-
tions are endothermic and one is exothermic.
(1) Ethylbenzene → Styrene + Hydrogen: Endothermic

(2) Ethylbenzene → Benzene + Ethylene: Endothermic
(3) Ethylbenzene + Hydrogen → Toluene + Methane: Exothermic
Another random document with
no related content on Scribd:
TOM.
I now come to the very prince of pets, the one of all I ever had the
most noble and most dear,—Tom, a Newfoundland setter, the
favorite dog of my brother Albert. He has been a member of our
family for five or six years past. We brought him from the city to our
pleasant village home in Pennsylvania, where we now live.
Tom is a dog of extraordinary beauty, sagacity, and good feeling. He
is very large, and, with the exception of his feet and breast, jet black,
with a thick coat of fine hair, which lies in short curls, glossy and
silken. He has a well-formed head, and a handsome, dark eye, full of
kindness and intelligence. His limbs are small, and his feet
particularly delicate. He is, I am sorry to say, rather indolent in his
habits, always prefers to take a carriage to the hunting-ground, when
he goes sporting with his master, and he sleeps rather too soundly at
night to be a good watch-dog. We make him useful in various ways,
however, such as carrying baskets and bundles, and sometimes we
send him to the post-office with and for letters and papers. These he
always takes the most faithful care of, never allowing any one to look
at them on the way. He is a remarkably gentlemanly dog in his
manner, never making free with people, or seeming too fond at first
sight; but if you speak to him pleasantly, he will offer you a friendly
paw in a quiet way, and seem happy to make your acquaintance. He
never fawns, nor whines, nor skulks about, but is dignified, easy, and
perfectly at home in polite society. He is a sad aristocrat, treats all
well-dressed comers most courteously, but with shabby people he
will have nothing to do. Tom knows how to take and carry on a joke. I
recollect one evening, when we had visitors, and he was in the
parlour, I put on him a gay-colored sack of my own, and a large
gypsy hat, which I tied under his throat. Instead of looking ashamed
and trying to get these off, as most dogs would have done, he
crossed the room and sprang on to the sofa, where he sat upright,
looking very wise and grave, like some old colored woman at church.
The illustrious General Tom Thumb once travelled with my brother
and this dog, and, falling very much in love with his namesake,
offered any price for him. Of course, my brother would not think for a
moment of selling his faithful friend, and even had he felt differently, I
doubt very much whether Tom, who had been used to looking up to
full-grown men, would have shown much obedience or respect, for
such a funny little fellow as the General. It was amusing to observe
the dog’s manner toward his small, new acquaintance. He was kind
and condescending, though he sometimes seemed to think that the
General was a little too much inclined to take liberties with his
superiors in age and size,—rather more forward and familiar than
was quite becoming in a child.
Two or three years ago, Tom was the beloved playfellow of my
brother Frederic’s youngest daughter,—our little Jane. She always
seemed to me like a fairy-child, she was so small and delicate, with
such bright golden curls falling about her face,—the sweetest face in
the world. It was beautiful to see her at play with that great, black
dog, who was very tender with her, for he seemed to know that she
was not strong. One evening she left her play earlier than usual, and
went and laid her head in her mother’s lap, and said, “Little Jane is
tired.” That night she sickened, and in a few, a very few days she
died. When she was hid away in the grave, we grieved deeply that
we should see her face no more, but we had joy to know that it
would never be pale with sickness in that heavenly home to which
she had gone; and though we miss her still, we have great
happiness in the thought that she will never be “tired” any more, for
we believe her to be resting on the bosom of the Lord Jesus.
One day last spring, I remember, her mother gave me a bunch of
violets, saying, “They are from the grave of little Jane.” I suppose
they were like all other blue violets, but I thought then I had never
seen any so beautiful. It seemed to me that the sweet looks of the
child were blooming out of the flowers which had sprung up over the
place where we had laid her.
Tom seems much attached to all our family, but most devotedly so to
my brother Albert. They two have hunted very much together, and
seem equally fond of the sport. If Tom sees his master with his
hunting-dress on, and his fowling-piece in hand, he is half beside
himself with joy. But when he returns from the hunt, spent and weary,
he always comes to me to be fed and petted.
You will remember that years have passed by since this brother and I
were schoolmates and playmates together. He is now a fine young
man, while I am a full-grown woman, who have seen the world I
used to think so grand and glorious, and found it—no better than it
should be. But of my brother. He is our youngest, you know, and so
has never outgrown that peculiar fondness, that dear love, we
always give to “the baby.” While I have been writing these histories,
and recalling in almost every scene the playmate of my childhood, I
can only see him as a boy,—a little black-eyed, rosy-cheeked boy; it
is very difficult to think of him as a man, making his own way bravely
in the world. Last spring we observed that dear Albert’s bright face
had become very thoughtful and serious; we knew that something
was weighing on his mind, and finally it came out. He was about to
leave us all for a long time, it might be for ever; he was going to
California! We were very unhappy to hear this, but, as it was on
some accounts the best thing that my brother could do, we finally
consented, and all went to work as cheerfully as we could to help
him off.
It was a bright May morning when he left, but it seemed to us that
there never was a darker or sadder day. The dear fellow kept up
good courage till it came to the parting; then his heart seemed to
melt and flow out in his tears, fast dropping on the brows and necks
of his mother and sisters, as he held them for the last time to his
heaving breast. But I will not dwell on this parting, for my own eyes
grow so dim I cannot well see to write.
I remember that poor Tom seemed greatly troubled that morning; he
knew that something sad was happening, and looked anxiously in
our faces, as though he would ask what it was; and when my brother
patted him on the head, bade him good by, and passed out of the
gate, forbidding him to follow, the faithful creature whined sadly, and
looked after him wistfully, till he was out of sight.
After Albert had been gone about an hour, I remember that I went up
into his room, and sat down in his favorite seat, by the window. O,
how still and lonely and mournful it seemed there! Near me hung my
brother’s fencing-sword and mask, which he had used only the day
before,—on the floor lay the game-bag, which he had always worn in
hunting, and which he had flung out of his trunk, not having room for
it. This brought my merry brother before me more clearly than any
thing else. I took it up and held it a long time, mourning at heart, but I
could not weep. Suddenly I heard a low whine in the hall, and Tom
stole softly into the room. He came to me and laid his head in my
lap; but when he saw the game-bag there, he set up a most mournful
cry. Then I flung my arms about him, bowed my head down against
his neck, and burst into tears. I forgot that he was a poor dumb
brute, and only remembered that he loved my brother, and my
brother loved him, and that he mourned with me in my sorrow. After
this, it was very affecting to see Tom go every day, for a long while,
to the gate, out of which he had seen his master pass for the last
time, and then stand and look up the street, crying like a grieved
child.
As you will readily believe, Tom is now dearer than ever to us all; we
cannot see him without a sweet, sad thought of that beloved one so
far away. I am not now at home, but I never hear from there without
hearing of the welfare of the noble dog which my brother, in going,
bestowed upon me.
SUPPLEMENTARY STORIES.
It is twenty years since the first part of this little volume was
published. The dear children for whom those simple stories of my
childhood were told are men and women now, and wonderful
changes have taken place in all our lives and in all the world. But in
growing old I have not lost any thing of my old love of pets; and I
hope that my little readers of this time will understand and share that
feeling. I hope that you, dear boys and girls, look on all innocent
dumb creatures about you as friends, and have not only a kindly
interest in them, but respect them for all that is lovely and wonderful
in their brief existences, and as objects of the unceasing care and
tenderness of our Father in heaven. Every smallest creature that
lives represents a thought of God,—was born out of his great, deep,
infinite life.
I hope you especially like to hear about dogs and cats, birds and
chickens, for it is of them that I have a few new stories to relate, as
true as they are amusing or marvellous.
FIDO THE BRAVE.
First I must relate the somewhat tragical history of a certain little

shaggy brown-and-white spaniel belonging to some friends of ours in
the country. He was a stray dog, and came to them in a very forlorn
condition, and had evidently been vagabondizing about in the fields
and woods for some days, for he was ravenously hungry, and his
long hair was dirty, and stuck full of straws, briers, and burrs, till he
bristled like a hedgehog. The first thing that the kind lady did, after
feeding him, was to put him into a warm bath. Then she set herself
to work to rid him of his encumbrances,—sticks, straws, briers, and
burrs. It was a long time before she got down to the dog; but when at
last she laid down scissors, scrubbing-brush, and comb, and
deposited her poor protégé on the floor, he was a good deal
diminished in size, but looked really handsome, and very bright,
quaint, and droll.
He took at once to his new home, and soon became a great pet,
showing himself to be grateful, affectionate, and full of cleverness,
fun, and fire. His pluck was beyond all question. Though not
quarrelsome, he would, when in the least degree put upon, fight any
dog in the neighborhood, whatever his size and breed, and he
generally came off victorious. But he was altogether too rash and
venturesome, given to worrying cows, horses, hogs, and old
stragglers; rushing into all sorts of danger, and coming out, when he
did come out, and was not brought out, with his little eyes dancing
and his bushy tail in air, as though enjoying the risk of the thing, and
the terror of his kind mistress.
Among other sportive tricks was a way he had of running before the
locomotive when the train was coming in or going out of the station,
near by the house of my friends. Nearly every day he could be seen
frisking about it, dancing frantically up and down before it, and
barking valorously. He really seemed to take a malicious satisfaction
in defying and insulting that rumbling, puffing, snorting monster, that,
big as it was, ran away from him as fast as possible.
“The pitcher goes often to the well, but is broken at last.”
One fatal day the little spaniel miscalculated the speed of his big
enemy, and failed to get out of the way in time. He was all off the
track but one hind leg, when he was struck by the locomotive and
knocked into a ditch,—that one hind leg being pretty badly mashed,
you may believe. The poor little fellow set up a great outcry, but the
unfeeling engineer never stopped the train to attend to him, and the
railroad folks kept the accident out of the papers. Fido made his way
home all alone, dragging his mashed leg behind him. Though greatly
shocked, his mistress did not scold him, but sent for a surgeon, who,
after a careful examination, and consulting his books, decided that
an amputation was necessary. Then the good, brave lady held her
poor, dear pet on her lap while the dreadful operation was
performed. She asked a gentleman of the family to hold him, but he
had not the nerve. After the stump had been skilfully dressed, the
little dog evidently felt better, soon ceased to bemoan his loss, and
took kindly to a light supper. He rested well that night, and in the
morning the doctor pronounced him better. His kind mistress nursed
him faithfully till he was restored to perfect health. He never seemed
to fret about his maimed condition, but hopped around on three legs
as merry and active as ever. It was observed, however, that he gave
a wide berth to railway trains, and howled whenever he heard the
whistle of the engine, ever after. Still the fight wasn’t out of him. He
was as jealous of his honor and as fiery and plucky as before his
disaster.
One afternoon, while taking a quiet three-legged stroll some distance
away from home, he encountered on the highway a big, surly bull-
dog, who presumed on the spaniel’s diminutive size and crippled
condition to insult him and rail at him. Brave Fido dashed at once at
the ugly bully’s throat, and bit and hung on in the most furious and
desperate way. It was a gallant fight he made, and it did seem for a
while as though he must come off victorious, like David after his
engagement with Goliah. But at last the infuriated bull-dog tore
himself free, and then proceeded to make mince-meat of the poor
spaniel. He tore his ears half off, and his eyes half out, and mangled
his head generally, till it was disfigured to the last degree. Then he
bit and chewed the left, the only left hind leg, till one might say that
he was next to a locomotive and a whole train of cars at the
mangling business. At this desperate stage of the combat a woman
came out of a farm-house near by, drove the bull-dog away with a
poker, and took up poor Fido. As he had become insensible, she
thought him dead, and flung him down in a fence corner, out of the
way of travel, and there left him, meaning, let us hope, to have him
decently buried in the morning. But Fido was not yet ready to give up
this life. The cool evening dew revived him; brought him to his
senses, in part at least. He could not yet see, but, guided by some
mysterious instinct, he made his sure way, dragging himself by his
fore legs, which were only two you know, across the fields to his
home. His mistress was awakened in the night by hearing him
scratching and whining at the door, and made haste to arise and
take in the poor crippled, blinded, bleeding creature, who laid himself
panting and moaning at her feet. I hope I need not tell you that she
did not give him up. She prepared a soft bed for him in an old
basket, washed and dressed his wounds, and though every body,
especially the doctor, said he must die, that he was as good as dead
then, she was sure she could fetch him round, and she did fetch him
round amazingly.
But alas! Fido’s troubles were not over, even when he got so that he
could hobble about on his three legs, and see tolerably well; for one
cold morning, as he lay curled up in his basket near the kitchen
stove, he was, I grieve to say, terribly scalded by a careless cook,
who spilled a kettle of hot water over him. Even then his mistress
refused to give him up to die, but dressed his burns with sweet oil, or
applied a pain-killer, or “Dalley’s Salve,” and administered Mrs.
Winslow’s Soothing Syrup, perhaps,—anyhow she nursed him so
skilfully and faithfully that she fetched him round again. He is no
beauty nowadays, but alive, and alive like to be. It is my opinion that,
like the great Napoleon, that dog bears a charmed life.
CAT TALES.
FAITHFUL GRIMALKIN.
Many years ago, when my parents lived in old Connecticut, my
mother had a pet cat, a pretty graceful creature, frisky and arch and
gay, though clad in sober gray. She was a favorite with all the large
household, but especially attached herself to my mother, following
her about everywhere,—“up stairs, down stairs, and in my lady’s
chamber,” accompanying her in her walks, hiding behind every bush,
and prancing out upon her in a surprising, not to say startling,
manner.
At last she grew out of kittenhood, laid aside, in a measure, kittenish
things, and became the happiest, fondest, proudest feline mamma
ever beheld. She caressed and gloated over her little, blind, toddling,
mewing, miniature tigers in a perfect ecstasy of maternal delight.
Just at this interesting period of pussy’s life our family moved from
the old place to a house in the country, about a mile away. My
mother was ill, and was carried very carefully on a bed from one
sick-room to another. In the hurry, trouble, and confusion of that time,
poor pussy, who lodged with her family in an attic, was quite
forgotten. But early in the morning of the first day in the new house,
—a pleasant summer morning, when all the doors and windows
were open,—as my mother lay on her bed, in a parlor on the first
floor, she saw her cat walk into the hall and look eagerly around. The
moment the faithful creature caught sight of her beloved mistress,
she came bounding into the room, across it, and on to the bed,
where she purred and mewed in a delighted, yet reproachful way,
quite hysterical, licking my mother’s hand and rubbing up against her
cheek in a manner that said more plainly than words, “Ah! my dear
madam, didst thou think to leave thy faithful Grimalkin behind?
Where thou goest, I will go.”
She was taken into the kitchen and treated to a cup of new milk; but
after a few moments given to rest and refreshment she disappeared.
Yet she went only to come again in the course of an hour, lugging
one of her kittens, which she deposited on the bed, commended to
my mother’s care, and straightway departed. In an almost incredibly
short time she came bounding in with a second kitten. She continued
her journeys till the whole litter had been safely transported, over hill
and dale, ditches and stone-walls, through perils of unfriendly dogs
and mischievous boys, and the family flitting was complete.
After this, our noble puss was loved and respected more than ever.
She dwelt long in the land, and her kits grew up, I believe, to be
worthy of such a mother.
OBEDIENT THOMAS.
Now I want to give you an instance of filial respect and submission
in a young cat. When we first came to Washington, nearly two years
ago, I took to petting a handsome cat belonging to the relatives with
whom we then lived. I fed and caressed her, and she became very
fond of me, always running to meet me when I entered the garden
which she haunted, or the barn in which she lodged. She was rather
wild in her ways, and so stole a nest, in which she finally hid away
some kittens, that she afterwards reared to be wilder than herself.
These somehow disappeared, all but one, which, when he was
about half grown, I undertook to tame. It was a difficult, tedious job;
but I persevered, and at last found him a more affectionate, docile
pet than ever his mother had been. She had seemed fond of him in
his wild, unregenerate days, but as soon as he became
domesticated, and I began to show a partiality for him, she grew very
severe with him, scratching his face and boxing his ears whenever
she saw me caressing him. I soon noticed that when she was near
he was shy, pretending not to be on intimate terms with me; while, if
she was out of the way, I had only to call his name, to have him
come galloping up from the furthest part of the long garden, to rub
against me, to lick my hand, and show every feline fondness and
delight. Now we live at another house, and I seldom see my pets,
mother and son; but they are loving and constant still, proving that
the poet Coleridge didn’t know every thing when he talked about “the
little short memories” of cats.
Master Thomas has grown large and strong, and is accounted a
gallant young fellow by all the young pussies in the neighborhood.
But while toward cats of his own sex he is fierce and combative, he
is just as meek and deferential to his mother as he was in his tender
kittenhood. The other day I encountered him in the old garden, and
was surprised to find how stalwart he had become. I stooped to
caress him, and he seemed as susceptible to gentle overtures as
ever, arched his back, switched his tail, and purred rapturously.
Suddenly the mother cat stole out from behind a tree, and confronted
us. “Good morning, madam,” I said, for I always talk to cats and dogs
just as I talk to other people. “You have a fine son here; a handsome
young fellow, that favors you, I think.” But she wasn’t to be softened
by the compliment. She walked straight up to him, and boxed him
first on one ear and then on the other, quite in the old motherly way.
As for him he never thought of resenting the old lady’s act, or
opposing her will, but drooped his lordly tail, and hastily retreated.
Now that is what I call good family discipline.
This city of Washington is a place where the wits of people are
sharpened, if anywhere, and perhaps even cats and dogs become
uncommonly clever and knowing here. Only yesterday I was told of a
Washington cat which had just been found out in a wonderful trick.
Observing that, when the door-bell rang, the one servant of the
household was obliged to leave the kitchen, she managed to slyly
ring the bell, by jumping up against the wire, and invariably, when
her enemy, the cook, went to the door, she would slip into the
kitchen, and help herself to whatever tempting article of food was
within reach. At last some one watched, and caught her at her secret
“wire-pulling.” Poor puss retired with a drooping tail and a most
dejected aspect, evidently realizing that the game was up.
Another cat I know of was of so amiable and benevolent a
disposition that she actually adopted into her own circle of infant kits
a poor, forlorn little foundling of a rat. As her nursling he grew and
thrived, seeming quite as tame as the others; and when a
mischievous boy set a rat-terrier on him, and so finished him, cat and
kittens really seemed to mourn for their foster son and brother.
KATRINA AND KATINKA.

Once on a time—no matter when—in a certain beautiful city—no
matter where—there lived two lovely twin sisters, with the brightest
eyes, and the cunningest little roly-poly figures, and the slenderest
ears with the softest pink satin lining, and the spryest motions
imaginable. They were brunettes in complexion, with white breasts
and tail-tips, and they were kittens. Katrina and Katinka were their
names, if I remember rightly,—maybe I don’t, but anyhow they might
have had those names, which, to my thinking, are very pretty and
appropriate for kittens.
Well, these same twin pussies were singularly fond of each other,
and more singularly good to each other. They never called names, or
scratched, or spat in each other’s pretty faces, or pulled each other’s
little smellers, or quarrelled over their meals. They were so
marvellously alike that it was always difficult to tell them apart; and
when they slept, as they always did, hugged close in each other’s
arms, you couldn’t have told to save you where one kitten left off and
the other kitten began.
They not only slept, ate, and played together, but, as they grew
older, took their strolls for health and recreation and their mouse-
hunts in the same close and loving companionship. They were very
curious and wide-awake little bodies, and liked to see all they could
of the great, busy world; so every pleasant afternoon, when there
was much driving and walking up and down the fine street on which
they lived, they could be seen strolling down the long walk to the
gate, always exactly side by side,—“neck and neck,” as the horse
people say,—as even in their pace, and as perfectly matched in their
action, as ever were a pair of trained ponies in Hyde Park. Reaching
the gate, they would pause and stand quite still for a half-hour or so,
gravely gazing through the palings at the passers,—pedestrians,
equestrians, and drivers of fast horses,—like a pair of dear little
brigadiers reviewing their brigades marching by. Then, with the air of
having discharged a public duty to the entire satisfaction of the
community, they would wheel exactly together, and again, precisely
neck and neck and tail and tail, trot gently homeward.
So they lived on, in and for each other, almost as much united as if
they had been a pair of small feline female Siamese twins, amiable,
loving, and virtuous, and grew in knowledge and stature up to a
comely young cathood. At last it happened that a very interesting
event occurred to the twin sisters at precisely the same time,—they
became happy mothers, were blessed with three or four fine kittens
apiece. But alas! before the little strangers had got fairly to feel their
legs, before they had got their eyes open, all save one mysteriously
disappeared from each nest. It was one fatal morning when the twin
sisters had slipped out of their happy attic apartment for a little air,—
to take their “Constitutional” in a trot down the long gravel walk to
see how the world would look to them now they were mothers,—that
this kit-napping occurred. When they returned to their families, they
found them strangely thinned out; but they were mothers for all that,
and did not seem to fret much, or abate their maternal pride a jot.
You see the ruling power in the human household in which they were
domesticated, and who was to them as a providence, had ordered a
little hydropathy for their poor, feeble, sprawling, blind darlings,—
beginning with what is called in water-cures “the heroic treatment,” a
cold plunge; and it didn’t agree with them,—it never does with any
but the healthy and hardy patients,—so it was they never came
back. But under the blue waves they sleep well, though never a mew
or a purr comes bubbling up to the surface to tell the spot where they
lie on beds of tangled sea-grass. “Requies-cat in pace,” as old
tombstones say.
The next mournful event in this true family history was the untimely
death of Katrina’s one darling. This had proved to be but a frail
flower of kittenhood; very pretty she was,—“too sweet to live,” people
said. Her constitution was defective, her nervous system was
extremely delicate. Before she was a week old she had something
alarmingly like a fit of catalepsy. Suddenly, while imbibing
nourishment, with her fond mother purring over her, and two or three
children looking on in smiling sympathy, she gave a piteous wild
mew, rolled over on her back, and stuck up her four little legs and
laid out her little tail stiff as a poker! On the ninth day of her little life
she opened her blinking blue eyes on this great wonderful world, in
which she had as good a right to be as you or I; but she didn’t seem
to like the looks of things, for she soon closed those small eyes
again, and never opened them more. Life was evidently too hard a
conundrum for her poor, weak little brain, and she gave it up.
Of course Katrina was greatly afflicted, but she did not abandon
herself utterly to grief. Had not her sister a kitten left? and had not
they two always had every thing in common? So as soon as the
sympathetic children had buried her dead out of her sight under a
lilac-bush, she went straightway to Katinka, and, with her full
consent, began to divide with her the duties and joys of maternity. All
three just cuddled down together in one nest; from mamma or auntie
Master Catkin took nourishment, just as it suited his whim or
convenience, and, as you might suppose, he grew and thrived
astonishingly. So equal and perfect was this partnership in the kitten,
that it was impossible for a stranger to tell which of the two cats was
the real mother. One day all three were brought down to the parlor to
amuse some visitors. Both mammas seemed equally nervous about
having the baby kitten handled, and presently one of them caught it
by the neck,—the cat’s usual, immemorial way of transporting her
young,—and started with it for the attic; when, to the surprise and
immense amusement of all present, the other caught hold of the tail,
and so the two bore it away in triumph.
After this I am afraid the children gave the little kitten rather more
travelling than he liked. It was such fun to see the two anxious cats
following him, mewing, and at the first chance catching him up, and
lugging him home in that absurd manner. Generally the real certain
true mother seized on the head, but sometimes she was
magnanimous enough to yield the post of honor to the aunt, and take
to the tail herself.
So things went on for a few weeks, and then there happened to this
estimable cat-family another sad event,—for this is a tragedy I am
writing, though you may not have suspected it,—Katinka died! What
of has never yet been decided; physicians differed about it, and the
coroner could not make it out. But this much is certain, Katinka died.
The grief of Katrina was and is very affecting to behold. She mopes,
she mews, and her slender tail, which she used to carry erect with
such a jaunty air, droops dolefully. She takes no longer the
“Constitutional” trot down the walk to the front gate. Life seems to
have grown dull and wearisome to her, and the pleasures of mouse-
hunting and tree-climbing appear to have lost their zest. If she
remembers at all the halcyon period when much of her precious time
was spent in a dizzy round of gayety, in a swift pursuit of a ball of
cotton, or a futile pursuit of her own tail, it is in sad wonder that she
could ever have been so merry and thoughtless. She grows thin,
neglects her toilet, and often refuses food; but when the children
offer her catnip, she turns languidly away. If she were acquainted
with Shakespeare, she would doubtless say,—“Canst thou minister
to a mind diseased?” “Throw physic to Bose and Jowler,—I’ll none of
it!”
Friendly cat-neighbors call in occasionally, but they cannot console
her. All the petting of the household fails thus far to make her cheery
and playful as once she was. She is fed on the very “milk of human
kindness,” but grief has licked the cream off.
She seems to find her only consolation in her care and affection for
the motherless catkin, and in his fondness for her. I am sorry to say
that he does not show a very deep sense of his loss; perhaps he is
too young to realize it. His good aunt seems sufficient for all his
needs, and he thrives finely, is fat and jolly, and full of all kittenish
pranks and mischievous tricks. Poor Katrina will have a time with
him, I fear, as he is sadly petted and indulged. Such a lazy rascal as
he is too,—don’t earn the salt of his porridge, that is, if he took it
salted,—and, though quite old enough to “go on the war path,” has
never yet killed his mouse, or brought home a rat’s scalp, or a
ground-squirrel’s brush, or as much as a feather from a tomtit’s wing.
Ah! of all the darlings in the world, an aunty’s darling is the likeliest to
be spoiled.
This is all I know about this curious cat-family. I hope, dear children,
that my true story may not sadden you, for I really wish you, one and
all, the merriest of merry Christmases, and the happiest of happy
New Years.
All I can say in the way of a moral to my little story is: How beautiful
is love! even when shown in the fortunes and sorrows of cats and
kittens, how beautiful is love!
FEATHERED PETS.
OUR COUSINS THE PARROTS.

These strangely interesting birds, according to natural history,
belong to the second bird family, the Psittacidæ. I never knew how
many wonderful and splendid varieties this family contained until I
saw living varieties of all, or nearly all, in the known world, in the
Zoölogical Gardens of London, where they are kept in a great
gallery,—a beautiful parrot paradise, all by themselves. They were a
wonder to behold, but a perfect astonishment to listen to. The
confusion of tongues was something almost distracting. The Tower
of Babel, in its talkingest day, never approached it, I am sure. A large
sewing-circle of elderly ladies might come nearer the mark. The
colors of their plumage I have no words to describe. They fill my
memory with tropic splendors whenever I think of them, to this day.
’Tis strange that but one species of parrots was known to the ancient
Greeks and Romans,—the Parakeet of India,—at least up to the time
of Nero. That gentle prince, with his amiable love of pets, is said to
have sent emissaries far up the Nile to collect new varieties for the
gratification of his royal whim and dainty appetite; for, when the poor
little captives ceased to amuse him by their conversational powers,
he ate them. I hope they lay hard on his stomach, and made him talk
in his sleep!
The early Portuguese navigators found parrots at the Cape of Good
Hope, and at other points on the African coast; and the very first
creatures that welcomed Columbus to the isles of the New World
were Parakeets. The Macaws of South America are very handsome
birds, but not remarkably tractable or agreeable. They are fond of old
friends, but are fierce to strangers, and have a singular dislike to
children. The gray and scarlet parrot, called the Yaco, is a charming
bird for a pet. It is clever and docile, and learns readily to talk,
preferring to imitate the voices of children. The Cockatoos of New
Guinea are very pretty and graceful pets. They do not like to be
caged, but may be safely allowed to have the range of the premises,
as they will immediately come when called; thus setting an excellent
example to rebellious children. The green parrot, most common in
this country, is a native of Africa.
Dear old Dr. Goldsmith, whose Natural History is all out of fashion
now, except with us old folks, tells some amusing stories about
parrots. Among these is an anecdote of a famous fellow, belonging
to King Henry the Seventh, Queen Elizabeth’s grandfather. This bird,
sitting on his perch in the palace-yard at Westminster, used to hear
the talk of gentlemen who came to the river to take boats. And one
day, while overlooking the busy traffic of the Thames, he fell from a
tree into the water; and while there, floating helplessly, he cried: “A
boat! twenty pounds for a boat!” A waterman rescued him, and took
him to the king, demanding his twenty pounds. The king, who was
not remarkably generous, hesitated about giving so large a sum; but
finally agreed to leave the amount of the reward to the parrot. That
ungrateful fellow, who sat on his perch, still shaking the water from
his feathers, when appealed to, turned his head slyly on one side,
and said, “Give the knave a groat” (about fourpence). I hope,
children, you won’t doubt the truth of this story; it isn’t good to get
into sceptical habits of mind in early life.
For many years there lived in the porter’s lodge of the old
Pennsylvania Hospital a distinguished and venerable citizen,—a
parrot of rare cleverness and intelligence. This famous bird belonged
to the porter, and was one of many feathered pets, the chief favorite
and familiar. A remarkable affection and sympathy existed between
these two friends; yet I am sorry to say their relations were not
altogether pleasant and peaceful. Innumerable were their quarrels
and make-ups. The bird was very knowing, and almost
supernaturally gifted as a talker, especially, like some human orators,
in the language of railing and taunting. The old man, his master, had
one deplorable weakness,—he would occasionally drink too much
whiskey; so much that, getting quite beside himself, he would leave
his lodge and his innocent feathered family, and go off on a
desperate spree, which sometimes lasted for days. Now, Master
Paul Parrot thought this weakness, through which he suffered in
loneliness and neglect, very reprehensible and not to be winked at,
and when the fit of dissipation was coming on his master, it is said,
would remonstrate with him, in a friendly way, like a very Mentor.
When this proved in vain, and he saw the misguided old man leave
the lodge for some of his disreputable haunts, he would endeavor to
put a good face on the matter, would hop about on his perch in great
excitement, and call out to the other birds: “The old man has gone on
a spree!—on a spree! He won’t be back for a week! Let’s have a
time. Ha, ha!”
When the old porter came home, this naughty bird would be very apt
to mock and taunt him, calling out: “So you’ve come back,—have
you? O, how drunk you are! Now we’ll have a row.” And there always
was a row; for the indignant porter never failed to beat Mr. Paul, for
his impudence, soundly. Then the bird, seeking the dignified
retirement of the darkest corner of the lodge, sulked and muttered,
till, the old porter’s good-humor returning, he made friendly
overtures. The two were reconciled, and “every thing was lovely”
again.
At length the poor old porter died; and as his successor was no bird-
fancier the feathered family at the lodge was broken up and
dispersed. The clever parrot was kindly treated in a new home; but
he never seemed happy. He evidently missed his old master,—
missed his caresses and his scoldings. Or perhaps he found the
steady goings-on of a moral household too dull for his taste, for
when I went to see him, I found him as glum, stupid, and morose as
an old politician who had had his day. All he would say was, “O you
goose!”
There is another curious parrot in Philadelphia, in a store kept by a
maiden lady whose voice is so exceeding shrill and parrot-like that it
is difficult to tell when she leaves off talking and the parrot begins.
One day, as a customer was examining an article on the counter,
Miss Polly called out: “What are you doing with that? Put it down! put
it down!” The lady looked round very indignantly for the offender,
saying: “Well, ma’am, I must say you have a very impudent child.”
There is in the same city another parrot, who recites a verse of an
old song in a most distinct and triumphant manner:—
“O pretty Polly,
Don’t you cry,
For your true-love
Will come by and by.”
There is in Brooklyn, New York, a parrot that sings many of the
popular airs correctly, and with as much expression as many
fashionable singers give to them. This bird is singularly social and
affectionate, and has a horror of being alone. He will sometimes
awake in the middle of the night, and arouse the household by
crying: “O dear! I am all alone!—all alone! Somebody come to me!”
I have heard much of a clever parrot once kept by some relatives of
ours on an old place in a quiet little village. Mistress Polly had free
range of the house and yard, and throughout the town was as well
known as the oldest inhabitant. Through all the pleasant weather she
haunted the tall trees in front of the house, climbing to the highest
branches, and from there superintending the affairs of the
neighborhood, and making astronomical and meteorological
observations. In the spring and autumn she watched from these lofty
perches the flight of great flocks of pigeons and crows with intense
but decidedly unfriendly interest. She would scream and scold at
them in a most insolent and defiant manner, evidently criticising the
order of their march and all their manœuvres and evolutions, for all
the world like a newspaper editor finding fault with the conduct of
great armies. Doubtless she was astonished and disgusted to see
the great host sweep steadily on, following their leader, paying no
heed to her shrieking, railing, and evil prophecies. Yet she was never
so absorbed by her duties on the watch-tower that she failed to
come to her meals. These she took with the family, perched on the
back of a chair or the corner of the table. She was very fond of
coffee, and was always provided with a cup. She would take it up by
the handle with her claws, and drink from it without spilling a drop. A

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Janet Meadors Fogler

For her companionship, encouragement,

ABOUT THE AUTHOR 33

CHAPTER 1 MOLE BALANCES 35

CHAPTER 2 CONVERSION AND REACTOR SIZING 69

2.5 Reactors in Series 85

CHAPTER 3 RATE LAWS 109

CHAPTER 4 STOICHIOMETRY 151

CHAPTER 5 ISOTHERMAL REACTOR DESIGN: CONVERSION 189

5.3 Continuous-Stirred Tank Reactors (CSTRs) 202

CHAPTER 6 ISOTHERMAL REACTOR DESIGN:

CHAPTER 7 COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS OF RATE DATA 303

7.6 Reaction-Rate Data from Differential Reactors 324

CHAPTER 8 MULTIPLE REACTIONS 343

CHAPTER 9 REACTION MECHANISMS, PATHWAYS, BIOREACTIONS,

9.3 Inhibition of Enzyme Reactions 425

CHAPTER 10 CATALYSIS AND CATALYTIC REACTORS 475

10.5 Reaction Engineering in Microelectronic Fabrication 524

CHAPTER 11 NONISOTHERMAL REACTOR DESIGN: THE STEADY-

CHAPTER 12 STEADY-STATE NONISOTHERMAL REACTOR

12.3 Examples of the Algorithm for PFR/PBR Design with

CHAPTER 13 UNSTEADY-STATE NONISOTHERMAL REACTOR DESIGN 715

CHAPTER 14 MASS TRANSFER LIMITATIONS IN REACTING SYSTEMS 773

14.3 Modeling Diffusion with Chemical Reaction 782

CHAPTER 15 DIFFUSION AND REACTION 825

CHAPTER 16 RESIDENCE TIME DISTRIBUTIONS OF CHEMICAL REACTORS 877

CHAPTER 17 PREDICTING CONVERSION DIRECTLY FROM THE

CHAPTER 18 MODELS FOR NONIDEAL REACTORS 963

APPENDIX A NUMERICAL TECHNIQUES 1025

APPENDIX B IDEAL GAS CONSTANT AND CONVERSION FACTORS 1033

APPENDIX C THERMODYNAMIC RELATIONSHIPS INVOLVING

APPENDIX D SOFTWARE PACKAGES 1043

APPENDIX E RATE-LAW DATA 1049

APPENDIX F NOMENCLATURE 1051

APPENDIX G OPEN-ENDED PROBLEMS 1055

APPENDIX H USE OF COMPUTATIONAL CHEMISTRY SOFTWARE PACKAGES 1059

APPENDIX I HOW TO USE THE CRE WEB RESOURCES 1061

The man who has ceased to learn ought not to be allowed

A. Who Is the Intended Audience?

1 This Introduction is a condensed version of the full Preface/Introduction found on the

B. What Are the Goals of This Book?

B.1 To Have Fun Learning Chemical Reaction Engineering (CRE)

B.2 To Develop a Fundamental Understanding of Reaction

B.3 To Enhance Thinking Skills

C. What Is the Structure of CRE?

The strategy behind the presentation of material is to build continually on a

Figure I-1 Building blocks.

Mole Balance + Rate Laws + Stoichiometry + Energy Balance + Combine → Solution

D. What Are the Components of the CRE Web Site?

Figure I-2 Screen shot of the book’s companion Web site

The objectives of the Web site are fourfold: