SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL DEPARTMENT

Characterization of visible light reflectivity of natural dye extracted from red

onion (Allium cepa) and avocado (Persea americana)

A Research Paper

submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements in

Research Capstone

Authors:

Guddaran, Trisha Carla M.

Icamina, John Paul M.

Panaga, Discipulo Nicole D.

Prudente, Madeleine J.

Villanueva, Rafael C.

Senior High School Department

Mary Chiles College

Sampaloc, Manila

June 2022
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

We thank the almighty whose blessings are bestowed the will power and

confidence to successfully complete the proposal.

Immeasurable, boundless appreciation and deep gratitude for the assistance,

enlightenment and guidance are extended to the following persons who, in one way

or another, have proffered and tendered to make this study feasible and attainable.

The researchers are in debt in all the lessons, practices, and consultations that are

given and lectured to them in order to fulfill this research efficiently.

To Mr. Kevin Apoloan, Research capstone adviser, for his impartial and broad-

mindedness in intelligence, pointers, facts and suggestions, and wisdom to lend a

helping hand to us rookie researchers to do the given task efficiently with compact or

no flaws.

To our Parents, for appreciating our effort and love in bringing us up to be a better

individual. For being patient and understanding while we are busy or engaged doing

this study, for giving us full support, love, and inspiration. All of the support and

guidance that was given to us were deeply appreciated.

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ABSTRACT

The research study was conducted because the researchers were curious if the red

onion (Allium cepa) and avocado (Persea americana) are applicable to use as a

natural dye. Additionally, we found out that the red onion and avocado peels enhance

the productivity of the resources and can reduce waste. Hereby, the researchers

came up with a proposition to ascertain if the level of light reflectivity is similar on four

fabrics; cotton, linen, silk, and wool whereas the red onion, avocado, and synthetic

dye are applied. For the procedures, which are the; gathering of materials, extraction

of the red onion and avocado, boiling their peels and soaking the fabrics, drying the

dyed fabrics, and finally measuring the visible light reflectivity. Moreover, researchers

acquired three trials to get accurate results. The researchers assess the level of light

reflectivity by using the phypox application and color sensor to determine its

illuminance and RGB values. The researchers will use a pretest posttest experimental

research design to evaluate and compare the synthetic dye and natural dye extracted

from red onion and avocado applied on the four fabrics. After obtaining the illuminance

and RGB value, researchers found that there is a sizable difference regarding the

level of light reflectivity before and after the red onion, avocado, and synthetic dye is

applied. While there is also a considerable difference as to the level of light reflectivity

using the light sensor and color sensor applied with natural dyes and synthetic dye.

Based on the results, in terms of illuminance, the white fabric or the lighter the fabric

is, the greater its illuminance while the darker the fabric is, the less its illuminance.

Keywords: Red onion, Avocado, Natural dye, Synthetic dye, Light reflectivity
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TABLE OF CONTENTS

Acknowledgement .................................................................................................. 2

Abstract .................................................................................................................... 3

Table of Contents .................................................................................................... 4

Chapter I - Introduction ........................................................................................... 8

1.1 Background of the study .......................................................................... 8

1.2 Conceptual Framework ........................................................................... 11

1.3 Statement of the problem........................................................................ 11

1.4 Hypotheses ............................................................................................. 12

1.5 Significance of the study ......................................................................... 13

1.6 Scope and Limitations ............................................................................ 14

1.7 Definition of terms ................................................................................... 16

Chapter II – Review of Related Literature ............................................................ 18

A. Effectiveness (Red onion) ............................................................................. 18

B. Visible light reflectivity................................................................................... 21

C. Study about extraction (Avocado) ................................................................. 22

D. Synthesis ...................................................................................................... 23

Chapter III - Methodology ................................................................................. 24

3.1 Research design ..................................................................................... 24

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3.2 Materials and Procedures ....................................................................... 25

3.3 Experimental Setup ................................................................................ 31

3.4 Statistical Treatment ............................................................................... 32

Chapter IV – Result and Discussion .................................................................... 32

Chapter V .............................................................................................................. 47

Summary ..................................................................................................... 47

Conclusion .................................................................................................... 49

Recommendation ......................................................................................... 50

References ............................................................................................................ 52

Appendices ............................................................................................................ 55

Appendix A: ANOVA ..................................................................................... 55

Appendix B: Documentation ......................................................................... 55

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List of Figures

Figure 1: Conceptual Framework ........................................................................... 11

Figure 2: Phypox application .................................................................................. 31

Figure 3: Treatment group and Controlled group .................................................... 31

Figure 4: Color sensor ............................................................................................ 32

Figure 5: Red onion (red values) ............................................................................ 34

Figure 6: Red onion (blue values) ........................................................................... 35

Figure 7: Red onion (green values) ........................................................................ 35

Figure 8: Red onion (Illuminance) ........................................................................... 36

Figure 9: Avocado (red values) ............................................................................... 38

Figure 10: Avocado (blue values) ........................................................................... 39

Figure 11: Avocado (green values) ......................................................................... 39

Figure 12: Avocado (Illuminance) ........................................................................... 40

Figure 13: Synthetic dye (red values) ..................................................................... 42

Figure 14: Synthetic dye (blue values).................................................................... 43

Figure 15: Synthetic dye (green values) ................................................................. 43

Figure 16: Synthetic dye (Illuminance).................................................................... 44

Figure 17: RGB values of red onion, avocado, synthetic dye ................................. 46

Figure 16: Illuminance (lx) of red onion, avocado, synthetic dye ............................ 47
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List of Tables

Table 1: Before & after RGB values of red onion .................................................... 32

Table 2: Before & after RGB values of avocado ..................................................... 36

Table 3: Before & after RGB values of synthetic dye .............................................. 40

Table 4: One-way ANOVA computation ................................................................. 56

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Chapter I

Introduction

Background of the Study

Natural dyes are environmentally friendly, abundant, easily extractable, and

safe. Natural dyes are composed of fruit and vegetables which produce the color

pigment that may get well into fabrics. One of the essential vegetables that can be

found in the kitchen is the red onion (Allium cepa) and one of the seasoned fruits that

can be found in the market is the avocado (Persea americana).

Red onion peels (Allium cepa) are somehow known to be extracted and used

as a natural dye that has been tested in the coloration of textiles as shown by one of

the research papers by Vankar et al. (2009). Avocado peels (Persea americana) have

not yet been discovered and studied by the previous researchers in which this study

will give light to the body of knowledge. Additionally, the peels are waste from (Allium

cepa) and (Persea americana) that can be extracted and can turn into a natural dye.

Furthermore, the visible light reflectivity of dyed fabric is still questionable. With this,

the problem can be left unanswered because, the level of visible light reflectivity,

somehow affects in determining the effectiveness of using (Allium cepa) and (Persea

americana) as a natural dye. The problem needs research to measure the reflectivity
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of visible light in a natural dye extracted from red onion (Allium cepa) peels and

Avocado (Persea americana) peels.

According to (Natural Dyes - Red Onion Skins, 2012). Red onion (Allium cepa)

doesn’t need to be dormant since these peels of red onion have high tannin which is

good in absorbing the extracted color that gets well into fabrics. This gives light to the

researchers to conduct this study furthermore.

The study will take 2 weeks to measure the level of reflectivity because

researchers will also perform extractions of the waste materials coming from Allium

cepa and Persea americana peels which will be converted into a natural dye. The

researchers focused on the topic of measuring the reflectivity of a dyed fabric from a

natural dye since researchers are curious and wanted to know because this problem

is questionable and has not been discussed by previous researchers.

As stated by Mata (2017), the researchers used the extract of the avocado

(Persea americana) and guava (Psidium guajava) leaves extract as their alternative

mordant for dyeing the fabrics. We also found some research about avocado (Persea

americana) peels but not as a natural dye. Avocado peels (Persea americana) are

commonly used as an antioxidant for skin and health benefits since the Avocado

(Persea americana) is carcinogen-free. Dyeing avocado (Persea americana) also has

some benefits since no mordant or fixative is needed to hold the color and ensure its

color-fastness.
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In general, a lot of research focused on knowing the effectiveness and the

efficacy rate of Allium cepa peels as a natural dye while the study of the effectiveness

of avocado (Persea americana) does not have any study. A similar study by Vankar

et al. (2009), in which researchers evaluated the efficiency of dyeing cotton, wool, and

silk fabrics with natural dye in which later on found out that the Allium cepa peels

enhance productivity of the resources and reduce waste. Another related study by

Nurunnesa et al. (2018). They identify the efficacy of onion peels as a natural dye with

the use of different kinds of dormant and its implications which the researchers found

out that onion peels are effective for dyeing fabrics with the help of different kinds of

dormant.

Therefore, the researchers came up with this study that aims to measure visible

light reflectivity because there is a knowledge gap. Since the topic of visible light

reflectivity is not yet measured and researched. Additionally, most of the research

aims to know the efficacy rate and the effectiveness in implications of red onion

(Allium cepa). With that, researchers conclude that most researchers study the

effectiveness of red onion peels (Allium cepa) as can be noticed with the citation given

above, while the visible light reflectivity is questionable. Questionable since there are

no recent and latest studies that focus on measuring the light reflectivity of red onion

peels (Allium cepa) and avocado peels (Persea americana) extract as a natural dye.
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Conceptual Framework

INPUT PROCESS OUTPUT

• Red onion peels • Extracting • Product: Dyed

(Allium cepa) (Allium cepa and fabrics: Cotton,
Persea Linen, Silk and
• Avocado peels Americana) Wool
(Persea
Americana) • Boiling • Visible light
reflectivity
• Plain white • Soaking analyzation
Fabrics: Cotton,
Linen, Silk, Wool • Drying

• Light sensor • Characterization

(Phypox (Illuminance and
application) and RGB values)
Color sensor
• Analysis

Figure 1: Conceptual Framework

Statement of the problem

The study attempts to determine the visible light reflectivity of natural dye extracted

from red onion (Allium cepa) and avocado (Persea americana).

Specifically, this research seeks to find the answers to the following

questions/problems:
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General question:

What is the visible light reflectivity of a natural dye extracted from red onion

(Allium cepa) and avocado (Persea americana)?

Specific questions:

1. Is there a significant difference on the level of light reflectivity on different

fabrics before and after applying red onion (Allium cepa), avocado (Persea

americana), and synthetic dye?

2. Is there a significant difference between the level of light reflectivity on

different fabrics applied with red onion (Allium cepa), avocado (Persea

americana), and synthetic dye?

Hypotheses (Null)

From the problem stated above, the following hypotheses were formulated:

H01: If the level of light reflectivity is not influenced before and after applying

the red onion (Allium cepa), avocado (Persea americana), and synthetic dye on

different fabrics then there will be no significant difference between the natural dyes

(Red onion and avocado) and synthetic dye.

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H02: If the level of light reflectivity is the same on different fabrics whereas the

red onion (Allium cepa), avocado (Persea americana), and synthetic dye are applied

then there will be no significant difference between the natural dyes (red onion and

avocado) and synthetic dye.

Significance of the study

The findings of this study will redound to the benefit of society considering that

dyeing in a natural way on fabrics plays an important role in helping the fabrics

become colorful. The findings of this study will benefit the following:

Textile industry: The research study will provide knowledge on visible light

reflectivity which the field of dye fabric can use this study to have more in-depth

information. Also, this research will help them to conclude using red onion (Allium

cepa) and Avocado (Persea americana) as natural dyes.

General Public: This study will provide information on how the reflectivity of

visible light is involved in the extraction of red onion (Allium cepa) and Avocado

(Persea americana) for use as a natural dye. Furthermore, this will give them an

analysis of how physics specifically, light reflection is involved in the industry of dye

fabric and will deepen their understanding of characterizing the visible light reflectivity

of Allium cepa and Persea americana as a natural dye.

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Future researchers: This will be used as their guidance and foundation in

modifying this research. The researchers know that they could develop it more

through deeper studies and by focusing on the recommendation of this result so that

it will be more accurate.

Recycling advocates (Eco-warrior organizations): This will benefit the

community of advocates/organizations in the field of recycling because, in this

research, researchers will use waste material coming from Allium cepa and Persea

americana which is its peels. This will benefit in terms of knowledge, and new ideas

on how it is done and will deepen their understanding of using waste materials coming

from Allium cepa and Persea americana peels.

Scope and Limitations

The primary goal of this study is to know the visible light reflectivity of a natural

dyed fabrics extracted from red onion peels (Allium cepa) and avocado peels (Persea

americana) and to have a conclusion from the statement of the problem. Also, the

researchers intended to measure the visible light reflectivity of a natural dye extracted

from Allium cepa and Persea americana and the synthetic dyed fabrics using phypox

application and color sensor with the help of Arduino board and software to gather the

needed data.
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The researchers used the significant materials for dyeing to perform the

procedures in which the typical procedure in dyeing fabric. Also, researchers used

four different kinds of plain white fabrics such as cotton, linen, wool, and silk to

determine if there is a significant difference between the light reflectivity. Necessary

and the preferred time for dyeing is only followed.

There are three limitations of this study. The first one is the limitation of phones

since the light sensor is dependent on different kinds of mobile phones which

researchers cannot manipulate. The second limitation is the consistency of the

measurement which can lead to possible human error since researchers will hold the

phone and the consistency of the measurement may arise to the trembling of the

researcher's hand. With that, this may produce errors in the measurement and the

researcher will try their best to get a consistent measurement as this research will

have at least three trials with the said measurement. The third limitation is in the color

sensor since there is no standard color or baseline in which calibration is commonly

used if there’s baseline.

This study will be conducted as home-based research because of the

pandemic. And because this study is home-based the researchers cannot conduct

the study on a real-life basis, as a result, the researchers used an application called

phypox that accesses the light sensor of the phone. Also, researchers were able to

get the red, blue and green color of each fabric since they used color sensor with the

help of Arduino board and software to conduct the research study.

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Definition of Terms

For a better understanding of this study, the following terms are defined in the

context of this research:

Four different kinds of fabrics: The researchers will be using the plain white fabric

mentioned below to measure the light reflectivity of natural dye extracted from red

onion peels (Allium cepa) and avocado (Persea americana).

Linen - Is a flax-based textile that is predominantly used for home-ware applications.

Strength, absorbent, durability.

Silk - Is a shimmering textile known for its satin texture and famous for being a

luxurious fabric. Absorbency, elasticity, quick-dry and shiny

Cotton – a common type of fabric which fibers surrounding the seeds of cotton plants,

which emerge in a round, fluffy formation once the seeds are mature. A soft, cool,

known as breathable fibers and absorbent

Wool - Is made from the natural fibers that form the fleece of animals. This raw

material is primarily made up of keratin-based proteins, which makes wool a

remarkably elastic material. The properties of wool such as flexibility, elasticity, and

resilience.

Phypox application: It is the application that measures the illuminance that is

reflected through light sensors.

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Reflectivity - The illuminance of reflected light. Illuminance; the difference between

the incident ray and the reflected light. This will be measured by using the phypox

application and color sensor with the help of Arduino board and software that

measures the illuminance and gather the data respectively.

Illuminance (lux) - The lux (lx) is the SI-derived unit of illuminance, measuring

luminous flux per unit area. It is the unit of illuminance that the researchers will get

using the Phypox application. In addition, it is the luminous flux incident on the unit

area of a surface.

Color sensor - a type of "photoelectric sensor" which emits light from a transmitter,

and then detects the light reflected back from the detection object with a receiver. This

is used to determine and gather the red, blue and green values of each fabric applied

with natural and synthetic dye.

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Chapter II

Review of Related Literature and Studies

This section contains readings and literature from different sources like books,

websites, articles, thesis, and dissertations related to the effectiveness and light

reflectivity of red onion (Allium cepa) and avocado (Persea americana) as a natural

dye.

This review shall present the related studies. As it is the fervent prayer of the

researchers that the great amount of literature gathered for this study shall not only

work for the result of answering the problems presented in this research but also as a

great source of additional knowledge which could help the researchers and the

readers. To cite all the authors who have used their effort to publish their texts, the

researchers will use APA 7 Format of Citation

A. Effectiveness of Allium cepa as a natural dye (Different kinds of

Fabrics)

According to Wijiyapala et al. (2009), using red onion (Allium cepa) as a dye

has been shown to give good dyeing results. It is very effective and it has fastness

properties with the help of using metal mordants. Metal mordants were mentioned to

make the color of the dye deeper to the fabric and have a very good potential of
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uptake, adherence, a good wash, and light fastnesses. The results show very

attractive hue colors. But that's not all, because according to the article, this process

also reduces waste which can help the community. With this research, the relevance

of this is measuring the light reflectivity in a dye with the use of Allium cepa as the

natural dye can be one of the bases of the choosing of by-product such as the onion

which is good for dyeing according to the study. In addition, another study to

strengthen the claim is that according to the article by Joshi (2021). By dyeing cotton

and cotton blend fabric samples with natural waste such as onion skin-based

nanoemulsions, nearly 100% of the tests with onion skin dyeing of cotton and

polyester/cotton fabrics are already nearly 100%. It is effective. 38 and 31% of the

effectiveness of that color are specified, so it was washed.

A study by Samantha and Konar (2011) stated that the textile sources used a

pattern for collecting worth, objectives, and ways to fulfill the mandate of consumers.

Primarily, this forte of mind was invented using natural ingredients for dyeing or

coloring the textile, able to synthetic colors. Almost all the synthetic pigments are

factory-made through petrochemical bases and done over risky chemical measures

which pose a risk heading towards an eco-friendly environment. Utilizing natural fiber

strands and threads can absorb dyestuff, as cotton and linen can dye, for the reason

of cellulosic nature, even though silk and wool have strong fiber, protein nature,

hypoallergenic, flame retardant, and are easy to wash. In addition to that, Shi et al.

(2016) also stated that the use of natural ingredients to color natural fabrics may
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increase returns for an eco-friendly environment. The onion counts up the world’s

prehistoric cultivated item, using root vegetables. This one covers the level with

flavonoids that stand in countless absorption in the onion outer skin rather than a

plump bulb.

Another similar study by Ahmad & Shahzadi (2018). By which focuses on

researching the absorbance of the dye, Lightfastness, and rubbing fastness. The

research uses the conventional dyeing method to get the data. Synthetic dyes are

used in most industries due to their fastness and tinting power, mainly because they

are made from pigments and various kinds of dangerous chemicals and are just as

serious as these dyes. This is to cause various illnesses. It is very harmful to the

environment and can harm the life of the plant and its final production. Commercially

very important synthetic dyes cause serious air and environmental pollution.

Therefore, people start to make natural dyes from synthetic dyes. These dyes are

environmentally friendly and are mainly made from modern natural products. This

study is based on the production of natural dyes extracted from onion skin and applied

to cotton fabrics by conventional dyeing methods. Alum was used as a mordant for

cotton fabrics dyed with onion skin. After dyeing, it was tested for light resistance,

wash-ability, and friction. The dyes have been found to have good wash-ability and

lightfastness, but with moderate rubbing fastness.

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According to Villanueva et al. (2022). Using the extracted red onion peels

(Allium cepa) is somehow effective as a natural dye because the fabric color changes

the reflectivity, which means that the reflective light changes and it gets well into the

four different kinds of fabric which are cotton, linen, silk, and wool. Moreover,

according to their finding that there is no significant difference between the natural

dye and the commercially available color. Therefore, the researchers concluded that

the natural dye is comparable to the commercially available color or the synthetic dye.

B. Visible light reflectivity

According to Villanueva et al. (2022), The fabric color changes the reflectivity

which means the reflective light changes and it gets well into the four different kinds

of fabric which are cotton, linen, silk, and wool. The researchers concluded that the

light reflection theory is the expected findings, since the researchers’ expected results

are based on the theory of light reflection and has been able to observe that the

pretest is greater than the posttest because, in the pretest, all of the components are

reflected while in the posttest some of the components of light are absorbed and only

some are reflected.

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C. The study of extraction using avocado (Persea americana) as a natural dye.

According to Amanuel and Getu (n.d.), natural dyes can be obtained even in

our backyard and be used as a color for fabrics. To be able to maintain color these

include various or different parts of plants such as flowers, roots, Avocado (Persea

americana), and even nuts. It was also said that the study seeks to explore and

capture some natural plants from which dyes can be extracted and applied to selected

textile fabrics. The researchers use this one study because it is somehow related to

the study about the extraction of fruits as a natural dye in a dyed fabric which is:

cotton.

A study by Tamrat et al. (2022), Stated that four million metric tons of avocado

(Persea americana) fruit production are estimated annually, and avocado (Persea

americana) seed constitutes 13–18% of the fruit part which affects the pollution,

environment and health concerns of many people. Therefore, this study aims to

reduce waste by using avocado peels (Persea americana) and seeds. It was also

mentioned that avocado (Persea americana) seeds consist of about 66.3% of starch,

4.9% of protein, 4.12% of arabinose, and 3.3% of pentosans which can be converted

into high-value products. With that, the researchers use this topic as it is somehow

similar where the researchers come up with a new great product that people can use

to lessen the waste product and benefit the environment.

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D. Synthesis

This can be concluded that red onion peels (Allium cepa) are good for dyeing

as it is natural and will not harm the environment by using chemicals that the synthetic

dyeing materials use. Also, the citation above in regards to the effectiveness of using

Allium cepa as a natural dye has been proven by the existing review-related literature.

Additionally, using avocado (Persea americana) is somehow good for dyeing as it can

produce light colors, reduce waste around us and can also have a great benefit in

keeping the environment safe and healthy as it can be seen just in our backyard or

even market. However, the avocado related study is only about the extraction of seed

as it is proven that it can naturally dye a fabric while the peels of it or known as exocarp

have not been studied nor proven as effective and good for dyeing fabrics.

Moreover, the visible light reflectivity has only one cited because there is only few

research that aims to know the level of the visible light reflectivity of red onion (Allium

cepa) as a natural dye, whereas in terms of visible light of avocado (Persea

americana) has not been aimed to study which why the visible light reflectivity of

avocado peels (Persea americana) is still unknown. The determined gaps of every

related literature in this chapter will be answered through this research study and the

experiment. With that, this review-related literature will be tackled again as the

researchers discussed the result of this study and will also serve as evidence that the

result will be credible.

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Chapter III

Methodology

3.1 Research Design

The researchers will utilize a Pretest-posttest experimental research design

since this study will evaluate two groups which are the controlled group and the

treatment group: commercially available colors and the color of a natural dye

extracted from red onion peels (Allium cepa) and avocado peels (Persea americana)

applied on the following material: Cotton, Linen, Silk, and Wool. In addition,

researchers use this pretest-posttest design to compare and evaluate as well as to

measure the visible light reflectivity of the natural dye and the commercially available

color, this research design is appropriate for use in this kind of research that deals in

comparing groups and/or measuring change resulting from experimental treatments

in which researchers prefer.

This study is experimental research that contains dependent and independent

variables. The independent variable would be the natural dye from red onion (Allium

cepa) and avocado (Persea americana). The dependent variable is the visible light

reflectivity.
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3.2 Materials and Procedure

Materials:

Two sets of different kinds of plain fabrics: These different kinds of fabrics

which are cotton, linen, silk, and wool are bought in the public textile market. In

addition, the size needed for these fabrics is 3 by 3 ½ inches in length and width

(7.62x8.89 centimeters).

Cotton - Cotton fabric is derived from the fibers surrounding the seeds of cotton plants,

which emerge in a round, fluffy formation once the seeds are mature. This textile has

relatively high tensile strength, and its natural coloring is white or slightly yellowish.

Cotton is very water-absorbent, but it also dries quickly, which makes it highly

moisture-wicking. In addition, cotton fibers are natural hollow fibers; they are soft,

cool, known as breathable fibers, and absorbent. Cotton fibers can hold water 24–27

times their weight. They are strong, dye absorbent, and can stand up against abrasion

wear and high temperature.

Linen - a textile made from the fibers of the flax plant. Linen is very strong, absorbent,

and dries faster than cotton. Because of these properties, linen is comfortable to wear

in hot weather and is valued for use in garments. It also has other distinctive

characteristics, notably its tendency to wrinkle.

Silk - The strongest natural textile in the world. Composed of natural protein fiber, silk

mainly consists of fibroin, which is a protein that certain types of insect larvae secrete
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to make cocoons. While other insects also produce silk-like substances, most of the

world’s silk is derived from Bombyx mori larvae, which are worms that only live on

mulberry trees. In certain lighting conditions, silk produces a shimmering optical

effect, which is due to the triangular prism-like structure of silk fibers. These prisms

reflect light at various angles, which results in the subtle rainbow hue that has made

silk so famous. Silk fabric properties are Breathability, Elasticity, Absorbency, Thermal

regulation, Drying speed, and Shiny.

Wool - Wool fabric is made from the natural fibers that form the fleece of animals such

as sheep, goats, rabbits, camels, and more. This raw material is primarily made up of

keratin-based proteins, which makes wool a remarkably elastic material. Wool fabric

properties are Diameter (microns), Staple length, Uniformity of fleece, Elasticity,

Strength/Durability, Luster, Felt-ability, Stain resistance, Breathable, Sun safe (UV

protection), Warm and Cool.

Red onion (Allium cepa) - Peels from red onion (Allium cepa) - These peels that

research one of the variables are coming from the red onion (Allium cepa) that most

people know that these peels are waste only. This describes the crisp and flaky outer

scales of the onions which is known as the tunic part. The outer skins of onions

provide an exceptionally rich source of plant compounds called flavonoids, especially

the powerful antioxidant and anti-inflammatory compound, quercetin. In addition, the

outer skins of onion (peels)provide an excellent source of vitamins A, C, E, and

numerous antioxidants. In addition, these peels are from the everyday waste of each
 SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL DEPARTMENT 20

researcher. Every time that they will use red onion in the kitchen, they get the peels

and reserve them until it reaches the needed grams of red onion peels (5 grams).

Also, the researchers only get the tunic layer of the red onion.

Avocado peels (Persea americana) - These peels that research one of the variables

are coming from the Avocado (Persea americana) known as exocarp part that most

people know that these peels are waste only. This is described as a relatively thin

cuticle that forms a wax-like film over the surface of the avocado fruit. Avocado is a

bright green fruit with a large pit and dark leathery skin. They're also known as alligator

pears or butter fruit. It has the flavor of bitter almonds, and when pressed it yields an

oil like that of the almond. Between the seed and the outer skin is the meat, slightly

thicker than one’s finger except at the neck where it is very thick. It is of whitish green

color, tender, buttery, and very soft. In addition, avocados are a source of vitamins C,

E, K, and B6, as well as riboflavin, niacin, folate, pantothenic acid, magnesium, and

potassium.

Venus dye - is one of the local brands of synthetic dye in the Philippines. This is

described as a colored powder that has a strong content of different kinds of specific

colors that are used in dyeing fabrics.

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Procedure:

Gathering of materials

The researchers gathered all the materials in one place only and set in place all the

important materials to be used. They prepared 10 grams of red onion peels (Allium

cepa) and 20 grams of avocado peels (Persea americana) that they gathered, they

also prepared four cauldrons or a pot as an alternative to a cauldron that they used

for boiling and soaking process. The researchers also prepared 1000 ml of water for

the boiling process, 1000 ml of water for washing the red onion and avocado peels

before boiling, and a strainer to separate the red onion peels and avocado and their

extract.

Extraction

The researchers performed the first type of extraction in which the separation of the

peels from the red onion (Allium Cepa) and avocado (Persea americana). First, they

peeled the red onion by getting its tunic part which is the outer layer of the red onion.

This describes the crisp and flaky outer scales of the onions which is the tunic part

and will reserve the tunic part of the peels which will be put in a small open net bag

so that the peels will be saved from being rotten. In addition, the part of avocado peels

that the researchers gathered is the exocarp which is described as a brownish outer

layer of the avocado.

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Boiling and Soaking

The researchers prepared two cauldrons for the two independent variables, one for

cleaning the red onion peels and avocado peels and one for boiling them. Once the

researchers successfully gathered the red onion peels, they put them in the cauldron

or a pot and cleaned it with 500 ml of water. The researchers also washed it with

water three times to remove dust, and soil, and to make it cleaner before the

researchers boiled it. The researchers also make sure that all the red onion peels

were able to get cleaned, once done they put it in a strainer and shake off intensely

to make sure no water is left. Once it is done the researchers put the tunic part of the

red onion peels and the exocarp of avocado into the other cauldron or a pot with 1000

ml of water and place it on the stove. After it was safely placed, researchers opened

the stove to a medium heat range to start boiling and waited for 1 hour to boil. After 1

hour of boiling, the researchers turned off the heat and waited for at least 20 minutes

to rest.

Drying

Once the researchers noticed that the water started to boil, they turned off the heat

and got a strainer to dry the red onion peels and remove it to get the water. The water

coming from the boiled red onion peels will then pour into a container. The

researchers also make sure that all the extract was removed from the cauldron/pot as

they need the liquid extract for dyeing the fabrics. Once the researchers have done

the process, they also put the four different kinds of fabrics which are cotton, silk,
 SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL DEPARTMENT 23

linen, and wool in the water and let them soak for 24 hours. The researchers placed

the four fabrics horizontally in the container filled with the extract coming from red

onion peels (Allium cepa) and avocado (Persea americana). After 24 hours,

researchers get the four different kinds of fabric that are soaked in the container as

they get a hanger and hang the fabrics. The researchers let the fabric dry by placing

the hanger into the reflection of the sun, the estimated time of drying is at least 5

hours.

Measuring the visible light reflectivity

Once the fabrics are already dyed and ready, the researchers started measuring the

visible light reflectivity of the fabrics. The researchers followed the experimental setup

and the researchers used the phypox application to be able to get the measurements

of the visible light. As this application can measure illuminance. In measuring the light

reflectivity, the researchers used a study table lamp and a phone stand where the

researchers placed the phone to level the lamp and the phone. Once the study table

lamp and the phone, which is in 45 degrees, are in position, the researchers then lay

the fabrics between the light and the phone. In addition, the researchers conducted

three trials in measuring the illuminance to have a better consistent result. Moreover,

the researchers also used the color sensor to measure the RBG value of different

fabrics applied with natural dye and synthetic dye with the help of Arduino software to

be able to get the data. Specifically, the color sensor was able to be used with the

help of an Arduino board that is connected via a jumper wire. Then, the Arduino board
 SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL DEPARTMENT 24

is connected to the laptop which has the latest Arduino software to be able to get the

data.

Analysis

Once the researchers were able to conduct and finish the experiment. And we're able

to conduct the measuring of the visible light reflectivity, the researchers started to

analyze the given data that they were able to get.

Experimental Setup

Figure 2: Measuring the illuminance using phypox application

Figure 3: Treatment and Controlled group setup

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Figure 4: Measuring the RGB values through color sensor

Statistical Treatment

To interpret the data effectively, this study will utilize a Paired t-test, and

Analysis of variance (ANOVA) with the support of descriptive statistical tools which

are the mean and standard deviation.

The researchers came up with the idea to use the paired t-test to compare and

determine the pre-test and post-test to know the difference between the level of the

visible light reflectivity of red onion peels (Allium cepa), avocado peels (Persea

americana), and synthetic dye applied to the different kinds of fabrics. Then, the

Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) will be used to compare the two groups- treatment

groups; red onion peels (Allium cepa) and avocado peels (Persea americana), and

the controlled group; synthetic dye.

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Chapter IV

Results and Discussion

This chapter presents the data acquired during the experiment, which will

provide answers to the research questions presented. This is divided into two (2)

parts; The comparison of pre-test and post-test illuminance measures in different

fabrics with natural dye which includes the red onion (Allium cepa) and avocado

(Persea americana) and the synthetic dye applied on different kinds of fabrics which

are cotton, linen, silk and wool. The comparison of light and color sensors between

the level of light reflectivity with different kinds of fabrics applied with red onion (Allium

cepa), avocado (Persea americana) and synthetic dye.

Table 1: Before and after RGB values of each fabric applied with red onion
 SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL DEPARTMENT 27

As shown in the table 1, every naturally dyed fabric using red onion (Allium

cepa) went through three (3) trials for the RGB values of pre-test and post-test. When

the researchers computed the p-value, it found out less than 0.05 which means there

is significant difference between the RGB values of the before and after of each fabric

applied with red onion (Allium cepa).

With all the data gathered, it can be seen that all of the post-tests of cotton, linen, and

wool are all higher compared to their pre-test. While on the other side, it can also be

noticed that the red value of silk is quite different because its results are the opposite

of the three fabrics. The silk's pre-test is higher than its post-test, this is because it is

fast to absorb liquid but not the color produced by the red onion which causes it to be

quickly dried and have a light color. We can conclude that in basing the properties of

silk, the red value after the silk is dyed, have a lower red value because the reflected

red value is weaker resulting in a low red value while before, which is the plain white

fabric, all of the red value is reflected since it is one of the components of light.
 SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL DEPARTMENT 28

According to the figure, all of the fabrics which are cotton, linen, silk, and wool

got the same results as they all have high post-test and lower pre-test. Therefore,

there is a significant difference between its blue values. We can conclude based on

the chart above, that before dyeing the fabrics, its blue value is weaker while after it

is dyed, the blue value is stronger since it is already dyed while the color sensor

detects more values since it changes in color.

.
 SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL DEPARTMENT 29

Based on the chart, cotton, linen, and silk all have a high post-test and low pre-

test. In opposition, the wool fabrics pretest is more excessive compared to the post-

test. This is because before applying the red onion dye, there are more green values

being reflected since the white wool fabric reflects all colors. After the fabric is dyed,

the wool fabric's green value is now lower. This is due to the fact that wool fabric is a

much more reddish dark color compared to other fabrics in which the red and blue

value is predicted, as it has many values compared to its green values. Therefore,

there is a significant difference in accordance with the color produced in the fabric.

As stated by the evidence above, the data table shows the pre-test and post-test

comparison of light sensor measurements between the four fabrics which are, cotton,

linen, silk, and wool for red onion (Allium cepa). According to the chart, the fabrics in

the pre-test are greater than the fabrics in the post-test, Due to the reason that the

pre-test reflects the higher illuminance presuming that the fabrics used have not been
 SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL DEPARTMENT 30

dyed. While on the other side the post-test gives a lower reflection of the illuminance

because it was already dyed by the red onion (Allium cepa), where it became darker.

This basically means that the more the fabrics absorb the dye, the more the

illuminance gets lower in using red onion (Allium cepa) as a natural dye.

Table 2: Before and after RGB values of each fabric applied with avocado

Data shown in the table 2, There was a significant effect between the RGB

values of the before and after of each fabric applied with avocado (Persea americana)

at the p value less than 0.05 with the acquired three (3) trials. This indicates that there

are factors that affects the RGB values.

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As illustrated in the results, the four fabrics seem to be alternate, the reason

for this is that the post-test of cotton and silk is greater than the pre-test, while the

linen and wool's pre-test is leading than the post-test. Since the cotton and silk fabrics

both have the properties of absorbency which means that more red value is gathered

since the avocado dye applied on those fabrics has less color. On the other hand,

linen and wool also have absorbency properties but avocado did not produce a strong

color.

This means that less red value is gathered because the avocado dye is weak

as a natural dye and dries fast, specifically in linen fabrics making the dyed fabric have

less change in color. Therefore, the linen and wool before and after being applied with

avocado (Persea americana) as natural dye have less post-test average. Hence, less

red value in accordance with its properties and the change of color.
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With all the measurements gathered, all the fabrics have a larger blue value

post-test than the pre-test, it has something to do with the fact that cotton, linen, silk,

and wool have a property of being a fast absorbent. This implies that when the

avocado dye is applied on cotton, linen, silk, and wool it absorbs the dye and

somewhat produces color. However, the wool fabric does not immediately absorb the

color produced by the natural dye and the dye does not have a strong color, making

the dyed fabric have more blue value since less shade was made and is likely with

the plain fabric.

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Prior to the accumulated data, we can see that the chart is likely similar to

figure#6 in which the post-test of all the fabrics is larger than their pre-test. To further

the explanation, the pre-test and post-test of the silk fabric are less than the cotton,

linen, and wool. Because the silk has the property of being a fast absorbent, which

means that the produced color of the avocado-dyed fabric has been absorbed and

dried quickly. With that being said, the silk has a lower pre-test since the dyed

avocado slightly darkens the fabrics which makes the green color value lower than

the other fabrics.

The details cited for the light sensor in determining the illuminance, show that

the fabrics on the pre-test are greater than the fabrics in the post-test. It has something

to do with the fact that the avocado dye has slightly colored the fabrics. Thereby, the

avocado-dyed fabric is somewhat the same in reflectivity as the plain white fabric in

the pretest. With that, there is a significant difference between the light reflectivity of

pre-test and post-test in naturally dyed fabrics using avocado peels (Persea
 SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL DEPARTMENT 34

americana). This insinuates that the avocado (Persea americana) is unsuitable for

dyeing fabrics as it only extracted the fabrics with a light dye.

Table 3: Before and after RGB values of each fabric applied with synthetic dye

The depicted table 3 above, there was a significant effect between the RGB

values of the before and after of each fabric applied with synthetic dye at the p value

less than 0.05 with the acquired three (3) trials. This indicates that there are factors

that affects the RGB values.

 SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL DEPARTMENT 35

The chart depicted above shows the fabrics of cotton, linen, and silk both have

a greater post-test than their pre-test. But apparently, the fabric of wool has the

opposite result which contains high pre-test and low post-test. Therefore, there is a

significant difference in terms of the fabric's effectiveness rate for dyeing since wool

is somehow hard to manipulate or soften the fabric seeing that it has a high rate of

water resistance which results in a low rate of effectiveness when it comes to dyeing.

However, the synthetic dye was made of chemicals that are more elevated in

accordance with the color it produces. Hence, the wool water resistance is still the

factor of having a weaker red value based on its effectiveness rate. Therefore, in a

synthetic dye, the red value of wool fabric is weaker than the white fabric.
 SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL DEPARTMENT 36

Pursuant to the diagram, the fabrics of the cotton, linen, and silk have the same

result for the figure #9 as these fabrics have a higher post-test than its pre-test.

However, the fabric of wool also has the same outcome as to figure #9. This signifies

that the wool is in higher reflection of blue value rather than the post-test basing in its

properties. Therefore, there is a significant difference in their blue values because of

the properties of fabrics and the assumption on the theory of light.

 SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL DEPARTMENT 37

In accordance with the previous visual, the fabrics of cotton, linen, and silk have

a high post-test and low pre-test, these actually have the similar result except for the

wool, as this fabric is even in results where we assume that the reason why its post-

test and pre-test are the same because the value is even from the fabric it is reflecting.

The illustration at the top shows the pre-test and post-test by any means

approximately with each other considering the data are contiguous. As claimed upon

the chart, the pre-test is larger than the post-test however close to the post-test

illuminance. The reason for this is that the synthetic dye is made of chemicals that

produce more color and gets well on fabrics by dyeing it not too dark but also not too

light. Which conveys that synthetic dye is efficient in dyeing fabrics and is somehow

comparable to the illuminance of a white plain fabric. Since the synthetic dye produces

light color in which the darkness of the fabric is dependent on the amount of dye. As

a result, there is a significant difference between the light reflectivity of before and

after in synthetic dye.

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Table 3: Comparison of RGB values and Light sensor of different fabrics

applied with natural dyes and synthetic dye.

The table above shows the RGB values and Illuminance data with the three (3)

trials acquired on each fabric. In RGB values, based on the computed p-value of the

researchers it is at 0.0185, which is less than 0.05. Hence, there is a significant

difference since we reject the null hypothesis. On the other hand, the illuminance

computed p-value is at 0.0034. Therefore, there is also significant difference since the

null hypothesis will be rejected.

 SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL DEPARTMENT 39

The chart above is about the comparison between the RGB values in different

fabrics applied with red onion, avocado, and synthetic dye. The red, blue, and green

colors indicate the average RGB values of the colored sensor, which is computed

from the data gathered using the post-test of all the average of cotton, linen, silk, and

wool fabrics. Moreover, the said fabrics' reflectivity is measured by the RBG's

corresponding colors. In this figure, we can see that the synthetic dye has more

elevated reflectivity due to its powerful or bright color than the red onion and avocado

dye. The reason for this is that the synthetic dye is chemically produced to have more

color. According to Madison (2021), synthetic dyes are usually made from coal tar and

petroleum, which are the artificial coloring agent that is needed in coloring the fabrics.

While the red onion has a slight difference in reflectivity compared to the synthetic

dye, which implies that the red onion is qualified for dyeing fabrics because the red

onion contains anthocyanin pigments in the outer parts of the fleshy scale-leaves of

the red onion. Also, red onion skins are naturally high in tannin which binds the color
 SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL DEPARTMENT 40

to the fabric, creating a long-lasting colorfast fabric. On the other hand, the reflectivity

of the avocado is lower than the red onion and synthetic dye. Due to the fact that the

extracted avocado has not much colored the fabrics. Moreover, the red onion,

avocado, and synthetic dye have a significant difference considering that the RGB

values are not the same on different fabrics.

The statistic stated above shows the comparison between the level of

illuminance in different fabrics applied with red onion (Allium cepa), avocado (Persea

americana), and synthetic dye. The computed data gathered in the chart used the

posttest of all the averages of the cotton, linen, silk, and wool fabrics applied with the

said dyes. This is due to the fact that the avocado's illuminance surpassed the red

onion and synthetic dye. Whereas the avocado has slightly changed color and only

produces a white-like colored fabric, which means the avocado is not good enough

for dyeing. At the same time, the red onion has a slightly different reflectivity compared

to the synthetic dye, which implies that the red onion is qualified for dyeing fabrics.
 SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL DEPARTMENT 41

Chapter V

Summary, Conclusion and Recommendations

Summary

Over the years, synthetic dyes are one of the most used dyes in terms of

fabrics. The word “Natural” is barely known since synthetic dyes are known as

effective and fast-mordant dyes. These natural dyes come from different variants of

fruits and vegetables that have colored pigments that produce natural color. One of

the essential vegetables and fruit in the kitchen is the red onion (Allium cepa) and

avocado (Persea americana). These red onions have high tannin which is good in

absorbing the extracted color that gets well into fabrics. In addition, peels from red

onions and avocado are known to be thrown away since people do not know where

these avocado and red onion peels can be made. In this study, it is proven that red

onion (Allium cepa) peels are effective and can be extracted to make it a natural dye

while the avocado peels are not effective for dyeing fabrics. The researchers are

curious about the visible light reflectivity of dyed fabric which is still questionable since

there is no research that focuses on this kind of topic. With that, the researchers

focused on measuring the visible light reflectivity of a dyed fabric with natural dye

applied on four different kinds of fabrics which are cotton, linen, silk, and wool. To
 SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL DEPARTMENT 42

determine the outcome, the researchers conducted pretest-posttest experimental

research design. From removing the tunic part and skin of the red onion and the

exocarp of avocado peels, boiling, removing the onion and avocado peels and

extracting the liquid pigment, soaking the fabrics from the extracted red onion and

avocado peels, and drying. After drying, the study table lamp and ring light stand will

be set up where the cellphone with the phypox application will be placed. Phypox

application will determine the illuminance of the fabric. Between them, is the dry

soaked fabric. The phone is at a 45 ° horizontal angle. For the color sensor, the

researchers input the code in the Arduino software. They used a jumper wire to

connect the color sensor from the Arduino board then connect the Arduino board to

the laptop via cord. Color sensor was used to determine the RGB values of each

naturally and synthetic dyed fabrics. Next, the researchers uploaded the data to set

the data and checked the monitor to measure the light reflectivity. After that, they now

gathered the data and the researchers acquired three trials to have more accurate

and efficient data.

Overall, the research study is about measuring the visible light reflectivity of a

natural dye extracted from red onion (Allium cepa) and avocado (Persea americana),

comparing the illuminance of the naturally dyed fabrics and the commercially available

color or synthetic dye, comparing pretest and posttest illuminance measured in the

four different kinds of fabric and comparison of the illuminance of reflected light on

different fabrics with natural dyes and synthetic dye.

 SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL DEPARTMENT 43

Conclusion

The researchers conclude that there is a significant difference on the level of

light reflectivity on different fabrics before and after applying red onion (Allium cepa),

avocado (Persea americana), and synthetic. There is significance in terms of each

fabric's properties on how it is absorbent and fast-drying since the RGB value is

dependent on what kind of color is reflected. There is also a significant difference

between the level of light reflectivity using the light sensor and color sensor applied

with red onion (Allium cepa) and avocado (Persea americana) as natural dyes and

the commercially available color since the red onion and synthetic dye has a low level

of light reflectivity while avocado has high level of reflectivity in which this signifies on

how the natural dye and synthetic dyes are effective for dyeing fabrics. Moreover,

researchers conclude in basing onto the analysis of research question #2 that the

higher the illuminance the more likely it is ineffective for dyeing while the lower the

illuminance the more it is suitable for dyeing fabrics. With that, the red onion peels

(Allium cepa) and the synthetic dyes are effective for dyeing fabrics while the avocado

peels (Persea americana) are not suitable nor good for dyeing fabrics.

Furthermore, the theory of light reflectivity is one of the bases in this research since

in using light sensors in pretest data, most of the components of light are reflected

while in the post-test data, some colors are reflected and some components are

absorbed. With that, in terms of illuminance, the white plain fabric or the lighter the
 SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL DEPARTMENT 44

fabric is, the greater its illuminance while the darker the fabric is, the less its

illuminance.

Recommendation

Based on the experimental research conducted, these are the recommendations

of the researchers.

• Reduce the washing of red onion and avocado peels to make it more colorful

on fabrics when soaked.

• Record the time of soaking and per hour should be observe to see how it is

absorbed from time to time.

• More red onion and avocado peels should be used so that more can be

extracted from it and this will lessen the waste in your community.

• By any chance, conduct an experiment in the laboratory to have another option

with the equipment.

• Acquire more trials to get efficient data.

• Use other method in measuring visible light reflectivity to have in depth

knowledge of reflection light.

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References

Amanuel, L. (2015, June 3). Eco friendly dyeing cotton fabric from avocado seed,

nein leaf and hibiscus flower. Academia.Edu.

https://www.academia.edu/12787789/ECO_FRIENDLY_DYEING_COTTON_

FABRIC_FROM_AVOCADO_SEED_NEIN_LEAF_AND_HIBSCUS_FLOWE

Colours of light. (2019, April 24). Science Learning Hub. Retrieved June 10, 2022,

from https://www.sciencelearn.org.nz/resources/47-colours-of-

light?fbclid=IwAR3AHKx0PwJmKEBuDLYjRJTdVmovs7wCwuxgwAbs0GJKIx

m6ASIykdQnrZY

Kambo, N. Dubey, S. Shukla P. & Pandey, R. (2021, September 06).” Effect of onion

(Allium cepa L.) Peel extract-based nanoemulsion on anti-microbial and UPF

properties of cotton and cotton blended fabrics”. Retrieve from

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Natural Dyes - Red Onion Skins. (2012, September 17). Folkfibers.Com. Retrieved

March 12, 2022, from https://www.folkfibers.com/blogs/news/6579481-natural-

dyes-red-onion-
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skins#:%7E:text=Onion%20skins%20do%20not%20need,fabric%2C%20crea

ting%20lasting%20colorfast%20fabrics

Nurunnesa, Hossain, and Rahman. (2018). “Extraction of natural dye collected from

outer skin of onion and its application on silk fabric”. Global Journal of

Researches in Engineering: J General Engineering. 18 Issue 3 Version 1.0.

DOI 291899.

https://engineeringresearch.org/index.php/GJRE/article/view/1768?fbclid=IwA

R2IS_Zb3AC715a_O_hRkHzTVRzQw7TGgxrb9S9q3llX7U_4BncQL2XmBM

Shubham Joshi, Neelu Kambo, Saurabh Dubey, Prateek Shukla & Ritu

Pandey (2021) Effect of Onion (Allium cepa L.) Peel Extract-based

Nanoemulsion on Anti-microbial and UPF Properties of Cotton and Cotton

Blended Fabrics, Journal of Natural

Fibers, DOI: 10.1080/15440478.2021.1964127

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478.2021.1964127&area=0000000000000001

Tamrat (2021). ScienceDirect. Retrieved June 23, 2022, from

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https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2666086521002009?token

=5B06CB4F2733BB9C92C8BDB8DA776A5198061CB663CF21205701DCB

791C59DB97A4AB2BEA0867D02076F8F547A3C5E83&originRegion=us-

east-1&originCreation=20220615181343

“The use of reflectance measurements in the determination of fixation of reactive dyes

to cotton.” Color Research and Application, Vol. 31 No.2, pp. 117-121.

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006 Color_Research_Application.pdf

Padma S. Vankar, Rakhi Shanker, Samudrika Wijayapala. (2009, July 3). Dyeing of

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ll/html?skipTracking=true&fbclid=IwAR2r_XupdZTDJo33iM_n6uX9kMBqfZfE

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Villanueva, C. (2022). Characterization of the visible light reflectivity of natural dye

extracted from red onion (Allium cepa). Student, Mary Chiles College.
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Appendices
 SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL DEPARTMENT 49

Appendix A: One-way ANOVA computation

In data of comparison of light and color sensors between the level of light

reflectivity on different fabrics applied with red onion (Allium cepa), avocado (Persea

americana), and synthetic dye.

 SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL DEPARTMENT 50

Appendix B: Documentation

• Phypox application: Measuring the illuminance

• Color sensor with the help of Arduino board/software

 SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL DEPARTMENT 51

• Different kinds of fabrics: Naturally dyed and Synthetic dyed; cotton, linen,

silk and wool.

• On site gathering of data