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y A f(x)
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b z y
f(x) dx
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y A f(x)
x first octant a b
xy-plane b
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Integral Calculus, 3D Geometry & Vector Booster

11 March 2017 11:32:07 AM
Integral Calculus, 3D
Geometry &
Vector Booster
with Problems & Solutions
JEE
Main and Advanced
About the Author
REJAUL MAKSHUD (RM)
Post Graduated from Calcutta University in PURE MATHEMATICS.
Presently, he trains IIT Aspirants at RACE IIT Academy, Jamshedpur.
Integral Calculus, 3D
Geometry &
Vector Booster
with Problems & Solutions
JEE
Main and Advanced
Rejaul Makshud
M. Sc. (Calcutta University, Kolkata)
McGraw Hill Education (India) Private Limited

chennai
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Integral Calculus, 3D Geometry & Vector Booster
Copyright © 2017, McGraw Hill Education (India) Private Limited.
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ISBN (10): 93-5260-576-4
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Dedicated to
My Beloved Mom and Dad
Preface
INTEGRAL CALCULUS, 3D GEOMETRY & VECTOR BOOSTER with Problems & Solutions for JEE Main and Advanced
is meant for aspirants preparing for the entrance examinations of different technical institutions, especially NIT/IIT/BITSAT/
IISc. In writing this book, I have drawn heavily from my long teaching experience at National Level Institutes. After many
years of teaching I have realised the need of designing a book that will help the readers to build their base, improve their
level of mathematical concepts and enjoy the subject.
This book is designed keeping in view the new pattern of questions asked in JEE Main and Advanced Exams. It has
six chapters. Each chapter has the concept booster followed by a large number of exercises with the exact solutions to the
problems as given below:
Level - I : Problems based on Fundamentals

Level - II : Mixed Problems (Objective Type Questions)
Level - III : Problems for JEE Advanced
Level - IV : Tougher problems for JEE Advanced
(0.......9) : Integer type Questions
Passages : Comprehensive Link Passages
Matching : Matrix Match
Reasoning : Assertion and Reason
Previous years’ papers : Questions asked in Previous Years’ IIT-JEE Exams
Remember friends, no problem in mathematics is difficult. Once you understand the concept, they will become easy.
So please don’t jump to exercise problems before you go through the Concept Booster and the objectives. Once you are
confident in the theory part, attempt the exercises. The exercise problems are arranged in a manner that they gradually
require advanced thinking.
I hope this book will help you to build your base, enjoy the subject and improve your confidence to tackle any type of
problem easily and skillfully.
My special thanks goes to Mr. M.P. Singh (IISc. Bangalore), Mr. Yogesh Sindhwani (Head of School, Lancers
International School, Gurugram), Mr. Manoj Kumar (IIT, Delhi), Mr. Nazre Hussain (B. Tech.), Dr. Syed Kashan Ali
(MBBS) and Mr. Shahid Iyqbal, who have helped, inspired and motivated me to accomplish this task. As a matter of fact,
teaching being the best learning process, I must thank all my students who inspired me most for writing this book.
I would like to convey my affectionate thanks to my wife, who helped me immensely and my children who bore with
patience my neglect during the period I remained devoted to this book.
I also convey my sincere thanks to Mr Biswajit Das of McGraw Hill Education for publishing this book in such a
beautiful format.
viii Preface
I owe a special debt of gratitude to my father and elder brother, who taught me the first lesson of Mathematics and
to all my learned teachers— Mr. Swapan Halder, Mr. Jadunandan Mishra, Mr. Mahadev Roy and Mr. Dilip Bhattacharya,
who instilled the value of quality teaching in me.
I have tried my best to keep this book error-free. I shall be grateful to the readers for their constructive suggestions
toward the improvement of the book.
Rejaul Makshud
M. Sc. (Calcutta University, Kolkata)
Contents
Preface vii
1. Indefinite Integrals 1.1–1.161

Definition 1.1
Geometrical interpretation of Integration 1.1
Basic formulae on integration 1.1
Standard Methods of Integration 1.2
Integration by Parts 1.5
Choice of the first function and the second function 1.5
Partial Fractions 1.6
Integration of Irrational Functions 1.8
Euler’s Substitution 1.9
Integration by Reduction Formula 1.9
Inexpressible integrals 1.12
Exercises 1.12
Answers 1.39
Hints and Solutions 1.41
2. Definite Integrals 2.1–2.131

What is definite Integral? 2.1
Evaluation of Definite Integrals 2.1
Evaluation of definite integrals by substitution 2.1
Geometrical interpretation of definite integral 2.1
Definite integral as the limit of sum 2.2
Evaluation of the limit of the sum using Newton-Leibnitz Formula 2.2
Properties of Definite Integrals 2.2
Mean Value of a Function over an Interval 2.7
Improper Integrals 2.7
Gamma Function 2.7
Beta Function 2.7
Walli’s Formula 2.7
Exercises 2.8
Answers 2.37
x Contents
3. Area Bounded by the Curves 3.1–3.62

Rules to Draw Different Types of Curves 3.1
Area of the Cartesian Curve 3.2
area of the region bounded by a single curve and the co-ordinate axes 3.2
Area between two curves 3.3
Area of the region bounded by the several curves 3.4
Least value of a variable area 3.4
Exercises 3.4
Answers 3.17
4. Differential Equation 4.1–4.103

Introduction 4.1
Definition 4.1
Ordinary Differential Equation 4.1
Partial differential equation 4.2
Order of a differential equation 4.2
Degree of a differential equation 4.2
Linear and non-linear differential equation 4.3
Formation of a differential equation 4.3
Differential equation of first order and first degree 4.3
Orthogonal Tragectories 4.6
First Order Higher Degree Differential Equation 4.6
Higher Order Differential Equation 4.7
Applications of Differential Equation 4.8
Exercises 4.9
Answers 4.26
5. Vectors 5.1–5.80
Introduction 5.1
Physical quantities 5.1
Representation of vectors 5.1
types of vectors 5.2
Algebra of vectors 5.3
Left and right handed orientation 5.4
Position vector of a point in a space 5.4
Linear Combination 5.4
Linearly dependent vectors 5.4
Linearly independent vectors 5.4
Section formulae 5.4
Bisector of angle between vectors A and b 5.6
straight line 5.6
Plane 5.6
Definition 5.7
Geometrical interpretation of a ◊ b 5.7
Properties of dot product
__›
of two vectors 5.7 _ _›
Component of a vector B along and perpendicular to vector A
5.8
Contents xi
Physical significance of the dot prodcut of two vectors 5.8

Introduction 5.9 _›
_
›
Geometrical Interpretation of a × b 5.9
Properties of vector product of two vectors 5.9
Introduction 5.10
Properties of scalar triple product of vectors 5.10
Introduction 5.11
Geometrical significance of a × (b × c) 5.11
Explanation of Vector Triple Product 5.11
Properties of vector triple product 5.11
Scaler product of four vectors 5.12
Vector product of four vectors 5.13
Geometrical interpretation of (a × b) × (c × d) 5.13
Reciprocal system of vectors 5.13
Exercises 5.15
Answers 5.35
6. 3D-Co-ordinate Geometry 6.1–6.69

Introduction 6.1
Rectangular co-ordinate system 6.1
Position vector of a point in a space 6.1
Distance between two points in space 6.2
Section formulae 6.2
Direction cosines and direction ratios of a vector or a line 6.3
Definition 6.4
Equation of a line passing thorugh a point and parallel to a vector 6.4
Equation of a Line Passing Through Two Points A (r1) and B (r2) is r = r1 + l(r2 – r1) 6.5
Angle between two straight lines 6.5
Skew lines 6.5
Definition 6.5
General Form 6.5
Equation of a plane passing through a point (x, y, z,) 6.6
Equation of a plane passing through three non-collinear points 6.6
Coplanarity of four points 6.6
Intercept form of a plane 6.6
Normal to a plane 6.6
Vector form 6.6
Equation of a plane in normal form 6.6
Normal form of a Plane 6.7
Theorem 6.7
Angle between two planes 6.7
Angle between a line and a plane 6.7
Equation of a plane parallel to a given plane 6.7
Equation of a plane parallel to the axes 6.7
Equation of a plane passing thorugh (x1, y1, z1), (x2, y2, z2) and parallel to the line having
direction ratios a, b, c 6.8
xii Contents
Equation of the plane passing through a point (x 1, y1, z1) and parallel to two lines
having direction ratios (a1, b1, c1) and (a2, b2, c2) is 6.8
Equation of a plane passing through the line of intersection of planes 6.8
Distance of a point from a plane 6.9
Distance between two parallel planes 6.9
Sides of a plane 6.9
Intersection of a line and a plane 6.9
Condition for a line to lie in a plane 6.9
Condition of coplanarity of two lines 6.9
Equation of the planes bisecting the angle between the planes 6.9
Bisector of the acute and obtuse angles between two planes 6.9
Foot of perpendicular of a point w.r.t. a plane 6.10
Image of a point w.r.t. a plane 6.10
Equation of the plane containing a given line and parallel to a given line 6.10
Equation of the plane containing two given lines 6.10
Exercises 6.10
Answers 6.24
Chapter
1 Indefinite Integrals
Concept Booster 3.
1__
Ú  ___
__
  dx = 2 ÷x + c
÷x
Formula 3
1. Definition
The inverse process of differentiation is called integration.
1. Ú sin x dx = – cos x + c
d
Let g (x) be a differentiable function of x such that  ___ 2. Ú cos x dx = sin x + c
dx
(g(x) + c) = f (x).
Then (x) dx = g(x) + c.
3. Ú sec2 x dx = tan x + c
Thus g(x) is called a primitive or anti-derivative or an 4. Ú cosec2 x dx = – cot x + c
indefinite integral or simply integral of f (x) with respect to
x, where f (x) is called the integrand, c is called the constant 5. Ú sec x ◊ tan x dx = sec x + c
of integration.
6. Ú cosec x ◊ cot dx = – cosec x + c
2. Geometrical interpretation of Integration
Formula 4
Let f (x) be a given continuous function and g(x) one of its dx
anti-derivatives such that y = (x) dx = g(x) + c.
1. Ú ______
  _____   = sin– 1 x + c
÷ 1 – x2 
If y = (x) dx = g(x) + c, then y = g(x) + c represents dx
2. Ú _____
 
1 + x2
  = tan– 1 x + c
3. Basic formulae on integration dx

3. Ú ________
  _____   = sec– 1 x + c
Formula 1 |x|÷x2 – 1 
n+1
x
1. Ú xndx = n_____  
+1
  + c Type 1: Integrals of the form
dx
2. Ú 0 . dx = c Ú  _______
1 ± sin x
3. Ú k . dx = kx + c   (
sin x
Ú _______ )
  dx,
1 ± sin x
4. Ú  __1x . dx = log |x| + c dx
Ú  ________ ,
5. Ú ex = ex + c 1 ± cos x
ax
6. Ú ax dx = ____  
log a
+ c   (
cos x
Ú ________   dx, )
1 ± cos x
Formula 2
sec x dx
1 1 Ú  ___________
  ,
1. Ú  __2  dx = –  __
x + c sec x ± tan x
x
__ 2 cosec x
2. Ú ÷x dx = __    x3/2 + c Ú  _____________
     dx
3 cosec x ± cot x
1.2 Integral Calculus, 3D Geometry & Vector Booster
cos x
Rule: Simply rationalize the denominator. 2. Ú cot x dx = Ú  ____ dx
( )
f (x) sin x
Type 2: Integrals of the form Ú  ____   dx, = log |sin x| + c
g (x)
sec x(sec x + tan x)
where f (x) and g(x) be two polynomials such that deg of 3. Ú sec x dx = Ú  ________________
  
     dx
f(x) ≥ deg of g(x). (sec x + tan x)
Rule: Simply divide the numerator by the denominator. = log |sec x + tan x| + c
Type 3: An integral is related to inverse trigonometric
functions.
|
1 + sin x
= log  ________
cos x   + c |
| |
p
Rule: Simply write the simplest form of the expression
under the inverse term.
1 + cos __
= log  ______________
(
    – x
2
    
)
   + c
p
4. Standard Methods of Integration
__
(
sin     – x
2 )
|| |
p x
There is no general method to find the integral of a function.
If the integral is not a derivative of some known functions,
2cos2 __
= log  _____________________
(
    – __
4 2
      
     )    + c
p x p x
the corresponding integrals cannot be determined. In general,
we use the following three types of integration:
2 sin __ (
    – __
4 2 ) (
     cos __
    – __
4 2 )
    
(i) Integration by substitution

(ii) Integration by parts
( )|
p x
= log cot __
    – __
4 2
       + c
(iii) Integration by partial fractions.

Now we shall discuss about the integration by the sub-

|  p2  – ( __ p4  – __ 2x  ) ) | + c
= log tan ( __
stitution method.
Type 4: Integrals of the form Ú f (ax + b) dx

|  p4  + __ 2x  ) | + c
= log tan ( __
cosec x(cosec x – cot x)

Rule: Simply put a x + b = t. 4. Ú cosec x dx = Ú  ____________________
      
(cosec x – cot x)
 dx
Type 5: Integrals of the form = log |cosec x – cot x| + c
dx
Ú  _________________
| |
   .
______   ______ 1 – cos x
ax + b   ± ÷
÷ ax – d = log  _______  + c
sin x
|| |
Rule: Simply rationalize the denominator.
Type 6: Integrals of the form

2sin2 __
= log ______________
 
( ) x
    
  
2
   x    + c

____ f (x)
Ú f (x) ÷g(x)  dx, Ú  _____
____  dx.
÷g(x) 
2 sin __() ()
2
x
     cos __     
2
Rule: Put g(x) = t2

x
= log tan __ ( )|
       + c
2
f ¢(x)
Type 7: Integrals of the form Ú  ____  dx Type 8: Integrals of the form
f(x)
Rule: Put f (x) = t Ú (f (x))n ◊ f ¢(x) dx
Formula 5
Rule: Put f (x) = t
1. Ú tan x dx = log |sec x| + c Type 9: Integrals of the form
2. Ú cot x dx = log |sec x| + c Ú sinm x cos nx dx, where m and n are real numbers.
3. Ú sec x dx = log |sec x + tan x| + c Case I: When m is odd and n is even

|
p
= log tan __
4 2 (
    + __
x
)|
       + c
4. Ú cosec x dx = log |cosec x – cot x| + c
Rule: Put cos x = t
Case II: When m is even and n is odd
= log tan __
x
| ( )|
       + c.
2
Rule:
Case
put sin x = t.
III: When m and n both are odd
Proof Rule: Put either sin x = t or cos x = t
sin x
1. Ú tan x dx = Ú  ____
cos x dx Case IV: When m and n both are even
= – log |cos x| + c Rule: In this case, we shall use the following formulae:
= log |sec x| + c
Indefinite Integrals 1.3
1 + cos 2x = 2 cos2x d (Denominator) = Numerator + k

or 1 – cos 2x = 2 sin x. 2 2. Then separate the Numerator into two terms and
use
Case V: When m is odd and n is zero
dx
Rule: put cos x = t Ú  x______
2
± a2
 .
Case VI: When m is zero and n is odd
Rule: Put sin x = t Type 12: Integrals of the form
Case VII: When m is even and n is zero. dx
Ú  ____________
   .
___________
Rule: In this case we shall use the following formulae: ÷ax + bx   
2
+ c
1 + cos 2x = 2 cos2x Rules
1 – cos 2x = 2sin2x. 1. Make the coefficient of x2 unity.
Case VIII: When m is zero and n is even 2. Express the term under the square root as a sum or
difference of two perfect squares.
Rule: In this case, we shall use the following formulae:
dx dx
1 + cos 2x = 2 cos2x 3. Use Ú  ______
2 2
  or Ú  _______
______  
x ±a ÷a – x2 
2
1 – cos 2x = 2 sin2x. _______
Case IX: When m + n = – ve even integer | | x
x2 ± a2   + c or sin–1 __
= log x + ÷ ( )
 a   + c
= – 2k (say), where k Œ N
Rules
1. Divide the numerator and denominator by cos2k x f ¢(x)dx
Ú  ____________________
     ,
  
___________________
2. Put tan x = t. ÷a{f (x)} ±    
2
b{f (x)} ± c
Formula 6 dx
dx 1 x i.e. reducible to Ú  ____________
   
___________
1. Ú  ______
x2 + a2 a
  = __ ( )
  tan– 1 __
 a   + c ÷ax + bx   
2
+ c
Rules
2. 2
dx
Ú  x______
–a 2
1
  = ___
| x + a|
x–a
  log  _____   + c
2a 1. Put f (x) = t
_______ 2. Apply (Type 12)
______   = log | x + ÷
x2 + a2  | + c
dx
3. Ú  _______ Type 14: Integrals of the form
÷x + a  
2 2
______ px + q
4. ______  = log | x + ÷x2 – a2  | + c.
dx
Ú  ________ Ú  _____________
    dx
___________
÷x – a  
2 2 ÷ax + bx   
2
+ c
dx x Rules
5. ______  = sin– 1 ( __
Ú  ________  a  ) + C. 1. Reduce the term under the square root in such a way
÷a – x  
2 2
that
Note: You should keep in mind that, the coefficient of x2 d (ax2 + bx + c) = numerator + k
must be unity every time. If not, first we make the co-
efficient of x2 be unity. 2. Separate the numerator into two terms and use
_______
dx
Type 10: Integrals of the form Ú  ___________
  
ax2 + bx + c

dx
Ú  ________ |
______   = log x + ÷x2 ± a2   + c|
÷ x ± a2 
2
Rules
1. Make the co-efficient of 2 unity
dx
2. Express the denominator as a sum or difference of
two perfect squares.
Ú  ______________
2
  ,
a sin x + b cos2x
Type 11: Integrals is of the form
dx dx
px + q Ú  a_________ , Ú  _________ ,
± b sin2x a ± b cos2x
Ú  ___________
2
   dx.
ax + bx + c
dx
Rules Ú  __________________
2
   2  ,
a sin x ± b cos x ± c
1. Reduce the denominator in such a way that
dx Rules
Ú  (a
_______________     ,
sin x ± b cos x)2 1. Divide
______
the numerator and the denominator by
dx ÷a2 + b2
Ú  ____________________________
    
  
(a sin x ± b cos x)(c sin x ± d cos x)
 ,
2. Reduce the denominator as sin (A ± B) or
 
dx cos (A ± B)
Ú  __________
  .
a + b sin2x 3. use
Rules

| p
Ú sec x dx = log tan __ (
    + __
4 2
x
)|
       + c
| ( )|
1. Divide the numerator and denominator by the highest
power of cos x. or Ú cosec x dx = log tan __ 2x     + c
2. Put tan x = t. Type 19: Integrals of the form
Type 16: Integrals of the form a sin x + b cos x
Ú  _____________
   dx.
  
c sin x + d cos x
sin x cos x
Ú  _______
sin 3x dx Ú cos 3x dx
,  ________ Rules
1. Write the numerator = l (denominator) +
Rules
m (denominator).
1. First we cancel the common factors from the
2. Compare the coefficients of sin x and cos x
numerator and the denominator.
3. Solve for l and m.
2. Divide the numerator and the denominator by
cos2x. Type 20: Integrals of the form
3. Put tan x = t. a sin x + b cos x + c
Ú  ________________
   dx.
p sin x + q cos x + r
Rules
dx dx
Ú  _____________
a cos x + b sin x Ú a + b sin x
  ,  _________ , 1. Write numerator = l (denominator) + m (denomina-
tor) + n
dx dx 2. Compare the coefficient of sin x, cos x and the contant
Ú  a_________
+ b cos x Ú a cos x + b sin x + c
,  ________________
      . term.
3. Find the values of l, m and n.
Rules
1. Replace sin x by ___________

 
2
x
2 tan __
  
()
    

(cos x ± sin x)
Ú  ___________
  
  dx
x  , f (sin2x)
2 __
1 + tan     
2 () Rules
1. Put sin x ± cos x = t

1 – tan __
cos x by ___________
    
2
x
2
()
     2. Use (sin x ± cos x)2 = 1 ± sin2 x
x  .
1 + tan2 __ ()
    
2
2
x +1
Ú ___________
     dx,
2. Replace 1 + tan __ 2 x
() x
     in the numerator by sec2 __
2 ()
    
2 x4 ± l x2 + 1
2
3. Put
x
tan __ ()
     = t
2
4
x –1
Ú ___________
2
x ± lx + 1
dx
     dx, Ú  ___________
    ,
x ± lx2 + 1
4
dx dx
4. Use Ú  _______  or Ú  ______  . where l ŒR
x2 + a2 x2 – a2
Rules
Type 18: Integrals of the form 1. Divide the numerator and the denominator by x2.
dx 2. Reduce the denominator in such way that
Ú  _____________
   ,
a cos x + b sin x
_______
( 1
d x ± __ )
 x   = numerator ± k
dx
where 0 < ÷a2 + b2  £ 2 3. Use Ú  _______  .
x ± a2
2
Type 23: Integrals of the form Type 24: Integrals of the form
Ú tan x dx, Ú cot x dx Ú ex {f (x) + f ¢(x)} dx = ex f (x) + c
Ú (tan x + cot x) dx Type 25: Integrals of the form
Ú ex {( f + g) + ( f ¢ + g¢ )} dx = ex ( f + g) + c
Ú (tan x – cot x) dx.
Rules
1. Put tan x or cot x = t2
Ú ekx {k f (x) + f ¢(x)} dx = ekx f (x) + c
2. Apply the form 24. Type 27: Integrals of the form
5. Integration by Parts Ú eax sin bx dx, Ú eax cos bx dx.

If u and v be two functions of x, then
Rule 1 Ú eax sin bx dx
du
Ú (u v) dx = u Ú v dx – Ú ___
dx {
  Ú v. dx dx }   2
eax
= _______  (a sin bx – b cos bx) + c
a + b2
Proof: We know that,
d Rule 2 Ú eax cos bx dx.
 ___ ( f (x).g(x)) = f (x) . g¢(x) + g(x) . f ¢(x)
dx eax
=  _______ (a cos bx – b sin bx) + c
a2 + b2
fi Ú [f (x) . g¢(x) + g(x) . f ¢(x)] dx = f (x) . g(x)
Proof: Let u = Ú eax cos bx dx
fi Ú ( f (x) . g¢(x)dx
and v = Ú eax sin bx dx
= f (x) g(x) – Ú g(x) . f ¢(x)dx
Then u + iv
d
Put f (x) = u, and ___
  [g(x)] = v
dx = Ú eax cos bx dx + i Ú eax sin bx dx
fi Ú v dx = g(x) = Ú eax (cos bx + i sin bx) dx
= Ú eax◊ eibxdx
Thus, Ú (u v) dx = u Ú v dx – Ú { ___
  Ú v . dv } dx.
du
dv

i.e. the integral of the product of two function = Ú eax + ibxdx

= (First function) × (Integral of the second func-
= Ú e(a + ib)xdx
tion) – Integral of [(derivative of the first func-
tion) × (Integral of the second function)] e(a + ib)x
= ______
  + c
6. Choice of the first function and the second function a + ib
1. We can choose the first fnction as the function which (a – ib)e(a + ib)x
= _____________
      
  + c
comes first in the word ILATE, where (a2 + b2)
I stands for inverse trigonometric functions Comparing the real and imaginary part, we get the required
L stands for logarithmic functions result.
A stands for algebraic functions Formula 7
T stands for trigonometric functions ______ ______ 2
E stands for exponential functions. 1. Ú ÷a2 – x2  dx = __ 2x  ÷a2 – x2  + __
a
2
x
    sin– 1 ( __
 a  ) + c
_______
2. If the integrand be logarithmic functions or inverse
trigonometric functions alone, take the second func- 2. Ú ÷x2 + a2  dx _______ ______
a2
tion as unity.
______ 2
x 2
=  __  ÷
x + a2  + __
2
| |
    log x + ÷x2 – a2   + c
3. If both the functions are trigonometric, consider the
second function, whose integral being simpler and 3. Ú ÷x2 – a2  dx
_______ ______
a2
the other as the first function.
x
=  __  ÷x2 – a2  –
2
__ |
    log x + ÷
2
|
x2 – a2   + c
Proof: ______ ______

a2
______ = x ÷x2 – a2  – Ú ÷x2 – a2  dx – Ú  ________
______  dx
1. Let I = Ú ÷a2 – x2  dx ÷ x2 – a2  
______ ______
|
= x ÷x2 – a2  – I – a2 log x + ÷ |
x2 – a2   + c
( )
______
1 ______
× – 2x
fi I = ÷a2 – x2  Ú dx – Ú  ________   ◊ x dx
2 ÷a2 – x2  ______ ______
______ fi |
2I = x ÷x2 – a2  – a2 log x + ÷ |
x2 – a2   + c
fi
(
I = x ÷a2 – x2  + Ú x ________
2
2
  _______   dx
÷ a – x2  ) fi
x
I = __
______
a2
    ÷x2 – a2  – __ |
    log x + ÷
______
|
x2 – a2   + c
( )
______ 2 2
(a2 – x2) – a2
fi I = x ÷a2 – x2  – Ú  ____________
  
______  
   dx Type 28: Integrals of the form
÷ a2 – x2 
___________
______ ______
fi I = x ÷a – x  – Ú ÷a – x   dx + a Ú  _______
2 2 2 2 dx2
______ 
Ú ÷ax2 + bx    + c  dx
÷ a – x   Rules
2 2
______
1. First we make the coefficient of x2 unity
fi I = x ÷a2 – x2  – I + a2 sin–1  __
x
a   +( )
C
2. Express the term under the square root as a sum or
______
fi 2 2 2 – 1 __x
2I = x ÷a – x   + a sin  a   + c ( ) difference of two perfect squares.
_______ ______
______ 2 3. Use Ú ÷
x2
± a 2
 
d x or Ú ÷
a2 – x2  dx
fi
x
I = __
2
2 a
a – x   + __
    ÷ 2
2
–1
a
x
    sin  __   + ( )
c
______ Type 29: Integrals of the form
2. Let I = Ú ÷x2 + a2  dx ___________
Ú ( px + q) ÷ ax2 + bx  
+ c dx
( )
_______
1_______
× 2x
= ÷x2 + a2  Ú dx – Ú  _________  ◊ x dx Rules
2 ÷x2 + a2  1. Reduce (px + q) as a derivative of (ax2 + bx + c)
( )
_______
x2
= x ÷x2 + a2  – Ú _______
  ______    dx 2. Use
______ _______
÷ x2 – a2  Ú ÷a2 – x2  dx Ú ÷x2 ± a2  dx.
( )
_______
(x2 + a2) – a2
= x ÷x2 + a2  – Ú  ____________
  
______  
   dx 7. Partial Fractions
÷ x2 + a2  A special type of Aational (proper) function is known as the
_______ _______
a dx partial fraction, where the degree of the numerator < degree
2
= x ÷x2 + a2  – Ú ÷x2 + a2  dx + Ú  _______
______  
of denominator.
÷x2 + a2 
______ ______ f (x)
= x ÷x2 + a2  – I + a2 log x + ÷ |
x2 + a2   + c Let |
h (x) = ____
   .
g(x)
_______ ______
fi |
2I = x ÷x2 + a2  + a2 log x + ÷x2 + a2   + c | Type I: When the denominator is expressible as the product
of non-repeating linear factors.
_______ _______
x 2 a2 Let g(x) = (x – a1) (x – a2) (x – a3) ... (x – an)
fi I = __ x + a2  + __
    ÷     log |x + ÷
x2 + a2 | + c
2 2 f (x)
______ Then ____
   
3. Let I = Ú ÷x – a   dx
2 2 g(x)
A1 A2 A3 An
( )
______
1______
× 2x = _______
    + _______
    + _______
    + ... + _______
   
= ÷x2 – a2  Ú dx – Ú  ________   ◊ x dx (x – a1) (x – a2) (x – a3) (x – an)
2÷x2 – a2 
where A1, A2, ..., An are constant and can be determined by
( )
______
x2 equating the numerator on RHS to the numerator on LHS
= x ÷x – a   – Ú _______
2 2
  ______    dx
and then substituting x = a1, a2, a3, ..., an
÷ x2 – a2 
Type II: When the denominator is expressible as the product
( ) of linear factors such that some of them are repeating.

______
(x2 – a2) + a2
= x ÷x2 – a2  – Ú  ____________
  
______  
   dx
÷ x2 – a2  Let g(x) = (x – a1)k(x – a2)(x – a3)...(x – an)
f (x) A1 A1 A1 Rules
Then  ____  =  _______   +  _______2  + ... + _______
 
g(x) (x – a1) (x – a1) (x – a1)k 1. If m is even or odd integer and n is even positive
B1 B2 Bn integer, put cot x = t.
+  _______   +  _______   + ... + _______
    2. If m is odd positive integer and n Œ even positive
(x – a2) (x – a3) (x – an)
integer, put cosec x = t.
Type III: When the denominator is expressible as the 3. If m = 0 and n = 2 r + 1, " r Œ N, write
product of linear and quadratic factors but non-repeating.
Ú cosec2r + 1x dx = Ú cosec2r – 1x . cosec2x dx
Let g(x) = (x – a1)(x – a2)(x – a3) ... (ax2 – bx + c)
f (x) A1 A2 A3 and then integrate it by parts, where consider cosec2x

Then  ____  = _______
    + _______
    + _______
    as the first function. consider sec2x as the second
g(x) (x – a1) (x – a2) (x – a3)
function.
Bx + C
+ ... +  ___________
   Type 3: Integrals of the form
ax2 + bx + c
dx dx
Type IV: Integrals of the form
Ú  ________
x(xn + 1)
 , Ú  ____________
  
(n – 1)
______
 ,
2 n   n
x (x + 1)
2
x
Ú  ______________
     dx
(x + a)(x2 + b)
2
dx
Ú  ___________
  , where n Œ N
x (1 + xn)1/n
n
Rules
Rules
1. Put x2 = t
1. Take common xn from the denominator.
2. Donot find its derivative
3. Use the concept of partial fractions. 2. Put 1 + x– n = t.
Type V: Integrals of the form Type 4: Integrals of the form

m
x
(x2 + a)(x2 + b) Ú  ________
(ax + b)n
dx, where m, n ŒN
Ú  ______________
  
     dx
(x2 + c)(x2 + d)
Rule put ax + b = t.
Rules
1. Put x2 = t Type 5: Integrals of the form
2. Do not find its derivative dx
Ú  __________
  , where m, n ŒN
3. Reduce it into a partial fraction (degree of the numer- xm(ax + b)n
ator < Degree of denominator)
4. Use the concept of partial fractions.
ax + b
Rule put ______ (
  x   = t )
Advanced Level Type 6: Integrals of the form
dx
Type 1: Integrals of the form Ú  (x_____________
  , where m, n ŒN
– a)n(x – b)n
Ú tanmx . secnx dx Rules
Rules (x–a
1. _____
 
x–b )
  = t, when m < n
1. If is even or odd integer and n is even positive
integer, put tan x = t (x–b
2. _____ )
 x – a   = t, when m > n
2. If m is odd positive integer and n Œ even positive
integer, put sec x = t. Type 7: Integrals of the form
3. If m = 0 and n = 2 r + 1, " r Œ N, write dx
Ú  _________
x(a + bx n)
 , where n ŒN
Ú sec2r + 1x dx = Ú sec2r – 1x . sec2x dx Rule: put

1
xn = __
 
t
and then integrate it by parts, where Type 8: Integrals of the form
2m + 1
x
Ú cotmx . cosecnx dx Ú  (ax
________
2
+ b)n
dx
Rule Put (a x2 + b) = t Rule Put (ax + b) = t p, where p is the LCM of m and n.

Type 9: Integrals of the form Type 3: Integrals of the form
(a sin x + b) dx_____
Ú  ___________
    dx
  
(a + b sin x)2
Ú  __________
   
1 ÷
L (x) L (x) 
2
Rules Rule Put L2(x) = t 2

1. Divide the numerator and the denominator by cos2x
2. Put a sec x + b tan x = t.
dx_____
Type 10: Integrals of the form Ú  _________
   
(a cos x + b) ÷
Q(x) L (x) 
Ú  ____________
    dx
  
(a + b cos x)2 Rule Put L(x) = t2
Rules Type 5: Integrals of the form
1. Divide the numerator and the denominator by sin2x
dx_____
2. Put a cosec x + b cot x = t. Ú  __________
   
Type 11: Integrals of the form ÷
L (x) Q (x) 
1
dx Rule Put L (x) = __
 
Ú  (a
___________    
+ b sin x)2
t
a sin x + b
Rule Put  _________ = t dx_____
a + b sin x Ú  ___________
   
1 ÷
Q (x) Q (x) 2
1 Q2(x)
dx Rule Put x = __
  or t2 = _____
   
Ú  (a
___________    
+ b cos x)2
t Q1(x)
Rule put   (
a cos x + b
t = __________
    
a + b cos x )
______ n
Ú { f ( x ± ÷x2 + a2  )  } dx
Type 13: Integrals of the form ______
Rule Put ( x ± ÷x2 + a2  ) = t
( )
x –x
ae + be
Ú __________
  x      dx
  
p e + q e– x Type 8: Integrals of the form
Rules dx
1. Express the numerator = l (Denominator)
Ú  __________
  , where m + p = N
xm(a + bx)p
+ m × derivative of (Denominator) and m+p>1
2. Compare the coefficients of ex and e– x
Rule Put a + bx = t x.
3. Find l and m.
8. Integration of Irrational Functions
dx
Type 1: Integrals of the form Ú  _____________
  , where m, n ŒR
L (x))m(L (x))n
1 2
( ( ))
a
ax + b __  
Ú f x, ______
    n   dx, Rules
cx + d
L1(x)
where a, b, c, d, a , ŒR 1. If n > m, Put  _____  = t
L2(x)
ax + b
Rule Put ______
 
cx + d (
  = t n ) L 2 (x)
2. If m > n, Put  _____  = t
L 1(x)
dx
Type 10: Integrals of the form Ú  ________
______  
Ú f ( x, (ax + b) a /n
, (ax + b) b /m
) dx, x ÷axn + b
Rule Put axn + b = t2
where m, n are positive integers.
___________
Type 11: Integrals of the form Ú R ( x, ÷ax 2 + bx  
+ c  ) dx
dx
Ú  (a__________
     where a, b Œ R – {0}
+ bx2)3/2
Rules
___________
__
1 1. Put ÷ax 2 + bx   
+ c  = t ± x ÷a , if a > 0
Rule Put x = __
  ___________
t __
2. Put ÷ax 2 + bx  
+ c  = t x ± ÷c , if c > 0,
Type 12: Integrals of the form ___________
3. Put ÷a x 2 + bx   (x – a) t, or (x – b) t, where a
+ c  =
dx
Ú  __________________
       ,
___________ and b are the real roots of ax 2 + bx + c.
(x – k) ÷r
ax2 + bx   
+ c 
10. Integration by Reduction Formula
where r Œ N and k Œ R – {0} A reduction formula is defined as a formula or a connection
1 by means of which the power of the integrand is reduced,
Rule Put x – k = __
 
t therefore, making the integration easier. The basic technique
Type 13: Integrals of the form of obtaining a reduction formula is the integration by parts.
In some cases the method of differentiation or other special
(ax + b)
Ú  ___________________
   
  
___________   dx devices is adopted.
(cx + d) ÷px + qx   
2
+ r Type I: Reduction formula for Ú sinnx dx
Rules Soln. Let In = Ú sinnx dx
1. Put (ax + b) = A(cx + d) + B
2. Find the values of A and B = Ú sinn – 1x ◊ sin x dx
3. Reduce the given integral into two separate
= sinn – 1x Ú sin x dx – Ú (n – 1)sinn – 2x (– cos2x) dx
integrals.
Type 14: Integrals of the form = sinn – 1x(– cos x) + (n – 1) Ú sinn – 2x (1 – sin2x) dx
(ax2 + bx + c)
Ú   ___________________
   
  
___________   dx = sinn – 1x(– cos x) + (n – 1) I n – 2 – In
(dx + e) ÷px2 + qx  
+ r
Rules Thus, (1 + n – 1) In = – cos x ◊ sinn – 1x + (n – 1)In – 2
1. Put (ax2 + bx + c)
fi nIn = – cos x ◊ sinn – 1x + (n – 1) In – 2
= L (dx + e) (2px + q) + M(dx + e) + N
2. Compare the co-efficents of the like terms of both
the sides and find L, M and N.
cos x ◊ sinn – 1x
In = ___________
 
n–1
_____ (
n    +   n   In – 2 )
3. Integrate the given integral. which is the required reduction formula.
Type 15: Integrals of the form Type 2: Reduction formula for Ú cosnx dx
Ú xb (a + bx g )a dx Soln. Let In = Ú cosnx dx
Rules
1. If a Œ I +, expand the integral by the concept of bino- = Ú cosn – 1x ◊ cos x dx
mial expansion.
2. If a Œ I –, we put x = t p, where p is the LCM of the = cosn – 1x Ú cos x dx + (n + 1) Ú cosn – 2x ◊ sinnx dx
denominator of b and g.
= cosn – 1x ◊ sin x + (n + 1) Ú cosn – 2x ◊ (1 – cos2x) dx
b+1
3. If  _____ Œ I and a is a fraction, put (a + bxg ) = t p,
= cosn – 1x ◊ sin x + (n + 1) I n – 2 – In
where p is the denominator of a . Thus, (1 + n + 1)In = cosn – 1x ◊ sin x + (n + 1) I n – 2 + C
b + 1
4. If  _____ + a Œ I, put (a + bxg ) = t pxg, where p is
the denominator of a .
cosn – 1x ◊ sin x
fi In = ___________
 
(n + 2)
    + ( _____
n + 2)
n+1
     I n–2 +C
which is the required reduction formula.

9. Euler’s Substitution Type 3: Reduction formula for Ú tann x dx
Soln. Let In = Ú tann x dx
2 sin(n – 1) x
= Ú tann – 2x ◊ tan2 x dx = ___________
      + In – 2
(n – 1)
= Ú tann – 2x ◊ (sec2 x – 1)dx which is the required reduction formula.
dx
= Ú tann – 2x ◊ sec2 x dx – Ú tann – 2x dx Type 7: Reduction formula for Ú  ________
2

(x + k)n
(tann – 1x
= ______
 
n–1 )
   – In – 2 + C dx
Soln. Let In = Ú  ________
(x2 + k)n

which is the required reduction formula. dx

Then In – 2 = Ú  __________
   
Type 4: Reduction formula for Ú cot x dx n
(x + k)n – 1
2
In = Ú cotnx dx
Soln. Let
= Ú cotn – 2x ◊ cot2 x dx
  2
( 1
= Ú ___________
     dx
(x + k)n – 1 ◊1 )
= Ú cotn – 2x ◊ (cosec2 x – 1) dx
1
n–1 Ú
= _________
  2
(x + k)
– (n – 1)
  1 ◊ dx – Ú  ________
(x2 + k)n( ◊ 2x ◊ x dx
)
= Ú cotn – 2x ◊ cosec2 x dx – Ú cotn – 2x dx
n–1
  2
x
= __________
(x + k)
  
n–1
  2
x2
  + 2(n – 1) Ú _______
(x + k)n
  dx
( )
( )
cot x
= – ______
    – I n – 2 + C x (x2 + k) – k
n–1 =  _________
(x2 + k)n – 1
  + 2 (n – 1) Ú ___________
       dx
(x2 + k)n
Type 5: Reduction formula for Ú secnx dx   2
x
= _________
(x + k)n–1
  2
1
  + 2 (n – 1) Ú __________
(x + k)n–1( 2
k
    –  ________
(x + k)n
  dx
)
Soln. Let In = Ú sec x dx
n
= Ú secn – 2x ◊ sec2 x dx
x
= _________
  2
(x + k)n – 1 (x 2
dx
  + 2 (n – 1) In – 1 – In – 1 – k Ú  _______
+ k)n
 
]
x
= secn – 2x Ú sec2 x dx – Ú (n – 2)secn – 2x ◊ tan2 x dx = _________
    + 2 (n – 1) (In – 1 – k In)
(x2 + k)n – 1
= secn – 2x tan x – (n – 2) Ú secn – 2x ◊ (sec2 x – 1)dx x
= _________
    + 2(n – 1)In – 1 – 2(n – 1)k In
(x2 + k)n – 1
= secn – 2x tan x – (n – 2) Ú (secnx – secn – 2 x)dx
fi 2 (n – 1) k In
= secn – 2x tan x – (n – 2) In + (n – 2) In – 2
x
= _________
    + 2(n – 1) In – 1 – In – 1
fi (n – 2) In = secn – 2x tan x – (n – 2) In – 2 (x2 + k)n – 1
secn – 2x tan x
fi In = __________
 
n–1
  +
   ( _____
n – 1)
n–2
     I
n–2 +C
x
= _________
  2
(x + k)n – 1
  + (2n – 3) In – 1

sin nx
Type 6: Reduction formula for Ú  _____ dx
fi  
x
In = __________________
   2   
2(n – 1) k (x + k)n – 1
  + __
(
1 2n – 3
  ______
     I
k 2n – 2 n – 1 )
sin x
sin nx which is the required reduction formula.
Soln. Let In = Ú  _____ dx
sin x Type 8: Reduction formula for Ú x m(log x)n dx
( sin(n – 2)x
= Ú 2cos(n – 1)x + __________
 
sin x
     dx ) Soln. Let Im, n = Ú x m(log x)n dx
[ sin nx – sin (n – 2)x = 2 cos (n – 1) x sin x

( 1 x m+1
= (log x)n Ú x m dx – Ú n(log x)n – 1 __ ()
 x    _____    dx
m+1 )
sin n x
sin x
sin(n – 2)x
fi  _____ = 2 cos (n – 1)x + __________
 
sin x
    
= (log x)n, ] x m+1
m+1 m+1 Ú
_____
 
n
  – _____
    ( x m(log x)n – 1 ) dx
x m+1 n m
= (log x)n, _____   –  _____   I
n Ú – cos
–  __ m–1
  x(sin nx cos x – sin(n – 1)x) dx
m + 1 m + 1 m, n – 1
x m+1 cosmx ◊ cos nx __
m
n    –  n Ú cos x sin nx dx
n = –  ___________
fi Im, n – 1 = (log x)n, _____   – _____
m
      I
m + 1 m + 1 m, n – 1
which is the required reduction formula. m
n Ú cos
+  __ m–1
x sin (n – 1) x dx
Type 9: Reduction formula for
Ú x m(1 – x)n cosmx ◊ cos nx __
= –  ___________
m m
__
n    –  n Im, n +  n Im – 1, n – 1
Soln. Let Im, n = Ú x m(1 – x)n dx
m
fi 1 + __ (
 n   Im, n )
= (1 – x) n
Ú x m
(
dx + Ú n(1 – x)
n–1
 
m+1
x
◊ _____
m+1 )
   dx

cosmx ◊ cos nx __
= –  ___________
m
n    +  n Im – 1, n – 1
x m+1 n
= (1 – x)n  _____   +  _____   Ú [x m + 1 ◊ (1 – x)n – 1] dx
m+1 m+1 cosmx cos nx _______
m
fi Im, n = –  ___________
  +  
     I
(m + n) (m + n) m – 1, n – 1
x m+1 n
m + 1 m + 1Ú
= (1 – x)n  _____   + _____
    x m + 1 . (1 – x)n – 1dx which is the required reduction formula.
x m+1 n Note: Similarly, we can easily formulate the reduction

m + 1 m + 1Ú
= (1 – x)n  _____   + _____
    [x m . (1 – x)n – 1 ◊ x] dx formula for
m
x m+1
 
n
= (1 – x)n  _____   + _____  
Ú cosmx cos nx dx =  cos x sin nx
__________
m+n
m
   + _______
    I
(m + n) m – 1, n – 1
m+1 m+1
Ú [x m ◊ (1 – x)n – 1 ◊ {– 1(1 – x)}] dx
x m+1 n Ú sinmx sin nx dx
= (1 – x) _____
  n
  + _____
    [I – Im, n]
m + 1 m + 1 m, n – 1
Soln. Let Im, n = Ú sinmx sin nx dx
m+1
x n n
= (1 – x)n _____
    + _____
    I – _____
    – Im, n
m + 1 m + 1 m, n – 1 m + 1 = sinmx Ú sin nx dx
(
fi 1 + _____
 
n
   I
m + 1 m, n ) (cos n x
– Ú m sinm – 1x ◊ cos x ◊ –  ______ )
n   dx
x m+1
n _____n
= (1 – x)     + _____
    I
m + 1 m + 1 m, n – 1 sinmx ◊ cos nx
= –  ___________
n   
x m + 1 (1 – x)n n
fi Im, n = ____________    +  _________   Im, n – 1 m
n Ú sin
+  __
     m–1
x cos x cos nx dx
(m + n + 1) m+n+1
which is the required reduction formula. sinmx ◊ cos nx
= –  ___________
n   
Ú cosmx sin nx dx m
n Ú sin
+  __ m–1
x (cos(n – 1)x – sin nx sin x)dx
Soln. Let Im, n = Ú cosmx sin nx dx
sinmx ◊ cos nx
= –  ___________
n   
= cosmx Ú sin nx dx
m
n Ú sin
+  __ m–1
x (cos(n – 1) x dx
– Ú –  _____
cos nx m–1
(
n ◊ m ◊ cos x◊ – sinx dx )
m
n Ú sin x sin nx dx
–  __ m

cos nx
= cosmx –  _____
n   ( )
m sinmx ◊ cos nx
m
n Ú – cos
–  __ m–1
x (cos nx sin x) dx fi 1 + __ ( )
 n   Im, n = –  ___________
n   
m
cosmx ◊ cos nx +  __
n Im – 1, n – 1
= –  ___________
n   
sinmx ◊ cos nx _______

fi Im, n = –  ___________
  
(m + n)
  +  
m
  I
(m + n) m – 1, n – 1
fi Ú sinmx cosnx dx
sinm – 1x cosn + 1x m–1
Note: Similarly, we can easily formulate the reduction = – Ú  _____________
   + ______
  I
m+n m + n m – 2, n
formula for
sin nx m which is the required reduction formula.
Ú sinmx cos nx dx = sinmx  _______   + _______
    I
(m + n) (m + n) m – 1, n – 1
11. Inexpressible integrals
If an integral Ú f (x) dx as expressible in terms of elementary
Ú sinmx cos nx dx functions, the integral is known as computable. But if an
m–1
Soln. Let P = sin x cos x n+1 integral Ú f (x) dx is not expressible in terms of elementary
dp functions, the integral is known as inexpressible or ‘cannot
fi  ___ = (m – 1) sinm – 2 x cos n + 2x be found’.
dx
Some inexpressible integrals are
– (n + 1) sinm x cos nx
Ú ex dx
2
= (m – 1) sinm – 2x cosnx ◊ cos 2x (i)
Ú e– x dx
2
– (n + 1) sinmx cos nx (ii)
____
= (m – 1) sinm – 2 x cosnx ◊ (1 – sin 2x ) (iii) Ú ÷sin x dx
– (n + 1) sinmx cos nx _____
m–2 n 2
(iv) Ú ÷cos x dx
= (m – 1) sin x cos x ◊ (1 – sin x )
(v) Ú x tan x dx
m n
– (n + 1) sin x cos x sin x
m–2 n
(vi) Ú  ____
x dx
= (m – 1) sin x cos x cos x
– (m – 1) sinmx cosnx – (n + 1) sinmx cos nx
(vii) Ú  ____
x dx
dx
= (m – 1) sinm – 2 x cosnx (viii) Ú  ____
log x

– (m – 1 + n + 1) sinmx cosnx _____
= (m – 1) sin m–2
x cos xn (ix) Ú ÷1______
+ x3 
3
– (m + n) sinmx cosnx
(x) Ú ÷1 + x3  dx
On integration, we get (xi) Ú sin (x2) dx
P = (m – 1) Ú sinm – 2x cosnx dx (xii) Ú cos (x2) dx
2
– (m – n) Ú sinmx cosnx dx x
(xiii) Ú  1_____
+ x5
 dx
(m – n) Ú sinmx cosnx dx
__________
fi
(xiv) Ú ÷1 – k2sin   2
x dx
= – P + (m – 1) Ú sinm – 2x cosnx dx (xv)
__ __
Ú ÷x cos ÷x dx.
Exercises
m
(
3. Evaluate: Ú xm + mx + mm + __
 x   dx )
(Problems based on Fundamentals)
4. Evaluate: Ú 2 ◊ 3 ◊ dx x x
ABC of Integration
5. Evaluate: Ú tan2x dx
1. Evaluate: Ú logx x dx
6. Evaluate: Ú cot2x dx
2. Evaluate: Ú ( 3log x3 )
x2 – 2 log dx
7. Evaluate: Ú  _________
sin x cos2x
2
( (
3p
8. Evaluate: Ú 1+ tan x + ___ )) ( p
       1 + tan __
8 ( ))
    – x   dx
8 ( cos 5x + cos 4x
29. Evaluate: Ú _____________
  )
    dx
  
1 + 2 cos3x
9. Evaluate: Ú (tan x + cot x) dx 2
30. Evaluate: Ú ( ____________
1 – cosx )
cos x – cos2x
       dx
  
dx
10. Evaluate: Ú  _________
1 + cos2x dx
31. Evaluate: Ú  ________________________
        
(tan x + cot x + sec x + cos x)
11. Evaluate: Ú ( 3log 5x ) dx
5x – 2 log
Type 2
( p
12. Evaluate: Ú 1+ tan __ ( ))( p
    – x   1+ tan __
8 ( ))
    + x   dx
8 x+1
x
32. Evaluate: Ú  _____   dx
 (
81 + x + 41 + x
13. Evaluate: Ú __________
22x
     dx ) (1 + x)2
33. Evaluate: Ú  ________
x (1 + x2)
  dx
x m
14. Evaluate: Ú __(
 m + __
 x + xm + mx dx ) x2 – 2
34. Evaluate: Ú  ______   dx
x2 + 1
(ax + b x)2
15. Evaluate: Ú  ________ dx x–1
axbx 35. Evaluate: Ú _____________      dx
(x2/3 + x1/3 + 1)
(2x + 3 x)2
16. Evaluate: Ú  ________
1
2x ◊ 3xdx

1 p
(
x4 + 2
36. Evaluate: Ú ______
  2
x +2
   dx)
17. If f ¢(x) = __
 x + ______
  ______  and f (1) = __
Ú( )
   , find f (x). x4 – 3
÷ 1 – x  
2 2 37. Evaluate: ______
  2    dx
x +1
18. If f ¢(x) = a cos x + b sin x and
p Ú(
x6 – 1
38. Evaluate: ______
  2    dx)
f ¢(0) = 4, f ¢(0) = 3, f __ ( )
     = 5, find f (x).
2
x +1
Type 1
Ú(
x8 + x4 + 1
39. Evaluate: __________
  4   
     dx
x + x2 + 1 )
dx
19. Evaluate: Ú  _______
Ú( )
1 – sin x x4
40. Evaluate: _____
  2    dx
(
sin4x + cos4x
20. Evaluate: Ú ____________
      dx
   ) x +1
Ú( )
sin2x cos2x x4 + x2 + 1
41. Evaluate:  __________
  
     dx
Ú( )
6 6
sin x + cos x
21. Evaluate: ____________
  2     dx
   x2 + x + 1
sin x cos2x
Ú(
x6 + 1
42. Evaluate: ______
  2    dx)
 (
cos 2x – cosa
22. Evaluate: Ú ____________
  
     dx
cosx – cosa ) x +1
Type 3
(
cos4x – sin4x
23. Evaluate: Ú ___________
  _________
÷
     dx
  
1 + cos4x ) 43. Evaluate: Ú sin– 1(sin x) dx
Ú(
1 + tan2x
24. Evaluate: ________
 
1 + cot2x
  dx ) 44. Evaluate: Ú sin– 1(cos x) dx
_________
(
cos x – cos 2x
25. Evaluate: Ú  ___________
     dx
  
1 – cos x )  (÷
1 – cos 2x
45. Evaluate: Ú tan _________
–1
1 + cos 2x
   dx )
___________
(
÷ x4 + x–  
4
+ 2 
26. Evaluate: Ú  ____________
x3
  
   dx )  (sin 2x
46. Evaluate: Ú tan– 1 _________    dx
1 + cos 2x
_________
)
(
5cos3x + 3sin3x
27. Evaluate: Ú ______________
      dx
  
cos2x sin2x ) (÷
1 – cos 2x
47. Evaluate: Ú tan– 1 _________
       dx
1 + cos 2x )
(
cos x – sin x
28. Evaluate: Ú ___________
  )
     (1 + sin2x) dx
cos x + sin x
 (sin x
48. Evaluate: Ú tan– 1 ________
1 – cos x )
  dx
________
–1
  (÷
1 – sin x
49. Evaluate: Ú tan ________
1 + sin x
   dx )   
_________
dx _________
71. Evaluate: Ú  ______________________
     
2x + 2014   + ÷2x + 3013 
÷
Type 6
(
sin x
50. Evaluate: Ú tan–1 ________
 
1 + cos x
  dx ) x
72. Evaluate: Ú  ______
_____   dx
÷
x – 1 
(
cos x
51. Evaluate: Ú tan–1 ________
 
1 – sin x
  dx ) __
x
÷
x+1
( ________
  cos x  ) dx
1 – sin x
52. Evaluate: Ú tan– 1 x
74. Evaluate: Ú  _______
______   dx
_________ _________ ÷
( )
3x + 1 
÷(1 + sin x)  + ÷(1 – sin x) 
53. Evaluate: Ú tan– 1 ______________________
  _________         _________    dx +1
x______
75. Evaluate: Ú  _______   dx
÷ ÷
(1 + sin x)  – (1 + sin x) 
÷
2x – 1 
54. Evaluate: Ú tan– 1 (sec x + tan x) dx –1
x_____
76. Evaluate: Ú  ______   dx
÷
( )
sin 2 x x + 4 
55. Evaluate: Ú tan– 1 __________
      dx
1 + cos 2 x x
Type 4 x2 + 1
Type 7
56. Evaluate: Ú (3x + 2) dx
cos x – sin x
dx 78. Evaluate: Ú  ___________
   dx
57. Evaluate: Ú  ______   sin x + cos x
2x – 3
3 cos x
dx 79. Evaluate: Ú  _________  dx
58. Evaluate: Ú  ______ 2 sin x + 5
5 – 2x
cos x – sin x
80. Evaluate: Ú  __________
   dx
59. Evaluate: Ú eax + b dx 2 + sin 2x
xe x + ex
60. Evaluate: Ú 34x + 5 dx 81. Evaluate: Ú  ________   dx
cos2(xex)
61. Evaluate: Ú cos (5x + 3) dx dx
82. Evaluate: Ú  _________
    
x(1 + ln x)2
62. Evaluate: Ú sin 2x dx
cos x – sin x + 1 – x
______ 83. Evaluate: Ú  _________________   dx
  
63. Evaluate: Ú ÷3x + 2  dx ex + sin x + x
dx
dx 84. Evaluate: Ú  _____x
64. Evaluate: Ú  _______
______   1+e
÷
3x + 4 
dx
85. Evaluate: Ú  ________
3
 
Type 5 x(x + 1)
dx _____
65. Evaluate: Ú  ______________
_____      dx
86. Evaluate: Ú  ________  
x + 2   – ÷x + 1 
÷ 4
x(x + 1)
dx
66. Evaluate: Ú  _________________
   ______
______      dx
(÷2x + 5   – ÷2x + 3 ) 87. Evaluate: Ú x(x
_______
  5
– 1)
 
dx
67. Evaluate: Ú  ________________
    
______   ______
3x + 4   – ÷3x + 1 
÷ sin 2x
88. Evaluate: Ú  __________
   dx
dx ______ sin 5 x sin 3x
68. Evaluate: Ú  ________________
______     
2x + 3   + ÷2x – 3 
÷
dx
dx 89. Evaluate: Ú  _________________
       
69. Evaluate: Ú  ___________
_____    __  sin(x – a) sin (x – b)
÷
x + 1   + ÷x
dx _____ e x – e– x
70. Evaluate: Ú  _______________
_____     90. Evaluate: Ú  ________ dx
x + a   + ÷x + b
÷ e x + e– x
dx dx
91. Evaluate: Ú  ______ 112. Evaluate: Ú  ____________
__   
__  
1 + e– x x (4 + 3÷x )2
÷
dx
92. Evaluate: Ú  _____x 113. Evaluate: Ú 33 ◊ 33 dx
3x x
1+e
sin 2 x
93. Evaluate: Ú  ______________
      dx 114. Evaluate: Ú tan3 x ◊ sec2xdx
a sin x + b cos2x
2
115. Evaluate: Ú sin3 x ◊ cos xdx

sin(x – a)
94. Evaluate: Ú  _________dx (log x)3
sin x
116. Evaluate: Ú  ______
x dx
sin x
95. Evaluate: Ú  ________   dx sin x
sin (x – a) 117. Evaluate: Ú  ___________
_________    dx
÷
3 + 2 cos x
  
sin(x + a)
96. Evaluate: Ú  _________  dx ________
÷2 + log x
sin(x + b)
118. Evaluate: Ú  _________
x dx
dx
97. Evaluate: Ú  _________
__ __   dx
119. Evaluate: Ú  ________ 
x (÷
÷ x + 1) 1 + ÷x
1 + tan x
98. Evaluate: Ú  ___________
   dx 120. Evaluate: Ú x3sin x4 dx
x + log sec x
121. Evaluate: Ú 55 ◊ 55 ◊ 5x dx
5x x
sin 2x
99. Evaluate: Ú  ___________
  dx
sin 5x . sin 3x
sin x – cos x
122. Evaluate: Ú  __________
   dx
cos x – sin x
100. Evaluate: Ú  ___________
   dx
   ex + sin x
1 + sin 2x
dx
dx 123. Evaluate: Ú  _________ 
101. Evaluate: Ú  _________
   x (1 + x 3)
sin x . cos2x
Type 9
dx
102. Evaluate: Ú  __________
  .
sin2x . cos2x case I:
dx 124. Evaluate: Ú sin3 x ◊ cos4x dx

103. Evaluate: Ú  _________________
       
sin (x – a) sin (x – b)
125. Evaluate: Ú sin x ◊ cos6x dx
dx
104. Evaluate: Ú  __________________
       
cos (x – a) cos (x – b) 126. Evaluate: Ú sin5x ◊ cos9x dx
dx
105. Evaluate: Ú  _________________
        case II:
x x(1 + ln x) 127. Evaluate: Ú sin2x ◊ cos3x dx

106. Evaluate: Ú  __________
  
 dx
xx + 1 128. Evaluate: Ú sin4x ◊ cos3x dx
107. Evaluate: Ú  _________________
   dx
   129. Evaluate: Ú sin6x ◊ cos5x dx
ex + sin x + x
case III:
108. Evaluate:
sin3x 130. Evaluate: Ú sin3x ◊ cos3x dx
Ú  _________________________________
          dx
(cos x + 3cos x + 1)tan– 1(sec x + cos x)
4 2
131. Evaluate: Ú sin5x ◊ cos5x dx
Type 8
132. Evaluate: Ú sin5x ◊ cos7x dx
109. Evaluate: Ú 3x2 sin (x3) dx
case IV:
(1 + ln x)3
110. Evaluate: Ú  _________ dx
x 133. Evaluate: Ú sin2x ◊ cos2x dx
dx
111. Evaluate: Ú  __________
    
x (1 + x4)3/4
2 134. Evaluate: Ú sin2x ◊ cos4x dx
135. Evaluate: Ú sin4x ◊ cos2x dx dx

156. Evaluate: Ú  ___________
1
  
7

__
    __
   
sin x ◊ cos x
2 2
case V:
dx
157. Evaluate: Ú  ___________
   
136. Evaluate: Ú sin3x dx
__________
÷ sin x ◊ cos  
3 5
x
137. Evaluate: Ú sin5x dx ABC of Formula 6
138. Evaluate: Ú sin7x dx dx
158. Evaluate: Ú  ______  
case VI: x2 + 4
dx
139. Evaluate: Ú cos5x dx 159. Evaluate: Ú  _______  
9x 2 + 1
140. Evaluate: Ú cos3x dx dx
160. Evaluate: Ú  ______
2
 
141. Evaluate: Ú cos7x dx x –4
x4 – 1
case VII: 161. Evaluate: Ú  _______
x2 + 5dx
162. Evaluate: Ú  _______
_____  
÷ x + 4 
4

163. Evaluate: Ú  ________
______  
144. Evaluate: Ú sin6x dx ÷ 4x2 + 1 
case VIII:
(
x+4
164. Evaluate: Ú  _______
x3 + 4x
  dx
)
145. Evaluate: Ú cos x dx
6
146. Evaluate: Ú cos2x dx

(
x4 + 1
165. Evaluate: Ú ______
  2
x +1
   dx)
dx
166. Evaluate: Ú  ___________
    
147. Evaluate: Ú cos4x dx
__________
÷ (2 – x)2   
+ 1 
case IX: x+9
167. Evaluate: Ú  _______ dx
dx
148. Evaluate: Ú  ____________
   x3 + 9x
sin x cos3/2x
1/2
1+x
168. Evaluate: Ú  _____2  dx
dx 1+x
149. Evaluate: Ú  ____________
  
sin x cos5/2x
3/2
1+x
____ 169. Evaluate: Ú  _____ dx
÷tan x x3 + x
150. Evaluate: Ú   ________ dx
sin x cos x dx
170. Evaluate: Ú  _____  
sin x x4 + 1
151. Evaluate: Ú  _____ dx.
cos5x dx
171. Evaluate: Ú  _____
3

x +x
dx
152. Evaluate: Ú  _________
sin x cos5x
3 Type 10
dx
sin2x dx
153. Evaluate: Ú  _______ 172. Evaluate: Ú  __________
3
    
cos6x x + 4x + 4
dx dx
154. Evaluate: Ú  _________ 173. Evaluate: Ú  ___________
2
    
sin x cos3x x + 6x + 10
dx dx
155. Evaluate: Ú  _________ 174. Evaluate: Ú  ___________
    
sin x cos4x
2 2
2x + 5x + 6
3x + 2
dx
175. Evaluate: Ú  _________   195. Evaluate: Ú  __________
     dx
x2 + x + 1 x2 – 3x + 4
x
dx 195. Evaluate: Ú  _________   dx
176. Evaluate: Ú  _________2  2
x +x+1
1+x+x
4x + 1
dx 196. Evaluate: Ú  __________
     dx
177. Evaluate: Ú  __________
2
     x2 + 3x + 2
x + 4x + 3
dx dx
178. Evaluate: Ú  ____________
     197. Evaluate: Ú  ____________
    
2
4x + 7x + 10 2e2x + 3ex + 1
dx (3 sin x – 2) cos x dx
179. Evaluate: Ú  _______ 198. Evaluate: Ú  _________________
    
  
x2 – 2ax (5 – cos2x – 4sin x)
dx
180. Evaluate: Ú  _______ ax3 + bx
2
199. Evaluate: Ú  ________  dx.
x + 2ax x4 + c2
2
dx
181. Evaluate: Ú  ________
a + 2a x
(
cos x – sin x
200. Evaluate: Ú ___________
  )
     × (2 + 2 sin 2 x) dx
cos x + sin x
sin x + cos x
dx
182. Evaluate: Ú  _______2  201. Evaluate: Ú  ___________
   dx
  
2a x – x 5 + 3sin2x
sin x – cos x
dx
183. Evaluate: Ú  ______________
     202. Evaluate: Ú  ___________
   dx
  
3 + 5sin 2x
(x + 1) (x2 + 4)
2
x2 Type 12
184. Evaluate: Ú  ________
6

x + 1dx dx
203. Evaluate: Ú  ___________
   
_________
cos x dx
185. Evaluate: Ú  _______________
      
÷ x + x + 1 
2
2
sin x + 3sin x + 2 dx
204. Evaluate: Ú  _________
________ 
x
x (1 + log x) ÷ x – 2ax
2
186. Evaluate: Ú  ___________

  
    dx dx
x2x + x x + 1 205. Evaluate: Ú  ________
_______ 
dx ÷ 4x – x2 
187. Evaluate: Ú  ________
4
 
x(x + 1) dx
206. Evaluate: Ú __________
  _________
    
x dx
188. Evaluate: Ú  __________
     ÷6 – x – x  
2
x + x2 + 1
4
dx
207. Evaluate: Ú  __________
    
_________
ex dx
189. Evaluate: Ú  ___________
     ÷ 1 + x + x2 
e2x + 6ex + 5 dx
208. Evaluate: Ú  __________
   
_________
x 5 ÷ 1 + x – x2 
190. Evaluate: Ú  _______ dx
1 + x12 dx
209. Evaluate: Ú  _________
________ 
dx ÷ x + 2ax
2
191. Evaluate: Ú  ________
4
 
x(x + 1) dx
210. Evaluate: Ú  _________
________ 
dx ÷ 2ax – x2 
192. Evaluate: Ú  ________  
x(x3 + 1) Type 13
dx x dx
193. Evaluate: Ú  ________   211. Evaluate: Ú  ___________
    
__________
x(xn + 1) ÷ x – x2   
4
+ 1 
________
Type 11 212. Evaluate: Ú ÷sec x – 1  dx
2x + 3
194. Evaluate: Ú  __________
2
     dx dx
213. Evaluate: Ú  ___________   
_______
x + 4x + 5
x ÷3/4 1/2
x – 1 
_________
dx
233. Evaluate: Ú  ______________
÷
sin (x – a)    .
214. Evaluate: Ú _________
       dx
3 sin2x + 4 cos2x
sin (x + a)
dx
ex 234. Evaluate: Ú  ______________
    
215. Evaluate: Ú  _______
______   dx (2sin x + 3 cos x)2
÷ 4 – e2x
sin x cos x
sec2x 235. Evaluate: Ú  ____________
     dx
216. Evaluate: Ú  __________
   dx
_________ sin4x + cos4x
÷16 + tan x
dx
________ 236. Evaluate: Ú  _____________
    
217. Evaluate: Ú ÷sec x + 1  dx (sin x + 2 cos x)2
_________ dx
218. Evaluate: Ú ÷cosec x – 1  dx 237. Evaluate: Ú  _____________
    
(sin x + 2sec x)2
dx
219. Evaluate: Ú  ________
______ 
sin 2 x dx
÷ 1 – e2x 238. Evaluate: Ú  ____________
    
_________ sin4x + cos4x
÷
sin (x – a)
220. Evaluate: Ú _________
    
     dx dx
sin(x + a) 239. Evaluate: Ú  _______________
    
(2 sin x + 3 cos x)2
dx
221. Evaluate: Ú  ___________
    
______ dx
x ÷x2/3 – 4 
2/3 240. Evaluate: Ú  _________
2 + cos2 x
______
x
÷
222. Evaluate: Ú ______
 
x 3 – x3
  dx Type 16
sin x
241. Evaluate: Ú  _____ dx
(
cosq + sinq
223. Evaluate: Ú ___________
  
     dq
  _________
÷5 + sin 2q ) sin 3 x
cosec 3x
242. Evaluate: Ú  _______
cosec x dx
sinq – cosq
224. Evaluate: Ú  ___________
  
   dq
_________ sec 3x
÷2 – sin 2q 243. Evaluate: Ú  _____
sec x dx
Type 14 Type 17
dx
x–1
225. Evaluate: Ú  ___________
     dx
__________ 244. Evaluate: Ú  _________
1 + 2 sin x
÷ x – 3x   
2
+ 2 
dx
3x + 4 245. Evaluate: Ú  _________  
226. Evaluate: Ú  ___________     dx
__________ 3 cos x + 4
÷ x + 5x   
2
+ 2  dx
246. Evaluate: Ú  ______________
  
x+2 1 + sin x + cos x
227. Evaluate: Ú ___________
     dx
__________
÷ x + 5x   
2
+ 6  1 + sin x
247. Evaluate: Ú _____________
       dx
6x – 5
228. Evaluate: Ú  ____________
___________     dx sin x (1 + cos x)
÷ 3x2 – 5x    + 1  dx
_____ 248. Evaluate: Ú  _________
a–x 1 + 2 sin x
÷
229. Evaluate: Ú _____
 
a+x
 dx
dx
_______ 249. Evaluate: Ú  ________________
       
3 sin x + 4 cos x + 5
÷
a2 – x2
230. Evaluate: Ú x2 _______
  2   dx dx
a + x2 250. Evaluate: Ú  ____________
   
______
cos x + cos a
÷
4 – x3 dx
231. Evaluate: Ú x2 ______
     dx 251. Evaluate: Ú  _______________
    
4 + x3 tan x + 4 cot x + 4
Type 18
Type 15
dx
dx 252. Evaluate: Ú  __________
  
232. Evaluate: Ú  _________ sin x + cos x
3 + 4 sin2x
÷
__
dx
253. Evaluate: Ú  _____________
  
3  sin x + cos x
( cos x – sin x
275. Evaluate: Ú ___________
  )
    dx
  
5 – 7sin 2x
276. Evaluate: Ú ( ____________

9 + 16 sin 2x )
dx__ 2 cos x – sin x
254. Evaluate: Ú  _____________
          dx
  
sin x + ÷3  cos x
dx Type 22
255. Evaluate: Ú  _____________
__   
÷
3  sin x + cos x
x2 + 1
277. Evaluate: Ú  ______  dx
dx x4 + 1
256. Evaluate: Ú  _____________
__   .
÷
3  sin x – cos x
x2 – 1
Type 19 278. Evaluate: Ú  ______   dx
x4 + 1
2 sin x + cos x
257. Evaluate: Ú  _____________
   dx
   x4 + 1
3 sin x + 2 cos x 279. Evaluate: Ú  ______   dx
sin x x6 + 1
258. Evaluate: Ú  ___________
   dx
sin x + cos x x4 + 3x + 1
280. Evaluate: Ú  __________
  
   dx
2 sin x + 3 cos x
259. Evaluate: Ú  _____________
   dx
   x4 + x2 + 1
( )
3 sin x + 4 cos x
1 – x2 ____________ dx
281. Evaluate: Ú ______
       _________   
( sin x
260. Evaluate: Ú  __________ )
    dx
sin x + cos x
1+x ÷2
1 + x2 +  
x4 
cos x
261. Evaluate: Ú  __________
   dx (
x–1
 
x+1 ) dx
   × ___________
  __________
   
÷ x + x2   
3
+ x
sin x + cos x
2
x – 1 _______ dx
1
262. Evaluate: Ú  _______ dx 283. Evaluate: Ú  ______  ×   _____  
1 + tan x x2 + 1 ÷x4 + 1 
1 x2 – 1
263. Evaluate: Ú  _______ dx 284. Evaluate: Ú  ______________
        dx
___________
1 – tan x x3 ÷
x4 – 2x2   
+ 1 
1
264. Evaluate: Ú  _______ dx
1 + tan x (
x2 ÷
x4 – 1
285. Evaluate: Ú  _____________
)
     dx
__________
x4 + x2   
+ 1 
Type 20 dx______
286. Evaluate: Ú  _____________
    
3 sin x + 2 cos x + 4
265. Evaluate: Ú  _________________
  
   dx x (x + ÷
2
1 + x2 )
3 cos x + 4 sin x + 5
x2 – 3x – 1
287. Evaluate: Ú  __________
  
    dx
3 cos x + 2
266. Evaluate: Ú  _______________
        dx x4 + x2 + 1
sin x + 2 cos x + 3
dx
288. Evaluate: Ú  ___________
  
2 cos x + 3 sin x
267. Evaluate: Ú  ________________ sin x + cos4x
4
       dx
2sin x + 3 cos x + 5
dx
289. Evaluate: Ú  _____  
Type 21 x4 + 1
(
sin x + 2 cos x
268. Evaluate: Ú ____________
  )
     dx
  
9 + 16 sin 2x
x2dx
290. Evaluate: Ú  _____
x4 + 1
 
269. Evaluate: Ú (cos x – sin x) (2 + 3 sin 2x) dx
2dx
291. Evaluate: Ú  _____
4
 .
sin x + cos x
270. Evaluate: Ú  ___________
   dx x +1
( )
9 + 16 sin 2x
x4 + 1
dx 292. Evaluate: Ú ______
  6    dx
271. Evaluate: Ú  ____________
   x +1
cos x + cosec x
dx
272. Evaluate: Ú (sin x + cos x) (2 + 3 sin 2x) dx 293. Evaluate: Ú  __________
    
x2 (1 + x4)3/4
273. Evaluate: Ú (sin x – cos x) (3 – 4 sin 2x) dx
(
cos x – sin x
274. Evaluate: Ú ___________
  )
     dx
  
3 + 2 sin 2x
( x4 – 1
294. Evaluate: Ú  ______________
        dx
__________
x2 ÷x4 + x2   
+ 1  )
dx
295. Evaluate: Ú  __________
     dx 315. Evaluate: Ú x2 sin x dx
x2(1 + x5)4/5
316. Evaluate: Ú log x dx
(
x2_____
–1
296. Evaluate: Ú  ________
x÷
   dx
1 + x4  ) 317. Evaluate: Ú (log x)2dx
dx
297. Evaluate: Ú  _____________
    
___________
318. Evaluate: Ú log(x2 + 1) dx
x÷ x + 3x2   
4
+ 1 
(
x2 + 1
298. Evaluate: Ú ______
  ) dx
   × ___________
  __________
    
319. Evaluate: Ú tan– 1x dx
1 – x2 ÷ x + x2   
( )
4
+ 1  1 – x2
320. Evaluate: Ú cos– 1 ______
     dx
(
x2 + 1
299. Evaluate: Ú ______ ) dx
  x   × ____________
  ___________
    
÷ x + 3x2   
4
+ 1 
1 + x2
__
321. Evaluate: Ú e÷ x dx
xx(x2x + 1) (ln x + 1)
300. Evaluate: Ú  _________________
(x4x + 1)
  
  dx
   (
x + sin x
322. Evaluate: Ú ________
 
1 + cos x
  dx )
_____
x2 – 1
301. Evaluate: Ú _____________     dx
___________
1–x
1+x (÷
323. Evaluate: Ú tan– 1  _____    dx )
x3 ÷x4 – 2x2   
+ 1  – 1 __ __
sin ÷x   – cos– 1 ÷x
324. Evaluate: Ú  ________________
   __  dx
( )
__
x2009 sin– 1 ÷x + cos– 1 ÷x
302. Evaluate: Ú __________
       dx
(1 + x2)1006
x2
325. Evaluate: Ú  _____________
     dx
(2x + 1) dx (x sin x + cos x)2
303. Evaluate: Ú  _____________
       
(x + 4x + 1)3/2
2
x tan– 1x
326. Evaluate: Ú  _________  dx
Type 23 (1 + x2)3/2
____ ____
( )
_____
÷cot x   – ÷tan x
304. Evaluate: Ú _____________
 
1 + 3 sin 2x
  
     dx  
a+x
x
327. Evaluate: Ú sin– 1 _____ (÷
   dx )
____
305. Evaluate: Ú ÷tan x dx 328. Evaluate: Ú log(1 + x) dx
____ ____
306. Evaluate: Ú (÷
tan x – ÷cot x ) dx x – sin x
329. Evaluate: Ú  ________ dx
1 – cos x
______
307. Evaluate: Ú ÷cot x dx ____
330. Evaluate: Ú sin ÷x dx
( ____ 1
308. Evaluate: Ú ÷cot x – _____ )
  ____   dx
cot x
÷ 331. Evaluate: Ú x log (1 + x) dx
309. Evaluate: Ú ( cot x + _____

cot x )
____ 1
÷      dx
____ 332. Evaluate: Ú (sin– 1x)2 dx
÷
310. Evaluate: Ú ( tan x + _____

tan x )
____ 1 x – sin x
÷      dx
____ 333. Evaluate: Ú  ________ dx
÷ 1 – cos x
4 ____ 4 ____ 2
311. Evaluate: Ú ( ÷tan x + ÷
cot x ) dx 334. Evaluate: Ú x sin3x dx
____
dx
312. Evaluate: Ú  _______________
    dx
_____
cos x )4
(÷sin x + ÷
(
sec 2 x – 1
335. Evaluate: Ú x _________
       dx
sec 2 x + 1 )
Integration by Parts
 
2x
336. Evaluate: Ú sin–1 _____
1 + x2 (
   dx
)
( )
ABC of integration by parts 2x
337. Evaluate: Ú tan–1 _____
     dx
313. Evaluate: Ú x ex dx 1 – x2
x3sin– 1(x2)
314. Evaluate: Ú x sin x dx 338. Evaluate: Ú  _________
_____   dx
÷ 1 – x4 
sec x (2 + sec x)
339. Evaluate: Ú  ______________
  
    dx 359. Evaluate: Ú ex(2sec2x – 1) tan x dx
(1 + 2sec x)2
360. Evaluate: Ú ex (log (sec x + tan x) + sec x) dx
1–x
340. Evaluate: Ú  ______ dx.
Type 24
ex + x
(
x cos3x – sin x
361. Evaluate: Ú esin x ____________
 
cos2x
     dx )
Type 25
341. Evaluate: Ú ex(sin x + cos x) dx
x ex
342. Evaluate: Ú  _______2  dx
( 1
)
362. Evaluate: Ú ex log x +  __2   dx
x
{ }
(x + 1) 1
363. Evaluate: Ú log (log x) + ______
     dx
(log x)2
(
2 + sin 2x
343. Evaluate: Ú ex _________
    dx )
( )
1 + cos 2x
x4 + 2
364. Evaluate: Ú ex  _________    dx
( )
3
1+x+x
344. Evaluate: Ú ex  _________    dx (1 + x2)5/2
(1 + x2)3/2
esin x(x cos3x – sin x)
x2 + 1
(
345. Evaluate: Ú e  _______2   dx
x
(x + 1) ) 365. Evaluate: Ú  _________________
cos2x
      dx
346. Evaluate: Ú ex __

1 1
{
 x – __
}
  2   dx
x
(
x3 – x + 2
366. Evaluate: Ú ex _________
  2
(x – 1)2
   dx
)
347. Evaluate: Ú ex _______
 
x
(x + 1)2( )
   dx Type 26
367. Evaluate: Ú e3x(3sin x + cos x) dx

{ 1 – sin x
348. Evaluate: Ú ex ________
 
1 – cos x }
  dx
368. Evaluate: Ú e2x(sec2x + 2 tan x) dx
349. Evaluate: Ú e { _________
1 + cos 2x }
2 + sin 2x
x
    dx
(
2 sin 4x – 4
369. Evaluate: Ú e2x __________
       dx )
( )
1 – cos 4x
x2 + 1
350. Evaluate: Ú e  _______2   dx
x
(x + 1) 370. Evaluate: Ú e2x (– sin x + 2 cos x) dx
log x
351. Evaluate: Ú  __________
  2  dx
(1 + log x)
  (
1 + sin 2x
371. Evaluate: Ú e2x _________
1 + cos 2x
  dx )
________
(
1
352. Evaluate: Ú ex log x + __
 x   dx ) (÷
1 – sin x
372. Evaluate: Ú e– x/2 ________
 
1 + cosx
   dx )
x–1
(
353. Evaluate: Ú ex  _______3   dx
(x + 1) ) 373. Evaluate: Ú e2x(2 × log (sec x + tan x) + sec x) dx
Type 27
1
354. Evaluate: Ú ____
 
{ 1
–  ______   dx
log x (log x)2 } 374. Evaluate: Ú ex sin 3x dx
375. Evaluate: Ú e4x cos 3x dx

1–x 2
355. Evaluate: Ú e _____
  x
1 + x2 ( )
   dx
376. Evaluate: Ú e2x sin 3x dx
1–x 2
( )
356. Evaluate: Ú ex  _____   dx
1+x
377. Evaluate: Ú e–x cos x dx
378. Evaluate: Ú e2xcos (3x + 4) dx

  x
(x + 1)2(
x2 + 1
357. Evaluate: Ú e _______    dx
) 379. Evaluate: Ú excos2x dx
( )
_____
(x + 1) + ÷1 – x2  1
358. Evaluate: Ú ex _______________
    
     dx
_____ 380. Evaluate: Ú  __3  sin(log x) dx.
(x + 1)2 ÷1 – x2  x
Type 28 2x
______
404. Evaluate: Ú  _____________
     dx
(x2 + 1)(x2 + 2)
381. Evaluate: Ú ÷4 – x2  dx
cosq
_______ 405. Evaluate: Ú  __________________
  
      dq
382. Evaluate: Ú ÷1 – 9x2  dx (2 + cosq )(3 + cosq )
_____
(1 – cos x)
383. Evaluate: Ú ÷x2 + 1  dx 406. Evaluate: Ú _____________
  
    dx
______ cos x (1 + cos x)
384. Evaluate: Ú ÷3x2 + 1  dx dx
______ 407. Evaluate: Ú  ___________
  
sin x – sin 2 x
385. Evaluate: Ú ÷x2 – 9  dx
_______ Type 2
386. Evaluate: Ú ÷4x2 – 1  dx
dx
__________ 408. Evaluate: Ú  _____________
    
387. Evaluate: Ú ÷x2 + 2x   
+ 3  dx (x + 1)(x + 1)2
__________
2x + 1
388. Evaluate: Ú ÷3 – 4x –  
x2  dx 409. Evaluate: Ú  ____________
     dx
________ (x + 2)(x – 3)2
389. Evaluate: Ú ÷2ax – x2  dx
3x + 1
________ 410. Evaluate: Ú ____________
     dx
390. Evaluate: Ú ÷2ax + x2  dx (x – 2)2(x + 2)
_______
391. Evaluate: Ú ÷x – 4x2  dx x2 + 1
411. Evaluate: Ú  _____________
     dx
(x – 1)2 (x + 3)
Type 29
x2
__________ 412. Evaluate: Ú  ____________
     dx
(x – 1)3 (x + 1)
392. Evaluate: Ú (2x + 1) ÷x2 + 3x   
+ 4  dx
______ (x – 1)
413. Evaluate: Ú  ________   dx
393. Evaluate: Ú (x – 5) ÷x2 + x dx x2(x + 4)
_________
394. Evaluate: Ú (3x – 2) ÷x2 + x + 1  dx (2x – 1)
414. Evaluate: Ú  _______   dx
_________ x3(x – 2)
395. Evaluate: Ú (4x + 1) ÷x2 – x – 2  dx
_________ Type 3
396. Evaluate: Ú x ÷1 + x – x   dx.
2
(2x + 3) dx
415. Evaluate: Ú  _____________
      
(x + 1)(x2 + 4)
Partial Fractions
(3x – 2) dx
Type 1 416. Evaluate: Ú  ____________
      
(x – 1)(x2 + 9)
(2x + 1) dx
397. Evaluate: Ú  ____________
       2x – 1
417. Evaluate: Ú  _____________
     dx
(x + 2)(x + 3)
(x + 1)(x2 + 2)
dx
398. Evaluate: Ú  ____________
     x
418. Evaluate: Ú  _____________
     dx
(x – 1)(x – 2)
(x + 1) (x2 + 4)
dx
399. Evaluate: Ú  __________________
        8
(x + 1)(x +  2)(x + 3) 419. Evaluate: Ú  _____________
     dx
(x + 2) (x2 + 9)
dx
400. Evaluate: Ú  ________________________
        x
(x + 1) (x + 2) (x + 3) (x + 4) 420. Evaluate: Ú  ____________
     dx
x–1 (x + 1)(x2 + 1)
401. Evaluate: Ú  ____________
     dx
(x + 1)(x – 2) Type 4
2x – 1 x2
402. Evaluate: Ú ___________________
  
      dx 421. Evaluate: Ú  _____________
     dx
(x + 1) (x + 2) (x + 3) (x2 – 1) (x2 + 1)
x3 x2
403. Evaluate: Ú  ____________
     dx 422. Evaluate: Ú  _____________
     dx
(x – 1)(x – 2) (x2 – 3) (x2 + 4)
(x2 + 4) Type 3
423. Evaluate: Ú  _____________
       dx
(x2 + 5)(x2 + 7) dx
17. Evaluate: Ú ________
  7  
x(x + 1)
x2
424. Evaluate: Ú  _____________
     dx dx
(x2 – 1)(x2 – 2) 18. Evaluate: Ú __________
  2 4     
x (x + 1)3/4
x2
425. Evaluate: Ú  ___________________
        dx dx
(x2 – 1)(x2 – 2)(x2 – 3) 19. Evaluate: Ú  ________  
x (x5 + 1)
Type 5
dx
20. Evaluate: Ú  ________
((x2 + 3)(x2 + 1)
426. Evaluate: Ú  _____________
)
      dx
(x2 – 1)(x2 + 2)
x (x4 + 1)
dx
21. Evaluate: Ú __________
  2 7   
 
 
2
(x + 1)(x + 2) 2 x (x + 1)6/7
427. Evaluate: Ú  _____________
     dx
(x2 + 3)(x2 + 4) dx
22. Evaluate: Ú __________
  3     
x (1 + x3)1/3
(x2 – 1)(x2 + 3)
428. Evaluate: Ú  _____________
     dx. Type 4
(x2 + 2)(x2 + 1)
x2
23. Evaluate: Ú _______
   dx
(x + 3)2
x3 dx
24. Evaluate: Ú  ________2 
(2x + 3)
Type 1
x2
1. Evaluate: Ú tan x ◊ sec x dx
4 2 25. Evaluate: Ú _______
   dx
(x + 2)3
2. Evaluate: Ú sec3x dx x2
26. Evaluate: Ú ________
    dx
(ax + b)2
3. Evaluate: Ú sec5x dx
dx
27. Evaluate: Ú _________
   
4. Evaluate: Ú tan2x ◊ sec4x dx x (1 + x3)2
5. Evaluate: Ú tan3x ◊ sec6x dx x4
28. Evaluate: Ú ________
   dx
(3x – 2)3
6. Evaluate: Ú tan3x ◊ sec5x dx
Type 5
7. Evaluate: Ú sec7x dx
dx
29. Evaluate: Ú _________
  2  
8. Evaluate: Ú sec9 x dx x (3x + 2)3
dx
Type 2 30. Evaluate: Ú _________
  3     
x (b + ax)2
9. Evaluate: Ú cosec2 x ◊ cot2 x dx
dx
31. Evaluate: Ú ________
  2  
10. Evaluate: Ú cot3 x ◊ cosec3 x dx x (x + 2)3
11. Evaluate: Ú cosec3 x dx dx
32. Evaluate: Ú _________
  3     
x (a + bx)2
12. Evaluate: Ú cot2 x ◊ cosec4 x dx
dx
13. Evaluate: Ú tan–5x ◊ sec6 x dx 33. Evaluate: Ú  _________  
x (1 + x2)3
2
14. Evaluate: Ú cot3 x ◊ cosec–8 x dx

dx
34. Evaluate: Ú  _________
    
15. Evaluate: Ú cosec x dx 5
x (a – bx)2
2
dx
16. Evaluate: Ú cosec7 x dx 35. Evaluate: Ú _________
  4     
x (2x + 1)3
Type 6 8x9
55. Evaluate: Ú ________
  2  dx
dx (3x – 2)5
36. Evaluate: Ú  _____________
    
(x – 1)3 (x – 2)4
10x11
56. Evaluate: Ú ________
  2  dx
dx
37. Evaluate: Ú _______________
 4 _____________
     (3x + 5)4
÷ (x – 1)3 (x   
+ 2)5 
Type 9
dx
38. Evaluate: Ú _____________
       2 sin x + 3
(x – 1)3 (x – 2)2 57. Evaluate: Ú  __________
  
   dx
(3sin x + 2)2
dx
39. Evaluate: Ú  ______________
     (2 sin x + 5)
(x – 3)4 (x – 2)5 58. Evaluate: Ú  ___________
  
   dx
(2 + 5 sin x)2
dx
40. Evaluate: Ú  ________________
    
(x – 3) (x – 2)7/2
3/2
(3 sin x – 2)
59. Evaluate: Ú  ___________
  
   dx
dx
41. Evaluate: Ú  _______________
5
    
______________ (2 – 3 sin x)2
÷ (x + 1)4 (x +  
3)6  Type 10
dx
42. Evaluate: Ú  _______________
    
( )
______________ 4 cos x + 3
5
÷(x + 1)4 (x +  
3)7  60. Evaluate: Ú  ___________
   dx
(3 cos x + 4)2
Type 7
(cos x + 2)
dx 61. Evaluate: Ú___________
  
   dx
43. Evaluate: Ú _________
    (1 + 2 cos x)2
x (2 + 3x3)
dx 3 cos x + 4
44. Evaluate: Ú _________
    62. Evaluate: Ú ___________
  
   dx
x (3 + 5x5) (3 + 4 cos x)2
dx
45. Evaluate: Ú  _________2   Type 11
x (2 + 3x ) dx
63. Evaluate: Ú ___________
    
dx (3 + 4 sin x)2
46. Evaluate: Ú _________
   
x (3 + 4x3)
dx
dx 64. Evaluate: Ú ___________
 
47. Evaluate: Ú _________
    (5 + 4 sin x)2
x (2 – 5x3)
dx
dx 65. Evaluate: Ú __________
 
48. Evaluate: Ú  _________   (1 – 2 sin x)2
x (1 – 4x4)
Type 12
dx
49. Evaluate: Ú _________
    dx
x (3x4 + 1) 66. Evaluate: Ú  ___________
  
(2 + 3 cos x)2
Type 8
dx
x5
50. Evaluate: Ú _______
  2  dx 67. Evaluate: Ú _____________
 
(x – 1)4 (12 + 13 cos x)2
dx
x9 68. Evaluate: Ú ___________
 
51. Evaluate: Ú  _________
2 5
  dx (3 – 4 cos x)2
(2x + 3)
Type 13
x3
52. Evaluate: Ú _______
  2
(x + 1)4
 dx
(4ex + 6e–x
69. Evaluate: Ú _________
  x
9e – 4e–x )
dx.
5
x
53. Evaluate: Ú _______
  2   dx 3ex – 2e–x
(x – 3)4 70. Evaluate: Ú  _________ dx
2ex + 5e–x
x7
54. Evaluate: Ú  ________  dx 4ex + 3e–x
71. Evaluate: Ú  _________ dx
(3x2 – 2)4 3ex + 7e–x
dx
Integration of Irrational Functions 90. Evaluate: Ú _________
  2 __ 
(x + 1) ÷x
Type 1
x dx
dx 91. Evaluate: Ú  _________________
      _____  
72. Evaluate: Ú  _______________
    
______________ 2
(x + 2x + 2) ÷x + 1 
÷ (x + 2)5 (x +  
1)3 
dx
92. Evaluate: Ú _________
  2 __ 
(
x + 2 1/2 dx
)
73. Evaluate: Ú  ______    ◊ ___
2x + 3
  x (x – 1) ÷x
x dx
(x + 1) 93. Evaluate: Ú  _________________
      _____  
74. Evaluate: Ú ______________
        dx (x2 – 2x + 2) ÷x – 1 
(x + 2) (x + 3)3/2
_____ Type 5
÷
2 32 – x
75. Evaluate: Ú _______
     _____  dx dx _____
(2 – x)2 2 + x 94. Evaluate: Ú ____________
      
(x + 1) ÷x2 + 1 
Type 2
dx
95. Evaluate: Ú  _________________
       
__________
dx
76. Evaluate: Ú  ______________
_____     
_____ (x + 1) ÷x2 + 2x   
+ 2 
3 x + 1 
x + 1  + ÷
÷
dx
dx 96. Evaluate: Ú ________
  _____  
77. Evaluate: Ú  _________________
_____        x÷ x2 + 4 
x + 1  – (x + 1)1/4
÷
dx _____
1 + x1/2 – x1/3 97. Evaluate: Ú ____________
      
78. Evaluate: Ú  ____________
   dx (x – 1) ÷x2 + 4 
1 + x1/3
dx _____
dx 98. Evaluate: Ú _____________
      
79. Evaluate: Ú ________
  1/2  
x + x1/3 (2x – 1)÷x2 + 1 
__
x dx _____
99. Evaluate: Ú _____________
80. Evaluate: Ú 4_______
÷
  _____   dx       
÷x + 1 
3 (3x + 2) ÷x2 – 4 
__
x Type 6
81. Evaluate: Ú _______
÷
  __ 3 __ dx
x + ÷
÷ x dx
100. Evaluate: Ú ________
  _____  
Type 3 x ÷
2
x2 – 1 
dx _____ dx _____
82. Evaluate: Ú ___________
       101. Evaluate: Ú  ______________
    
(x – 1) ÷x + 3  (x + 1) ÷x2 + 2 
2
dx _____
83. Evaluate: Ú ___________
        
dx _____
102. Evaluate: Ú _____________
    
(x + 3) ÷x + 2  (x – 1) ÷x2 + 2 
2
__
x
÷ dx _____
 
x+1
  dx 103. Evaluate: Ú _____________
      
(1 + x ) ÷1 – x2 
2
dx
85 .Evaluate: Ú _______
  _____   x dx_____
x÷x – 2  104. Evaluate: Ú _____________
      
dx (x – 1) ÷x4 + 3 
4
86. Evaluate: Ú ________
  __ 
(x + 3) ÷x dx
105. Evaluate: Ú  __________________
       
__________
dx ______ (x – 1) ÷x2 + 4x   
87. Evaluate: Ú ____________
2
       + 5 
(x + 3) ÷2x + 1 
Type 7
Type 4 _____
dx 106. Evaluate: Ú (x + ÷
x2 + 1 )10 dx
88. Evaluate: Ú ________
  2 _____  
_____
x ÷ x – 1 
107. Evaluate: Ú (x – ÷x2 + 4 )5 dx
dx
89. Evaluate: Ú ____________
  2     
_____ _____
(x – 4) ÷x + 1  108. Evaluate: Ú (x + ÷
1 + x2 )n dx
dx
dx
109. Evaluate: Ú  _____________
    
_____ 127. Evaluate: Ú ________
  ______  
(x + ÷x2 – 4 )5/3 x÷ 3x – 2 
dx
dx
110. Evaluate: Ú  _____________
    
_____ 128. Evaluate: Ú _________
  ______  
(x – ÷x2 + 9 )10 x÷ 3x9 – 2 
dx_____ dx
111. Evaluate: Ú ____________
       129. Evaluate: Ú __________
  _______    
x (x – ÷
2
x2 + 9 ) x÷ 2 x10 – 3 
Type 8 Type 11
dx dx
112. Evaluate: Ú  ____________
    130. Evaluate: Ú __________
      
x1/2 (2 + 3x)3/2 (2 + 3x2)3/2
dx dx
113. Evaluate: Ú ____________
       131. Evaluate: Ú  _________
    
x2/3 (2 + 3x)4/3 (c + dx2)3/2
dx
114. Evaluate: Ú  ____________
      
dx
132. Evaluate: Ú __________
    
x (3x – 1)5/4
3/4
(3 + 5x2)3/2
dx dx
115. Evaluate: Ú ____________
  1/3      133. Evaluate: Ú _________
      
x (2x + 1)5/3 (3 – 4x2)3/2
dx x dx
116. Evaluate: Ú  ____________
    134. Evaluate: Ú  _________
    
x (2 + 3x)5/2
1/2 (2 – 5x4)3/2
x2 dx
 
dx
117. Evaluate: Ú ___________
     135. Evaluate: Ú  _________
    
x2(2 + 3x2)5/2 (1 – 4x6)3/2
Type 9 Type 12
dx
dx 136. Evaluate: Ú _________________
         
_________
118. Evaluate: Ú  _____________
     (x – 2) ÷
2
x2 – 4x + 7 
(x – 1)3 (x + 2)4
dx
dx 137. Evaluate: Ú  _________________
       
_________
119. Evaluate: Ú _____________
      
(x – 1)3 (x – 2)2
(x + 1) ÷3
x2 + 2x   
+ 4 
dx
dx
120. Evaluate: Ú  _____________
     138. Evaluate: Ú ____________________
       
  
____________
(x – 1)2 (x – 2)3 (x – 2) ÷4x2 – 16x   
3
+ 20 
dx dx
121. Evaluate: Ú  4_______________
    
______________ 139. Evaluate: Ú  _________________________
      
_____________  
÷ (x – 1)3 (x +
  2)5  (x – 6x + 9) ÷4x2 – 24 x   
2
+ 20 
dx dx ___________
122. Evaluate: Ú ________
  2   140. Evaluate: Ú  ________________________
       
x (x + 5)4 (4x + 4x + 1) ÷4x2 + 4x   
2
+ 7 
dx
123. Evaluate: Ú  ________________
       
dx
141. Evaluate: Ú  __________________
    
__________
(x – 1) (x + 1)5/2
3/2
(x + 1) ÷x2 + 2x   
3
– 4 
Type 10 Type 13
dx
124. Evaluate: Ú _________
  ______   (2x + 3)
142. Evaluate: Ú  __________________
   
  
__________   dx
x÷ 3x3 + 4  (3x + 4)÷x2 + 2x   
+ 4 
dx
125. Evaluate: Ú _________
  ______   (2x + 3)
143. Evaluate: Ú  _________________
        dx
__________
x÷ 5x4 + 3  (x + 1) ÷x2 + 2x   
+ 9 
dx
126. Evaluate: Ú _________
  ______   (4x + 7)
x÷ 2 – 5x6  144. Evaluate: Ú  _________________
        dx
__________
(x + 2) ÷x2 + 4x   
+ 7 
Type 14 dx
164. Evaluate: Ú  ____________
    
__________
4x  
+   
2 2
x + __________ x÷ 2
x – 3x   
+ 2 
145. Evaluate: Ú  _________________   dx
(x + 1) ÷x + 2x   
2
+ 3  dx
165. Evaluate: Ú  __________
    
______
x+÷ x2 – 1 
x2 + __________
5x  
+   
6
146. Evaluate: Ú  _________________   dx
(x + 2) ÷x + 5x    x dx
166. Evaluate: Ú _________
2
+ 4        
_____
x+÷ x2 – 1 
x2 + 10x +6
147. Evaluate: Ú  _________________
       dx
__________
(x + 2) ÷x + 4x   
2
+ 9  Reduction Formulae
Type 15 Type 1
148. Evaluate: Ú ÷

3 __
x )3 dx
x (1 + ÷
__ 167. Evaluate: Ú sin5 x dx
__ 168. Evaluate: Ú sin6 x dx
149. Evaluate: Ú ÷x2 (3 + x–2/3)–2 dx
3
( )
______ Type 2
__
÷ 1 +__÷4  
150. Evaluate: Ú  _______
x  
dx
3 4
÷ x   169. Evaluate: Ú cos7 x dx
dx
151. Evaluate: Ú ________
  2 _____   170. Evaluate: Ú cos8 x dx
x ÷7
1 + x4  Type 3
dx
152. Evaluate: Ú ___________
  __ __      171. Evaluate: Ú tan5 x dx
x ( 4÷
÷ x + 1 )10

172. Evaluate: Ú tan6 x dx
153. Evaluate: Ú x–1/2 (2 + 3x1/3)–2 dx
________
__ Type 4
÷( 1 + ÷x4  ) 
__ 7
Ú
3
154. Evaluate: 3÷x ×
173. Evaluate: Ú cot7 x dx
155. Evaluate: Ú x–6 (1 + 2x3)2/3 dx
dx
156. Evaluate: Ú ________
  3 _____   Type 5
x÷ 1 + x5 
dx 175. Evaluate: Ú sec3 x dx
157. Evaluate: Ú _________
  2 _____  
x ÷
11
1 + x4 
176. Evaluate: Ú sec4 x dx
( )
________
3 4 __
÷(1 + ÷ x ) 
158. Evaluate: Ú  _________
__   dx 177. Evaluate: Ú sec5 x dx
4 3
÷ x  
178. Evaluate: Ú sec7 x dx
Type 16
dx Type 6
159. Evaluate: Ú  _______________
    
_________
(1 + ÷ 2
x + x + 1 ) sin 3 x
  dx
dx sin x
160. Evaluate: Ú  _____________
    
_________
x+÷ sin 5 x
x2 – x + 1  180. Evaluate: Ú _____
  dx
sin x
x dx
161. Evaluate: Ú  ____________
    
___________ sin 6 x
÷ 7x – 10   
– x2  181. Evaluate: Ú _____
  dx
sin x
dx
162. Evaluate: Ú  _____________
    
_________ sin 8 x
  dx
x – ÷x – x + 2 
2 sin x
dx Type 7
163. Evaluate: Ú  ______________
    
__________ dx
x–÷ 2
x – 2x   
+ 4  183. Evaluate: Ú _______
2
(x + 2)2
dx sin x
184. Evaluate: Ú _______
3. Ú _____
  dx =
(x2 + 3)3 sin 3 x
| |
__
x+1 1__ ÷
3  + tan x
185. Evaluate: Ú ____________
dx (a)  ___   log  _________
__   + c
2 2 ÷
3  ÷3  – tan x
(x + 3x + 2)
| |
__
Type 8 1__ ÷
3  + tan x
(b)  ____   log  _________
__   + c
186. Evaluate: Ú x2 log x dx 2÷3  ÷3  – tan x
| |
__
187. Evaluate: Ú x2 (log x)2 dx ÷
3  + tan x
(c) log  _________
__   + c
÷
3  – tan x
188. Evaluate: Ú x3 (log x)2 dx
| |
__
1__ ÷
3  + tan x
189. Evaluate: Ú x2 (1– x)3 dx (d)  ___   log  _________
__   + c
÷
3  ÷3  – tan x
Mixed Problems 4.
dx
Ú  __________________
        =
sin (x – a) cos (x – b)
190. Evaluate: Ú sin8 x dx
1
(a)  _________   (log |sin (x – a)| + log |sec (x – b)|) + c
191. Evaluate: Ú cos10 x dx cos (a – b)
(b) ( log | sin (x – a) | + log | sec (x – b) | ) + c
192. Evaluate: Ú tan8 x dx
(c) (log |sin (x – a)| + c)
(d) (log |sec (x – b )| + c)
194. Evaluate: Ú cot x dx 9
5. Ú tan3 2 x ◊ sec 2x dx =
195. Evaluate: Ú sec9 x dx 1 1
(a)  __  sec3 2 x – __
    sec 2 x + c
3 2
196. Evaluate: Ú xn ex dx 1 1
(b) –  __  sec 2 x – __
3
    sec 2 x + c
6 2
dx
197. Evaluate: Ú _______
1 1
(c)  __  sec3 2 x – __
    sec 2 x + c
(x2 + 2)2 6 2
1 1
(d)  __  sec 2 x +  __  sec 2 x + c
3
3 2
1
6. If Ú f (x) sin x ◊ cos x dx = (b
_______
  2
– a2)
  log ( f (x)) + k, then
1. Ú x2 cos x dx = f (x) is
x2 sin x 1
(a) + 2 x cos x – 2 sin x + c (a)  ________________
   + c
(b) x2 sin x + 2 x cos x + 2 sin x + c a sin x + b2 cos2 x
2 2
(c) x2 sin x + 2 x cos x + sin x + c 1

(b)  _______________
   + c
(d) x2 sin x + 2 cos x + sin x + c. a2 sin2 x – b2 cos2 x
1
2. Ú ex cos2 x dx = (c)  _______________
   + c
a2 cos2 x + b2 sin2 x
1
(a) ex + ___
    ex (cos 2 x + 2 sin 2 x) + c 1
10 (d)  _______________
   + c
a2 cos2 x – b2 sin2 x
1
(b)  __  ex + ex (cos 2 x + 2 sin 2 x) + c
Ú (  cot x – tan x )
2 cos 4 x + 1
__________
7. If   
     dx = k cos 4 x + c, then
1
(c)  __  ex + (cos 2 x + 2 sin 2 x) + c 1 1
2 (a) k = –  __  (b) k = –  __ 
2 8
1 1
(d)  __  ex + ___
    ex (cos 2 x + 2 sin 2 x) + c 1
(c) k = –  __ 
1
(d) k =  __ 
2 10 4 6
8.
dx
Ú ______
  6
x + x4
  =
1 1
1
2
1
|sin x – (x + 1) cos x – 1
(a)  __  log _____________________
     
      + c
sin x – (x + 1)cos x + 1 |
(a) –  ___2  + __  x + cosec–1x + c (b)  __  tan–1 {sin x – (x + 1) cos x} + c
3x 2
1
1
(b) –  ____2  + __
1
 x + cot–1 x + c (c)  __  sin–1 {sin x – (x + 1) cos x} + c
2
3x
1
1
(c) –  ___3  +  __
1
+ tan–1 x + c (d)  __  sin–1 (sin x + cos x) + c
x 2
3x
{ }
2
1 1 1 2x
(d)  ____2  – __
 x + sin–1 x + c 14. Ú ex _______
  _____   + 1 – _________
  ________    dx =
3x ÷1 + x  
2
÷ (1 + x )  
2 5
2 sin x + 5
Ú (2
___________
9.   
     dx =
+ 5 sin x)2
cos x – cos x
( 1
(a) ex _______
x
  _____   + _________
  _______    + c
÷ 1 + x   ÷(1 + x2)3 
2 )
(a)  _________ + c (b)  _________ + c
2 + 5 sin x
1
(c)  _________ + c
2 + 5 sin x
sin x
(d)  _________ + c
( 1
(b) ex _______
x
  _____   – _________
  _______    + c
÷ 1 + x   ÷(1 + x2)3 
2 )
( )
2 + 5 sin x 2 + 5 sin x 1 x
(c) ex _______
  _____   + _________
  _______    + c
{
÷ 1 + x   ÷ (1 + x2)5 
2
10.
(log x – 1)
Ú  1__________
+ (log x)2 }
      dx =
( 1
(d) ex ______
x
  _____   – ________
)
  _______    + c
÷ 1 – x   ÷(1 + x2) 
2
x ex x ex
(a)  _____2  + c (b)  __________
     + c
1 + (log x)2 x cos x + 1
1+x 15. Ú  ____________
      dx =
___________
log x ÷2x e
3 sin x 2
+
  x  
x
(c)  __________ (d)  _____2  + c
( )
     + c _________
1 + (log x)2 1+x ÷ __________
2x esin x + 1  – 1
(a) log  ______________      + c
cosec2 x – 2005 ÷ 2 xe sin x   
+ 1  + 1
11. Ú  _____________
     dx =
( )
_________
cos2005 x
÷ 2x esin x – 1   + 1
(b) log ______________
  __________      + c
cot x tan x
(a)  _______ + c (b)  _______ + c ÷ 2 xe sin x   
+ 1  + 1
cos2005 x cos2005 x
( )
_________
– tan x – cot x ÷ _________
2x esin x + 1   + 1
(c) log  ______________
(c)  _______ + c (d)  _______ + c       + c
cos2005 x cos2005 x ÷ 2 xe sin x   
– 1  + 1
( )
_________
sin 2 x + 2 tan x ÷ 2x esin x + 1  + 1
(d) log  ______________
12. Ú __________________
        dx = _________         + c
( cos6x + 6 cos2 x + 4 ) ÷ 2 xe sin x   
– 1  – 1
________
16. Let f (x) be a function such that f (0) = f ¢(0) = 0, f ¢¢(x)
÷
1 + cos2 x
(a) 2  ________   + c
cos7x = sec4 x + 4, the function is
________
1
÷
1
(b) tan ___
–1
2  ( ) ÷ 1 + cos2 x
  __   ×  ________
cos7x
  + c
(a) log (sin x) + __
2
    tan3 x + cx
3
1
(b)  __  log (sec) + __
    tan2 x + 2x2
1
12 (1 + cos2 x
(c)  ___  log  ________
cos7x )
  + c
3
(c) log (cos x) + __

6
1 x2
    cos2 x + __
   
6 5
12
1
( 6
(d)  ___  log 1 + _____
4
  4 + _____
  6   + c
cos x cos x ) (d) none.
____ ____
17. The value of the integral I = Ú (÷tan x + ÷cot x ) dx,
(1 + x) sin x
13. Ú __________________________
   
   dx = where
p
( )
2 2
(x + 2x) cos x – (1 + x) sin 2 x x Œ 0, __
    
2
__
(a) ÷2  sin–1 (cos x – sin x) + c ln |x|
__
–1
(b) ÷2  sin (sin x – cos x) + c
23. Ú ____________
       dx =
_______
x × ÷1 + ln |x| 
__
(c) ÷2  sin–1 (sin x + cos x) + c 2 _______
(a)  __  ÷1 + ln |x|  × (ln |x| – 2) + c
__ 3
(d) – ÷2  sin–1 (sin x + cos x) + c
2 _______
____ ____ (b)  __  ÷ 1 + ln |x|  × (ln |x| + 2) + c
18. The value of the integral I = Ú ( ÷tan x + ÷cot x  ) dx, 3
1 _______
3p
(
where x Œ p, ___
    
2 ) (c)  __  ÷
3
1 + ln |x|  × (ln |x| – 2) + c
1 _______
__
(a) ÷2  sin–1 (cos x – sin x) + c (d)  __  ÷ 1 + ln |x|  × (ln |x| + 2) + c
3
__
f (x)
(b) ÷2  sin–1 (sin x – cos x) + c
__ 24. If Ú     t2 dt = x cos (p x), the value of f ¢(9) is
–1
(c) ÷2  sin (sin x + cos x) + c 0
__ (a) – 1/9 (b) – 1/3
(d) – ÷2  sin–1 (sin x + cos x) + c (c) 1/3 (d) Non existent.
____ ____
19. The value of the integral I = Ú (÷tan x + ÷ cot x )dx, 25. The number of values of x satisfying the equation
3
__
( ) (
    x + 1
)
x
p
2
3p
where x Œ 0,  __   » p, ___
    
2
–1
(2 28
___
3 )
2
_______________
Ú   8t +     t + 4 dt =          ,
______
log(x + 1) ( ÷(x + 1)  )
____ ____
( )
__ ____________
tan x – ÷cot x
–1 ÷ is
(a) ÷2  tan   __  
   + c
÷2  (a) 0 (b) 1
____ ____
( ) (c) 2 (d) 3.
__ tan x   + ÷cot x
÷
–1 _____________
(b) ÷2  tan   __  
   + c ________________________
÷2 
____ ____
26. Ú ÷(1 + 2 cot x (cot
   x + cosec x))  dx =
( )
__ tan x   – ÷cot x
÷
–1 _____________
(c) – ÷2  tan  
____
__  
   +
____
÷2 
c
( ( ))
(a) 2 ln cos __
x
       + c
2
( ) ( ( )) x
__ tan x   + ÷cot x
(d)
÷
– ÷2  tan–1  _____________
__  
   + c (b) 2 ln sin __        + c
÷2  2
20. ( 4 3
cos x – x sin x + cos x
Ú e(x sin x + cos x)  x____________________
        dx )
1
2 ( ( ))
(c)  __  ln sin __
2
x
       + c
x2 cos2 x (d) None.
( 1
(a) e(x sin x + cos x) x – ______
 x cos x   + c ) 27. A differentiable function satisfies 3f 2(x) f ¢(x) = 2x.
Given f (2) = 1, the value of f (3) is
( ______
 x cos x  ) + c
1 3 ___ __
(b) e(x sin x + cos x) (a) ÷24 
3
(b) ÷6 
 x cos x – x ) + c
( ______
1 (c) 6 (d) 2.
(c) e(x sin x + cos x)
(d) e(x sin x + cos x)  x cos x + x ) + c

( ______
1 28. (
Ú __ 1x log ( __
e )
  x  )  dx =
x
x
1 1
dt
21. Let f (x) = Ú    _______
_____  and g be the inverse of f. Then (a)  __  ex – ln x + c (b)  __  ln x – ex + c
2 2
2 ÷ 1 + t4 
1
the value of g¢(0) (c)  __  ln 2 x – ex + c (d) None.
2
(a) 1 (b) 17
___
Ú x × 2 ln(x + 1) dx =
2
(c) ÷17  (d) None. 29.

x 2
t dt 2 ln (x
+ !)
22. If f (x) = eg(x) and g (x) = Ú    _____4 , then f ¢(2) is (a)  ________
2
  + c
21 + t 2(x + 1)
2
(a) 2/17 (b) 0 (x2 + 1) 2 ln (x + !)
(b)  _____________       + c
(c) 1 (d) cannot be determined. 2 (x2 + 1)
(
(x2 + 1) 2 ln2 + 1
(c)  ____________
  
     + c
2 (ln 2 + 1) ) (c) cos–1 ((sin x + cos x)) + c
1
(d) cos–1 __ ( )
    (sin x + cos x) + c.
3
(d) None.
sin x
35. If Ú  _________   dx = Ax + B log |sin (x – a)| + c, then
( 2x + 1
30. Ú  _____________
         dx =
(x2 + 4x + 1)3/2 ) sin (x – a)
(a) A = sin a (b) B = cos a
( )
3
x (c) A = cos a (d) B = sin a
(a) __________
  _________
      + c
÷ x + rx + 1 
2
36. Ú x log (x2 + 1) dx = f (x) log (x2 + 1) + g (x) + c, then
( 2
x
(b) __________
  _________
      + c
÷ x + rx + 1  ) 1+ x2
(a) f (x) =  _____  
( )
2
x2
(c) __________
  _________
      + c 1 + x2
÷ x2 + rx + 1  (b) g (x) =  _____  
2
( 1
(d)  __________
      + c
_________
÷ x + rx + 1 
2 ) 1 + x2
(c) g (x) = –  _____
2
 
x2 – 1
31. {2 sin x – 1
Ú ex _________
2
  cos x     +  ______________
  
1 + sin x
cos x (2 sin x + 1)
     dx = } (d) f (x) =  _____
2
 .
(a) ex tan x + c (b) ex cot x + c (

1 + sin 2 x
)
37. If Ú e2x  _________   dx = Ae2x ◊ f (x) + c, then
1 – sin 2 x
(c) ex cosec2 x + c (d) ex sec2 x + c. (a) A = 1/2 (b) A = 1/3
{ ( )}
–1 _____ (c) f (x) = tan x (d) f (x) = tan 2 x.
etan
x ( –1 1 – x2
Ú  _______   sec ÷1 + x2  ) + cos–1  _____2     dx
2
32. 2
(1 + x ) 1+x dx
38. If Ú  __________________
       
cos (x – a) cos (x – b)
(a) etan–1 x ◊ tan–1 x + c
1
= __
  (log |f (x)| + log |g (x)| + c, then
etan–1 x ◊ (tan–1 x)2 A
(b)  ______________
    + c
2 (a) A = sin (a – b)
( ( ) _____
(c) etan–1 x ◊ sec–1 ÷1 + x2  )  + c
2
(b) f (x) = cos (x – a)
(c) g (x) = cos (x – b)
x ◊ ( cosec ( ÷1 + x   ) ) + c
_____ 2
(d) etan–1 –1 2 (d) A = sin (b – a).
33. Ú _____________
 
dx
     =
_____
39. If Ú tan4 x dx = k tan3 x + L tan x + f (x), then
__
x )÷x – x  
(1 + ÷ 2
(a) k = 1/3 (b) L = –1
__
(
2 (1 + ÷x )
(a) _________
 
(1 – x)2
   + c
__
) (c) f (x) = x + c
(More than one options are correct)

(d) k = 2/3.
(
(1 + ÷x )
(b)  ________
(1 – x)2
   + c
__
) 40. If Ú ( 1________
+ cos x )
x + sin x
  dx = f (x) tan (g (x)) + c, then
(
(1 – ÷x )
(c)  ________2   + c
(1 – x) )
__
(a) f (x) = x2 (b) f (x) = x
( )
x2 x
2 (1 – ÷ x )
(d)  ________
_____    + c (c) g (x) = __
    (d) g (x) = __
   
2 2
– ÷1 – x
34. ( cos x – sin x

Ú  __________
÷
      dx =
________
8 – sin 2 x ) ( x–1
(x + 1) )  
ex
41. If Ú ex  _______3   dx = ______
(g (x))m
+ c, then
(a) sin–1 (sin x + cos x) + c (a) g (x) = x (b) g (x) = x + 1

(c) m = 1 (d) m = 2.
1
(b) sin–1 __(
    (sin x + cos x) + c
3 )
dx
42. If Ú  __________
  
x2 (x4 + 1)3/4
  = A 1 + __
 
x4(
1 B
)
   + c, then (a) L + M = 18
(c) L + M + N = 22
(b) L – M = 6
(d) L + M – N = 14.
( )
(a) A = –1 (b) B = 1/4
cos4 x
(c) A = 1/2 (d) B = 1/2. 50. If Ú ___________________
  3        dx
  
sin x {sin5 x + cos5 x}3/5
43. If ( logx e + logex e + log 2 e

Ú _____________________
     
x
ex
    dx )
A
1 m
__
= –  __(B + cot5 x) n + c, then
(a) A + B = 3 (b) m + n = 7
= A (log (loge x)) + B loge (1 + loge x)
(c) m + n = 8 (d) A + B = 4.
+ C log (2 + loge x) + K, then
(a) A + B = 2 (b) A – C = 0
(c) A – B = 0 (d) A + B + C = 3
(
____
44. If  
tan x
÷
Ú ________
sin x cos x )
  dx = A (f (x))1/m + c, then 1. Evaluate:
cos 2 x – cos x
Ú  ____________
   dx
  
1 – cos x
(a) A = 2 (b) m = 2 cos 5 x + cos 4 x
2. Evaluate: Ú  _____________
   dx
  
1 – 2 cos 3 x
(c) f (x) = tan x (d) A + m = 5
sin6 x + cos6 x
(
____
Ú  ___________
45. If
cot x
÷
) ____
Ú  sin x cos x  dx = A ( – ÷f (x)  ) + c, then
________ 3. Evaluate:   dx
  
sin2 x ◊ cos2 x
cos 2 x
(a) A = 2 (b) f (x) = cot x 4. Evaluate: Ú __________
  2   dx
cos x ◊ sin2 x
(c) f (x) = tan x (d) A = 4.
sin 2 x
( ) Ú ___________
______ 5. Evaluate:      dx
x9/2
46. If Ú _______
L
  ______    dx = __
÷ 1 + x  
11 ( ) |
    log xN/P + ÷1 + x11   + c,
M
| sin 5 x ◊ sin 3 x
sin x
then 6. Evaluate: Ú __________
     dx
sin x + cos x
(a) L + M = 13 dx
(b) L – M = 9
7. Evaluate: Ú ____________
 sec x + cosec
  x
(c) L + M + N + P = 26
(d) L + M + N = 15.
8. Evaluate: Ú tan 3 x ◊ tan 2 x ◊ tan x dx
(
_________ b
Ú ______
dx
47. If Ú ________
  _____    =
x ÷
3
1 + x4  ) ÷ L
__ P
  N + __
M
  4  + c , then
x
9. Evaluate:  
a + c ex
dx
dx
(a) L = 1 10. Evaluate: Ú _____

 
1 + ex

(b) M=2
x+9
(c) L+M+N+P=5 11. Evaluate: Ú  _______
x3 + 9 x
dx
(d) L + M + N – P = 3.
( )
sin x – cos x
tan–1 x
48. If Ú ______
  4   dx =
12. Evaluate: Ú  __________
   dx
ex + sin x
x
| |

tan–1 x __
–  ______
1 x2 + 1
  +   log  _____
1
   + ____
  2  + k, 13. Evaluate: Ú   ________________
   dx
  
ex + sin x + x
Ax 3 B x2 Cx
sin (x + a)
then 14. Evaluate: Ú  _________
sin (x + b)
  dx
(a) A = 3 (b) B = 6
dx
(c) C = 6 (d) A + B + C = 15. 15. Evaluate: Ú _________________
         
49. If ( 2 (cos x + sec x) sin x
Ú _________________
  6      dx
  
cos x + 6 cos2 x + 4 ) 16. Evaluate:
dx
Ú _________________
         
sin (x – a) cos (x – b)

L
1
= __
( ( M
  log 1 + _____
N
  4 + _____
))
  6     + c,
cos x cos x  
____
tan x
÷
17. Evaluate: Ú ___________   
sin x ◊ cos x dx
then
Another random document with
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as the sudden clamminess touched his skin. Clingman, engaged as
usual in pecking out something on a writer, shirt sleeves rolled up on
his plump arms, ranked piles of notes on the table beside him,
turned a pale, unhealthy-looking face towards the door.
"Mister Gordon," he said mildly, dragging the "mister" out a little as
was his habit. He nodded at the wall to Troy's left. "Our recording
mechanisms became inoperative again ... and just as I was in the
process of noting down some very interesting fresh clues as to the
probable origin of the Tareeg coup system. Will you try to attend to
it?"
"Right away," Troy said, his vague fears dispelled. Clingman's
recorders were a standard problem; the repair parts for such items
were on the Atlas which had not come down into atmosphere for
almost a year. There probably had been no reason to feel
apprehensive about a night call to the office. It had happened on
such occasions before.
He went to work, glancing over from time to time at the senior

scientist who was frowning down pensively at the writer. Before the
Hammerheads executed his predecessors, Dr. Victor Clingman had
been head of the Biology Department on the Cassa Expedition, and
his interest in the subject had not changed, though it was now
centered exclusively on the life habits of their captors. The Tareegs
did not seem to object to his preoccupation with them. Possibly it
amused them; though Clingman had told Troy once, rather
complacently, that his research already had proved to be of some
usefulness to the Tareegs in answering certain questions they had
had about themselves. That might also be true. On several
occasions, at any rate, Troy had found either the Low Dsala or
another Hammerhead officer in Clingman's office, answering the
scientist's questions in high-pitched, reedy voices which always had
the suggestion of a whistle in them. All of them apparently had been
taught human speech, though they rarely chose to use it.
Clingman cleared his throat, asked without turning his head, "Did I
tell you, Gordon, that the Tareegs' known history goes back to
considerably less than a thousand years, by human time reckoning?"
"Yes, you did, doctor," Troy said. It had become almost impossible
for him to do work for Clingman—and Clingman invariably called on
him personally when he had some mechanical chore on hand—
without listening to a lengthy, rambling discourse on the scientist's
latest discoveries about the Tareegs. It was an indication, he
thought, that Clingman had grown increasingly hungry for human
companionship of any kind. He could hardly fail to know that the
majority of the station's human component was aware he had
originated the suggestion made by the leading scientific group to the
Hammerheads concerning the possibility of turning Cassa One into a
Tareeg water world, and that he was generally despised for it. Troy's
noncommittal attitude might have led him to believe that Troy either
had not been informed of the fact or happened to be a man who saw
nothing very objectionable in such an act.
Troy was, as it happened, less certain than some of the others that
Clingman and the men like Dr. Chris Dexter, who had been directing
the ice-hauling operations of the Atlas, had come to a deliberate,
cold-blooded agreement among themselves to save their own skins
by offering to help the Hammerheads against mankind. It was
perhaps more likely that they had acted in unthinking panic, following
the gruesome executions the Hammerheads had forced them to
witness. That would be more forgivable, if only slightly so. It was
difficult to be sure about Clingman in any way. He might be
unpardonably guilty in his own mind and still no less frightened than
before—for who knew, after all, what the Tareegs ultimately intended
with their prisoners? On the other hand, he might actually have
buried all such considerations beneath the absorbed, objective
interest he appeared to take in them.
Troy had paid no more attention than he could help at first to

Clingman's scholarly monologues on his favorite theme. His own
thoughts avoided the Hammerheads as far as possible. But as his
personal plans began to develop and the chance that he might reach
Earth grew into something more than a wildly improbable hope, he
realized that the more he learned about the new enemy, the more
valuable an eventual report would be. Thereafter he listened
carefully, memorizing all of Clingman's speculations, and gradually
developed some degree of detached interest of his own in the
creatures. They had a curious history, short though it was, a history
of merciless strife on twin water worlds of the same system in which
any records of a common background had been long lost or
destroyed. Then had come the shock of mutual discovery and
renewed battling, now on an interplanetary scale, which ended in a
truce of carefully guarded equality between the rival worlds.
"That situation, it seems possible," Clingman had said once, "may
have led to the legend of the lost home-world of the Tareegs." It was
a cautious reference to the obvious fact that neither Tareeg planet
would have been willing to admit that it might be no more than an
ancient colony of its twin. A remote and glorious ancestral world
which had brought both colonies forth as equals was a much more
acceptable theory. "And yet," Clingman went on, "the legend might
well be based in fact. And it may be that we, with our skills, will
enable the Tareegs to rediscover that world...."
It sounded, Troy had thought, with something like amused disgust,
as if the scientific brass had prudently worked out a new scheme to
preserve itself after the Cassa One operation closed out.
"There also, of course," Clingman continued, blinking his pale eyes
reflectively at Troy, "we have the origin of the parallel legend of the
Terrible Enemy. What except the conquest of the home-world by a
monstrous foe could have caused it to forget its colonies? In that
light, it becomes a little easier to understand the ... ah, well ... the ...
cautious distrust the Tareegs have shown towards the first intelligent
species they encountered in interstellar space."
And that sounded like an attempted apology—not so much for the
Tareegs and their manner of expressing cautious distrust as for Dr.
Victor Clingman's collaboration with them. But Troy said nothing. By
then he was very eager to hear more.
He did. Almost week by week, something new was added to the
Hammerhead data filed away in his mind. Much of it might be
unimportant detail, but Earth's strategists could decide that for
themselves. The Tareeg coup system Clingman was mulling over
again tonight had been of significance at least to the prisoners; for it
probably was the reason the majority of them were still alive. The
two High Dsalas who, each representing one of the twin worlds,
were in joint command of the Tareeg forces here would have gained
great honor merely by returning to their system at once with the
captured Earth expedition. But to have stayed instead, silently to
have assumed personal responsibility for the creation of a new world
fit for Tareeg use—that assured them honor and power beyond belief
when the giant task was over and the announcement went out....
The awareness that Clingman was speaking again broke into Troy's
thoughts.
"Almost everything they do," the scientist observed musingly, "is
filled with profound ceremonial meaning. It was a long while before
we really understood that. You've heard, I suppose, that cloud
formations have appeared on this side of the planet?"
Troy was about to answer, then checked himself, frowning down at
the cleanly severed end of the lead he had been tracing. Severed?
What....
"Gordon?"
"Uh ... why, yes, I've seen them myself, doctor." Troy's mind began to
race. The lead had been deliberately cut, no question of that. But
why? He might have spent another hour checking over the recording
equipment before discovering it—
"It means, of course," he heard Clingman saying, "that the dry sea
basins of Cassa One gradually are filling with water. Now, we know
the vital importance to the Tareegs of being able to immerse
themselves in the—to them—sacred fluid, and how severely they
have been rationed in that respect here. One might have thought
that, from the High Dsalas down, all of them would have plunged
eagerly into the first bodies of water to appear on the planet. But, no
... so great a thing must not be approached in that manner! A day
was set, months in advance, when it could be calculated that the
water level would reach a certain point. At that hour, every Tareeg
who can be spared from essential duty will be standing at the shore
of the new sea. And together...."
Abruptly, the meaning of Clingman's words faded out of Troy's mind.
The sudden nighttime summons to Clingman's office—had it been no
accident after all? Had he done something in the past few hours to
arouse suspicion, and was he being detained here now while his
rooms were searched? Troy felt sweat start out on his face. Should
he say anything? He hesitated, then reached quietly into the tool kit.
"... and only then"—Clingman's voice returned suddenly to his
consciousness—"will the word be prepared to go back, and the
messenger ships filled with the sacred water so that it can be
blended at the same moment with the twin worlds' oceans, to show
that Cassa One has become jointly a part of each...."
Messenger ships—the interstellar drones, of course. And the big
troop of Hammerheads which had been taken from the station in the
personnel carrier less than an hour ago.... His hands trembling a
little, Troy quickly closed the recorder, picked up the tool kit.
Clingman checked himself. "Oh ... you've finished, Gordon?" He
sounded startled.
Troy managed to work a grin on his face. "Yes, doctor. Just a broken
lead. And now, if you'll excuse me...." He started to turn away.
"Ah, one moment!" Clingman said sharply. "There was ... I ... now
where...." He gazed about the table, pushing fretfully at the piles of
notes. "Oh, yes! Dr. Rojas ... Room 72. You were on your way up
here when he attempted to reach you. Something that needed ...
well, I forget now what he said. Would you mind going over there
immediately?"
"Not at all." Troy's heart was pounding. If there had been any doubt
he was being deliberately delayed, it would have vanished now. Dr.
Rojas, of course, would have something waiting that "needed" Troy's
attention before he got to Room 72. A call from Clingman would
arrange for it.
But if they were suspicious of him, why hadn't he been placed under
arrest? They don't want to scare me off, Troy thought. They're not
sure, and if I'm up to something they don't want to scare me off
before they know just what it is....
He'd swung around to the hall, mind reaching ahead through the
next few minutes, outlining quickly the immediate steps he would
have to take—and so he was almost past the Hammerhead before
he saw it. The door to the Low Dsala's offices had opened quietly,
and the Low Dsala stood there five feet away, the horizontally
stalked eyes fixed on Troy.
Troy started involuntarily. He might be very close to death now. To
approach a Hammerhead ... let alone the station's ranking officer ...
unbidden within a dozen steps was a dangerous thing for a prisoner
to do. The Dsala's left hand hung beside the ornament-encrusted
bolt-gun all the officers carried—and those broad torturers' hands
could move with flashing speed. But the creature remained
immobile. Troy averted his eyes from it, keeping his face
expressionless, walked on with carefully unhurried steps, conscious
of the Dsala's stare following him.
It was one of the comparatively few times he had seen a
Hammerhead without its suit. If one knew nothing about them, they
would have looked almost comical—there was a decided
resemblance to the penguins, the clown-birds of Earth, in the rotund,
muscular bodies and the double set of swimming flippers. The odd
head with its thick protruding eyelobes and the small, constantly
moving crimson triangle of the mouth were less funny, as were the
dark, human-shaped hands. Troy felt a chill on his back when he
heard the Dsala break into sudden speech behind him: a high, quick
gabble in its own language. Was it expressing anger? Drawing the
door quietly shut, he heard Clingman begin to reply in the same
tongue.
Reese looked briefly up from the intercom desk as Troy stopped

before it. "Finished with Clingman?" he asked.
"Uh-huh," Troy said. "Any other little jobs waiting before I can get
back to sleep?"
"Not so far," Reese told him sourly. "Pleasant dreams." He returned
his attention to the panels before him.
So Dr. Rojas, as had seemed almost certain, had put in no call for
him. But if he didn't show up at Room 72, how long before they
began to wonder where he was? Perhaps four or five minutes....
Troy stepped out of the elevator on the maintenance level forty
seconds after leaving Reese, went quickly on into the engine room.
One Hammerhead guard stood watching him from the far end. As a
rule, three of them were stationed here. They were accustomed to
Troy's appearances, and he had been careful to establish as
irregular a pattern as was practicable in attending to routine chores,
so that in an emergency his motions would draw a minimum of
attention. Ignoring the guard now, he carried out a desultory
inspection of a set of wall controls, paused four times to remove four
minor sections of machinery and drop them into his tool kit, and was
leaving the big room again a minute and a half later.
Out in the passage, he re-opened the kit, quickly snapped three of
the small steel parts together. The carrying of firearms naturally was
not a privilege the Tareegs extended to human beings; but the newly
assembled device was a quite functional gun. Troy thumbed three
dozen hand-made shells out of the fourth piece removed from the
control equipment, loaded the gun and shoved it into his pocket.
The door to his quarters was locked, and there were no immediate
signs inside that an inspection might have been carried out during
his absence. Troy moved over to the rarely used intercom view-
screen, changed some settings behind it, and switched it on. The
hidden back room appeared in the screen, and—in spite of his near-
certainty about Clingman's purpose in detaining him—Troy felt his
face whiten slowly with shock.
Jerry Newland was no longer lying on his bunk, was nowhere in the
room. A gaping opening in the wall behind the bunk showed where
the emergency tank Troy had brought in from the crashed courier
ship had been installed. So they not only had the pilot in their hands
—they already were aware of his identity and of the condition he was
in.
Troy felt a surge of physical sickness. Left to himself, Newland would
have died in the desert without regaining consciousness as the
tank's independent power source began to fail. Troy had saved him
from that; but very probably it was the Tareeg death the pilot faced
now. Troy switched off the screen, started back to the door, fighting
down his nausea. Self-blame was a luxury for which he had no time.
He couldn't help Newland, and there was not an instant to lose.
Within a few hours, he could still be in space and take his chances
alone at getting the warning to Earth.
But first the search for him must be directed away from the Tareeg
hangar. And that, very fortunately, was an action for which he had
long been thoroughly prepared....
The Hammerhead guard at the station's ground-level exit also had

been reduced to one soldier. And here the appearance of the
maintenance engineer's groundcar on its way to one of the
automatic installations out in the desert was as familiar an
occurrence as Troy's irregular inspection visits in the engine room.
The guard watched him roll past without moving and without
indication of interest. Troy glanced at his watch as the exit closed
behind him. Not quite six minutes since he'd left Clingman's office ...
they should already have begun to check on his whereabouts, and
the fact that he alone of all the humans at the station had access to a
groundcar would then be one of the first things to come to their
minds.
He slowed the car near a tiny inspection door in the outer wall of the
station, cut its lights, jumped out and watched it roll on, picking up
speed as it swerved away to the east and rushed down into the dark
desert. Months before he had installed the automatic guidance
devices which would keep the car hurrying steadily eastwards now,
changing direction only to avoid impassable obstacles. It might be
that, at a time of such importance to the Tareegs, they would not
attempt to follow the car. If a flier did discover it from the air, the
vehicle would be destroyed ... and it was rigged to disintegrate with
sufficient violence then to conceal the fact that it had lacked a driver.
Troy opened the inspection door, then stopped for a moment, staring
back at the Tareeg hangar beyond the station. Light had been
glowing through its screens again when he came out; now the hazy
translucence of the screens was drawing sideways and up from the
great entrance rectangle. Another of the big personnel carriers
nosed slowly out, moved up into the air and vanished against the
night sky. If it was loaded as close to capacity as the one he had
watched from inside the tunnel, almost two thirds of the
Hammerhead force at the station had gone by now to attend the rites
at Cassa One's new sea.
He waited while the force-screen restored itself over the entrance.
Immediately afterwards, the lights in the hangar turned dim and
faded away. Troy climbed in through the inspection door, locked it
and started back down to the maintenance level.
With a little luck, he thought, he might even be able to work
undisturbed now inside the interstellar drone he had selected for his
escape. He would have to be back in the tunnel when the search-
beams came through again ... he suspected they might be quite
sensitive enough to detect the presence of a living being inside one
of the ships. But the Hammerheads themselves might not show up
again until he was prepared to leave. And then it wouldn't matter. If
they did appear—well, he would get some warning from the fact that
the hangar lights would begin to come on first. Not very much
warning, but it might be enough.
The passage leading past his quarters was empty and quiet. Troy
remained behind a corner for a minute or two listening. If Dr. Rojas
had reported his failure to arrive at Room 72, the Tareegs must also
have learned by now that he had left the station, and the last place
they would think of hunting for him was here. But somebody—
Hammerhead or human stooge—might be in his rooms, making a
second and more thorough investigation there.
Everything remained still. Troy came quietly out into the passage,
went down it to the tool room next to his quarters, opened the door,
taking the gun from his pocket, and slipped inside. With the door
locked, he stood still a moment, then turned on the lights.
A glance around showed that nobody was lurking for him here. He
darkened the room again, crossed it, removed the floor section over
the tunnel entrance and slipped down into the tunnel. Working by
touch, he pulled the floor section back across the opening, snapped
it into place and started up the familiar narrow passage he had cut
through the desert rock.
He couldn't have said exactly what warned him. It might have been
the tiny click of a black-light beam going on. But he knew suddenly
that something alive and breathing stood farther up the passage
waiting for him, and the gun came quickly from his pocket again.
His forehead was struck with almost paralyzing force. Stungun ...
they wanted him alive. Troy found himself on his knees, dizzy and
sick, while a voice yelled at him. Human, he thought, with a blaze of
hatred beyond anything he'd ever felt for the Tareegs. Traitor human!
The gun, still somehow in his hand, snarled its answer.
Then the stungun found him again, in three quick, hammering blows,
and consciousness was gone.
There came presently an extended period of foggy, groping thoughts
interspersed with sleep and vivid nightmares. After a time, Troy was
aware that he was in a section of the sick bay on the Atlas, and that
the great carrier was in interstellar flight. So the operation on Cassa
One was over.
He wondered how long he had been knocked out. Days perhaps. It
was the shrill, rapid-fire voice of a Tareeg which had first jolted him
back into partial awareness. For confused seconds, Troy thought the
creature was addressing him; then came the click of a speaker and
the sounds ended, and he realized he had heard the Tareeg's voice
over the ship's intercom system. A little later, it occurred to him that it
had been using its own language and therefore could not have been
speaking to him.
During that first muddled period, Troy knew now and then that he
was still almost completely paralyzed. Gradually, very gradually, his
mind began to clear and the intervals of sleep which always ended
with terrifying nightmares grew shorter. Simultaneously he found he
was acquiring a limited ability to move. And that, too, increased.
It might have been three or four hours after his first awakening
before he began to plan what he might do. He had made a number
of observations. There were three other men in this section with him.
All seemed to be unconscious. He thought the one lying in the bed
next to his own was Newland, but the room was dim and he had
been careful to avoid motions which might have been observed, so
he wasn't certain. There was a single human attendant in the small
room beyond the open doorspace opposite his bed. Troy didn't recall
the man's face. He was in the uniform of a medical corpsman; but
whatever else the fellow might be, he was here primarily in the role
of a guard because he had a gun fastened to his belt. It classed him
as a human being whose subservience to the Hammerheads was
not in question. Twice, when the man in the bed at the far end of the
room had begun to groan and move about, the guard came in and
did something that left the restless one quiet again. Troy couldn't see
what he used, but the probability was that it had been a drug
administered with a hypodermic spray.
Getting his hands on the gun, Troy decided, shouldn't be too difficult
if he made no mistakes. His life was forfeit, and to lie and wait until
the Tareeg inquisitors were ready for him wasn't to his taste. Neither
... though somewhat preferable ... was personal suicide. A ship, even
as great a ship as the Atlas, had certain vulnerabilities in interstellar
flight—and who knew them better than one of the ship's own
engineers? The prime nerve centers were the bridge and the
sections immediately surrounding it. It might be, Troy thought, it just
might be that the Hammerheads never would bring their prize in to
the twin worlds to have its treasures of technological information
pried out of it. And that in itself would be a major gain for Earth.
He turned various possibilities over in his mind with the detachment

of a man who has acknowledged the inevitable fact of his own death.
And he felt his strength flowing back into him.
The guard in the other room presently heard renewed groans and
the slurred muttering of a half-conscious man. As he came in
through the doorspace with the drug spray he walked into Troy's fist.
It didn't quite put him to sleep, but the spray did thirty seconds later,
and shortly he was resting, carefully bound and gagged since Troy
didn't know how long the drug would retain its effect, in the back of a
large clothes locker.
The man in the next bed was Newland. He seemed uninjured but
was unconscious, presumably drugged like the other two. Troy left
the section in the corpsman's uniform, the gun concealed in his
pocket. It was improbable that the guard's authority to carry it
extended beyond the sick bay area. In another pocket—it might
come in handy—was the refilled drug spray.
He was two decks closer to the bridge section when it struck him
how deserted the Atlas seemed. Of course, he had avoided areas
where he would be likely to run into sizable groups of either men or
Tareegs. But he had seen only six humans so far, only two of the
Hammerheads. These last had come out of a cross-passage ahead
of him and vanished into another, two men following quietly behind,
the high-pitched alien voices continuing to make a thin, complaining
clamor in the otherwise empty hall seconds after they had
disappeared. And the thought came to Troy: suppose most of the
ship's complement was down in the sleepers?
It wasn't impossible. The Atlas must still be provisioned for years to
come, but an excellent way to avoid human mutiny on the approach
to the Hammerhead worlds would be to put any captives not needed
for essential duty to sleep. And the Atlas hadn't been built for the
convenience of water-creatures. To control a human skeleton crew
would require a correspondingly small number of Tareegs. Most of
their force, he thought, very well might be making the return in their
own vessels.
The reflection literally stopped Troy in his tracks. Because that could
change everything he'd had in mind, opened up possibilities he
hadn't thought existed ... including the one, still remote though it
might be, of returning the Atlas to Earth. Perhaps the men now in
charge of the ship would be almost as unwilling to allow that to
happen as the Hammerheads; they had too much to answer for. But
if the situation he had imagined did exist, his thoughts raced on ...
why then....
Troy's mind swam briefly with a wild premonition of triumph. There
were ways in which it might be done! But because of that, there was
also now the sudden need for much more caution than he had
intended to use. What he needed first was somebody who could tell
him exactly how things stood on board—preferably somebody in a
position of authority who could be persuaded or forced to fall in then
with Troy's subsequent moves.
The bridge deck was as quiet as the others. On the old Atlas, most
of this area had been officers' country, reserved for the expedition
heads and top ship personnel; and presumably that arrangement
had been changed only by the addition of Tareeg commanders and
guards. Troy kept to the maintenance passages, encountered no
one but presently found unused crew quarters and exchanged the
corpsman uniform there for less conspicuous shipboard clothes. This
would make a satisfactory temporary base of operations. And now to
get the information he wanted....
The voice was coming out of the only door open on the dim hall.
There were six staterooms on either side, and Troy remembered that
the room beyond the open door had been occupied by Dr. Clingman
on the trip out from Earth. The voice—preoccupied, mild, a little tired
—was unmistakably Dr. Victor Clingman's.
Was he alone? Troy thought so. He couldn't make out the words, but
it was a monologue, not a conversation. He had the impression of
Clingman dictating another rambling dissertation on Tareeg ways
into a recorder; and the conviction came to him, not for the first time,
that the man was in some essential manner no longer sane, that he
had come to believe that his observations on these deadly enemies
some day really could be compiled into an orderly and valuable
addition to human knowledge.
Sane or not, he was a frightened man, the perfect quarry for Troy's
present purpose. With a gun on him, he would talk. And once having
assisted Troy to any degree, he would be too terrified of Tareeg
reprisals to do anything but switch sides again and go along with
Troy, hoping that thereby the worst—once more—could be avoided.
The worst for Victor Clingman. It would be impossible, Troy thought,
to trust Clingman, but he could make very good use of him in spite of
that.
He came quietly along the passage, his attention as much on the
closed doors about him as on the one which was open. The guard's
gun unfortunately wasn't a noiseless type, but he had wrapped a
small cushion around its muzzle and across it, which should muffle
reports satisfactorily if it came to that. Words became
distinguishable.
"It is not a parasite in the ordinary sense," Clingman's tired voice
said. "It is a weapon. It kills and moves on. A biological weapon
limited to attack one species: the enemy. It is insidious. There is no
warning and no defense. Unconsciousness and death occur
painlessly within an hour after contact, and the victim has not
realized he is being destroyed. The radius of infection moves out
indetectably and with incredible swiftness. And yet there was a
method of containing this agent. That knowledge, however, is now
lost.
"As an achievement of the Tareeg genius for warfare, the weapon
seems matched—in some respects surpassed—only by the one
used to counteract it. And in that, obviously, there were serious
faults. They...."
The man, Troy decided, was quite close, perhaps twelve feet to the
right side of the door. He glanced back along the silent hall, slipped
the cover from the gun—with Clingman, he would only need to show
it—then came into the room in two quick strides, turning to the right
and drawing the door shut behind him.
There was no one in sight. The voice continued:

"... desperate, with no time to complete essential testing. A terrible
gamble, but one which inevitably...." The meaning faded from Troy's
mind as he discovered the wall-speaker from which the words were
coming. His eyes darted across the room to a comfortable chair
drawn up beside a table, to a familiar picture of untidily arrayed piles
of notes on the table, a thread of smoke still rising from a cigarette in
the tray among them. Clingman had been in the room within
minutes, listening to one of his previous recordings as he worked.
Troy's glance shifted to a closed door on his right. Bedroom and bath
of the suite lay behind it. Clingman might be there. He might also ...
Troy reached back, quietly opened the door to the hall again, moved
on and slipped out of sight behind an ornamental screen on the other
side of the speaker.
Clingman could have left his quarters for some reason. In any event,
it was obvious that he had intended to return to the room very
shortly. If he brought someone with him, the situation might be more
difficult. But hardly too difficult to be handled.
Troy worked the improvised silencer back over the gun muzzle,
senses straining to catch either the opening of the door on his right
or the sound of an approach down the hall.
"So it was possible," he heard the wall-speaker say, "to reconstruct,
in almost every essential detail, what the concluding situation must
have been on the world where the Tareeg species had its origin. The
attacking section was safely screened, presumably by a form of
energy barrier, against the deadly agent it had released. The section
under attack had no defense against an agent so nearly
indestructible that it subsequently survived for over a thousand years
in its inert, frozen condition without losing effectiveness in the least
—"
Troy thought: What ... WHAT HAD IT SAID?
He stepped out from behind the screen as the door on his right
opened. Dr. Clingman stood in the door, mouth open, eyes bulging in
surprise and alarm at the gun in Troy's hand. Then his gaze shifted
to Troy's face, and his expression slowly changed.
"Mister Gordon," he murmured, smiling very cautiously, "you are
really the most difficult man to keep stopped!"
Troy pointed a shaking finger at the speaker. "That!" he cried. "That
... it said a thousand years in the ice!"
Clingman nodded. "Yes." His eyes returned, still rather warily, to the
gun. "And I'm rather glad, you know, you happened to catch that
particular part before I appeared."
Troy was staring at him. "That was their lost home-world—the one
you've kept talking about. That great asteroid cloud here...."
"No, not here." Clingman came forward more confidently into the
room, and Troy saw now that the left side of the scientist's face and
head was covered with medical plastic. "The Cassa system is a long
way behind us, Gordon," Clingman said. "We've been on our way
back to Earth for more than two days."
"To Earth," Troy muttered. "And I...."
Clingman jabbed a stubby finger down on a control switch at the

table, and the wall-speaker went silent. "It will be easier to tell you
directly," he said. "You've already grasped the essential fact—our
Tareeg captors, for the most part, are dead. They were killed, with
some careful assistance from the men in charge of this expedition,
by a weapon developed approximately twelve centuries ago on their
ancestral world. A world which still circles today, though in a rather
badly disintegrated condition, about the Cassa sun....
"But let's be seated, if you will. You gave me a very unpleasant fright
just now." Dr. Clingman touched the side of his face. "I had an ear
shot off recently by a man who didn't wait to have the situation
explained to him. His aim, fortunately, was imperfect. And there is
still a minor war in progress on the Atlas. Oh, nothing to worry about
now—it's almost over. I heard less than twenty minutes ago that the
last of the Tareeg guards on board had surrendered. About fifty of
them have become our prisoners. Then there is a rather large group
of armed men in spacesuits in one section of the ship with whom we
have been unable to communicate. They regard us as traitors to the
race, Dr. Dexter and myself in particular. But we have worked out a
system of light signals which should tell them enough to make them
willing to parlay...."
He settled himself carefully into the big chair, turning a white,
fatigued face back to Troy. "That," he said, waving his pudgy hand at
the wall-speaker, "is a talk I made up to explain what actually has
happened to the main body of the mutineers. They comprised a
large majority of the crew and of the expedition members, of course,
but fortunately we were able to gas most of them into
unconsciousness almost at once, so that no further lives have been
lost. We have begun to arouse them again in small groups who are
told immediately that the space ice we were bringing in to Cassa
One carried a component which has resulted in the destruction of the
Tareeg force, and who are then given as much additional information
as is needed to answer their general questions and convince them
that we are still qualified to command the Cassa Expedition. I believe
that in a few more days normal conditions on the ship will have been
restored...."
Clingman glanced over at the smoldering cigarette in the tray,
stubbed it out and lit another. "We had been aware for some time of
your plan to escape back to Earth in one of the Tareeg drones," he
said. "It was an audacious and ingenious scheme which might very
well have succeeded. We decided to let you go ahead with it, since it
was by no means certain until the very last day that our own plans
would be an unqualified success. On the other hand, we couldn't let
you leave too early because the Tareegs certainly would have taken
the Atlas to the twin worlds then without completing the Cassa One
operation. And we didn't care to let you in on our secret, for reasons
I'm sure you understand."
Troy nodded. "If they'd got on to me, I might have spilled that, too."
"Exactly," Clingman said. "There was no question of your loyalty or
determination but the Tareegs' methods of persuasion might cause
the most stubborn man to tell more than he should. So no one who
was not essential to the work was given any information whatever.
Dr. Rojas applied certain medical measures which prevented Mr.
Newland from recovering prematurely ... prematurely from our point
of view, that is. It did not keep you from completing your other
preparations but ensured that you would not actually leave unless
we believed the move had become necessary, as a last resort."
Troy shook his head. He'd been working against something there
had been no way of knowing about. "Was that Rojas waiting for me
in the tunnel?"
"Yes. At that point, we knew we would win, and it had become safe
enough to tell you. Unfortunately, you believed it was a trap."
Troy chewed his lip. "On that home-world of the Tareegs when the
two factions were fighting—the losing side did something which
blasted the whole planet apart?"
"Not exactly," Clingman said. "The appearance of it is rather that the
home-world came apart in an almost gentle manner, section
separating from section. How that could be done is something no
one on Earth had worked out at the time we left. The original survey
group brought back samples of the asteroid swarm for analysis. A
good deal was learned from them."
He paused, frowning at his cigarette, said slowly, "The twin worlds
have developed a new scientific Tareeg caste which was considered
—or considered itself—too valuable to be risked on the interstellar
expedition to the Cassa system. I think that was a very fortunate
circumstance for us. Even before we left Earth, even when it was
believed they were all dead, what had been deduced of the Tareeg
genius for destruction was more than a little disturbing. The apparent
purpose of that last defensive action on the home-world was to strip
the surface oceans from the hostile sections of the planet. Obviously,
the process got out of hand; the entire planet was broken up instead.
But one can't really doubt that—given more time—they would have
learned to master the weapon.
"The killing agent developed by the opposing side evidently had
been very thoroughly mastered. And again we can't say how they did
it. It can be described as a large protein molecule, but its properties
can be imagined only as arising out of a very complex organization,
theoretically impossible at that level of life. It is confined to water, but
its method of dispersion within that medium is not understood at all.
At one instant, it is here; at the next, it apparently will have moved to
a point perhaps several hundred miles away. It is life which has no
existence, and cannot exist, except as a weapon. Unlike a parasite,

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Integral Calculus 3D Geometry and

Vector Booster with Problems and

Integral Calculus, 3D Geometry & Vector Booster

McGraw Hill Education (India) Private Limited

McGraw Hill Education Offices

Integral Calculus, 3D Geometry & Vector Booster

Copyright © 2017, McGraw Hill Education (India) Private Limited.

This edition can be exported from India only by the publishers,

ISBN (13): 978-93-5260-576-7

Cover Designer: Creative Designer

Visit us at: www.mheducation.co.in

Level - I : Problems based on Fundamentals

1. Indefinite Integrals 1.1–1.161

2. Definite Integrals 2.1–2.131

3. Area Bounded by the Curves 3.1–3.62

4. Differential Equation 4.1–4.103

Physical significance of the dot prodcut of two vectors 5.8

6. 3D-Co-ordinate Geometry 6.1–6.69

3. Basic formulae on integration dx

(i) Integration by substitution

(iii) Integration by partial fractions.

cosec x(cosec x – cot x)

Rule: Put g(x) = t2

1 + cos 2x = 2 cos2x d (Denominator) = Numerator + k

1. Replace sin x by ___________

5. Integration by Parts Ú eax sin bx dx, Ú eax cos bx dx.

ﬁ Ú v dx = g(x) = Ú eax (cos bx + i sin bx) dx

i.e. the integral of the product of two function = Ú eax + ibxdx

Proof: ______ ______

( ) of linear factors such that some of them are repeating.

f (x) A1 A2 A3 and then integrate it by parts, where consider cosec2x

Type V: Integrals of the form Type 4: Integrals of the form

Ú sec2r + 1x dx = Ú sec2r – 1x . sec2x dx Rule: put

Rule Put (a x2 + b) = t Rule Put (ax + b) = t p, where p is the LCM of m and n.

Rules Rule Put L2(x) = t 2

which is the required reduction formula.

which is the required reduction formula. dx

which is the required reduction formula.

[ sin nx – sin (n – 2)x = 2 cos (n – 1) x sin x

x m+1 n Note: Similarly, we can easily formulate the reduction

sinmx ◊ cos nx _______

= (m – 1) sinm – 2x cosnx ◊ cos 2x (i)

115. Evaluate: Ú sin3 x ◊ cos xdx

dx 124. Evaluate: Ú sin3 x ◊ cos4x dx

x x(1 + ln x) 127. Evaluate: Ú sin2x ◊ cos3x dx

135. Evaluate: Ú sin4x ◊ cos2x dx dx

143. Evaluate: Ú sin2x dx dx

146. Evaluate: Ú cos2x dx

186. Evaluate: Ú ​ ___________

276. Evaluate: Ú ​( ____________

309. Evaluate: Ú ​( ​ cot x ​ + _____

310. Evaluate: Ú ​( ​ tan x ​ + _____

346. Evaluate: Ú ex ​ __

367. Evaluate: Ú e3x(3sin x + cos x) dx

375. Evaluate: Ú e4x cos 3x dx

378. Evaluate: Ú e2xcos (3x + 4) dx

14. Evaluate: Ú cot3 x ◊ cosec–8 x dx

148. Evaluate: Ú ​÷

(c) x2 sin x + 2 x cos x + sin x + c 1

(c) log (cos x) + __

(d) e(x sin x + cos x) ​ x cos x ​ + x )​ + c

(c) ​÷17 ​ (d) None. 29.

(a) ex tan x + c (b) ex cot x + c (

Proof:

186. Evaluate: Ú  ___________

276. Evaluate: Ú ( ____________

309. Evaluate: Ú ( cot x + _____

310. Evaluate: Ú ( tan x + _____

346. Evaluate: Ú ex __

148. Evaluate: Ú ÷

(d) e(x sin x + cos x)  x cos x + x ) + c

(c) ÷17  (d) None. 29.

43. If ( logx e + logex e + log 2 e