1

MIDSALIP NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL

STE
Grade 10 – VENUS
___________________________________________________________________________

An

Experimental Research

Entitled

“Malabar Spinach Black Seeds (Basella Alba) As Natural Liquid Dye”

Presented to
Midsalip National High School Science Curriculum

by
Rian Abejo Eborda
Melgrace Regis Barlis

Thru
Creslil Sangrenes Andaya
Science Curriculum Research Teacher
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TABLE OF CONTENTS

Title--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------1
Abstract---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------3
Acknowledgement-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------4
Chapter I – Introduction----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------5-7
Chapter II – Review of Related Literature----------------------------------------------------------------8-10
Chapter III – Methodology----------------------------------------------------------------------------------11-14
Chapter IV – Results and Discussion--------------------------------------------------------------------15-20
Chapter V – Conclusions and Recommendations--------------------------------------------------------21
References---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------22
Appendix--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------22-38

ABSTRACT
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Dyeing is a process of applying uniform colors to the substrate like fiber, yarn and fabric.
Dyeing is important in the cosmetics business. It is widely used in arts, textiles and in the
production of leather. This study aims to create a natural dye from Malabar Spinach, focusing
on its quality, color longevity and color intensity. The study’s hypothesis is there is no significant
difference between the responses of respondents when it comes to the dye’s quality, color
longevity and intensity. The researchers used quantitative method. The participants were
randomly selected 15 adults and 15 students living in Midsalip Zamboanga Del Sur. The use of
t-test helped the researchers to analyze the data. After the analysis of the data, the researchers
conclude that Malabar spinach is a good substitute for liquid dye. The researchers also
accepted the hypothesis since there was a significant difference in the response of the
responses when it comes to the dye’s quality, color intensity and longevity.

(Keywords: Synthetic dyes, Natural dye, Malabar spinach, Quality, Color Intensity, Color
Longevity, Quantitative)

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
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We, the researchers, would like to express our sincere appreciation to everytone who
contributed to the success of this study.
First and foremost, our Almighty Father, without his will and guidance the researchers
will not be able to complete this study.
On the researchers journey, they have encountered many problems but this person
helped them to make their way to success, Mrs. Creslil Sangrenis Andaya. Miss, thankyou for
all the advices and encouraging words that you’ve given to the young researchers. Thank you
for guiding this young researchers, without you they will not be able to accomplish this very
important task.
To the ever supportive parents of the researchers who helped them not only financially
bu also encouraging them to fight everyday, thank you.
Lastly, dearest participants without you all cooperating this study will not be
accomplished. Thank you for giving some of your time to participate in this study.
GODBLESS!

CHAPTER I
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INTRODUCTION

A. Background of the Study

Dyeing is a process of applying uniform colors to the substrate like fiber, yarn and fabric.
Dyeing is important in the cosmetics business. It is widely used in arts, textiles and in the
production of leather.

Natural dyes are dyes or colorants derived from plants, invertebrates or minerals.
Natural dyes offer better UV absorption in the fabrics on which they are used. Natural dyes are
biodegradable, non-toxic and non-allergenic, making them generally better for the environment
and for use around humans, as they don’t have carcinogenic components which are found in
many synthetic dyes. Synthetic dye produces a wide range of colors and have many negative
impacts on human. According to Eri Silk (2019), the production of synthetic clothing and
artificial dyes by fashion industries causes air pollution, water pollution and soil pollution.

Malabar Spinach has vitamins and minerals like Vitamin E and magnesium that supports
human immune system. This system keeps human safe from viruses and bacteria that cause
disease. It also defends human body from any kind of toxins.

There are many websites and research studies on Malabar spinach that proves that it is
good as natural dye. One of this is the study of Chang (2018). This study proves that spinach
can be used as natural dye, Chang also stated that spinach black seed produces violet color
which is perfect in making violet dye. The researchers believe that spinach will be useful in
making a natural dye for fabrics based on the result on their findings.

Furthermore, the researchers determined that spinach dye will benefit people and other
clothing brand owners in the way of looking for more natural and less expensive product.

B. Statement of the Problem

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Dyeing started many years ago. People used natural dyes such as plants, but
because of the advancement of technologies and companies, synthetic dyes were made. Many
have agreed that synthetic dyes are good but some have stated that synthetic dye have many
negative impacts since it is made using a plethora of chemicals and other hazardous materials,
these dyes are also expensive to purchase. This leads the researcher to make a natural dye to
test its color longevity and color intensity of spinach’s dye as viable alternative dyes in fabrics.

This research aims to test the color longevity and color intensity and quality of spinach
as an alternative dye to synthetic dyes. These are the inquiries:

1. What certain process should be done on the Malabar Spinach to make it a goo
substitute for liquid dye?

2. What are the respondents’ key points regarding the usage of spinach as a dye,
particularly in terms of how it affects fabric, how long it lasts in fabric?

3. How well suited is spinach as a natural dye replacement for synthetic dye when
dyeing fabrics and silks?

C. Hypothesis of the Study

There is no significant difference between the respondents' responses when it comes

to the effectiveness of the alternative dye used to dye silk or other fabrics, particularly in terms
of dye’s quality, color intensity and color longevity.

D. Significance of the Study

This study would benefit the dye companies and also the public. Dye companies will
benefit from this study because they are the one who needed it the most and it can help them
save and improve their natural dyes to last long on clothes and also it will help them to discover
new natural plant to be made as dye.

The public will benefit in this study because some people wanted to be creative in
dyeing their clothes using plants natural based.

E. Scope and Delimitations of the Study

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With an emphasis on color intensity and dye persistence, the researchers are
essentially determining the efficacy of Malabar Spinach (Basella alba) as a substitute dye for
clothing. The fabric used is white so the researchers can easily determine the dye applied to
cloth. Moreover, Malabar spinach is difficult to find because it is located in farms or mountains.

F. Definition of Terms

Dyeing

Is a colored substance that chemically bonds to the substrate to which it is being

applied mostly in clothes or fabrics.

Malabar Spinach

Malabar spinach is a known nutritious vegetable and a natural coolant. It nourishes,

makes the body stout, purifies blood, rejuvenates and acts as aphrodisiac. Including it in
regular diet helps to prevent weakness of bones, anemia, cardiovascular diseases and cancers
of colon. The flowers are followed by ornamental, four-parted deep-purple to black berries
(drupes). The tasteless red-purple juice of the fresh berries can stain and is used as a dye or
food colorant in Asia. The fruits can be dried whole for planting the following year.

Natural Dyes
Are dyes or colorants derived from plants, invertebrates, or minerals; used also in dyeing
clothes and fabrics.
Synthetic Dyes
Synthetic dyes are a broad group of ingredients that have been chemically manufactured
to add vibrant, stable colors to products such as soaps, shampoos and mouthwashes. Many
synthetic dyes are derived from non-renewable coal tar or petrochemicals, which contain
carcinogens and can be eye, skin and lung irritants.
Characteristics
A feature or quality belonging typically to a person, place, or thing and serving to identify
it.
Intensity
(Also called chroma or saturation) is the brightness or dullness of a color.
Longevity
A long duration.
CHAPTER II
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REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

Natural dyes do not contain toxins, it is safer and easy to use. The following is a review
or Spinach as Alternative Dye.

A number of species of plants are found to exhibit a major role in the common people’s
advanced life. Although, it is a cause of concern that the cognitive content of removing out,
transforming, and usage of natural dyes has greatly reduced among the new genesis of the
appropriate ethnological groups as there is easy access to inexpensive synthetic dyes
nowadays. Hence as mentioned above, current researches being conducted on the motive of
7reviving those who have been dyeing with natural dyes. On contrary, many commercial
practitioners feel that natural dyes do not work because of quality as well as economy. As we
know natural dyeing being practiced nowadays in the west side, synthetic dyes are consumed
for all kinds of commercial purposes. In other crafts, weavers make use of natural dyes as a
feature for work (Saxena, 2019).
Dyes derived from natural materials such as plant leaves, roots, bark, insect
secretions, and minerals were the only dyes available to mankind for the coloring of textiles until
the discovery of the first synthetic dye in 1856. Rapid research strides in synthetic chemistry
supported by the industrialization of textile production not only led to the development of
synthetic alternatives to popular natural dyes but also to a number of synthetic dyes in various
hues and colors that gradually pushed the natural dyes into oblivion However, environmental
issues in the production and application of synthetic dyes once again revived consumer interest
in natural dyes during the last decades of the twentieth century. Textiles colored with natural
dyes are preferred by environmentally conscious consumers and today there is a niche market
for such textiles (Saxena, 2019). Natural colorants and dyestuffs are an important group of non-
wood forest products which find use in industries producing confectionery, other food products,
textiles, cosmetics, medicines, leather, paper, paint, ink, etc. (Krizova, 2018)

Natural dyes can be used to color almost any type of clothing or fabric. Natural dyes are
used in the coloring of food, medicines, handicraft items, and leather processing, in addition to
textiles. Many of the plants that produce dye are also used as medicines in various traditional
medicinal therapies. Many natural dyes are antibacterial, antifungal, antioxidant, and anticancer,
despite their poor fastness. They are also more acceptable to environmentally conscious people
all over the world. As shown in MedCrave’s (2022) study, natural colorants derived from plants
with antimicrobial properties have been widely used for at least 400 years as both herbal
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medicines and dyes. For example, black kohl and green malachite were used as cosmetics as
well as to treat or prevent eye diseases. With these facts presented, the researcher concludes
that turmeric may be a good candidate for developing a natural dye to replace synthetic dyes in
the dyeing of clothes and fabrics.

Basella alba is a perennial plant of the Basellaceae and is known by various common
names including Malabar spinach. There are few insects that cause damage to B. alba. In this
study, we examined the effect of B. alba leaves on the growth of Spodoptera litura larvae. B.
alba leaves and a methanolic extract of the leaves inhibited the growth of S. litura larvae. Half of
the larvae reared on the leaves died within 1 week. We found that two flavonoids, vitexin, and
vitexin-2″-O-arabinofuranoside, were abundant in the methanol extract of leaves. When larvae
were reared on purified vitexin or vitexin-2″-O-arabinofuranoside, their growth was significantly
impaired compared with larvae reared on control spinach leaves. These results suggested that
the flavonoid glycosides in B. alba leaves act as deterrents to S. litura larvae (Aboshi, 2018).

According to Mitra&Das (2015), the present investigation was carried out to extract
natural pigment from the fruits of Basella alba plant. The dye was extracted with methanol and
then centrifuged at 10000 rpm and the supernatant was taken for analysis. The Basella alba
fruit dye was used for dyeing the scoured cotton cloth as such and also using mordants like
alum, FeSO4 and CuSO4. The dye component was extracted and dyeing of cotton was also
studied. The spectroscopic characteristics of natural dyes on fabrics and also with the
biopolymer carboxymethyl cellulose were also determined. The effect of pH on the extracted
dye was studied and it was found that at different pH range dyed fabrics have different color.
The interaction between natural dye and cationic surfactant like N-Cetyl Pyridinium Chloride
monohydrate (NCPC) & anionic surfactants like sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS) was also done
for improving the dyeing process in respect of theoretical, technological, ecological and
economical points of view. It is found that pigments from Basella alba fruits was moderately
applicable in dyeing of cotton fiber as well as other fibers also. These findings also suggest that
Basella alba is a rich source of betalains and could have potentiality for use in the development
of food colorants, cosmetics, paper coloring, use as acid-base indicator and nutraceuticals in
future.
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According to Seyed Majid Ghoreishian, Laleh Maleknia, Hamid Mirzapour & Mohammad
Norouzi (2013) study, in order to avoid some hazardous synthetic dyes, the use of non-toxic and
environmentally friendly natural dyes on textiles has drawn a lot of attention. In the current work,
an environmentally safe method was created to give silk materials colored with turmeric extract
as a non-toxic natural colorant color and antibacterial qualities. The rhizome of spinach was
used to extract the natural coloring. As mordanting agents, copper sulfate, ferrous sulfate, and
potassium aluminum sulfate were used during the pre-metallization process. Staphylococcus
aureus (Gram-positive) and Escherichia coli were used as common pathogenic microorganisms
for the evaluation of treated materials' antibacterial capabilities (Gram-negative). Investigated
were the effects of dye concentration and mordant types on the colors that were produced, the
effectiveness of the materials' antibacterial properties, and their ability to retain color.

Stated in the study of Simana, Porismita & Gogoi (2015) Its dark blue fruits having deep
red-violet flesh are a potential source of natural colorants. It is a potent natural antioxidant and
stable at 60°C and beyond 60 °C it goes to be gradually unstable. Its fruits have great
potentialities for application in the cosmetics, food dye, official ink and fabric industry. The aim
of the present study was to evaluate the economical cultivation of the plant and selection of part
of plant species useful for dye extraction. The colour pigment from fruits can be extracted
(40.5%) with water by constant stirring for 1-2 h at room temperature. Thermal stability of dye
solution and dyeing of beaten rice with this dye was studied.
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CHAPTER III

METHODOLOGY

This section shows the process and strategies that will be used by the researchers to
achieve the goal of this study. In particular, the researchers will describe the purpose and the
research design, methods, and statistical analysis used in this study. 8

A. Research Design

The purpose of this study is to determine the longevity and color intensity and the
quality of spinach as an alternative dye to fabrics and silk.

The researchers used quantitative methods for this study. The researchers believed that
by using this method, the researchers will find out that spinach as an alternative dye has no
difference from commercial dyes in terms of color longevity, intensity and quality.

Quantitative method is a method of research that relies on measuring variables using a

numerical system, analyzing these measurements using any of a variety of statistical models,
and reporting relationships and associations among the studied variables.

Using this method in this study have advantages since it gives objective and accurate
data. This type of method also broadens data an increase the credibility of researchers’ findings.
Furthermore, the researchers believed that they can benefit and enhance by using this method
and it is compatible in this study.

B. Materials and Equipment’s

Materials

2 beakers

2 alcohol lamps

1 glass stirring rod

1 spatula

1 strainer
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1 spoon

1 container

Measuring cup

-240 ml

Equipment’s

Mortar and Pestle

Thermometer

Chemicals/Ingredients

Spinach (red seeds)

Water

3 plain white fabrics

C. Experimental Set-up

Table 1. Ingredients and Components for Creating the Spinach Dye

Ingredients/Components Measurement

Spinach 100ml

Water 2ml
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Table 2. Dyeing the Fabric

Ingredients/Components Sample A

Spinach liquid 100ml

Plain White Fabric 1

Water 2ml

Vinegar 1 cup

D. General Procedure

Creating the Malabar Spinach Liquid Dye

First, the researchers gather the materials needed and completed it before doing the
experiment. It is necessary to have 100ml Malabar Spinach seeds, water, coconut juice and a
beaker.

The researchers washed the spinach seed first. After washing, the researchers boil it for
1 hour. After boiling, the researchers put it in a strainer and squeeze it to get the liquid. The
researchers let it cools for 30 minutes before using it.

Dyeing of the Fabric

The researchers begin by gathering all the materials needed and ingredients to make
the two samples of alternative spinach dye. 3 plain white fabrics, 100ml spinach liquid dye, 2 ml
water and 3 cups of vinegar are required. Put the fabric into the water with the vinegar and let it
sit for 30 minutes. When done, rinse the fabric in cold water. Squeeze it out, then soak it in the
natural dye until it reaches the desired color. Put it outside and let it dry.

E. Product Development

When the researchers found that even after washing the fabric with detergent, the strong
odor of spinach persists, the researchers want to improve the two samples by getting rid of the
odor of spinach from the cloth.
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F. Sampling Method

The researchers used Random Sampling because it removes all hints of bias. The
participants of this study are 15 teenagers and 15 adults from Midsalip, Zamboanga Del Sur.
Each individual in the large population has the same probability of being selected.
Therefore, the researchers decided to use random sampling method due to its capability to
avoid bias choices when it comes to selecting the participants.

G. Procedures/Instrument in Data Gathering

The first procedure that is used by the researchers to collect data is experimentation.
After the researchers-made the questionnaires and was validated, the researchers
multiplied the numbers of copies sufficient to accommodate all respondents. At the same
time the letter of requests to the school principal of the concern school were prepared. The
responses of the respondents towards this study will greatly help the researchers to
improve the product.

H. Product Evaluation

The two samples developed by the researchers is evaluated by the participants to

test its effectiveness, quality and color. The researchers intend to collect data from the
evaluators in order for the researchers to improve and develop the product further.

I.Statistical Tools for Data Analysis

After gathering all the data, the next step is to test if the hypothesis is rejected or
accepted by using statistical tools.

The statistical used for this study is a t-test. A t-test is any statistical hypothesis test
in which the test statistics followed a student’s t-distribution under the null hypothesis. It
is most commonly applied when the test statistics would follow a normal distribution if
the value of a scaling term in the test statistic were known. The researchers chose this
tool because the researchers believe that t-test will help them get the data they needed.
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CHAPTER IV

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

This section presents the findings and the data gathered by the researchers. The
findings and data include the effectiveness of spinach as alternative dye, its color longevity,
intensity and quality.

Questionnaire Checklist

Table 3. Participants’ Responses to the Questionnaire Checklist

5-Strongly Agree
4-Agree
3-Neutral
2-Strongly Disagree
1-Disagree
Table 3.1. Adults Responses
A. Quality of the Dye

5 4 3 2 1
The texture and color of the alternative dye does not differ from 13 2 0 0 0
synthetic dyes

B. Color Longevity

5 4 3 2 1
The color does not disappear when washed. 13 2 0 0 0
Sunlight exposure does not affect the color longevity of the dye. 13 2 0 0 0
The color does not disappear when washed with detergent. 13 2 0 0 0
Color longevity of synthetic dye does not differ from the color 9 1 5 0 0
longevity of the natural dye.
The color of the dye does not fade when touched or rubbed 14 1 0 0 0
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C. Color Intensity

5 4 3 2 1

Sunlight exposure has no effect on the color produced by the dye 13 2 0 0 0

The color intensity of the spinach dye does not differ to synthetic 14 1 0 0 0
dye
The natural dye produces colors with intensity that are attractive 14 1 0 0 0
to the eye.
The color intensity of the spinach dye does not change 14 0 1 0 0

Touching the dyed fabric does not affect its color 10 1 4 0 0

The table above summarizes the perspective of the adults in terms of the quality,
color intensity and color longevity of the dye.
Table 3.2. Teenagers Responses
A. Quality of the Dye

5 4 3 2 1
The texture and color of the alternative dye does not differ from 9 5 1 0 0
synthetic dyes

B. Color Longevity

5 4 3 2 1
The color does not disappear when washed. 7 0 8 0 0
Sunlight exposure does not affect the color longevity of the dye. 8 3 4 0 0
The color does not disappear when washed with detergent. 1 6 7 1 0
Color longevity of synthetic dye does not differ from the color 6 3 5 1 0
longevity of the natural dye.
The color of the dye does not fade when touched or rubbed 12 2 1 0 0
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C. Color Intensity

5 4 3 2 1

Sunlight exposure has no effect on the color produced by the dye 9 2 4 0 0

The color intensity of the spinach dye does not differ to synthetic 5 5 4 1 0
dye
The natural dye produces colors with intensity that are attractive 8 4 3 0 0
to the eye.
The color intensity of the spinach dye does not change 5 8 2 0 0

Touching the dyed fabric does not affect its color 10 1 4 0 0

The table above summarizes the perspective of the teenagers in terms of the
quality, color intensity and color longevity of the dye.
Table 4. Likert Scale

Scale Range Response Interpretation

5 4.21-5.00 Strongly Agree Very High

4 3.41-4.20 Agree High

3 2.62-3.40 Neutral Moderately High

2 1.81-2.60 Disagree Low

1 1.00-1.80 Strongly Disagree Very Low

In the questionnaires distributed to participants, the researchers used 5-point Likert

Scale as its basis. With this, the researchers computed the average weighted means (range) in
order to interpret the data gathered from the 5-point Likert Scale based questionnaire. The
researchers’ computed the data’s average weighted mean and interpreted it using the
responses in the 5-point Likert Scale (Strongly Agree, Agree, Neutral, Disagree, Strongly
Disagree)
This section of the results and discussion discusses to what Malabar spinach seeds is a good
substitute for synthetic dyes in the dyeing of clothes and fabrics. The researchers analyze the
data collected from adults and teenagers by computing the overall average weighted mean and
interpreting it using the 5-point Likert Scale.
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Table 5. Average Weighted Mean of All Responses (Dye’s Quality)

Weighted Interpretation
Mean
The texture and color of the alternative dye does not differ from 3.7 High
synthetic dyes
The table above shows the weighted mean of each indicator in relation to the natural
liquid dye’s quality. All of the quality indicators, as shown in the table, have received the
interpretation High. Therefore, the researchers conclude that the natural liquid dye’s quality is
attractive and pleasing to the eyes and it doesn’t differ to the quality of commercial commercial
dye.
Table 6. Average Weighted Mean of All Responses (Color Longevity)

Weighted Interpretation
Mean
The color does not disappear when washed. 3.4 Moderately
High
Sunlight exposure does not affect the color longevity of the dye. 3.56 High
The color does not disappear when washed with detergent. 3.16 Moderately
High
Color longevity of synthetic dye does not differ from the color 3.1 Moderately
longevity of the natural dye. High
The color of the dye does not fade when touched or rubbed 3.83 High
The table above shows the weighted mean of each indicator in relation to the natural
liquid dye’s color longevity. All of the color longevity’s indicators, as shown in the table, have
received the interpretation High and Moderately High. Therefore, the researchers conclude that
the natural liquid dye’s colo doesn’t fade away that easily.
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Table 6.1. Average Weighted Mean of All Responses (Color Intensity)

Weighted Interpretation
Mean

Sunlight exposure has no effect on the color produced by the dye 3.6 High

The color intensity of the spinach dye does not differ to synthetic 3.4 Moderately
dye High
The natural dye produces colors with intensity that are attractive 3.63 High
to the eye.
The color intensity of the spinach dye does not change 3.53 High

Touching the dyed fabric does not affect its color 3.4 Moderately
High
The table above shows the weighted mean of each indicator in relation to the natural
liquid dye’s intensity. All of the color intensity’s indicators, as shown in the table, have received
the interpretation High and Moderately High. Therefore, the researchers conclude that the
natural liquid dye’s color intensity is attractive and pleasing to the eyes and it doesn’t have any
difference to the color that was produced by the commercial dye.
Table 7. Average Weighted Mean of All the Responses

Average Weighted Mean Interpretation

Quality 3.7 High

Color Longevity 3.41 High

Color Intensity 3.51 High

The table above shows the overall interpretation of the product. The interpretation are all high,
that means that the product’s quality, color intensity and color longevity are good and the
product is a good substitute to the commercial dye.

This section of the results and discussion is the researchers’ interpretation of T-TEST based on
the data gathered from participants. In this section, the researchers also decide whether to
accept or reject the hypothesis.
t = 0.02
table t = 0.423
Decision: Hypothesis Accepted
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Conclusion: There is a significant difference between the respondents' responses when it

comes to the effectiveness of the alternative dye used to dye silk or other fabrics, particularly in
terms of dye’s quality, color intensity and color longevity.
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CHAPTER V
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS

A. Summary
The main purpose of this study is to create an alternative dye from Malabar Spinach
Seeds. Malabar Spinach Black Seeds produces violet color which is perfect in making violet
dye. The researchers created only one sample in order to compare the teenagers’
responses and the adults responses and decide whether to reject or accept the hypothesis.
The study’s overall findings are that Malabar spinach black seeds is a good substitute for
commercial dye. Adults responses are all high which means their perspective towards the
quality, color longevity and color intensity of the alternative dye is much better than the
perspectives of the teenagers. There is a significant difference between the respondents’
responses when it comes to he effectiveness of the alternative dye used to silk and other
fabrics particularly in the dye’s quality, color longevity and color intensity.

B. Conclusion
After gathering and analyzing all the data, the researchers conclude that the
Malabar Spinach (Seeds) Natural Liquid Dye is good substitute for commercial dye. the
researchers concluded that the heating process makes the natural dye to produce its very
dark color. The researchers’ also concluded that the participants agreed that the color of the
natural liquid dye doesn’t fade easily and it is pleasing to the eyes.

C. Recommendations
The researchers highly recommend that when making the product add 5ml buko juice
to make its color darker. When it comes to the fabric, the products works very well on the
cloth and the color of the spinach will really stick into the cloth than the other fabrics so it
is highly recommended to use cloth. It is also recommended to put the fabric in the
vinegar first and let it sit for a couple of minutes then put it in the dye.
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REFERENCES;

Aboshi, T., Ishiguri, S., Shiono, Y., & Murayama, T. (2018). Flavonoid glycosides in Malabar
spinach Basella alba inhibit the growth of Spodoptera litura larvae. Bioscience,
biotechnology, and biochemistry, 82(1), 9-14.

Bora, S., Borah, P., & Rajkumari, R. G. (2015). Study on traditional food plant resources and
bioactivities of product as dye from fruits of Basella alba L.(Ceylon Spinach) plant.

Hussin, S. H. A. (2021). Properties of organic green spinach dye as a substitute for harmful
chemical geen dye. Journal of Physics. https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-
6596/1879/3/032098
Md. Hasan Mahabub, Nayem Khandakar Abu*, Azim Abu Yousuf Mohammad Anwarul
Department of Textile Engineering, Primeasia University, Dhaka-1213, Bangladesh
*Email: kanak_butex@yahoo.com Online published on 7 April 2017.

Mitra, A., & Das, S. K. (2015). Fabric dyeing with natural dye extracted from Basella alba fruit
and spectroscopic analysis of the extract at different conditions. Journal of Chemical and
pharmaceutical Research, 7(12), 1117-1124.

Saxena, S., & Raja, A. S. M. (2019). Natural dyes: sources, chemistry, application and
sustainability issues. Roadmap to sustainable textiles and clothing: eco-friendly
raw materials, technologies, and processing methods, 37-80.

Sengupta, D., Mondal, B., & Mukherjee, K. (2018). Visible light absorption and photo-sensitizing
properties of spinach leaves and beetroot extracted natural dyes. Spectrochimica Acta
Part A: Molecular and Biomolecular Spectroscopy, 148, 85-92.

Singh, S., Taer, K. J., Sinadjan, S. J., & Comayas, K. (2019, May 20). FORMULATION OF
ORGANIC INK USING Ipomoea batatas L. (SWEET POTATO) LEAVES AND Basella
alba L. (MALABAR. . . ResearchGate.
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/359719049_FORMULATION_OF_ORGANIC_I
NK_USING_Ipomoea_batatas_L_SWEET_POTATO_LEAVES_AND_Basella_alba_L_M
 23

ALABAR_SPINACH_FRUITS

APPENDIX A

DOCUMENTATION

A. Pictures

Materials

Figure. Beaker, stirring rod, alcohol lamp, spatula, thermometer

Creating the Spinach Liquid Dye

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Figure. Getting the spinach’s liquid

Figure. Heating Process

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Figure. Putting the vinegar to the fabric

Figure. Fabric in the Sun to dry

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Figure. Putting the fabric to the Natural Dye

B. Questionnaire Checklist

Malabar Spinach Black Seeds (Basella Alba) As Natural Liquid Dye

Standardized Questionnaire

Note: Kindly answer the questions with all honesty. The data that will be collected by the
researchers’ will be validated.
5-Strongly Agree
4-Agree
3-Neutral
2-Strongly Disagree
1-Disagree
Table 1. Quality of the Dye

5 4 3 2 1
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The texture and color of the alternative dye does not differ from
synthetic dyes

Table 2. Color Longevity

5 4 3 2 1
The color does not disappear when washed.
Sunlight exposure does not affect the color longevity of the dye.
The color does not disappear when washed with detergent.
Color longevity of synthetic dye does not differ from the color
longevity of the natural dye.
The color of the dye does not fade when touched or rubbed

Table 3. Color Intensity

5 4 3 2 1

Sunlight exposure has no effect on the color produced by the dye

The color intensity of the spinach dye does not differ to synthetic
dye
The natural dye produces colors with intensity that are attractive
to the eye.
The color intensity of the spinach dye does not change

Touching the dyed fabric does not affect its color

C. Raw Data Gathered

Raw Data Gathered from the Questionnaire

 28

Table 8. Adults Responses

A. Quality of the Dye

5 4 3 2 1
The texture and color of the alternative dye does not differ from 13 2 0 0 0
synthetic dyes

B. Color Longevity

5 4 3 2 1
The color does not disappear when washed. 13 2 0 0 0
Sunlight exposure does not affect the color longevity of the dye. 13 2 0 0 0
The color does not disappear when washed with detergent. 13 2 0 0 0
Color longevity of synthetic dye does not differ from the color 9 1 5 0 0
longevity of the natural dye.
The color of the dye does not fade when touched or rubbed 14 1 0 0 0

C. Color Intensity

5 4 3 2 1

Sunlight exposure has no effect on the color produced by the dye 13 2 0 0 0

The color intensity of the spinach dye does not differ to synthetic 14 1 0 0 0
dye
The natural dye produces colors with intensity that are attractive 14 1 0 0 0
to the eye.
The color intensity of the spinach dye does not change 14 0 1 0 0

Touching the dyed fabric does not affect its color 10 1 4 0 0

Table 9. Teenagers Responses

A. Quality of the Dye
 29

5 4 3 2 1
The texture and color of the alternative dye does not differ from 9 5 1 0 0
synthetic dyes

B. Color Longevity

5 4 3 2 1
The color does not disappear when washed. 7 0 8 0 0
Sunlight exposure does not affect the color longevity of the dye. 8 3 4 0 0
The color does not disappear when washed with detergent. 1 6 7 1 0
Color longevity of synthetic dye does not differ from the color 6 3 5 1 0
longevity of the natural dye.
The color of the dye does not fade when touched or rubbed 12 2 1 0 0

C. Color Intensity

5 4 3 2 1

Sunlight exposure has no effect on the color produced by the dye 9 2 4 0 0

The color intensity of the spinach dye does not differ to synthetic 5 5 4 1 0
dye
The natural dye produces colors with intensity that are attractive 8 4 3 0 0
to the eye.
The color intensity of the spinach dye does not change 5 8 2 0 0

Touching the dyed fabric does not affect its color 10 1 4 0 0

Raw Data with the Likert Scale Interpretation

 30

Table 10. Raw Data with the Likert Scale Interpretation

Indicators Adults Teenagers
1. 5 5
2. 5 5
3. 5 5
4. 5 5
5. 4 5
6. 5 5
7. 3 5
8. 5 5
9. 3 5
10. 5 5
11. 5 5

D. Calculations on the Statistical Tests

T-TEST COMPUTATION

Table 11. Raw Data with the Likert Scale Interpretation

Indicators Adults Teenagers

12. 5 5
13. 5 5
14. 5 5
15. 5 5
16. 4 5
17. 5 5
18. 3 5
 31

19. 5 5
20. 3 5
21. 5 5
22. 5 5

Table. Computation of the Mean

Indicators Teenagers Adults

1. 5 5
2. 5 5
3. 5 5
4. 5 5
5. 4 5
6. 5 5
7. 3 5
8. 5 5
9. 3 5
 32

10. 5 5
11. 5 4
Total: 50 Total: 54
Mean: 50/11= 4.5 Mean: 54/11= 4.9
Table. Variance

X1 X12 X2 X22

5 25 5 25

5 25 5 25

5 25 5 25

5 25 5 25

4 16 5 25

5 25 5 25

3 9 5 25

5 25 5 25

3 9 5 25

5 25 5 25

5 25 4 16

Total: 50 ∑X12=234 Total: 54 ∑X22=266

Mean: 50/11= 4.5 Mean: 55/11= 4.9

Compute for the Variance of Each Group

S = -M S = -M

S = - 4.52 S = – 4.92

S = 21.2 – 20.25 S = 24.1 – 24.01

S = 0.95 S = 0.09
 33

Compute for the Standard Error of Difference Between Means

sM1 – M2 = SM1 – M2 =

SM1 – M2 = SM1 – M2 = 1.78263

SM1 – M2 =

SM1 – M2 =

SM1 – M2 =

Compute For the T-statistics

t=

t=

t=

t = 0.02243875622
t = 0.02

Know the Critical Value

df = N1 + N2 – 2 a =.05
df = 11 + 11 – 2
df = 20
 34

Compare the T-Statistic and the Critical value

t = 0.02
table t = 0.423

E. Statistics Table of Values

20 and .5 = 0.423

t = 0.02
table t = 0.423

Average Weighted Mean of all Responses

Table. Average Weighted Mean of All Responses (Dye’s Quality, Color Longevity and Color
Intensity)
 35

Fx4 Fx3 Fx2 Fx1 Total Weighted

Mean

1. 22 7 1 0 111 3.7

2. 20 2 8 0 102 3.4

3. 21 5 4 0 107 3.56

4. 14 8 7 0 95 3.16

5. 15 4 10 0 93 3.1

6. 26 3 1 0 115 3.83

7. 22 4 4 0 108 3.6

8. 19 6 4 0 102 3.4

9. 22 5 3 0 109 3.63

10. 19 8 3 0 106 3.53

11. 20 2 8 0 102 3.4

D. Vitae
 36

Name: Eborda, Rian Abejo

Nickname: ian
Sex: Female
Age: 15
Date of birth: September 20, 2007
Place of Birth: Midsalip Infirmary Hospital
Residence: Bibilop, Midsalip Zamboanga Del Sur
Hobby: listening to music, reading
Religion: Catholic
Nationality: Filipino
 37

Name: Barlis, Melgrace Regis

Nickname: el
Sex: Female
Age: 15
Date of birth: October 12, 2007
Place of Birth: Upper Pulacan, Labangan Zamboanga Del Sur
Residence: Poblacion A, Midsalip Zamboanga Del Sur
Hobby: reading, writing
Religion: Catholic
Nationality: Filipino
 38

E. Letter of Permission

April 7, 2023
Midsalip National High School

Dearest Respondents,
Greetings of peace!
We, Rian Eborda and Melgrace Barlis student researchers of Grade-10 Venus from Midsalip
National High School. We’re here to ask permission for you to take part in our experimental
research study entitled “Malabar Spinach (Basella Alba) As Natural Liquid Dye” which will take
part of our research subject.

The researchers promised that your identity will be kept with utmost confidentiality.

It would be very appreciated if you would affix your signature below and indicate that you are
willing to participate. I appreciate you taking your time to work on this little survey. God Bless!

Sincerely yours,
Rian Eborda
Melgrace Barlis

Approved:
_____________________________________
Signature of the participants over printed name

F. Research Breakdown of Expenses

Items Quantity Unit Price Total Price

Bondpaper 2 reams 200 400

 39

Internet Load Good For 1 month 580 580

Printing fee of Entire process of 900 900

printing the whole
making the
manuscript
manuscript

Total: 1,880