Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Blankenbaker | Davis
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THIRD EDITION
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Elsevier
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Dedications
This book is dedicated to all my family members, colleagues, and
trainees. I have learned much from each of you.
DGB
KWD
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Contributing Authors
Soterios Gyftopoulos, MD, MSc
Associate Professor of Radiology and
Orthopedic Surgery
NYU Langone Health
New York, New York
MK Jesse, MD
Associate Professor of Radiology
Assistant Professor of Orthopedics
University of Colorado Hospital
Aurora, Colorado
Corrie M. Yablon, MD
Clinical Associate Professor of Radiology
Fellowship Director, Musculoskeletal Imaging
University of Michigan
Ann Arbor, Michigan
Carol L. Andrews, MD
Julia R. Crim, MD
B. J. Manaster, MD, PhD, FACR
Cheryl A. Petersilge, MD, MBA
Andrew Sonin, MD, FACR
Michael J. Tuite, MD
Adam C. Zoga, MD
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Preface
Welcome to the 3rd edition of Diagnostic Imaging: Musculoskeletal Trauma. This edition
includes substantial updates to information regarding the role of advanced imaging
methods in the assessment of musculoskeletal disorders, building on the wonderful
previous editions. We retain the same basic format of the prior editions, maintaining the
eminently readable and searchable style and organization, which allows quick access to
important imaging and clinical tips. This update improves on our understanding of the
human musculoskeletal system and its injuries, as well as our ability to accurately diagnose
those injuries.
Imaging techniques are continually changing, and ultrasound continues to gain broader
implementation as an imaging tool in the musculoskeletal system. This edition includes
expanded descriptions and images of musculoskeletal ultrasound and MRI techniques
in many of the chapters to stay up-to-date. We have expanded this edition with 8 new
chapters, including those on intramedullary fixation devices, plate fixation, screw fixation,
osteochondral injury of the elbow, postoperative imaging of hand fractures, Chopart joint
injury, anterolateral impingement of the ankle, and nerve injury in the foot and ankle. The
authors have included the latest information for all topics and added an extensive number
of cases to all chapters and up-to-date references for further reading. The print version
of this work includes all the critical text and imaging examples of all important entities.
However, further clinical information, and, in many cases, numerous additional imaging
examples, have been added to the electronic version, Expert Consult. Graphic diagrams
of anatomy and injuries have been enhanced to demonstrate points more clearly, and
graphics have been added to clarify complex topics. In addition, several chapters have
been reworked to improve readability and match our evolving understanding of certain
injuries. This edition includes a total of 6,517 images: 3,692 print and 2,825 digital, many
of which are new to the current edition.
We are grateful to Drs. Gyftopoulos, Jesse, Motamedi, and Yablon for their willingness
to update each chapter thoroughly and add new chapters from the prior edition. Their
thoughtful approach and dedication to this edition have improved the final product
immensely. Also, we thank the excellent editorial and illustration staff at Amirsys/Elsevier.
This team has produced a comprehensive yet readable reference with fantastic imaging
and graphic representations of the subject. It is our sincere hope that this newest edition
will be well received and that the information will prove clinically beneficial. We hope that
radiologists and musculoskeletal providers at all levels of expertise will find this a valuable
tool in their practice.
viii
Donna G. Blankenbaker, MD, FACR
Professor of Radiology
Musculoskeletal Imaging and Intervention
Department of Radiology
University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health
Madison, Wisconsin
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Acknowledgments
LEAD EDITOR
Kathryn Watkins, BA
LEAD ILLUSTRATOR
Richard Coombs, MS
TEXT EDITORS
Arthur G. Gelsinger, MA
Rebecca L. Bluth, BA
Nina I. Bennett, BA
Terry W. Ferrell, MS
Megg Morin, BA
IMAGE EDITORS
Jeffrey J. Marmorstone, BS
Lisa A. M. Steadman, BS
ILLUSTRATIONS
Lane R. Bennion, MS
Laura C. Wissler, MA
PRODUCTION EDITORS
Emily C. Fassett, BA
John Pecorelli, BS
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xii
Sections
SECTION 1:
Introduction
SECTION 2:
Shoulder and Humerus
SECTION 3:
Elbow
SECTION 4:
Wrist and Hand
SECTION 5:
Hip and Pelvis
SECTION 6:
Knee
SECTION 7:
Ankle and Foot
xiii
TABLE OF CONTENTS
xiv
TABLE OF CONTENTS
136 Rotator Cuff Full-Thickness Tear SUPERIOR LABRUM
Soterios Gyftopoulos, MD, MSc, Kirkland W. Davis, MD,
212 SLAP Tear
FACR, and Michael J. Tuite, MD
Soterios Gyftopoulos, MD, MSc and Michael J. Tuite, MD
142 Rotator Interval Tear
218 Extended SLAP Tear
Michael J. Tuite, MD and Soterios Gyftopoulos, MD, MSc
Michael J. Tuite, MD and Soterios Gyftopoulos, MD, MSc
146 Subscapularis Tear
Soterios Gyftopoulos, MD, MSc, Michael J. Tuite, MD, and COMBINED CUFF AND LABRAL LESIONS
Kirkland W. Davis, MD, FACR
222 Internal Impingement, Shoulder
150 Rotator Cuff Postoperative Repair
Soterios Gyftopoulos, MD, MSc, Michael J. Tuite, MD, and
Soterios Gyftopoulos, MD, MSc and Michael J. Tuite, MD
156 Calcific Tendinopathy, Rotator Cuff Kirkland W. Davis, MD, FACR
Michael J. Tuite, MD and Soterios Gyftopoulos, MD, MSc 228 Microinstability, Shoulder
Michael J. Tuite, MD and Soterios Gyftopoulos, MD, MSc
PROXIMAL BICEPS TENDON
OTHER
160 Biceps Tendinopathy, Shoulder
Michael J. Tuite, MD, Soterios Gyftopoulos, MD, MSc, and 230 Suprascapular and Spinoglenoid Notch Cysts
Donna G. Blankenbaker, MD, FACR Soterios Gyftopoulos, MD, MSc and Michael J. Tuite, MD
164 Biceps Tendon Tear, Intraarticular 234 Rotator Cuff Denervation Syndromes
Soterios Gyftopoulos, MD, MSc and Michael J. Tuite, MD Michael J. Tuite, MD and Soterios Gyftopoulos, MD, MSc
168 Biceps Tendon Dislocation
Soterios Gyftopoulos, MD, MSc, Michael J. Tuite, MD, and SECTION 3: ELBOW
Donna G. Blankenbaker, MD, FACR INTRODUCTION AND OVERVIEW
CAPSULE AND LABRUM 240 Elbow Overview
Andrew Sonin, MD, FACR and Kirkland W. Davis, MD,
INSTABILITY AND LABRUM FACR
172 Normal Labral Variants BONES AND JOINTS
Michael J. Tuite, MD, Soterios Gyftopoulos, MD, MSc, and
Donna G. Blankenbaker, MD, FACR 244 Distal Humerus Fracture
176 Adhesive Capsulitis, Shoulder Kirkland W. Davis, MD, FACR and Andrew Sonin, MD,
Michael J. Tuite, MD, Soterios Gyftopoulos, MD, MSc, and FACR
Kirkland W. Davis, MD, FACR 248 Transcondylar (Supracondylar) Fracture, Elbow
180 Bankart Lesion Kirkland W. Davis, MD, FACR and Andrew Sonin, MD,
Soterios Gyftopoulos, MD, MSc, Michael J. Tuite, MD, and FACR
Donna G. Blankenbaker, MD, FACR 252 Lateral Condyle Fracture, Elbow
184 ALPSA Lesion Kirkland W. Davis, MD, FACR and Andrew Sonin, MD,
Michael J. Tuite, MD, Soterios Gyftopoulos, MD, MSc, and FACR
Kirkland W. Davis, MD, FACR 256 Medial Condyle Fracture, Elbow
188 Other Bankart Variation Lesions Kirkland W. Davis, MD, FACR and Andrew Sonin, MD,
Kirkland W. Davis, MD, FACR, Michael J. Tuite, MD, and FACR
Soterios Gyftopoulos, MD, MSc 260 Capitellum Fracture
192 GLAD/GARD Lesion Kirkland W. Davis, MD, FACR and Andrew Sonin, MD,
Soterios Gyftopoulos, MD, MSc and Michael J. Tuite, MD FACR
194 HAGL Lesion 266 Elbow Dislocation
Soterios Gyftopoulos, MD, MSc and Michael J. Tuite, MD Kirkland W. Davis, MD, FACR and Andrew Sonin, MD,
196 Inferior Glenohumeral Ligament Injury FACR
Michael J. Tuite, MD and Soterios Gyftopoulos, MD, MSc 272 Monteggia Injury
198 Bennett Lesion Kirkland W. Davis, MD, FACR and Andrew Sonin, MD,
Michael J. Tuite, MD, Kirkland W. Davis, MD, FACR, and FACR
Soterios Gyftopoulos, MD, MSc 276 Osteochondral Injury, Elbow
200 Posterior Labral Tear, Shoulder Donna G. Blankenbaker, MD, FACR
Soterios Gyftopoulos, MD, MSc and Michael J. Tuite, MD 280 Radial Head/Neck Fracture
204 Extended Labral Tears Kirkland W. Davis, MD, FACR and Andrew Sonin, MD,
Michael J. Tuite, MD and Soterios Gyftopoulos, MD, MSc FACR
206 Multidirectional Instability, Shoulder 286 Olecranon Fracture
Michael J. Tuite, MD and Soterios Gyftopoulos, MD, MSc Kirkland W. Davis, MD, FACR and Andrew Sonin, MD,
208 Labrum and Instability Lesions, Shoulder: FACR
Postoperative Imaging
Soterios Gyftopoulos, MD, MSc and Michael J. Tuite, MD
xv
TABLE OF CONTENTS
292 Coronoid Fracture 362 Ulnar Nerve Injury, Elbow
Kirkland W. Davis, MD, FACR and Andrew Sonin, MD, Donna G. Blankenbaker, MD, FACR, Kirkland W. Davis,
FACR MD, FACR, and Andrew Sonin, MD, FACR
296 Forearm Fractures 368 Median Nerve Injury, Elbow
Kirkland W. Davis, MD, FACR and Andrew Sonin, MD, Kirkland W. Davis, MD, FACR, Andrew Sonin, MD, FACR,
FACR and Donna G. Blankenbaker, MD, FACR
372 Radial Nerve Injury, Elbow
LIGAMENTS Donna G. Blankenbaker, MD, FACR, Kirkland W. Davis,
300 Radial Collateral Ligament Injury MD, FACR, and Andrew Sonin, MD, FACR
Andrew Sonin, MD, FACR
302 Lateral Ulnar Collateral Ligament Injury SECTION 4: WRIST AND HAND
Kirkland W. Davis, MD, FACR and Andrew Sonin, MD,
INTRODUCTION AND OVERVIEW
FACR
304 Annular Ligament Injury 380 Wrist and Hand Overview
Kirkland W. Davis, MD, FACR and Andrew Sonin, MD, Kambiz Motamedi, MD, FACR and Carol L. Andrews, MD
FACR 384 Ossicles and Sesamoids, Wrist and Hand
306 Ulnar Collateral Ligament Injury Kambiz Motamedi, MD, FACR and Carol L. Andrews, MD
Donna G. Blankenbaker, MD, FACR, Kirkland W. Davis, 390 Acronyms and Eponyms, Wrist and Hand
MD, FACR, and Andrew Sonin, MD, FACR Kambiz Motamedi, MD, FACR, Kirkland W. Davis, MD,
312 Valgus Stress Mechanism/Little Leaguer's Elbow FACR, and Carol L. Andrews, MD
Kirkland W. Davis, MD, FACR and Andrew Sonin, MD,
FACR
BONES AND JOINTS
xvi
TABLE OF CONTENTS
462 Hand Fractures, Postoperative Imaging PELVIS
Kambiz Motamedi, MD, FACR
546 Acetabulum Fractures
LIGAMENTS MK Jesse, MD, Julia R. Crim, MD, and Kirkland W. Davis,
MD, FACR
WRIST 552 Disruptions of Pelvic Ring
MK Jesse, MD, Julia R. Crim, MD, and Kirkland W. Davis,
466 Intrinsic Ligament Tear, Wrist MD, FACR
Kambiz Motamedi, MD, FACR, Kirkland W. Davis, MD, 558 Sacrum Fractures, Traumatic
FACR, and Carol L. Andrews, MD MK Jesse, MD and Julia R. Crim, MD
472 Triangular Fibrocartilage Complex Injury 562 Isolated Pelvis Injuries, Traumatic
Kambiz Motamedi, MD, FACR, Carol L. Andrews, MD, and MK Jesse, MD, Julia R. Crim, MD, and Kirkland W. Davis,
Donna G. Blankenbaker, MD, FACR MD, FACR
478 Carpal Instability 564 Pelvis Avulsion Fracture/Apophysitis
Kambiz Motamedi, MD, FACR, Carol L. Andrews, MD, and MK Jesse, MD and Julia R. Crim, MD
Kirkland W. Davis, MD, FACR 570 Pelvis Stress Fractures
HAND MK Jesse, MD, Julia R. Crim, MD, and Andrew Sonin, MD,
FACR
484 Collateral Ligament Injury, Fingers and Thumb
Kambiz Motamedi, MD, FACR, Carol L. Andrews, MD, and POSTOPERATIVE IMAGING
Kirkland W. Davis, MD, FACR 576 Pelvis/Hip/Femur Trauma: Postoperative Imaging
MK Jesse, MD, Julia R. Crim, MD, and Donna G.
TENDONS
Blankenbaker, MD, FACR
490 Flexor Tendon Injury, Wrist and Hand 580 FAI and Adult DDH: Postoperative Imaging
Kambiz Motamedi, MD, FACR and Carol L. Andrews, MD MK Jesse, MD and Julia R. Crim, MD
496 Extensor Tendon Injury, Wrist and Hand
Kambiz Motamedi, MD, FACR and Carol L. Andrews, MD LABRUM AND INTRAARTICULAR
STRUCTURES
OTHER
584 Acetabular Labral Tear
502 Ganglion, Wrist MK Jesse, MD, Donna G. Blankenbaker, MD, FACR, and
Kambiz Motamedi, MD, FACR, Julia R. Crim, MD, and Kirkland W. Davis, MD, FACR
Carol L. Andrews, MD 590 Acetabular Labral Injury: Postoperative Imaging
506 Vascular Injury, Wrist and Hand MK Jesse, MD, Donna G. Blankenbaker, MD, FACR, and
Kambiz Motamedi, MD, FACR and Carol L. Andrews, MD Adam C. Zoga, MD
510 Nerve Entrapment Syndromes, Wrist 592 Femoroacetabular Impingement Morphology
Kambiz Motamedi, MD, FACR and Carol L. Andrews, MD MK Jesse, MD, Donna G. Blankenbaker, MD, FACR, and B.
J. Manaster, MD, PhD, FACR
SECTION 5: HIP AND PELVIS 598 Chondral and Osteochondral Abnormalities, Hip
INTRODUCTION AND OVERVIEW MK Jesse, MD, Julia R. Crim, MD, and Adam C. Zoga, MD
602 Ligamentum Teres Injury
518 Hip and Pelvis Overview MK Jesse, MD, Donna G. Blankenbaker, MD, FACR, and
MK Jesse, MD and Julia R. Crim, MD Adam C. Zoga, MD
BONES AND JOINTS MUSCLES AND TENDONS
HIP AND PROXIMAL FEMUR 604 Hip Abductor and Rotator Injury
MK Jesse, MD, Adam C. Zoga, MD, and Kirkland W. Davis,
522 Hip Dislocation MD, FACR
MK Jesse, MD, Julia R. Crim, MD, and Kirkland W. Davis, 610 Hip Flexor Injury
MD, FACR MK Jesse, MD, Kirkland W. Davis, MD, FACR, and Adam C.
526 Femoral Head Fracture Zoga, MD
MK Jesse, MD, Kirkland W. Davis, MD, FACR, and Julia R. 616 Hip Adductor Injury
Crim, MD MK Jesse, MD, Kirkland W. Davis, MD, FACR, and Adam C.
530 Femoral Neck Fracture Zoga, MD
MK Jesse, MD and Julia R. Crim, MD 620 Snapping Hip Syndrome
536 Trochanter and Intertrochanteric Fracture MK Jesse, MD, Donna G. Blankenbaker, MD, FACR, and
MK Jesse, MD, Julia R. Crim, MD, and Kirkland W. Davis, Adam C. Zoga, MD
MD, FACR 624 Ischiofemoral Impingement
542 Subtrochanteric and Femoral Shaft Fracture MK Jesse, MD and Donna G. Blankenbaker, MD, FACR
MK Jesse, MD, Julia R. Crim, MD, and Adam C. Zoga, MD
xvii
TABLE OF CONTENTS
628 Proximal Hamstring Injury 710 Toddler Fracture
MK Jesse, MD, Kirkland W. Davis, MD, FACR, and Adam C. Donna G. Blankenbaker, MD, FACR, Andrew Sonin, MD,
Zoga, MD FACR, and Kirkland W. Davis, MD, FACR
634 Abdominal Muscle Injury 712 Osteochondral Injury, Knee
MK Jesse, MD, Adam C. Zoga, MD, and Kirkland W. Davis, Kirkland W. Davis, MD, FACR and Donna G. Blankenbaker,
MD, FACR MD, FACR
638 Athletic Pubalgia 718 Cartilage Injury, Knee
MK Jesse, MD, Kirkland W. Davis, MD, FACR, and Adam C. Kirkland W. Davis, MD, FACR, Andrew Sonin, MD, FACR,
Zoga, MD and Donna G. Blankenbaker, MD, FACR
644 Osteitis Pubis 724 Subchondral Fracture, Knee
MK Jesse, MD, Kirkland W. Davis, MD, FACR, and Adam C. Kirkland W. Davis, MD, FACR, Andrew Sonin, MD, FACR,
Zoga, MD and Donna G. Blankenbaker, MD, FACR
650 True Hernias 730 Articular Cartilage: Postoperative Imaging
MK Jesse, MD, Adam C. Zoga, MD, and Kirkland W. Davis, Donna G. Blankenbaker, MD, FACR, Kirkland W. Davis,
MD, FACR MD, FACR, and Andrew Sonin, MD, FACR
OTHER LIGAMENTS
652 Bursitis, Hip and Pelvis 736 Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injury
MK Jesse, MD, Donna G. Blankenbaker, MD, FACR, and Kirkland W. Davis, MD, FACR, Andrew Sonin, MD, FACR,
Kirkland W. Davis, MD, FACR and Donna G. Blankenbaker, MD, FACR
658 Piriformis Syndrome and Nerve Injuries of Pelvis 742 Anterior Cruciate Ligament: Postoperative Imaging
MK Jesse, MD, Donna G. Blankenbaker, MD, FACR, and Kirkland W. Davis, MD, FACR, Andrew Sonin, MD, FACR,
Kirkland W. Davis, MD, FACR and Donna G. Blankenbaker, MD, FACR
748 Posterior Cruciate Ligament Injury
SECTION 6: KNEE Kirkland W. Davis, MD, FACR, Donna G. Blankenbaker,
MD, FACR, and Andrew Sonin, MD, FACR
INTRODUCTION AND OVERVIEW 754 Medial Collateral Ligament Injury, Knee
664 Knee Overview Andrew Sonin, MD, FACR, Kirkland W. Davis, MD, FACR,
Andrew Sonin, MD, FACR, Donna G. Blankenbaker, MD, and Donna G. Blankenbaker, MD, FACR
FACR, and Kirkland W. Davis, MD, FACR 760 Lateral Collateral Ligament Complex Injury, Knee
Donna G. Blankenbaker, MD, FACR, Kirkland W. Davis,
BONES AND JOINTS MD, FACR, and Andrew Sonin, MD, FACR
670 Distal Femur Fracture 766 Posterolateral Corner Injury
Kirkland W. Davis, MD, FACR, Andrew Sonin, MD, FACR, Donna G. Blankenbaker, MD, FACR, Kirkland W. Davis,
and Donna G. Blankenbaker, MD, FACR MD, FACR, and Andrew Sonin, MD, FACR
676 Tibial Plateau Fracture 770 Iliotibial Band Friction Syndrome
Donna G. Blankenbaker, MD, FACR, Kirkland W. Davis, Kirkland W. Davis, MD, FACR, Andrew Sonin, MD, FACR,
MD, FACR, and B. J. Manaster, MD, PhD, FACR and Donna G. Blankenbaker, MD, FACR
680 Tibiofemoral Dislocation
Kirkland W. Davis, MD, FACR, Andrew Sonin, MD, FACR, MENISCI
and Donna G. Blankenbaker, MD, FACR 774 Meniscus Pitfalls and Variations
686 Proximal Tibiofibular Joint Injury and Proximal Donna G. Blankenbaker, MD, FACR and Andrew Sonin,
Fibula Fracture MD, FACR
Donna G. Blankenbaker, MD, FACR and Kirkland W. Davis, 780 Discoid Meniscus
MD, FACR Donna G. Blankenbaker, MD, FACR and Andrew Sonin,
690 Patella Fracture MD, FACR
Kirkland W. Davis, MD, FACR, Andrew Sonin, MD, FACR, 784 Meniscus Degeneration
and Donna G. Blankenbaker, MD, FACR Donna G. Blankenbaker, MD, FACR and Andrew Sonin,
696 Avulsion, Knee MD, FACR
Donna G. Blankenbaker, MD, FACR, Andrew Sonin, MD, 786 Meniscus Root Injury
FACR, and Kirkland W. Davis, MD, FACR Donna G. Blankenbaker, MD, FACR, Kirkland W. Davis,
700 Tibial and Fibular Shaft Fractures MD, FACR, and Andrew Sonin, MD, FACR
Donna G. Blankenbaker, MD, FACR and Julia R. Crim, MD 790 Meniscus Horizontal Tear
704 Stress Injury, Leg Donna G. Blankenbaker, MD, FACR and Andrew Sonin,
Kirkland W. Davis, MD, FACR, Andrew Sonin, MD, FACR, MD, FACR
and Donna G. Blankenbaker, MD, FACR 794 Meniscus Radial Tear
Donna G. Blankenbaker, MD, FACR and Andrew Sonin,
MD, FACR
xviii
TABLE OF CONTENTS
796 Meniscus Vertical Longitudinal Tear 870 Prepatellar and Pretibial Bursitis
Donna G. Blankenbaker, MD, FACR and Andrew Sonin, Donna G. Blankenbaker, MD, FACR and Andrew Sonin,
MD, FACR MD, FACR
802 Meniscus Bucket-Handle Tear 874 Deep Infrapatellar Bursitis
Donna G. Blankenbaker, MD, FACR, Kirkland W. Davis, Donna G. Blankenbaker, MD, FACR and Andrew Sonin,
MD, FACR, and Andrew Sonin, MD, FACR MD, FACR
806 Other Displaced Meniscus Tears 876 Medial Patellar Plica Syndrome
Donna G. Blankenbaker, MD, FACR, Kirkland W. Davis, Donna G. Blankenbaker, MD, FACR and Andrew Sonin,
MD, FACR, and Andrew Sonin, MD, FACR MD, FACR
812 Complex Meniscus Tear 880 Peroneal Nerve Injury
Donna G. Blankenbaker, MD, FACR and Andrew Sonin, Donna G. Blankenbaker, MD, FACR and Andrew Sonin,
MD, FACR MD, FACR
814 Meniscocapsular Separation 884 Compartment Syndrome and Muscle Hernia
Donna G. Blankenbaker, MD, FACR and Andrew Sonin, Kirkland W. Davis, MD, FACR, Andrew Sonin, MD, FACR,
MD, FACR and Donna G. Blankenbaker, MD, FACR
816 Popliteomeniscal Fascicles
Donna G. Blankenbaker, MD, FACR and Andrew Sonin, SECTION 7: ANKLE AND FOOT
MD, FACR
818 Parameniscal Cyst INTRODUCTION AND OVERVIEW
Donna G. Blankenbaker, MD, FACR and Andrew Sonin, 890 Ankle and Foot Overview
MD, FACR Corrie M. Yablon, MD and Julia R. Crim, MD
822 Intrameniscal Cyst 894 Accessory Ossicles, Ankle and Foot
Donna G. Blankenbaker, MD, FACR and Andrew Sonin, Corrie M. Yablon, MD, Julia R. Crim, MD, and Donna G.
MD, FACR Blankenbaker, MD, FACR
824 Meniscal Ossicle 900 Accessory Muscles, Ankle and Foot
Donna G. Blankenbaker, MD, FACR and Andrew Sonin, Julia R. Crim, MD
MD, FACR
826 Menisci: Postoperative Imaging BONES AND JOINTS
Donna G. Blankenbaker, MD, FACR, Kirkland W. Davis, 904 Pilon Fracture
MD, FACR, and Andrew Sonin, MD, FACR Corrie M. Yablon, MD and Julia R. Crim, MD
908 Malleolus Fracture
TENDONS Corrie M. Yablon, MD and Julia R. Crim, MD
832 Quadriceps Injury 914 Ankle Dislocation
Kirkland W. Davis, MD, FACR, Andrew Sonin, MD, FACR, Julia R. Crim, MD and Corrie M. Yablon, MD
and Donna G. Blankenbaker, MD, FACR 918 Osteochondral Injury, Ankle
838 Patellar Tendon Injury Julia R. Crim, MD, Corrie M. Yablon, MD, and Kirkland W.
Donna G. Blankenbaker, MD, FACR, Kirkland W. Davis, Davis, MD, FACR
MD, FACR, and Andrew Sonin, MD, FACR 924 Talus Fracture, Body and Processes
844 Transient Patella Dislocation Corrie M. Yablon, MD and Julia R. Crim, MD
Kirkland W. Davis, MD, FACR, Andrew Sonin, MD, FACR, 928 Talus Fracture, Neck and Head
and Donna G. Blankenbaker, MD, FACR Corrie M. Yablon, MD and Julia R. Crim, MD
850 Pes Anserine Bursitis 932 Talus Dislocation
Andrew Sonin, MD, FACR, Kirkland W. Davis, MD, FACR, Corrie M. Yablon, MD and Julia R. Crim, MD
and Donna G. Blankenbaker, MD, FACR 936 Calcaneus Fracture, Intraarticular
852 Posteromedial Corner Injury Corrie M. Yablon, MD, Julia R. Crim, MD, and Kirkland W.
Donna G. Blankenbaker, MD, FACR and Kirkland W. Davis, Davis, MD, FACR
MD, FACR 942 Calcaneus Fracture, Extraarticular
856 Plantaris Tendon Injury Julia R. Crim, MD, Donna G. Blankenbaker, MD, FACR,
Donna G. Blankenbaker, MD, FACR, Kirkland W. Davis, and Corrie M. Yablon, MD
MD, FACR, and Andrew Sonin, MD, FACR 946 Navicular Fracture and Dislocation
Julia R. Crim, MD and Corrie M. Yablon, MD
OTHER 952 Cuboid Fracture
860 Popliteal Cyst Corrie M. Yablon, MD and Julia R. Crim, MD
Kirkland W. Davis, MD, FACR, Andrew Sonin, MD, FACR, 956 Lisfranc Ligament Injury
Julia R. Crim, MD, Corrie M. Yablon, MD, and Donna G.
and Donna G. Blankenbaker, MD, FACR
866 Intercondylar Notch Cyst Blankenbaker, MD, FACR
Donna G. Blankenbaker, MD, FACR and Andrew Sonin, 960 Lisfranc Fracture-Dislocation
Corrie M. Yablon, MD and Julia R. Crim, MD
MD, FACR
xix
TABLE OF CONTENTS
964 Metatarsal Fracture 1058 Posterior Impingement, Ankle
Corrie M. Yablon, MD, Julia R. Crim, MD, and Kirkland W. Corrie M. Yablon, MD and Julia R. Crim, MD
Davis, MD, FACR 1062 Haglund Syndrome
968 Toe Fracture and Dislocation Corrie M. Yablon, MD and Julia R. Crim, MD
Corrie M. Yablon, MD and Julia R. Crim, MD 1064 Sinus Tarsi Syndrome
972 Stress Fracture, Ankle and Foot Corrie M. Yablon, MD and Julia R. Crim, MD
Corrie M. Yablon, MD and Julia R. Crim, MD 1068 Ankle and Subtalar Instability
976 Salter-Harris Fractures, Ankle Corrie M. Yablon, MD, Julia R. Crim, MD, and Kirkland W.
Julia R. Crim, MD Davis, MD, FACR
980 Freiberg Infraction 1074 Sever Disease
Corrie M. Yablon, MD and Julia R. Crim, MD Julia R. Crim, MD
1076 Nerve Injury
LIGAMENTS Corrie M. Yablon, MD
982 Syndesmosis Ligament Injury, Ankle 1082 Tarsal Tunnel Syndrome
Corrie M. Yablon, MD, Julia R. Crim, MD, and Kirkland W. Corrie M. Yablon, MD and Julia R. Crim, MD
Davis, MD, FACR
986 Ankle Sprain
POSTOPERATIVE
Corrie M. Yablon, MD and Julia R. Crim, MD 1086 Lateral Ligament Reconstruction, Ankle
990 Deltoid Ligament Injury Corrie M. Yablon, MD and Julia R. Crim, MD
Corrie M. Yablon, MD and Julia R. Crim, MD 1090 Tendon Repair, Ankle
996 Spring Ligament Injury Corrie M. Yablon, MD and Julia R. Crim, MD
Corrie M. Yablon, MD and Julia R. Crim, MD 1092 Amputation, Foot/Ankle
1000 Chopart Joint Injury Corrie M. Yablon, MD and Julia R. Crim, MD
Corrie M. Yablon, MD
1004 MTP Ligament Injury, Digit 1
Corrie M. Yablon, MD, Julia R. Crim, MD, and Donna G.
Blankenbaker, MD, FACR
1008 MTP Ligament Injury, Digits 2-5
Julia R. Crim, MD and Corrie M. Yablon, MD
OTHER
1052 Anterior Impingement, Ankle
Corrie M. Yablon, MD
1054 Anterolateral Impingement, Ankle
Corrie M. Yablon, MD
xx
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THIRD EDITION
Blankenbaker | Davis
i
SECTION 1
Introduction
Overview
Introduction to Traumatic Injury 4
Introduction
most of the United States, probably because of the relative detailed evaluation of intraarticular structures, often without
availability of MR imaging in most communities, the use of US the injection of contrast material, so that pathology of
in the imaging diagnosis of sports injury lags behind that in fibrocartilage (meniscus and labrum), articular cartilage, and
other parts of the world, though there is an ongoing synovium is well demonstrated. There are some specific
substantial spread of musculoskeletal US in the United States. situations in which the use of intraarticular contrast can
This is in part due to ordering provider knowledge and health increase the diagnostic accuracy of MR, such as in the
insurance reimbursement. The current edition continues with postoperative patient. MR imaging also provides a sensitive
the expansion of its description of US with an increase in US method for the detection of bone marrow abnormalities, such
images to help the practitioner ascend the learning curve. as marrow edema, osteonecrosis, and tumor infiltration, but is
Doppler US techniques assist in assessing vascular flow within not particularly sensitive for disruption of cortical bone unless
tissues. Both color and power Doppler techniques are in use; a fracture is displaced. Abbreviated MR imaging protocols
however, usually only one is mentioned in the text. Moreover, have also been studied in the hip to decrease scan time and
though elastography and additional advanced US techniques improve overall patient comfort to detect radiographically
continue to be investigated, their clinical utility is not fully occult fractures.
established and they are not discussed extensively in the text. US provides another excellent method for studying the soft
Pathologic Issues tissues of the extremities and, as indicated earlier, is
particularly useful in the evaluation of structures closer to the
In many cases, the manifestations and etiologies of trauma
skin surface. In addition, US provides real-time information
and injury are very different for children than they are for
regarding the motion of structures and thus is valuable in the
adults. Descriptions and illustrations of issues specific to
evaluation of transient phenomena, such as tendon
pediatric patients are provided where appropriate. Dedicated
impingement or subluxation. Dynamic maneuvers also allow
chapters are presented on the topics of child abuse and
better visualization of tendon gapping, allowing appropriate
physeal injuries. surgical and nonsurgical management. Limitations of US
Orthopedic surgeons commonly use classification and grading include the inability of the beam to penetrate dense material
systems to categorize injuries. These systems are usually so that bone and metal effectively block the evaluation of
helpful in determining appropriate therapy for a particular anything located deeper in the body. For this reason, US is not
injury. The commonly used classification and grading systems commonly useful for the evaluation of intraarticular
for each injury are provided and illustrated. Though use of pathology. US also does not perform well when encountering
grading systems in reporting may add value for some referring air collections because sound waves travel poorly through air.
practitioners, familiarity with these systems is most helpful to
guide which details of injuries are most important to describe.
Selected References
1. Expert Panel on Musculoskeletal Imaging: ACR Appropriateness Criteria®
Pathology-Based Imaging Issues acute hand and wrist trauma. J Am Coll Radiol. 16(5S):S7-17, 2019
2. Expert Panel on Musculoskeletal Imaging: ACR Appropriateness Criteria®
Each chapter contains discussions of the advantages and acute hip pain-suspected fracture. J Am Coll Radiol. 16(5S):S18-25, 2019
disadvantages of particular imaging techniques in diagnosing 3. Ross AB et al: Diagnostic accuracy of an abbreviated MRI protocol for
and characterizing a particular entity. However, some detecting radiographically occult hip and pelvis fractures in the elderly.
generalizations may be made. Skeletal Radiol. 48(1):103-8, 2019
4. Expert Panel on Musculoskeletal Imaging: ACR Appropriateness Criteria®
Radiography is usually the 1st-line tool in the evaluation of shoulder pain-traumatic. J Am Coll Radiol. 15(5S):S171-88, 2018
acute traumatic injury to the limbs, especially to detect 5. Crespo-Rodríguez AM et al: The diagnostic performance of non-contrast 3-
Tesla magnetic resonance imaging (3-T MRI) versus 1.5-Tesla magnetic
fractures and dislocations. Soft tissue injury is much less well resonance arthrography (1.5-T MRA) in femoro-acetabular impingement. Eur
delineated on radiographs, though, and the information J Radiol. 88:109-16, 2017
provided regarding the soft tissue components of an injury 6. Jayakar R et al: Magnetic resonance arthrography and the prevalence of
tends to be nonspecific. acetabular labral tears in patients 50 years of age and older. Skeletal Radiol.
45(8):1061-7, 2016
CT, because of its superior tissue density differentiation, can 7. Mosher TJ et al: ACR Appropriateness Criteria acute trauma to the ankle. J
be more helpful in detecting and characterizing some soft Am Coll Radiol. 12(3):221-7, 2015
tissue findings, but its clinical utility is primarily in evaluation of 8. Tuite MJ et al: ACR Appropriateness Criteria acute trauma to the knee. J Am
Coll Radiol. 12(11):1164-72, 2015
osseous abnormalities. Small fractures are generally better 9. Major NM et al: Evaluation of the glenoid labrum with 3-T MRI: is
demonstrated on CT than on radiographs because of the intraarticular contrast necessary? AJR Am J Roentgenol. 196(5):1139-44,
former's tomographic nature, which alleviates confusion due 2011
to overlapping structures. The addition of contrast 10. Coris EE et al: Imaging in sports medicine: an overview. Sports Med Arthrosc.
17(1):2-12, 2009
arthrography to CT can be helpful in evaluating certain
11. Jacobson JA: Musculoskeletal ultrasound: focused impact on MRI. AJR Am J
intraarticular structures and provides value in the detection of Roentgenol. 193(3):619-27, 2009
rotator cuff tear, labral injury in the shoulder and hip, 12. Renner JB: Conventional radiography in musculoskeletal imaging. Radiol Clin
meniscus injury in the knee, and cartilage injury throughout North Am. 47(3):357-72, 2009
the extremities. 13. Sofka CM et al: The history of clinical musculoskeletal radiology. Radiol Clin
North Am. 47(3):349-56, 2009
MR imaging uses a strong magnetic field and radiofrequency 14. Jaramillo D et al: Pediatric musculoskeletal MRI: basic principles to optimize
energy pulses to manipulate the energy state of protons success. Pediatr Radiol. 38(4):379-91, 2008
15. Meyer JS et al: Musculoskeletal MR imaging at 3 T. Magn Reson Imaging Clin
within tissue. Complex machinery detects subtle differences in N Am. 16(3):533-45, vi, 2008
how different tissues respond to this energy deposition and 16. Buckwalter KA: Optimizing imaging techniques in the postoperative patient.
provides exquisitely detailed information about soft tissues. Semin Musculoskelet Radiol. 11(3):261-72, 2007
For this reason, MR imaging has become the mainstay of
diagnosis in acute and chronic injury to soft tissues, such as
ligaments, tendons, and muscles. In addition, MR can provide
5
Fracture Healing
KEY FACTS
Introduction
Graphic depicts snapshots during progressive healing of bone. (A) Acute fracture (fx) is accompanied by tissue damage; hematoma ſt fills
the gap, lifts up the periosteum and begins the inflammatory phase. (B) Granulation tissue is being transformed into immature osteoid
(blue) and chondroid callus bridging the gap externally and internally. Devitalized bone st continues to be resorbed (started in
inflammatory phase). (C) Immature callus is now replaced by mature bone and continues to undergo remodeling. Bone fills the entire gap.
(Adapted from Rogers LF., Radiology of Skeletal Trauma, 2nd ed.)
6
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définitif, un cri tel du dieu intérieur qu’on ne peut ni hésiter, ni s’y
tromper. Or, manifestement, tu ne perçois rien de tout cela. Donc, tu
peux faire un prêtre, peut-être un bon prêtre, mais enfin Dieu ne t’y
aura point contraint.
Il s’arrêta pendant quelques secondes et, devant la mine
penaude de son ami, ajouta :
— Maintenant n’oublie pas que je ne suis qu’un juif qui n’entend
rien à toutes ces choses.
Il se tourna vers François, pour changer de conversation :
— Eh ! mais, que contemples-tu, toi ? Fichtre !
— Je crois bien que ce sera ma fiancée, dit Régis en lui tendant
une petite photographie. Mon père me pousse beaucoup à me
marier jeune, il voudrait, comme il dit, faire sauter des petits-fils de
bonne heure. Or, voilà : à la pension de famille Riquet que j’habitais
autrefois ici et que vous connaissez bien, la patronne avait une nièce
de deux ans plus jeune que moi et qui habite avec son père dans le
Rouergue ; ne la reconnaissez vous pas ? enfants, vous l’avez
pourtant souvent vue cette petite qui était si gentille !
— Mais en effet, s’écria Bernard, je la reconnais ! C’est cette
petite Angèle Mauléon qui m’agaçait tellement.
— Justement ! Eh bien ! figurez-vous qu’en arrivant avant hier à
Paris je revois mon Angèle Mauléon chez sa tante, mais combien
transformée ! Est-elle belle ! Dites-moi si ce visage n’appelle pas le
baiser ? Avec cela, douce, tendre, vraiment charmante ; son père va
venir ; mon père le verra ; quand ils repartiront pour le Rouergue je
serai fixé. Si tout marche vous serez de noce à mon retour, c’est à
dire dans trois ans.
— Voilà de longues fiançailles, dit Bernard.
— N’est-ce pas, l’abbé ? » répondit François en gouaillant. Il se
tut aussitôt devant l’expression du visage blessé. Mais Abraham :
— Si tu avais la vocation, tu prendrais une autre mine, mon
vieux, quand on te donnerait un titre dont tu devrais sentir la
grandeur.
Le jeune Rabevel fit une mine désolée. Il sentait bien la justesse
de telles observations mais il lui semblait que bien des éléments de
jugement échappaient à Blinkine et il ne pouvait vraiment tout dire,
tout expliquer, tout exposer : un tel faisceau de choses, de
réflexions, d’actes, de projets composaient le bloc de sa vie
intérieure. Tout cela vraiment n’était pas si simple : il en avait de
bonnes, cet Abraham. Croyait-il que la vocation fût chose si facile, si
nette, qu’il ne fallût pas chercher en gémissant ; et même que les
desseins de Dieu ne fissent pas leur part aux tentations ? Il eut un
élan de piété : les voies de Dieu sont impénétrables, qui sait si ce
déjeuner, ce spectacle soudain de vie aimable et aisée, ce n’était
pas là justement une épreuve ? Il quitta ses camarades ; dans le
vestibule, un chapeau de Claudie lui rappela la scène de tout à
l’heure : il revit la gorge à peine voilée de la jeune femme, il en sentit
le parfum et de nouveau ce baiser écrasé de figue mûre ; encore
une fois toutes ses théories théologiques se présentèrent et
vacillèrent. Il les éprouva détachées du bloc de sa personne propre,
prêtes à tomber ; il s’y raccrocha désespérément en faisant en lui
une espèce de nuit. Des souvenirs terribles lui venaient : Jouffroy
perdant la foi en quelques heures dans une tempête intellectuelle, tel
autre philosophe, tel pénitent sur la voie de la sainteté, subitement
égarés d’un coup ; il observait que ces hommes avaient eu
précisément le caractère orageux et impulsif, l’intelligence prompte
et dure qui étaient les siens. Il sentit la peur ; plus que jamais il se
raccrochait. Il se refaisait les raisonnements métaphysiques du Père
Régard, se récitait des preuves : mais que cela lui paraissait pâle et
flou ! il marchait là, dans la vie, son pas était élastique sur le sol
ferme ; il coudoyait les passants ; parfois une chair de femme
s’appuyait à lui dans la foule ; que ces raisonnements étaient loin ! Et
puis enfin, Dieu, s’il existait… (S’il existait ! Mais oui, il existait,
malice du Démon !) enfin, Dieu n’avait pas fait la morale de l’Église ;
et, avec celle-ci, d’ailleurs… La casuistique qu’il n’avait jamais songé
à appliquer à sa défense vint à lui, indulgente et bienfaisante. Il y
pressentit tous les repos et il rêvait vaguement d’une libération
définitive.
Par moments pourtant une révolte contre lui-même le secouait. Il
se trouvait dégoûtant, bas et lâche ; et si coupable. Il fut sur le point
de retourner au collège… Non, il n’irait pas, que dirait-on ? Il devait
voir les siens, prendre ces quinze jours de réflexion et de repos. Le
Père Régard avait bien prévu la crise, il comptait sur lui. Soudain,
comme il entrait dans la rue des Rosiers, il songea combien il était
indigne de la confiance du Jésuite. Il se jugea méprisable. Et sans
plus réfléchir, les larmes aux yeux, il prit les jambes à son cou et
courut tout d’une traite jusqu’à la rue des Francs-Bourgeois. Il se
confesserait, il ferait pénitence, demain il communierait et
commencerait une retraite ; maintenant il sentait bien que Dieu
l’appelait. Il arriva au Collège, monta jusqu’à la chambre du Père :
elle était vide. Il redescendit ; on lui apprit que le Père dînait chez le
curé de la Madeleine. Il s’aperçut alors qu’il était déjà tard. Il résolut
sur-le-champ de dîner à la maison puis d’aller aussitôt à la
Madeleine. Mais qu’allait-on dire chez lui quand il dirait qu’il venait
de se décider à entrer dans les Ordres ?
Bien sûr, on ne demanderait pas mieux que de se débarrasser
d’un enfant gênant et difficile. Il se reprocha ce jugement téméraire.
Il rentra et trouva son monde attablé. Rodolphe était couché ; on
l’entendait tousser dans la chambre : « Il ne va pas » dit Eugénie.
Elle était toujours belle, même resplendissante. A un moment son
sein se souleva, ce sein qu’il avait touché et il imagina dans un éclair
Blandine nue devant les lions. Quand il expliqua sa venue, les vieux
ne dirent rien ; ils étaient cassés et pour la première fois sortant
devant eux de lui-même il les trouva affaissés, usés, si changés en
ces quatre ans où il les avait à peine entrevus. Noë lui dit : « Mon
petit, tu es libre, entièrement libre ; je ne tiens pas à avoir un curé
dans la famille mais, enfin, tu es libre de le devenir ». Et comme
Bernard regardait Eugénie d’un air interrogateur : « Que veux-tu que
je te dise ? » fit-elle. « Ton oncle a raison ; et puis, c’est lui le maître à
cette heure, comme de juste. Il nourrit la maisonnée depuis la
maladie de Rodolphe. » Noë la fit taire. C’était la justice qu’il aidât
les siens. Encore heureux qu’il pût le faire ne s’étant pas marié. Une
rougeur fugitive passa sur leur front. Bernard sentit parfaitement et
comme matériellement la présence du désir, pour si respectueux,
secret et peut-être inconscient ou terrorisé de l’inceste que fût ce
désir. Adossé à sa chaise, il voulut s’examiner, fermer les yeux. Mais
des images nues le visitaient qu’il ne se rappelait pas avoir jamais
vues. Il se reprochait sa complaisance en s’y attardant. Tout d’un
coup il se souvint qu’il devait aller à la Madeleine ; bah ! neuf heures,
il avait le temps. Eugénie lui servait du thé ; par la grande
emmanchure du peignoir il vit tout entier le bras, la chair ferme et
blanche, le duvet au fond et l’ombre qui partait de l’aisselle
trahissant une rondeur commençante ; elle continuait à le considérer
comme un petit garçon, lui mit la main sur les yeux par gaminerie : il
appuya sa tête au creux de la poitrine et il sentait le cœur battre et
les seins tièdes contre ses oreilles glacées. Dix heures ! il ne pouvait
se résoudre à sortir. Eugénie alluma enfin les bougies, et lui souhaita
le bonsoir. « Ta chambre est prête » lui dit-elle. Il monta. Devant la
glace il se peigna soigneusement : « Je prendrai l’omnibus à l’Hôtel
de Ville, se disait-il, je serai chez le curé de la Madeleine à la demie,
ce sera assez tôt, je sais que le Père ne s’en va jamais avant onze
heures quand il dîne là ». Il lustra ses bottines d’un coup de chiffon,
prit le bougeoir et se disposa à sortir de la chambre. Comme il
mettait la main sur le bouton de la porte, il crut entendre un soupir ; il
s’arrêta ; le bruit se répéta, venant de la chambre voisine ; il comprit
aussitôt et il lui sembla en même temps qu’il refusait de s’examiner,
de soumettre ses actes prochains à sa conscience ; il repoussait
toute réflexion définie, devenait un automate volontairement
abandonné à l’instinct. Il quitta son chapeau, ses chaussures, se
dévêtit, passa sa chemise de nuit et son caleçon, mit ses pieds dans
des savates ; puis, résolument, il cogna à la cloison : « Avez-vous
fini ? » cria-t-il. Un colloque de voix confuses lui répondit. Puis une
voix d’homme insultante : « Ta gueule eh ! curé ! » Il eut un sourire
de triomphe, sortit, essaya de pousser la porte voisine sous laquelle
filtrait un rais de lumière. La porte résista ; il força lentement,
irrésistiblement, arqué de tous ses muscles ; le verrou léger céda
enfin. Brusquement entré, il se vit en face de deux êtres nus, et,
délibérément, se jeta sur le mâle. Toute sa jeune puissance
inentamée, sa vigueur vierge se décuplait du désir de la femme. Il
empoigna l’homme au cou, l’attira au sol et sonna de sa tête à
plusieurs reprises sur les carreaux avec une rage qu’il ne s’expliquait
même pas ; il entendait haleter la femme immobile derrière lui ;
l’autre ne bougeait plus. Il crut tout d’un coup l’avoir tué et sua mais
l’homme reprenait ses sens ; il lui mit ses hardes sur les bras, le
dressa debout, le porta presque jusqu’à la porte de l’escalier de
secours et d’une bourrade le précipita dans le limaçon. Il referma la
lourde porte derrière lui, poussa le verrou et revint à la chambre où
la femme hébétée, toute nue, restait assise sur le bord du matelas. Il
observa que ce n’était pas la même servante qu’auparavant mais
qu’elle était jeune et désirable. « Couche-toi donc », lui dit-il. Elle le
regarda craintivement et s’étendit, retenant son souffle. Mais lui,
d’une voix rauque :
— Allons, fais-moi place.
Elle le regarda de nouveau, le trouva beau et fort, sourit un peu
et se poussa vers le mur. Alors il acheva de se dévêtir et s’allongea
auprès d’elle.
CHAPITRE TROISIÈME