Effectiveness of the Orange Peeling

in Creating
a Dishwashing Liquid

Presented by:
GROUP 9

De Dios, Arabelle Faith D.

Cancio, Mari Beatrice C.
Seming, Gabrielle Summer B.

Presented to

Miss Junabelle Saladino

1
 Acknowledgment

We would like to express our deepest gratitude to our teacher, Miss Junabelle Saladino for

guiding us throughout this research. Also by giving us useful and helpful recommendations,

expertise, and insights in improving the details of our research.

We would also like to thank ourselves for being motivated and courageous to create and

accomplish this research. All the efforts, hard work, and studious studies have paid off. We would

gladly include our families who encourage us from the start until the end of this research. We fully

appreciate and value their numerous contributions by sending moral support. Most importantly, the

King of Kings, our Lord God, we would like to send our gratitude to Him from the bottom of our

hearts with the blessings, knowledge, love, and strength for our journey with this Investigatory

Project.
 2
Abstract

The objective of this study is to create an organic dishwashing liquid using orange peels.

People typically use commercially made dishwashing liquids to clean their kitchen and eating

utensils, but they are unaware of the potential health risks of such products, which include numerous

chemicals.

For this experiment, the researchers utilized orange peels, white vinegar, tea tree oil, and soap.

For the first experiment, they peeled the oranges, cooked the peels in 6 cups of water, and then

filtered them. They then added a third cup of white vinegar and a half teaspoon of tea tree oil to the

mixture in a bowl. They allowed the concoction to sit for one day. The results were unsatisfactory, but

the aroma of orange was quite strong - it can't clean and has a low viscosity – so they decided to try

again.

The researchers reheated the first trial's mixture and added half a grated bar of soap. The

concoction produced bubbles when shaken after a day and increased its smell - but the perfume of the

soap was still predominant. The concoction was tried on a plate that had recently been used, and it

failed to clean. The desired result was obtained in the third trial of experimentation.
 When tested to clean a plate, the mixture was shown to be capable of cleaning. Accurate

measurement was a challenge in the first two trials, but it was a factor in the third trial's success.

3
Table of Contents

I. CHAPTER I
A. Introduction & Background of the Study……………………………………….5 B.
Statement of the Problem………………………………………………………...7 C.
Hypothesis (Ha & Ho)……………………………………………………………8 D.
Significance of the Study…………………………………………………………9 E. Scope &
Limitations…………………………………………………………….10 F. Definition of
Terms……………………………………………………………..11

II. CHAPTER II
A. Review of Related Literature (RRL)……………………………………………12 1.
History……………………………………………………………..13 2.
Orange………………………………………………………………14 3. Health
Benefits………………………………………………………15 4. Cleaning
Benefits……………………………………………………15 5. Dishwashing
Liquid…………………………………………………16

III. CHAPTER III

A. Research Methodology…………………………………………………………13 1.
Materials…………………………………………………………13
2. Procedures…………………………………………………………14

IV. CHAPTER IV
A. Presentation and Analysis of Data……………………………………………20 1.
Results………………………………………………………………20 2.
Analysis……………………………………………………………..24
 V. CHAPTER V
A. Conclusion…………………………………………………………………….…26 B.
Recommendations…………………………………………………………….…27

C. Bibliography……………………………………………………………………28 4

CHAPTER I

Introduction and Background of the Study

This study shows the importance of health and hygiene, especially in these trying times

because of the spreading of the COVID-19 Virus. People are always exposed to harmful, microscopic

organisms in their daily lives. Proving that germs are everywhere. We may not see them visually but

these can affect our health. Germs may lead us to mild to serious illnesses that may also result in

death. Our country, the Philippines, is near the equator making us experience hot temperatures that

allow sickness and heat-caused diseases to get in our way. What is the most popular method of

eradicating bacteria? Particularly with the usage of the item called “soap”.

As we all know, soaps can come in different kinds of types depending on where and how one

individual would use them. Soaps can come in the form of a solid, liquid, or powder form. Different

compounds add to the overall quality of each type of soap.

As mentioned above, this study can help us improve our hygiene. Soap is an important
element of maintaining one's health in today's world, especially when it comes to personal hygiene.

We usually use this to clean our bodies, from head to toe. However, according to some research,

regular soaps don’t kill germs, rather, they just take them off our skins, allowing the germs to be

rinsed off by water.

5
Soaps are diverse. We can use it to cleanse our bodies, but it can also cleanse and clean our

dishes. It is called detergent or dishwashing soap, which this topic is all about. We find this research

interesting and important because we always use our plates, spoons, and other utensils. We can’t

elude and we can’t deny that we need dishwashing soaps. As Filipinos we always eat, we love eating,

we eat for our breakfast, lunch, and dinner yet sometimes we eat our snacks, widely known as

“merienda” here in the Philippines. But in the end, we need to face our dishwashing activities.

Dishwashing soaps can also come in different forms which are a tablet, gel, and powder.

However, we quite often use the liquid form since we are much more familiar with it. The liquid form

is organized and less messy than a plain bar of soap.

These soaps can be clean yet full of chemicals that can be toxic, most especially to the younger

ones, the children. Because there are so many all-natural dishwashing detergents on the market today,

it's impossible to tell who's telling the truth and who's not. The goal of this research is to create an

organic dishwashing liquid manufactured from actual orange peels.

 Oranges are known for being healthy fruit. According to the research of Kubala, J. MS, RD

(2021) has found that oranges contain a lot of benefits and nutrients such as calcium, calories, fiber,

sugar, protein, Vitamin A, and Vitamin C. How about the peel of an orange? According to McGrane,

K. MS, RD (2021), the peel of an orange fruit contains a good amount of Provitamin A, folate,

riboflavin, thiamine, Vitamin B6, and calcium. Additionally, it is rich in plant compounds called

6
polyphenols that can help prevent and manage chronic conditions like diabetes, obesity, and

Alzheimer’s disease. Knowing these nutrients it has, can help us improve our health and prevent us

from any sickness or diseases.

Statement of the Problem

The purpose of this research is to discover the potential of orange peels as an organic and

all-natural dishwashing liquid that is very relevant in terms of the cleanliness of the kitchen and

eating utensils that people frequently use and that contains the least amount of chemicals in

comparison to any leading dishwashing liquid available on the market today. It will inspire Filipinos,

particularly the youth, to develop any biodegradable and/or non-biodegradable materials that would

otherwise be thrown away and turn them into new products to prevent the disposal of potentially

useful materials and thus help to reduce the Philippines' radically increasing amount of waste.
Furthermore, this study will encourage Filipino youth to start a business at a young age by selling

products they created themselves, earning money on their own, and learning how to be independent

– making today's youth more productive.

The following are the study's specific problems:

1) Will we be able to develop a chemical-free, environmentally friendly dishwashing liquid?

2) Make dishwashing liquid with orange peels as the main ingredient.

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3) Add white vinegar and tea tree oil to dishwashing liquid for extra cleaning power. 4) Because

orange peels are a natural insect repellent, we want to see if using this dishwashing liquid made from

orange peels can reduce the risk of insect-causing diseases that are incorporated in the utensils people

use to transport food into their bodies.

Hypothesis (Ha and Ho)

Alternative Hypotheses:

a. With similar features such as odor, cleansing capabilities, and efficiency against greasiness and

oiliness, Orange Peelings dishwashing liquid can be an excellent alternative for commercial

dishwashing liquid.
 b. Dishwashing liquid made from orange peels is less expensive and easier to make than

commercial dishwashing liquid.

Null hypotheses:

a. Orange peelings can only be used as a strong antibacterial agent and not as an alternative for

commercial dishwashing liquid

Alternative and Null must be the same

8
Significance of the Study

Hygiene and cleanliness are important, especially these days. If you don’t take care of yourself,

you’ll end up getting sick. Being a good eater, you eat healthy foods like vegetables and fruits, it will

be useless if the things around you are not clean and dirty. The food can be seen in the kitchen, it will

be common sense that your kitchen should be clean. If it's not then it cannot be told that you are

eating the right way. The cleanliness of our environment is involved with our bodies. We are made

aware that the equipment we use has countless chemicals in them.

The reason behind this study is to lessen the usage of toxic or chemical-related types of

equipment. That’s why researchers aim to create an organic dishwashing liquid using orange peel as
its primary ingredient or component. This dishwashing liquid is safe and organic, unlike the chemical

ones.

One of the many uses of orange peels, according to the Florida Chemical Company, is as a

natural solvent cleaner because they contain d-limonene. They are used in a wide variety of cleaning

products and are extremely safe.

We aim that each individual is aware of the potential of the thrown-away materials through

this study. Our planet is slowly being destroyed due to pollution. Reusing the peels of fruits like

oranges could help our planet because it lessens the trash in our environment and planet. It can also

9
show the importance of using organic products in cleaning utensils. Due to the pandemic, we are

strictly advised to stay inside our homes. We know the famous saying that “Time is gold!”, meaning

to say that we should not waste any time. With this study, people can make use of their time and

develop useful products out of a biodegradable material. It would also benefit those who are

concerned about their hygiene and environmentalists, as this study aims to create an all-natural

dishwashing liquid.

Moreover, this study is promoting awareness about the importance and significance of

recycling materials that would otherwise be disposed of. Instead of throwing it away, creating

another helpful piece of equipment is a good idea. You lessen the trash on our planet and you also
lessen your expenses by making use of a simple way. Furthermore, this promotes health awareness to

protect children from chemical-based cleaning products.

Scope and Limitation

The main goals of this research are to convert otherwise discarded orange peels into another

useful product and to highlight the potential of orange peels as a dishwashing liquid.

The study is primarily concerned with the development of organic dishwashing liquid made

from orange peels and its ability to clean kitchen and eating utensils. Experimentation took one (1)

10
week to produce the final result of the study. Some of the materials used in this study must be

purchased on the market, while others are readily available in one of the researchers' homes.

Only orange peels, white vinegar, tea tree oil, and soap were used in the study. Three (3) sets of

experiments were carried out to achieve the desired result.

Definition of Terms

Orange
 - Orange is a type of fruit where it contains a lot of nutrients. In comparison with the color

orange, it has the same name and hue. It is a circular juicy citrus fruit. Oranges are a

major commercial crop in many warm regions of the world like South and Southeast

Asia.

Dishwashing Soap

- Dishwashing soap is usually used in the cleaning of our dishes. It can be solid, powder,

tablet, or gel. But we are the most familiar with the liquid form of dishwashing soap. Hygiene

- Hygiene is one of the most important components of our human body. It is the conditions

or practices that promote health and disease prevention, particularly through

cleanliness.

11
Chemicals

- Chemicals are known for being dangerous especially for children. This could affect your

health and condition. A compound or substance that has been purified or prepared,

often artificially

Nutrients

- Nutrients are good for the body. They keep our bodies healthy and strong. It is a substance

that provides nourishment necessary for growth and life maintenance Pollution

- Pollution is much more present these days. Due to the irresponsibility and lack of

discipline of human beings nowadays. There are a lot of kinds of pollution like air
 pollution, water pollution, noise pollution, light pollution, etc.

CHAPTER II

Review of Related Literature and Studies

The review of the study focuses on the history of soaps and detergents, Oranges and

their health benefits, dishwashing liquids, and the cleaning benefits of Orange peels. As

responsible youth, the next hope of the country and the world, we need to raise awareness for

the people. We also need to consider the rapid growth of waste in the country, especially the

12
biodegradable and non-biodegradable wastes inside the Philippines. One ought to be aware of

the possible benefits of potentially useful materials recycling.

History of Soaps and Detergent

Since the early Babylonian civilizations, soap has had a long and renowned history. This

idea underpins the soaps and detergents we use to clean our dishes, clothes, homes, and

ourselves today. Soap has a long and illustrious history, dating back to ancient Babylon. We

use soaps and detergents to clean our dishes, laundry, homes, and ourselves now as a result of

this understanding.
 Soap-like substances have been discovered in ancient clay cylinders from this period,

showing that ancient Babylonians knew how to make soap as early as 2800 BC. Washing

practices in much of Europe declined after the fall of Rome in 467 AD, resulting in unclean

conditions in the Middle Ages. The time's uncleanliness played a key influence on disease,

particularly the Black Death of the 14th century.

Archeologists have discovered soap-like substances in ancient clay cylinders from 2800

BC, indicating that ancient Babylonians knew how to make soap. "Fats boiled with ashes" was

inscribed on these cylinders, according to Colman, J. (2013), and Barrameda, J. (2013). In 1791, a

French chemist named Nicholas Leblanc invented a method for producing soda ash from

ordinary salt, which was a significant step toward large-scale soap production.

13
The chemistry of soap manufacturing remained virtually unaltered until 1916. During

World War I and World War II, there was a shortage of animal and vegetable fats and oils,

forcing chemists to use different raw materials that were "synthesized" into molecules with

similar properties. These are now referred to as "detergents."

Orange

Orange is any of several species of small shrubs in the genus Citrus of the Rutaceae

Family. According to Albert Szent-Györgyi, the one who discovered Vitamin C and also the
one who renamed Vitamin C as Ascorbic Acid, it is needed for the development, growth, and

repair of all body tissues and it includes folate, minerals, antioxidants, and fiber. Together with

J. L. Svirbely, they decided to rename hexuronic acid into ascorbic acid owing to its

anti-scorbutic properties. They knew about it after experimenting on a guinea pig which is

similar to a human in need of Vitamin C.

According to Kubala, J. MS, RD and Arnarson, A. BSc. Ph.D. (2021), an orange contains

a nutritional breakdown of about 92% of Vitamin C, 9% of folate, 66 calories, 86% water, 1.3

grams of protein, 14. 8 carbs, 12 grams of sugar, 2.8 grams of fiber, 5% of calcium, and 5% of

potassium. According to their research findings, consuming oranges may benefit your health

by promoting heart health. The reason for helping reduce heart disease risk factors because of

the nutrients an orange consists of. They also stated that oranges are extremely nutritious since

they also contain smaller amounts of calcium, potassium, and thiamine or Vitamin B1.

14
Health Benefits of Orange Peels

From the source of Wolf, M. (2010)- “A list of the benefits of orange peels”, says that

orange peels contain flavonoids that help in preventing lung cancer. It also has Vitamin C that

has an important antioxidant vitamin to help in preventing skin cancer. Orange peels also

contain poly methoxy flavones and liminoid, which may help to stop or prevent cancer in other

organs as well as lung cancer. According to a study by Arizona Cancer Center, they found that

d-limonene in orange peels reduced the risk of a lethal type of skin cancer known as squamous
cell carcinoma. It is indicated on wisegeek.org that the d-limonene in orange peels also helps food

digestion. For people who experience acid reflux and heartburn, this is the common treatment

for it. It also helps relieve stomach aches, constipation, and diarrhea. Lastly, the citrus smell of

orange peels helps with emotional issues and cures poor appetite and anxiety.

As stated in “Health properties of orange peel” by Wolf, M (2010), by Maura Wold,

orange peels are a good source of pectin. Pectin helps diminish an overactive appetite and

lowers blood sugar that rises after a meal.

Cleaning Benefits of Orange Peels

Orange peels can soften brown sugar, remove unpleasant smells, and remove

watermarks. Rubbing orange peels over stainless steel, to eliminate water stains off stainless

15
steel faucets, appliances, and flatware. but it does not only help in cleaning but it helps in

making a fragrant aroma in places where bad odor takes over quickly like Garbage disposals

and Refrigerators. Orange peels are an effective way to keep pests away. According to S.

Nikfar, A.F. Behboudi, in Encyclopedia of Toxicology (Third Edition), 2014, the peels naturally

contain a lot of limonene, which is a deadly toxin to insects. And lastly, they make a good

natural citrus cleaner. When it comes to disinfecting or eliminating mold and calcium buildup,

the citrus cleanser is the best option. You can make a simple, eco-friendly, and effective citrus

cleaner using leftover orange peels, a little vinegar, and boiling water.
Dishwashing Liquid

Dishwashing liquid, often known as dish detergent and/or dish soap, is a detergent that

is used to help with the washing of dishes. Most commonly used for handwashing glasses,

plates, silverware, and culinary utensils in a sink or bowl, it is a highly-foaming surfactant

mixture with little skin irritation. It's not just for cleaning dishes, though. Dishwashing liquid

may also be used to make bubbles, washcloths, and clean oil-stained birds. Dishwashing

Liquid contains water, surfactants, hydrotrope, salts, preservatives, fragrances, and dyes.

Surfactants remove grease and stuck food particles. As a result of this, they may also provide

foam. Before detergents were established in Germany during World War I, liquid dishwashing

detergent was first produced in the middle of the twentieth century. In the 1930s and 1940s,

manufacturers of dishwashing detergents began production in the United States. As the first

16
liquid dish soap, Joy was developed in 1949. There would be many more firsts throughout the

years.

CHAPTER III

Research Methodology
 All the information cited is implemented in this methodology. The benefits and functions of

orange peels have initially been experimented with. The method used in this study is a common

procedure and has been seen on the YouTube Channel of Mr. Elijah Angelo.

The primary component used in this study is the orange peels. According to Colman, J.,

Barrameda, J., and Garcia, R., using white vinegar and cooking oil will help in creating the

dishwashing liquid thus we decided to additionally use them in this research.

Materials;

➔ 3 pieces of Orange

➔ ⅓ cup of White Vinegar

➔ ½ teaspoon Tree Tea Oil/Virgin Coconut Oil

➔ 6 cups of Water

➔ ½ Grated Antibacterial Soap

17
➔ Pot

➔ Bowl

➔ Plastic Bottle

Procedure;
First Trial:

1.) Peel the oranges first. Using a peeler or a knife, separate the orange's skin or peel from the fruit

itself.

2.) Scrape. Scrape the white portion of the orange peels into a small bowl and set it aside. Place the

peels in a separate container.

3.) Combine the orange peels and water in a saucepan and bring to a boil. Pour six (6) cups of

water into a pot, then add the peels and the white portion of the peels. Heat the water and

orange peels mixture until it reaches the desired temperature. Don't allow it to get to the point

of boiling. Continue to stir constantly.

4.) Remove the peels using a strainer. Remove the peels once the mixture has reached the desired

temperature.

5.) Combine all ingredients in a mixing bowl. One-third (1/3) cup of white vinegar should be

added to the mixture. Tea tree oil, one-half (12) teaspoon Stir until all of the ingredients are

thoroughly combined.

6.) Reduce the heat. Allow 8-12 hours for the mixture to cool on the counter. Mix once in a while.

Because the first trial's results were unsatisfactory, the researchers decided to try again.

18
Second Trial

1.) Add One-half (½) grated germ protection soap to the mixture while it is being heated in a pot.

(Do not bring it to a boil.)

2.) Keep on stirring thoroughly until hot enough.

 3.) Let the mixture cool down for a day.

The second trial did not yield the desired result so another round of experiments was done.

Third Trial

1.) Peel the orange. Remove the skin of the orange using a knife or a peeler. Set the peels aside.

2.) Boil the peels. Put one and a half (1 ½) cups of water in a pot and add the peels. 3.) Heat the

mixture for 5 minutes and bring it to a boil.

4.) Strain the peels. Using a strainer and a tong to pick up the peels, remove the peels from the

mixture and put the mixture in a bowl.

5.) Add the additional ingredients. Put 1 tablespoon of white vinegar in the mixture. Add 1

teaspoon of tea tree oil. Stir thoroughly

6.) Grate the soap. Using a grater, grate one tablespoon of soap and add it to the mixture.

7.) Put in a container or a recycled container/bottle.

8.) Let the mixture cool down for a day.

19
CHAPTER IV

Presentation and Analysis of Data

Results:

After 24 hours of observation

First Trial Second Trial Third Trial

Suds ○ No suds have ○ Suds have

○ No suds have
formed.
formed
formed ○ Light bubbles

○ No signs of any showed

○ No signs of
○ No Foams
foam nor bubbles
foam/bubbles
formed when

washing.

Color/Hue ○ Colorless ○ Melon like in

○ White in color
Color
○ A few colors of
(because of the

orange; slightly
○ anti-bacterial soap)

yellow

20
Viscosity ○ Low Viscosity ○ Medium
○ Low Viscosity
Viscosity ○ Liquid
○ Liquid Form
○ Liquid Form Form

Scent ○ Tea tree oil is ○ Antibacterial

○ Sour smell of the
Soap is dominant
dominant
vinegar mixed with ○ The Odor smells

○ Sour smell of the nice.

the orange scent

vinegar mixed

with the orange

scent

Cleaning Capability ○ Isn’t capable of ○ Capable of

○ Isn’t capable of
cleaning the
cleaning dishes
cleaning dishes dishes

○ Bad Odor ○ Not fit for

○ No odor
cleaning “Sebo”

in a plastic

container.

21
Procedures:
TRIALl 1

TRIAL 2
 22
TRIAL 3

Results:
TRIAL 1
 23
TRIAL 2

TRIAL 3: Finish Product

Discussion/Analysis:
 The first trial had an unsuccessful experiment. This could not satisfy anyone nor the

researchers themselves. The materials used in the first trial affected the overall experiment. Since

there weren’t any foaming agents used—that made it lack in soap quality— no suds were formed.

After using the product on a sponge, no foaming occurred or bubbles. It was colorless but with a

24
pinch of orange, which made it slightly yellow and was derived from the orange peels. It was simply

water because of the viscosity but with a sour scent from the orange peels and vinegar. While the oil

used disappeared after the mixture. After cleaning it with a plate—lack in cleaning capability—it has

a bad odor, and couldn’t even clean the plate properly. The leftover food was just transferred to the

sponge and some of it stayed on the plate. Resulting in a greasy and stinky plate.

The second trial was an unsuccessful experiment. It could not satisfy anyone nor the

researchers themselves. The materials used in the second trial affected the overall experiment. Since

there weren’t any foaming agents used—that made it lack in soap quality— no suds were formed.

After using the product on a sponge, no foaming occurred or bubbles. It was colorless but with a

pinch of blue—suppose of the antibacterial soap—which made it slightly AliceBlue in color. It was

simply water because of the viscosity but with a not dominant sour scent from the orange peels and

vinegar. While the oil used disappeared after the mixture. After cleaning it with a plate—lack in

cleaning capability—it was odorless, and could inadequately clean the plate properly. The leftover

food was not transferred to the sponge and none stayed on the plate. Resulting in a clean yet fairly
bad odor plate.

The final and third trial was successful experiment. It could satisfy the people who would want

to spend less on their dishwashing effectively and also the researchers themselves. The number of

materials used in the experiment significantly affected the overall results. Because of the antibacterial

soap used, suds were seen once the experiment was used and rinsed off the plate. After using the

25
product on a sponge, no foaming occurred. It was in the shade of pastel orange - supposed to be the

antibacterial soap- which made it Melon-like in color. It has medium viscosity due to the high amount

of the shredded antibacterial soap added along with the soap’s dominant smell in the result of the

experiment. After cleaning it with a plate—lack in cleaning capability—it contained the antibacterial

soap’s odor, and could inadequately clean the plate properly. The leftover food was not transferred to

the sponge and none stayed on the plate. Resulting in a clean and nice smelling plate.

CHAPTER V

Conclusion

Based on the findings of the experiments and the analysis of the data collected, this has

convinced the researchers that the waste in the environment can be used in washing the dishes. We,

therefore, conclude that orange peels are an effective ingredient in creating a dishwashing liquid. The
nutrients it contains, keep our hands and fingers healthy, safe, and clean.

The first and second trials did not produce the desired outcome. The scent of the orange peels

cannot be smelled at all since the sourness of the vinegar is dominant. It is not capable of cleaning the

dishes and it’s either a bad odor or no odor. The key reason for the failure of the first two trials of

experiments was the inaccurate measurement.

The third trial of the experimentation provided a genuinely effective product. It also cleans

nicely and does not emit any unpleasant odors. The entire quality of the generated product has been

26
enhanced by accurate measurement. The last trial proved that chemicals are still necessary to be used

in making soap liquids.

Following the completion of the study, the researchers discovered that the use of chemicals is

inevitable because they are necessary for the production of soap goods. The researchers found that

orange peels failed to become the main ingredient in dishwashing soap in the last attempt.

Recommendation

The researchers recommend the use of orange peels and the adaptation of the procedures of

creating a dishwashing liquid for our friends, classmates, and their families. We could also

recommend and encourage this study to companies that produce soap, especially dishwashing

liquids, to reduce waste and have an eco-friendly product.

The researchers recommend a different ingredient that can be a substitute for this study. If the
new researchers found that the materials used in this study are expensive or not available, they can

use alternative materials:

1. Other citrus fruits such as lemon and calamansi and their peels can also be considered as an

alternative for similar benefits to the orange peels.

2. Future researchers should perform a thorough search for other methods that employ the

orange peels as the major ingredient and use less antibacterial soap in the experiment.

27
3. To enhance the effectiveness of the dishwashing liquid, use a foaming ingredient such as

Sodium Lauryl Sulfate, which is derived from lauric acid in coconut oil. It would produce suds and

thicken the mixture, making it more effective at cleaning dishes.

4. Instead of the germ prevention soap employed by the researchers, use natural soap,

preferably liquid soap.

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(2022). Soaps & Detergents History, The American Cleaning Institute (ACI) (n.d.). American
Cleaning Institute. Retrieved January 23, 2022.
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Retrieved from Albert Szent-Györgyi—The Scientist Who Discovered Vitamin C · Frontiers for
Young Minds on March 3, 2020.
Myers, C. (2011). A list of the benefits of orange peel. Retrieved from www.livestrong.com on
October 19, 2013.
Katherine Marengo LDN, R.D. (2021). Oranges: Nutrients, Benefits, Juice, and More by Jillian
Kubala, MS, RD and Atli Arnarson BSc, Ph.D.
https://www.healthline.com/nutrition/oranges
Britannica, The Editors of Encyclopaedia. "Orange". Encyclopedia Britannica (18 Sep. 2020), by
Melissa Petruzzello.
https://www.britannica.com/plant/orange-fruit
Wolf, M. (2010). Health properties of orange peel. Retrieved from www.livestrong.com on
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JoySuds (2020), Joy since 1949, Posted October 2020
JoySuds | Our History, Joy Since 1949
Ewen (2015), Dishwashing liquid, January 11, 2015,
Dishwashing liquid - Wikipedia
Etienne Jooken (2018), Quora, September 24, 2018,
What is the chemical formula of dishwashing liquid? - Quora
Bio-home by Lam Soon (2020), THE MANY USES OF DISHWASHING LIQUID, January 28,
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The many uses of dishwashing liquid | bio-home by Lam Soon (biohomecares.com) 28

Ameritas Insight (2017), 4 Ways to Use Orange Peels for Cleaner Living, Posted February 23,
2017,
4 Ways to Use Orange Peels for Cleaner and Healthier Living (ameritasinsight.com)
Eco-Friendly Food (2019), Orange peel uses in cleaning
Orange peel uses in cleaning - Eco-Friendly Food
29