1

Effectiveness of Gumamela (Hibiscus rosa-sinensis)

Liquid Soap in Acute Wounds

Danaya Kim M. Deveza

Irisha Mae C. Lopez

John Carl B. Apolo

Academic Track

Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics (STEM) Strand

Practical Research 2

Mrs. Shiela Niña L. Rea-Santes

 2

Chapter I

INTRODUCTION

Normal bar soap is probably the most commonly used soap for wound cleaning. For many

years, there has been no liquid soap that is used for quick wound healing and contains flower

extract components. Because of the advent of liquid soap experimentation, the researchers

considered making their own gumamela liquid soap.

Gumamela flowers have a variety of culinary and therapeutic use. Cooked or raw, the

flowers are also edible and contain trace levels of phosphorus, iron, thiamine, niacin, ascorbic

acid, and calcium. Flavonoids, anthocyanins, and polyphenols are also produced. Hibiscus is

used as an alternative medicine in some cultures. One of the most common applications is for

wound healing. Petals are pulverized and placed to a wound as a poultice. In clinical trials,

hibiscus was used in conjunction with compression stockings to successfully seal ulcers.

Hibiscus is also traditionally used to promote hair development.

The flowers of the Hibiscus, which has five petals, are considered astringent and have

medicinal benefits. The roots contain mucilage, which is soothing to the mucous membranes

of the digestive and respiratory tracts. Gumamela is used in herbal medicine as an expectorant,

diuretic, emollient, anti-infectious, anti-inflammatory, antipyretic, anodyne, and refrigerant.

Gumamela has a lot of vitamin C. This makes it an excellent treatment for colds, coughs,

headaches, and sore throats. If you want to prevent hair loss or are already experiencing it,
 3

you can apply gumamela oil to your hair. It is said that it can fortify your hair from the roots

up. It can support in the treatment of dandruff in addition to hair care.

Background of the Study

Dapdap Tayabas, Quezon, is known as a region rich in gumamela flowers because of the

abudant-bearing plants that grow there. These flowers are frequently used as indoor plants or

as decorations for homes. Because of this, the researchers were interested to find out whether

gumamela liquid soap could be produced as a liquid soap and to evaluate its efficacy for

wound healing.

The purpose of this study was to examine a gumamela liquid soap. This is a way to use the

gumamela flower for speeding up the healing of wounds. Because gumamela has so many

beneficial properties, this liquid soap can help individuals who want to cure their wounds

quickly.

Furthermore, the production of Gumamela Liquid Soap is a method of providing a new

cleaning agent for wounds that the market could recognize. This research aimed to find out

whether Gumamela Liquid Soap could help with quickly wound healing.
 4

Statement of the Problem

The main objective of the study is to assess the efficacy of a liquid soap that contains

gumamela extract in addition to other liquid soap ingredients. This investigation aims to

establish whether gumamela liquid soap can quicken wound healing.

This study, in particular, aims to answer the following questions:

1. How can gumamela extract be produced as liquid soap?

2. What are the impressions of respondents on gumamela liquid soap in terms of:

2.1 Quality

2.1.1 texture

2.1.2 appearance

2.2. Effectiveness

3. Which kinds of acute wounds does the product work best on?

3.1. Traumatic Wounds

3.1.1 Abrasion

3.1.2 Incision
 5

Hypothesis

Sdasdas

Significance of the Study

The study's findings would be beneficial for the following subjects, people, and groups:

Parents. This research study helps parents to realize the benefits of using natural goods

and provides them with an alternative for quickening the healing process of wounds.

Educators. This could assist teachers in using this study as a resource while students are

writing research papers, so that it can be easily understood by the students.

Entrepreneurs. On the basis of what they learn from our research, entrepreneurs might

develop new ideas. They will be aware of a fresh technique to successfully minimize their

costs.

Future Researchers. This could be used as a guide for future research on gumamela in the

hopes of improving the product or creating curiosity among others about alternative use. This

could serve as a resource for them not just in the field but also in other connected

experimental research studies.

Scope and Limitation

 6

Definition of Terms

w
 7

Chapter II

Review of Related Literature and Studies

Efficacy of Gumamela on Wound Healing

Gumamela is a flower used in many places around the world for herbal medicinal

purposes. Also known as the hibiscus, China rose or shoe flower, gumamela is used as an

expectorant, diuretic, anti-infectious, anti-inflammatory and more. Many chemical

constituents such as cyanidin, quercetin, hentriacontane, calcium oxalate, thiamine,

riboflavin, niacin and ascorbic acids have been isolated from this plant. It also serves a

good source for medications to cure sickness, inflammation, and infections. The flowers

are considered as astringent and yield polyphenols, flavonoids, anthocyanins and

hisbiscetin. Studies also show that these flowers contain polysaccharides which promote

wound healing and are immune modulating. The roots on the other hand, contain

mucilage that is soothing on pethe mucous membranes as digestive and respiratory tracts

(Stuart, 2016). There are several studies which reveal the presence of such compounds

with antimicrobial properties in various plant parts[4],[5]. The petals have some

protective mechanism against microbial attack in most of the plants. The H. rosa-sinensis

flower petals of a large number of plant species growing in the vicinity of our

environment were screened for their antibacterial activity.

Hibiscus, a plant with colorful flowers, has been used for centuries for decorative and

medicinal purposes. People have used it to make extracts, teas, and supplements.
 8

Uses of Gumamela

Hibiscus, a plant with colorful flowers, has been used for centuries for decorative and

medicinal purposes. People have used it to make extracts, teas, and supplements.

Hibiscus tea, a deep crimson herbal tea prepared from the flowers, is one of the most

popular preparations. It can be served hot or cold. It has a tart flavor close to cranberries

and is sometimes known as sour tea. In addition to teas, hibiscus powders, pills, and

liquid extracts are available. These can be manufactured from various parts of the plant

depending on the product. Flavonoids, phenolic acids, and organic acids are also present

in this flower. Many of these chemicals have antioxidant properties. Antioxidants help

your body defend itself against reactive chemicals known as free radicals, which can

cause cellular damage known as oxidative stress.

 9

Synthesis

Synthesis means to combine a number of different pieces into a whole. Synthesis is

about concisely summarizing and linking different sources in order to review the literature on

a topic, make recommendations, and connect your practice to the research.

Before writing, you may use a synthesis matrix to facilitate in building your

thoughts and completing your concept. Please note that the matrix is just a guide and should

not be included as part of the final paper

Theme #1 Theme #2 Theme #3

Source #1
Source #2
Source #3

As you critically read your sources, take note of the following:

 Do any authors disagree with another author?
 Does one author extend the research of another author?
 Are the authors all in agreement?
 Does any author raise new questions or ideas about the topic?

Here’s a sample synthesis:

 10

Source: https://writingcenter.uagc.edu/synthesis

Another example, which is specific to STEM:

Synthesis

The continuous generation of face mask waste has been posing a threat to human

health and the environment for some time. Similar research has also demonstrated several

ways to decrease face mask waste by designing alternative face masks that can color only

reduce the need of throwaway face masks. Aside from preventing new face mask waste from

being created, a solution for reducing existing face mask waste must be established.

Medium-density fiberboard can be manufactured with fibers from recycled materials

in addition to waste woods (How Products Are Made, n.d.). Thus, face masks also have a

potential to be recycled and refined for medium-density fiberboard production.

In line with this, the researchers have identified the required density and the most

frequent color of a medium-density fiberboard. Methods for determining the density of a

medium density fiberboard and testing its durability with three aspects: water resistance, heat

resistance, and nail and screw holding power have been found and reviewed. This information

was reflected in the research methodology in the next chapter.

Conceptual/ Theoretical Framework

 11

Research Paradigm 

It has been defined as the visual representation of the entire research paper.

Researchers may use either of the 2 basic models for the research paradigm depending on its

appropriateness.

The first one is the IPO model (Input-Process-Output). Normally, it has been used for

a research study that has a product or targeting an expected output.

Figure 1.

The IPO Model for Current Experimental Research

INPUT PROCESS OUTPUT

This is the This may define The end result

table where the the concrete is expected to
researcher/s procedure of the see in this
may put the research study. It area.
information and is important to
things needed include necessary
in order to
accomplish the
steps in order to
expected obtain the target
output. output.
 12

After the figures were shown, researchers may proceed in writing a description of the

figures. The explanation should be in paragraph form.

The second one is the IV/DV (Independent variable and Dependent variable). This

model has been used to see the relationship of 2 variables.

Chapter III

Research Methodology

This chapter presents the methodology and procedure applicable for conducting

the study. It discussed the research design, research locale, population and sampling, research

instrument, data gathering procedure, and statistical treatment that were used in the study.

Research Design 

The research entitled “Utilization of N88 Face Mask as an Additional

Component of Medium-Density Fiberboard” is an experimental research design to evaluate

the effectiveness and the quality of the produced medium-density fiberboard. 

Experimental research is a study, which adopts a scientific research design. It

consists of a hypothesis, a manipulable variable, and variables that can be measured,

calculated, and compared. Furthermore, experimental research is conducted in a controlled

setting. The data were gathered by the researcher, and the outcomes can either support or

refute the hypothesis. This method of research is called hypothesis testing or deductive

research method (Babbie, 1998 as cited in Harland, n. d.) 

This study would test the effectiveness of the N88 face mask as an additional

component of medium-density fiberboard by determining its physical characteristics, such as

 13

color and density, and evaluating its durability in terms of water resistance, heat resistance,

and nail and screw holding power. 

Research Locale

Population and Sampling

Materials and Methods (Here are sample contents)

Sanitizing of N88 Face Masks

 14

Making of Medium-Density Fiberboard

 15

Data Gathering Procedure 

There should be an in-depth explanation in your research process. As part of

Chapter 1 specifically “Research Paradigm”, it gives an overall picture of your study in 1

figure. This time, the research procedure is a description of the figure shown in Chapter 1.

Normally, researchers may include the following process:

1. Brainstorming

2. Formulation of research questions

3. Product making (if there is any)

4. Validation of the product (if there is any)

5. Gain the approval letter

6. Conduct the study

7. Tallying and Tabulation

8. Organizing and presenting data

Here’s a sample content for this segment:

This study tested the effectiveness of the N88 face mask as an additional

component of medium-density fiberboard by evaluating its physical characteristics and

quality. 

To answer question number 1, the researchers determined the physical

characteristics of the produced medium-density fiberboard based on its observable color and

solve for its density. The density is solved using the formula density = mass/volume, wherein

the mass is measured using a weighing scale.

 16

For question number 2, the researchers evaluated the durability of the produced

medium-density fiberboard in terms of water resistance, heat resistance, and nail and screw

holding power by following the suggested procedures. To evaluate the water resistance of a

wood specimen by soaking it in running water, repeatedly, for ten days (Forest Products

Laboratory U. S. Forest Service, n.d.). To test the heat resistance of the MDF, a specimen is

exposed to dry heat for 36.5 minutes at 138.25 degrees Celsius (Harada, Uesugi, & Mesuda,

2006). Since the researchers did not have access to the appropriate equipment to assess the

nail and screw holding power of medium-density fiberboard, they constructed an alternative

tool that performs the same function.

 17

Chapter IV

Presentation, Analysis, and Interpretation of Data

This chapter shows the presentation, analysis, and interpretation of the acquired

qualitative data which answered the objectives of the research. The data were presented in a

table format for a better understanding of the analysis and interpretation. 

The purpose of this chapter is to summarize the collected data and the statistical

treatment, and/or mechanics, of analysis. The first paragraph should briefly restate the

problem, taken from Chapter 1. Remember that the content of the tables and figures and the

interpretation of data should be aligned to your statement of the problem. This a perfect

opportunity to include the citations written in your Chapter 2.

Here's a sample content for this segment:

Table 1

The Physical Characteristics of Produced Medium-Density Fiberboard

Setups
Setup C
(Mixture of wood dust and N88 facemask)
Characteristics of Setup A Setup B
the Produced MDF (Wood (N88 (1) (2) (3)
dust) facemask) 75% wood dust 50% wood dust 25% wood dust
and 25% N88 and 50% N88 and 75% N88
facemask facemask facemask
3 439.37 325.26 390.55 374.08 358.21
kg/m
Density
3 7.2 5.33 6.4 6.13 5.87
g/in
Mass (g) 270 200 240 230 220
3 37.5 37.5 37.5 37.5 37.5
Volume (in )
Color Brown Light Blue Dark Brown Light Brown Whitish Brown

Table 1 shows the physical characteristics of produced Medium-Density

Fiberboard. These characteristics were observed to determine if the produced MDF its density
 18

and color. All setups have the same volume but differ in mass thus, they have a different

density. Setup A (Wood dust) has a density of 439.37 kg/m3. Setup B (N88 facemask) has a

density of 325.26 kg/m3. Setup C.1 (75% wood dust and 25% N88 facemask) has a density of

390.55 kg/m3. Setup C.2 (50% wood dust and 50% N88 facemask) has a density of 374.08

kg/m3. And Setup C.3 (25% wood dust and 75% N88 facemask) has a density of 358.21

kg/m3. Moreover, Setup A (Wood dust) has a brown color. Setup B (N88 facemask) has light

blue color. Setup C (Mixture of wood dust and N88 facemask) has a dark brown, light brown,

and whitish brown color, respectively.

The density of the produced medium-density fiberboard was supported by the

Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur (2016) that the standard density of MDF should be

between 350 kg/m3 and 800 kg/m3. Four out of five setups reach the given standard density.

Setup B (N88 face masks) is the only setup that does not meet the stated density standard

since it only has a density of 325.26 kg/m3.

According to Forest Plywood (2019), the color of medium-density fiberboard can

range from tan to dark brown. Only Setups A (Wood dust) and Setup C (Mixture of wood dust

and N88 facemask) have acquired the natural color of a medium-density fiberboard.

Furthermore, according to Truint (2020), MDF normally has a consistent light-brown color.

Thus, Setup C.2 (50% wood dust and 50% N88 facemask) has the closest color to the

commercial or manufactured medium-density fiberboard.

 19

Do the same in all data presentation.

 20

Chapter V

Summary of Findings, Conclusion, and Recommendations

This chapter presents the summary of findings, conclusions drawn from the

gathered data, and recommendations to the future researchers.

Summary of Findings

Researchers may follow a number format in writing the composition of this part as

long it is aligned to your SOP. It includes questions and its answers devised in the goal of

your study.

Conclusions

Conclusions are manifestations of the summary of your findings. It is recommended

that you have to pay attention to your statement of the problem and the derive from the

answers.

Recommendations

This is the last part of this chapter and should be very direct and concise. This is a

point of your research to make significant change or a call for action based on the results and

conclusions. It is also recommended that the researchers may use a number format in

discussing the items included. They may also refer to the Significance of the study to clearly

elaborate the recommendations and help needed of the study.

 21

Here are sample summary of findings, conclusions, and recommendations:

Summary of Findings 

After going through experimentation and product making, the findings were revealed

as follows: 

1. The produced MDF measured 15 inches by 5 inches in size. Setup A (Wood dust) has

a density of 439.37 kg/m with brown color. Setup B (N88 facemask) has a density of
3

325.26 kg/m with light blue color. Setup C.1 (75% wood dust and 25% N88 facemask)
3

has a density of 390.55 kg/m with dark brown color. Setup C.2 (50% wood dust and
3

50% N88 facemask) has a density of 374.08 kg/m with light brown color. Setup C.3
3

(25% wood dust and 75% N88 facemask) has a density of 358.21 kg/m with whitish
3

brown color. 

2. 

2.1. The produced MDF, Setup A (Wood dust), Setup B (N88 facemask), Setup C.1 (75%

wood dust and 25% N88 facemask), and Setup C.2 (50% wood dust and 50% N88

facemask) did not show any fiber separation during the ten-day water resistance test.

However, Setup C.3 (25% wood dust and 75% N88 facemask) started to show

separation of fibers on the sixth day. 

2.2. The produced MDF, Setup A (Wood dust), and Setup C.1 (75% wood dust and 25%

N88 facemask) can both tolerate 138.25°C dry heat with a duration of 36 minutes and

30 seconds. On the other hand, with the same heat temperature, Setup B (N88

facemask) can only tolerate in just 15 minutes, Setup C.2 (50% wood dust and 50%

N88 facemask) can only tolerate in just 25 minutes, while Setup C.3 (25% wood dust

and 75% N88 facemask) can only withstand in just 10 minutes. Moreover, all of the
 22

setups' exteriors showed traces of burn marks or black color marks after removal from

the oven. 

2.3. The produced MDF, in direct screw withdrawal test, Setup A (Wood dust) have a

displacement of zero cm, Setup B have a displacement of 0.3 cm, while Setup C

(Mixture of wood dust and N88 facemask) have 0.2 cm, 0.2 cm, and 0.6 cm,

respectively. Further, in screw-head pull through test, there is a 0.3 cm displacement in

Setup B (N88 facemask) and Setup C.2 (50% wood dust and 50% N88 facemask)

meanwhile, Setup A (Wood dust), Setup C.1 (75% wood dust and 25% N88

facemask), and C.3 (25% wood dust and 75% N88 facemask) have 0.2 cm, 0.1 cm,

and 0.5 cm displacement, respectively. In the lateral nail resistance test, the setups

respectively have a nail displacement of 0.1 cm, 0.5 cm, 0.1 cm, 0.4 cm, and 0.8 cm.

Conclusion 

After the analysis, the researchers came up with the following conclusions in

accordance with the objectives of the study: 

1. Only Setup A (Wood dust), Setup C.1 (75% wood dust and 25% N88 facemask),

Setup C.2 (50% wood dust and 50% N88 facemask), and Setup C.3 (25% wood dust

and 75% N88 facemask) matches the ideal density and color of the standard

manufactured MDF. 

2. 

2.1. The produced MDF, Setup A (Wood dust), Setup B (N88 facemask), Setup C.1

(75% wood dust and 25% N88 facemask), and Setup C.2 (50% wood dust and 50%

N88 facemask) are water-resistant at some extent. 

 23

2.2 The produced MDF, Setup A (Wood dust), and Setup C.1 (75% wood dust and 25%

N88 facemask) are restrictedly heat-resistant. 

2.3. Setup A (Wood dust) had the highest resistance and therefor has the greatest nail

and screw holding power, followed by Setup C.1 (75% wood dust and 25% N88

facemask), Setup C.2 (50% wood dust and 50% N88 facemask), Setup B (N88

facemask), and Setup C.3 (25% wood dust and 75% N88 facemask). 

Among the five medium-density fiberboard that was produced during the study, only

two setup, Setup A and Setup C.1, pass all of the physical characteristics and durability tests

for MDF. Thus, the best setup is Setup C.1 (75% wood dust and 50% N88 facemask) since it

contains the most N88 face masks that can be recycled out of all the setups that passed the

evaluations.

Moreover, the hypothesis testing shows that the t-score, for physical characteristics,

equates to 13.4, which is greater than the t-table value is 4.303. The resulting p-value of 0.05

is equal to the alpha level of 0.05. Further, the t-score, for the durability, is equal to -11.4,

which is still greater than the t-table value is 4.303 since the sign only signify direction. The

resulting p-value of 0.05 is equal to the alpha level of 0.05 Thus, the null hypothesis has been

rejected, and the alternative hypothesis is supported, stating that there is a significant

difference between the best setup among the produced medium-density fiberboard with N88

face masks and the produced medium-density fiberboard with pure wood dust in terms of

physical characteristics and durability. 

 24

Recommendations 
Based on the results obtained, the researchers recommend the following:

1. Apply paraffin wax to medium-density fiberboard to make them waterproof for a longer

period. 

2. Make the N88 Facemask finer to make the MDF more compressed and the fibers stick

well together. 

3. Mix the fibers and resin equally and fairly to avoid damages. 4. Use appropriate tools in

testing the screw and nail holding power to get more accurate evaluation.
 25

Reference List

Reference list is the compilation of references used in the entire manuscript. Researchers

should compile list which clearly relies heavily on the source material. It should also be in

alphabetized format and definitely follow APA style.

Here are sample entries for the reference list:

Harada, T., Uesugi, S., & Mesuda, H. (2006, June 23). Fire resistance of thick wood-based

boards. Journal of Wood Science.

https://jwoodscience.springeropen.com/track/pdf/10.1007/s10086-006-0805-4.pdf

Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur. (2016). Development of Draft Protocol for Testing of

Structural Components and Systems. http://www.iitk.ac.in/ce/test/Materials/43.html

What is MDF Wood? (2019, November 20). Forest Plywood.

https://forestplywood.com/blog/about-plywood/what-is-mdf-wood

Here is an online tool that can help you in listing down your references following the

APA 7th edition Manual: https://www.mybib.com/tools/apa-citation-generator

 26

Other reminders to follow in APA Citation and References (scribbr.com):

1. The publisher location is no longer included in the reference.

X. Covey, S. R. (2013). The 7 habits of highly effective people: Powerful lessons in personal

change. New York, NY: Simon & Schuster.
 Covey, S. R. (2013). The 7 habits of highly effective people: Powerful lessons in personal
change. Simon & Schuster.

2. The APA in-text citation for works with three or more authors is now shortened
right from the first citation. You only include the first author’s name and “et al.”.

X Taylor, Kotler, Johnson, & Parker, 2018)

 (Taylor et al., 2018)

3. Surnames and initials for up to 20 authors (instead of 7) should be provided in

the reference entry.

X Miller, T. C., Brown, M. J., Wilson, G. L., Evans, B. B., Kelly, R. S., Turner, S. T.,
…  Lee, L. H. (2018).
 Miller, T. C., Brown, M. J., Wilson, G. L., Evans, B. B., Kelly, R. S., Turner, S. T.,
Lewis, F., Nelson, T. P., Cox, G., Harris, H. L., Martin, P., Gonzalez, W. L.,
Hughes, W., Carter, D., Campbell, C., Baker, A. B., Flores, T., Gray, W. E.,
Green, G., . . . Lee, L. H. (2018).

4. DOIs are formatted the same as URLs. The label “DOI:” is no longer necessary.

X doi: 10.1080/02626667.2018.1560449
 https://doi.org/10.1080/02626667.2018.1560449

5. URLs are no longer preceded by “Retrieved from,” unless a retrieval date is needed.
The website name is included (unless it’s the same as the author).

X Streefkerk, R. (2019, October 11). APA 7th edition: The most notable changes [Blog
post]. Retrieved from https://www.scribbr.com/apa-style/apa-seventh-edition-changes/
 Streefkerk, R. (2019, October 11). APA 7th edition: The most notable
changes. Scribbr. https://www.scribbr.com/apa-style/apa-seventh-edition- changes/

6. For ebooks, the format, platform, or device (e.g. Kindle) is no longer included in the
reference, and the publisher is included.

X Brück, M. (2009). Women in early British and Irish astronomy: Stars and

satellites [Kindle version]. https:/doi.org/10.1007/978-90-481-2473-2
 Brück, M. (2009). Women in early British and Irish astronomy: Stars and
satellites. Springer Nature. https:/doi.org/10.1007/978-90-481-2473-2
 27

Note: Each entry for the appendices shall be in separate pages.

Appendix A

CONSULTATION WITH THE RESEARCH ADVISER

AND THE SPECIALIZED TEACHER

Appendix B

LETTER OF REQUEST

Appendix C

DOCUMENTED INTERVIEW

Appendix D

MATERIALS AND METHOD

Appendix E

PRODUCT MAKING

Appendix F

THE FIVE SETUPS

 28

Appendix G

THE FINAL PRODUCT

Appendix H

PRODUCT TESTING

Appendix I

FINANCIAL STATEMENT
 29

FULL NAME OF THE RESEARCHER

Home Address
Email Address 2X2 or passport size
Contact Number ID photo

PERSONAL DATA

Nickname :

Date of Birth :

Place of Birth :

Age :

Civil Status :

Citizenship :

Religion :

Parents :

Siblings:

EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND

Senior High School : Grade 11and 12

Paaralang Sekundarya ng Lucban Integrated School

Academic Track

Science Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics Strand

2021-2023

With Honors (Grade 11)

Junior High School :

Elementary :
30
 31

Acknowledgement

The proponent of this set of research Guidelines and Templates made for grade 12

STEM students of Paaralang Sekundarya ng Lucban Integrated School (PSLIS) expresses her

sincere appreciation to the following:

Lutucan Integrated National High School. Parts of this compilation are taken

from the Qualitative Research Guidelines developed by teachers of LINHS – Senior High

School Communication Arts Group (2021).

Recto Memorial National High School. The sample paper used as model text

(those in red font and underlined) for each chapter was developed by STEM students of

RMNHS. Specifically, the sample experimental research, entitled “Utilization of N88 Face

Mask as an Additional Component of Medium-Density Fiberboard” (Brual & Reyes, 2022).

Such was used with permission from the research adviser, Dr. Jenny H. Guevarra, for non-

profitable, non-publishable, and instructional purposes only.

With the guideposts from these two institutions, research culture is now paving its

way to PSLIS, one small yet significant step at a time.

As George Eliot puts it, “What do we live for, if not to make life less difficult for

each other.”

Though already useable, this piece remains a work in progress.

- SNLR