SAN BEDA UNIVERSITY

INTEGRATED BASIC EDUCATION

Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics

The Effect Of Crumb Rubber And Papers As An

Added Component In

Concrete Cinder

In Partial Fulfillment of the requirements in

PRACTICAL RESEARCH 2

Submitted by:

CHUA, Christian Andrew

GUBATON, Mary Charlotte A.

JAVALUYAS, Arleigh Jr. C.

PAHILGA, Arwyn Bernadette S.

PALIGUTAN, Jamil Cres C.

SUAVERDEZ, Jericho Andrew III A.

12-STEM 2, St. Pedro Calungsod

Mr. Ervin Q. Mata

Academic Year 2022-2023

 1

Approval Sheet

This research paper entitled “THE EFFECT OF CRUMB RUBBER AND PAPERS

AS AN ADDED COMPONENT IN CONCRETE CINDER”, prepared and submitted

by CHRISTIAN ANDREW CHUA, MARY CHARLOTTE GUBATON, ARLEIGH

JR. C. JAVALUYAS, ARWYN BERNADETTE S. PAHILGA, JAMIL CRES C.

PALIGUTAN, and JERICHO ANDREW III A. SUAVERDEZ, in partial fulfillment

of the requirements for the subject Practical Research in Senior High School, has been

examined and is hereby recommended for acceptance and approval for oral defense.

ERVIN Q. MATA

Research Adviser
 2

DEDICATION

Researcher Gubaton, M.C., dedicates the research to Family and Teachers who

gave their utmost support and never-ending inspiration throughout the study. To the

researchers who provided the resources that were needed. To adviser Mata, E.K who is

behind making this research possible by guiding the researchers. She also dedicates this

to the school, which gives the researchers the opportunity to nurture, test their skills, and

cooperate to build this study. Lastly, she dedicates the study to the Almighty God, who

gave the strength, knowledge, wisdom, protection, and will to complete this research.

Researcher Javaluyas, A.Jr. C., dedicates this research to his girlfriend Soriano, C.

B., as she serves as an inspiration for the researchers’ will to continue and not give up on

the study. To their research Adviser, Mata, E.K., for his best help and support. To the

researcher’s future self, as this may be a step or leap onto his dreams and ambitions. To

God, Mother Mary, and Saint Benedict, for the continued guide, and unending love.

Researcher Pahilga, A.B. honors all the 12-STEM 2 Engineering group members

for their time and effort in studying this paper. She also dedicates this to our Almighty

God, who has been the source of her strength, hope, and wisdom during this study

process; Her family and friends who have encouraged her to give it her best and

supported her until the research was completed. Her heartfelt gratitude goes to Mr. Ervin

Mata for his advice and guidance. She is beyond grateful.

 3

Researcher Paligutan, J.C., dedicates this research to his family and his friends

Tamayo. N.R., Villabroza. C.J., Suaverdez. J.A., Jacobo. J.B. and to the future

researchers.

Researcher Suaverdez, J. III. A., dedicates this research to his family and teachers,

whose unwavering support and encouragement were invaluable in the completion of their

research, especially Sir Ervin Mata, who inspired and guided him throughout chapters 1

to 5. He is forever grateful to his parents, who supported him financially and mentally in

completing this research.

 4

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

First and foremost, the researchers would like to express their gratitude to their

Capstone teacher, Mr. Ervin Mata, for guiding them through the whole process of

completing their research paper. For the guidance and assistance through all the stages of

their research making, it certainly made a significant contribution to the success of their

output. The researchers also wants to thank Mr. William Kyle Chiu, for being a helpful

consultant and adviser for the researchers, to the parents of the researchers who supported

them throughout the whole study, to Mr. Antong Padolina for helping them create their

concrete cinder with his equipment and experience. The group also wants to thank

Jamilcres Inc. for providing them the recycled rubber, to their school San Beda

University - Manila for supporting them and helping them collect scrapped papers.

Lastly, the researchers wants to thank all of their friends for supporting them in this study.
 5

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Title Page ............................................................................................................................0

Approval Sheet.....................................................................................................................1

Dedication............................................................................................................................2

Acknowledgement................................................................................................................4

Table of Contents.................................................................................................................5

Abstract................................................................................................................................7

CHAPTER I: The Problem & Its Setting

Background of the Study..........................................................................................8

Statement of the Problem ........................................................................................9

Hypotheses.............................................................................................................10

Significance of the Study .......................................................................................10

Conceptual Framework..........................................................................................11

Scope and Delimitation..........................................................................................13

Definition of Terms.................................................................................................14

CHAPTER II: Review of Related Literature

Crumb Rubbers......................................................................................................16

Papers…………......................................................................................................18

Concrete Cinders...................................................................................................19

Theoretical Framework...........................................................................................21
 6

CHAPTER III: Methodology

Methodological………………………......................................................................23

Research Design ...................................................................................................24

Data Collection Method.........................................................................................24

Statistical Treatment..............................................................................................29

Data Analysis.........................................................................................................29

Ethical Considerations...........................................................................................30

CHAPTER IV: Data Interpretation and Analysis

Results and Discussion..........................................................................................32

CHAPTER V: Summary of Findings, Conclusion & Recommendations

Discussion..............................................................................................................42

Conclusion.............................................................................................................44

Recommendations..................................................................................................45

References..............................................................................................................46

APPENDICES

A. Letters and Certifications..................................................................................50

B. Documentation..................................................................................................52

C. Results...............................................................................................................57

D. Bionotes.............................................................................................................63
 7

ABSTRACT

Recycling rubbers and papers has been a common problem for many people ever since.

50 million tires go to waste every year (FHART, 2020), while at the same time, it takes

24 trees to make a ton of paper. Having a recycled and eco-friendly Concrete Cinder will

be one of many ways to recycle Rubbers and Papers, and will make an impact in the

Construction business since the product will be cheaper and more eco-friendly. Results

showed that Concrete Cinder with 0.250g of paper and 750g of Rubber with a curing of

14 days showed the best result in comparison with the controlled concrete cinder that

researchers used.
 8

CHAPTER I

PROBLEM AND ITS SETTING

This chapter will focus on the introduction of the The Effect Of Used Tires And

Papers As An Added Component In Creating Concrete Cinder. This contains the

background of the study, statement of the problem, hypothesis, significance of the study,

conceptual framework, scope of work, delimitations, and the definition of terms found in

the study.

Background of the Study

Rubber and paper have been a common essential for everybody, it is almost

certainly a need for people to live, but where does it go after its use? Tires; a common use

for Rubber and papers will usually be in a dump, end up as a landfill, burned up in

smokes, or worse left on the ground or wherever else, basically after it has served its

purpose it is now a pure waste. According to The Federal Highway Administration

Research and Technology (FHART, 2020), 50 million tires go to waste every year, while

on the other hand it takes an estimated 24 trees to make a ton of paper (Kiprop, 2018)

Moreover, Concrete Cinder has been a common material used in making

infrastructures and buildings not only in the Philippines but around the world (Hessam,

2021). It is a more clever option compared to other alternatives in making an

infrastructure. Concrete Cinder are stronger, and easier to build, durable and cost efficient

compared to other alternatives. Moreover, with proper building, Concrete Cinder can also

withstand typhoons, floods, and other natural calamities, since it has a more sturdy and

durable structure (Priya, 2016).

 9

Incorporating crumb rubber and papers in a Concrete Cinder will not only make it

more cost efficient and eco-friendly, but also will make an impact in waste disposal in the

country. This will make a significant effect and should cut the cost of concrete cinder as

the crumb rubbers and papers are recycled.

According to Amin et al. (2022), 10% of rubber crumbs is the optimal

replacement percentage for fine particles in concrete. On the other hand, Raoelivololona

et al. (2020), studied that Paper brick is a promising construction material due to its

exceptional mechanical and thermal characteristics. Recent studies show the effect of

used tires as an added component to hollow blocks (Concrete Cinder), while other studies

also show the effects of papers to hollow blocks (Concrete Cinder). This research will

focus on what will be the effect of crumb rubbers and Papers combined as an added

component to Concrete Cinder, and at what percentage is it most efficient in terms of

durability.

Statement of the Problem

This study “The Effect Of Crumb Rubbers And Papers As An Added Component In

Concrete Cinders”. This study aims to answer the following questions.

1. How durable are commercial concrete cinders and different concrete cinders with

mixture of crumb rubber and papers when tested for compression: a] Paper 0 gsm

and Rubber 0 gsm (commercial) b] Paper 0 gsm and Rubber 1000 gsm c] Paper

0.250 gsm and Rubber 750 gsm d] Paper 0.500 gsm and Rubber 500 gsm e] Paper
 10

0.750 gsm and Rubber 250 gsm f] Paper 1000 gsm and Rubber 0 gsm

2. Is there a significant difference among commercial concrete cinders and different

concrete cinders with mixture of crumb rubber and papers on the durability when

tested for compression?

Hypotheses

HA: There is a significant difference among commercial concrete cinders and different

concrete cinders with mixture of crumb rubber and papers on the durability when tested

for compression.

HO: There is no significant difference among commercial concrete cinders and different

concrete cinders with mixture of crumb rubber and papers on the durability when tested

for compression.

Significance of the Study

The significance of this study is focused on sustainable development where

construction materials are being analyzed for their durability in construction. This study

aims to determine how used crumb rubber and paper can be combined and incorporated

to reduce raw material consumption and promote sustainability in the production of

concrete cinders. Therefore, the study will be beneficial to the following:

Engineers - It is ideal to use sustainable materials when building a structure. The

proposed study could assist engineers with building establishments in identifying the

materials required to construct a low-cost, strong, and long-lasting structure.

 11

Economy - By boosting the economy, this study will pave the way for future projects that

could improve or repair our building materials. Additionally, this will provide substitute

materials to meet the rising demand for concrete.

Citizens/Community - This research can help the community learn about affordable

sustainable materials and how to use them properly in building structures.

Future Researchers - The findings of this study are expected to help in gaining

information, knowledge, and significant insights on the production of sustainable

concrete cinders from crumb rubbers and papers. Moreover, this study will be a useful

reference and may serve as a guide for future researchers interested in studying

sustainable development in construction. And for them to compare their research to have

much better results.

Conceptual framework

Figure 1. Input-Process-Output
 12

The proposed research aims to investigate the feasibility of using repurposed

materials such as used tires and papers as additives in the production of concrete cinder

for commercial use. To help the researchers conclude the study, an IPO

(Input-Process-Output) framework will be used to identify the necessary factors and steps

involved in the research process.

The repurposing of used tires and papers to create concrete cinder for commercial

use is a promising solution to the increasing waste management problem. This research

seeks to contribute to sustainable development by reducing environmental impacts and

promoting a circular economy through the transformation of refuse materials into

valuable resources.

The input phase identifies the materials required for the study, which includes the

concrete cinder samples with different mixtures of crumb rubber and papers, and the

control samples. The control samples will be used as a baseline for comparison, while the

concrete cinder samples with different mixtures of crumb rubber and papers will be tested

to determine the effect of these additives on the durability of the concrete cinders. In

addition, the input phase also involves considering the different curing days of the

concrete cinder samples.

The process phase involves conducting compressive strength testing for the

concrete cinder samples in a DPWH certified testing facility. The compressive strength

testing is an important step in determining the durability of the concrete cinder samples.

The testing facility is certified by the DPWH, which ensures that the testing process

adheres to established standards and protocols. The compressive strength testing involves
 13

applying a compressive load to the concrete cinder samples until they fail, and measuring

the maximum compressive load that the samples can withstand.

The output phase involves the generation of the compressive test results in PSI

from the concrete cinder samples that were made. These results will be used to compare

the durability of the different concrete cinder samples with varying amounts of crumb

rubber and papers to the control samples. The compressive test results in PSI will provide

a quantitative measure of the compressive strength of the concrete cinder samples, which

will enable the researchers to determine if there is a significant difference in durability

between the control samples and the concrete cinder samples with different mixtures of

crumb rubber and papers.

The IPO diagram provides a framework for understanding the input, process, and

output phases of the study. The researchers will use this diagram to guide them through

the study, ensuring that they have all the necessary inputs and equipment, and that they

follow a systematic process to create and test the concrete cinder samples. Ultimately, the

output of this study will help to inform the industry on the feasibility of using recycled

materials as additives in the production of concrete cinder blocks.

Scope and Delimitation

This research will focus on identifying the effect of used crumb rubber and papers as

an added component in creating concrete cinder. This study will mainly identify the

durability of concrete cinder that are mixed with used crumb rubbers and papers. The

goal of the researchers is to determine if there is a significant difference between a cinder

 14

block that is integrated with used crumb rubber and papers compared to the standard

cinder block.

Only the compression test will be done for this study. Any other objectives and

factors that may be related will not be considered. Only used bond papers from the school

(SBU - Manila) will be collected for the experiment. There will be no participants for this

research, as the study will only be experimental and the data that will be collected will

come from the observations from the researchers and outcome of the experiment.

Definition of Terms

Incorporate - to include something as part of something large (Cambridge Dictionary, ).

Landfill - Landfill contains both household and commercial rubbish. Household waste

that gets sent to landfill consists of mostly organic waste, for example food, paper,

cardboard or wood (What is a landfill? Why are landfills bad for the environment?,

2022).

Standard Hollow blocks (Operational) - The usual type of Concrete Block Used for

Construction. and building internal and external walls (Delony, 2021).

Compressive test - Used for simple formation of specimen, easy experimental procedure,

and low requirement of equipment.

(J. Xiao et al., 2018)

Thermal Insulation - refers to the use of appropriate insulation materials and design

adaptations for buildings to slow the transfer of heat through the enclosure to reduce heat

loss and gain. (“The purpose and function of insulation”, n.d)

 15

Thermal Conductivity - refers to the intrinsic ability of a material to transfer heat. It is

evaluated primarily in terms of Fourier's Law for heat conduction. (Thermtest, 2018)

Sustainable Development - refers to a development that meets the demands of the

present without affecting future generation’s ability to meet their own needs (What Is

Sustainable Development?, 2022).

 16

CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURES AND STUDIES

This chapter presents, analyzes, and interprets the data gathered by the

researchers in determining the effect of used crumb rubber and paper as an added

component in creating concrete cinder.

Crumb Rubber

Related Literatures

It is estimated that the Philippines produces 200,000 tons of used tires every year.

Waste tires are regarded as a significant environmental issue because of their chemical

properties, which prevents them from degrading through biological processes. This

results in pollution, which is one of the world's major environmental issues, and health

risks caused by improper tire waste disposal. The most effective way to dispose of them

is to turn them into useful materials (EcoTyre Waste Management Inc, 2022).

Vadivel et al. (2013) claim that the problem of waste rubber is getting worse

today. Tires in landfills can cause a risk to the environment and human health through fire

hazards and act as a breeding ground for pests like rats, mosquitoes, and others (Senthil

Vadivel et al., 2013; M. A. Mohamed Amin et al., 2022).

Nowadays, the interest in being more sustainable has driven people to use

materials that we usually discard in a new manner, like reinforcing cement with recycled

tires instead of using some of the traditional ingredients. Researchers who study concrete

mixtures have proved that some of the traditional ingredients can be substituted with
 17

other materials, such as those gathered from recycling processes (Cabahug, et al., 2016).

Recycling used tires has traditionally been used to create different things like rubberized

asphalt, retaining walls, and waterproofing systems. However, they have also been used

recently to create cementitious materials like concrete (Sodupe-Ortega, et al., 2016).

Related Studies

Numerous studies that used rubber aggregates in the concrete mix have produced

a range of results. In the study conducted by Cabahug et al. (2016), they evaluated the

compressive strengths of the concrete hollow blocks (CHB) integrated with crumb rubber

at proportions of 20%, 40%, and 60% at different curing days. After comparing the

strengths to the conventional CHB, findings showed that fine crumb rubber aggregates as

an added component to concrete does not have a significant difference compared to the

conventional CHB.

While in the study conducted by Mohamed et al. in 2022, examined the

mechanical behavior of crumb rubber as a partial replacement of fine aggregates in

concrete. They used crumb rubber in 2 mm and 3 mm sizes with 5% to 15%

replacements, giving them a strength of 35 MPa and a water-to-cement ratio of 0.31. The

workability of the mixture was also assessed using a slump test, in which the compressive

strength of 24 concrete cubes was assessed after several days of curing. Then, the tensile

strength of 12 cylinders was also examined. Even with 5% and 10% replacements, they

still reached their target strength. Additionally, 10% of rubber crumb was deemed to be

the ideal percentage. The study also suggests that as rubber contents get higher its

strength lowers.
 18

Papers

Related Literatures

The construction field is greatly developed from day to day. The development is

producing an increase in the demand for raw materials, and because of the enormous

demand, the materials are now becoming extinct. The world was also challenged with a

large volume of waste materials, including waste paper. According to research

(Okeyinka, 2016), waste paper can be used as recycled paper in the building industry.

Related Studies

The waste paper has been thrown as waste, causing pollution in the environment

behind the mill or landfill. Yearly, the industry’s paper waste goes up. Paper recycling

represents an energy saving of 64% saving 58% of water (As a Matter of Fact, n.d.).

Using waste paper with concrete might result in a fresh and modern look. The amount of

cement used is reduced by employing waste paper since it creates an absorbent surface

and it provides construction material that is environmentally friendly.

Portland cement or clay combined with re-pulped paper fiber create a new

material. Paper create is a type of construction material that is made by gathering

recycled papers and a mixer is used to turn the paper into a fibrous pulp. It is called

fibrous pulp because a paper is mostly composed of wood cellulose fiber, which is a

fibrous material.

Papercrete was invented in 1928 by Eric Patterson and Mike McCain. Papercrete

is a long-lasting building material. One of the advantages of papercrete is its great overall
 19

strength. When contrasted to wood, the spread of papercrete fires is limited to a smaller

area and thus less harmful. Increasing the amount of cement and mineral material used

improves fire resistance (NBS, 2017).

Because paper is the fundamental component of papercrete, the microstructure of

the paper determines its qualities. Wood fragments are thermometrically or mechanically

treated to break down the lignin binder and release the cellulose fibers. To manufacture

paper, the pulp is squeezed to eliminate excess water. Paper is an anisotropic material,

which means that the quality and strength of its fibers change depending on the

conditions. They are as follows: wood type, recycled paper proportion, amount of water

in pulp, pulping method (chemical or mechanical), and drying speed. Today, recovered

fibers account for 50% of all paper fiber utilized in modern manufacturing. However,

recovered fibers are weaker by nature, and moving the pulp necessitates orienting the

fibers (STM journals, 2015).

Concrete Cinder

Related Literatures

As stated by Meng et al. (2018) In recent years, extensive study efforts have been

made to recycle wastes for potential use in the production of concrete products. This

study highlights and discusses the typical qualities of concrete blocks as well as the

value-added properties of concrete blocks that integrate waste materials. Concrete blocks'

fire resistance, toughness, functional, and insulating qualities are improved by several

special traits of recycled crumb rubber, plastic waste, and crushed brick. Additionally, to

meet the standards for concrete blocks, the amount of these materials used in concrete
 20

blocks can be increased up to 100% as substitutes for natural aggregate, although their

utilization can also be restricted to below 30% in some situations. The ability to include

wastes as aggregate in concrete blocks has been shown to have good potential by the

compliance of concrete blocks with standard standards and value-added features.

More recent studies show the importance of recycled concrete products as time

passes by. It is now becoming more efficient, cost friendly, and eco-friendly. According

to NEWARK (2022) Recycled concrete aggregates are expected to be worth 16.7 million

by the year 2023. Recycled concrete cinder will have a big impact not only on the

construction side, but also on the waste disposal that has been a problem for a lot of

countries. It is one less waste that we see on the streets.

Related Studies

Concrete cinder are concrete blocks made with a mix of cement and sand. It is

used for building walls and structures. Concrete blocks are one of the popular

construction materials used in the construction industry, there are two types of concrete

blocks, the hollow blocks and the solid blocks, both have a similar use, but hollow blocks

are the most commonly used in construction (Hessam, 2021). There are two primary

types of hollow blocks, hollow and concrete. There are 8 types of hollow blocks and 8

types of solid blocks (BigRenrz, 2021).

As mentioned by Pavlu et al. (2019). Considering the use of natural resources,

mechanical and thermal property levels, and environmental impact while enhancing a

concrete mixture that contains recycled components. The created concrete is meant to be

used in masonry wall projects without mortar. Experimental research was done on the
 21

mechanical and thermal qualities of ten concrete mixtures containing various types and

amounts of recycled expanded polystyrene and recycled masonry aggregate. It was

discovered that using recycled masonry aggregate improved the thermal qualities while

keeping the mechanical properties adequate. On the other hand, whereas the mechanical

qualities of concrete drastically decreased with the addition of recycled expanded

polystyrene, the thermal properties were barely affected. Because of this, reused masonry

aggregate can be used as an aggregate.

In the study conducted by Yang and Li (2019), recycled fine aggregates were

substituted at 0%, 30%, 60%, and 100%. The researchers utilized ratios in their mixing

method. Their sand percentages for the concrete blocks were 75% for both the blocks

with strength grades of MU10 and MU 7.5. White 0.57 and 0.73 ratios were for the

water-cement. This study will also be conducted using the ratio method, in which the

recycled aggregates will be added, the natural fine aggregate will decrease accordingly,

and the water will be adjusted to account for the water absorption of the recycled fine

aggregate by adding the recycled aggregate, which are crumb rubbers and papers.

Theoretical Framework

Turning waste into something useful has become a vital topic for researchers,

especially in construction. In addition, recycled concrete cinder plays a big role in

research manufacturing as mentioned by (Yang et al, 2019). In addition the researchers

also mentioned that recycled concrete cinder lessens the strength of the hollow

blocks(concrete cinder) but at a certain percent and ratio, it can meet the standards of
 22

normal and commercially used concrete cinder. In addition, multiple studies have shown

that using fine rubber aggregates has a certain percentage in meeting the standards of

commercially used hollow blocks/concrete cinder (Cabahug et al, 2016). Nevertheless, in

the use of paper in hollow blocks(concrete cinder) in the study of Birhane, S. et al.

(2017), the results show that the paper was mixed to create papercrete blocks. In general,

the more optimal the paper, the better the strength, but for higher strength, the more

cement. Finally, the results show that the incorporation of crumb rubber has a certain

percentage of ratio where it meets the minimum standards of a structure strength. On the

other hand, researchers say that adding papers in concrete cinder will have the same

effect or will be comparable to commercially used concrete cinder. In theory, the effect of

using crumb rubber and paper as an added component to concrete cinder should meet at

least the minimum structure strength of a commercially used concrete structure.

CHAPTER III

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODOLOGY

 23

This chapter presents the method, design, research location, data analysis and

collection, the statistical test used, and the ethical considerations for the research in

order to provide a better understanding about the main objective of the study.

Methodological

The study will make use of quantitative methodology, quantitative methodology is

based on a set of strategies, techniques and assumptions in use of the study of

psychological, social and economic processes in explanation through the exploration of

numeric patterns. Quantitative method uses a range of numeric data. Some numeric data

are intrinsically quantitative (personal income), in some cases the numeric structure is

imposed. Collecting quantitative information allows the researchers to conduct statistical

analysis that aggregates the data and shows the relationship among the data or compares

across aggregated data. Quantitative research method includes questionnaires, structured

observation or experiment and stands in contrast to qualitative research.

It is evident that the researchers used a quantitative method for this study. This

study includes observations from the researchers as well as percentages calculated using

statistics. According to Surendran (2018), observation is an objective collection of data

that is largely focused on numbers and values - it implies "related with, of, or expressed

in terms of a quantity". Statistical and numerical analytic approaches are used to produce

quantitative observation results. It denotes the observation of any object that may be

assigned a numerical value. The quantitative method will allow the researchers to

determine the appropriate percentage of crumb rubber and paper that can be added to

concrete cinder to prove its effectiveness.

 24

Research Design

This research will utilize an experimental design. To comprehend

cause-and-effect linkages, an experimental study is an instrument for this study. To fully

understand the role that varying elements play in determining a study's conclusion, it is

essential to be able to experiment with those components and then examine the results.

This study aims to determine the optimal percentage of crumb rubber and paper that may

be added to concrete cinder without negatively impacting its durability. According to

Pawliszyn (2012), experimental design methodologies enable the researcher to

understand and analyze the components that influence a particular system through

statistical methods. Such methods involve a theoretical understanding of experimental

designs and practical experience with the relevant elements.

Data Collection Method

Gathering of Materials

The four main ingredients in making concrete are gravel, water, sand, and cement.

Gravel is a coarse sand and small stone mixture used as an aggregate for walkways and

roads. The second component is sand, it originates naturally and is made by the

breakdown of rocks. Small silica grains make up the majority of sand particles (SiO2). It

is a key- component in cement mortar, lime mortar, and concrete. The third ingredient is

water, which hardens concrete qualities, such as workability, compressive strengths,

permeability and watertightness, durability and weathering, drying shrinkage, and the
 25

possibility of cracking, which are influenced by the amount of water in the concrete. The

last ingredient is Cement, Concrete is made of fine powder, when it is combined with

water, sand, gravel, or crushed stone (fine and coarse aggregate). The added components

that the researchers want to put as an added component are crumb rubbers and papers.

Crumb rubbers as an added component, the substance promises to dramatically lessen

some environmental impacts by making it as an added component when making concrete.

Papers, waste paper as construction material, less cement is utilized, which is better for

the environment.

Data Gathering in making Concrete Cinder

After gathering the materials, the researchers will now proceed to the production

of concrete cinder. In order to incorporate the rubber and paper materials (e.g. newspaper,

old books, etc) the researchers would need to manually crumb the materials.Rubbers

would need to follow specific size which is 2-3 mm based on the referred study of

Mohamed et al. (2022)

To create a concrete cinder block, the four main ingredients are; gravel, sand,

water, and cement. This research aims to repurpose crumb rubbers, and papers and make

them an added component in making a cinder block. As mentioned by Cabahug et al.

(2016). Rubber aggregates have a percentage of meeting the standards of commercially

used hollow blocks. On the other hand, concrete with papers had a high impact ductility.

The steps in making a concrete cinder are in chronological order; Mixing, Molding,

Curing, and Cubing. The researchers plan on following the procedures but adding

different added components such as crumb rubbers, and papers.

 26

The added components that will be used in the experiment will be gathered by the

researchers. The researchers will gather the rubbers in JamilCres Inc. truck site. An old

tire will be acquired. The rubbers will be cut manually to break them into pieces and turn

them into crumb rubbers. The second added component, papers, will be gathered at San

Beda University - Manila. The researchers will solicit the waste papers of the said school.

The papers will undergo a re-pulping process before making them an added component.

Process in Creating a Prototype

After gathering the materials, the researchers will now proceed to the production

of concrete cinder. In order to incorporate the rubber and paper materials (e.g. newspaper,

old books, etc) the researchers would need to manually crumb the materials. Rubbers

would need to follow specific size; which is 2-3 mm based on the referred study of

Mohamed et al. (2022)

For the combining of materials, various concentrations of raw crumb rubbers and

papers will be mixed using ratio mixing method. We will use six different combinations

for this study. The mixtures then will be put in molds to form a concrete cinder. Then, the

researchers will let them dry and observe the cinders’ reaction after 7, 14, and 28 days of

curing. Once the curing periods are done, the cinders will be subjected to a test in terms

of its compressive strength.

Sample Cement Gravel Sand Water Paper Rubber Total

A(Control) 2000g 4000g 3000g 1000g 0g 0g 10000g

B 2000g 3000g 3000g 1000g 0g 1000g 10000g

 27

C 2000g 3250g 2999.75g 1000g 0.250g 750g 10000g

D 2000g 4500g 2999.5g 1000g 0.500g 500g 10000g

E 2000g 4750g 2999.25g 1000g 0.750g 250g 10000g

F 2000g 4900g 2000g 1000g 1000g 0g 10000g

Table 3.1: Weights(Grams) of the samples

Testing of Compression Strength

In this study, the 18 concrete cinders with various treatments will undergo a

compression-strength machine, UTM Machine, to assess the workability and determine

their compressive strength after many days of curing. According to Sarala et al.,

compressive strength is an important property that gives a clear idea about the

characteristics of concrete.

With ratioed amounts of cement and water, used crumb rubber and papers will be

added in a particular volume of fine aggregates by weight at various grams. To compare

outcomes, a control mixture of cement and fine aggregates without crumb rubber and

without paper aggregates will also be created.

SAMPLE Ratio of crumb rubber and Curing Days Total number of

paper mixture samples
A (Control Group) 0g crumb rubber - 0g papers 7 days 3

14 days
 28

28 days

B 1000g crumber rubber - 0g 7 days 3

papers
14 days

28 days

C 750g crumb rubber - 250g 7 days 3

papers
14 days

28 days

D 500g crumb rubber - 500g 7 days 3

papers
14 days

28 days

E 250g crumb rubber - 750g 7 days 3

papers
14 days

28 days

F 0g crumb rubber - 1000g 7 days 3

papers
14 days

28 days
Table 3.2: Data of the samples to undergo the compression strength test

To carry out the compressive strength testing, the researchers submit a letter of

consent to the Department of Works and Highways (DPWH) asking for permission to

conduct the test, which will take place at the FDC Materials Testing center - Quezon City.

Additionally, the researchers would be able to gather data with the help of this test.

Statistical Treatment

The one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) will be utilized as a statistical

method for the investigation; however, there are no volunteers needed for this study;
 29

rather, the researchers will need correct data from an experiment they completed.

ANOVA is a method for figuring out the means of three or more independent, unrelated

groups, to elaborate.

Data Analysis

When the experiment is done, the sample with the highest compressive strength

should meet the minimum standards of a commercially used concrete cinder. With the

right ratio and mixture, paper can be an added component to concrete, Bukhari et al.

(2016). On the other hand, with the right ratio and mixture also, crumb rubber should not

be a problem in adding it to a concrete, meeting the minimum standards of a

commercially used concrete cinder, Kulinski et al. (2019).

This research will be using a table in collecting data, in order to properly organize

and analyze the results, to also look at the optimal ratio of the crumb rubbers and papers

and other ingredients that meets the minimum standards of a commercially used concrete

cinder.

According to D. Slutsky (2014) tables are used to arrange information that is too

complex or intricate to properly convey in the text, allowing the reader to see the

outcomes right away. They can be used to draw attention to trends or patterns in the data

and to improve the readability of a publication by excluding text-based numerical

information. This will explain further.

 30

Trial and Formulas: Using compressive testing

Compressive Test Results (psi)

CHB Mixture on Curing Days Mean
28 Days 14 Days 7 Days

Paper 0gsm and Rubber 0gsm (Commercial) -- -- -- --

Paper 0gsm and Rubber 1000gsm -- -- -- --

Paper 250gsm and Rubber 750gsm -- -- -- --

Paper 500gsm and Rubber 500gsm -- -- -- --

Paper 750gsm and Rubber 250gsm -- -- -- --

Paper 1000gsm and Rubber 0gsm -- -- -- --

Table 3.2 A table for the summary of all the Compressive Strength Testing

Ethical Considerations

While conducting the study, the researchers have considered significant ethical

considerations. No one will be affected or harmed during the experiment as there are no

participants, therefore, no humans or animals will be involved. The experiment in this

research will be carried out professionally. Manipulation of gathered scientific data that

may result in false theories being developed and examined is not authorized in this

research paper. The prototype that will be manufactured for this research project is not

the researchers' original concept. The researchers were inspired by a few existing studies

and investigations, and the concept that the researchers had will be improved and

developed.
 31

CHAPTER IV:

DATA ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION

This chapter presents the analysis and interpretation of data on the durability of

concrete cinders with different mixtures of crumb rubber and papers using compressive
 32

tests. For clarity, the discussions are arranged based on the questions posted in Chapter

1.

The researchers gathered data for 28 days to get accurate and exact data for the

research. The results showed different Compressive Strengths in PSI, and depends on the

day of curing. The data collected is as follows:

Concrete Cinder : Control Compressive Strength (psi)

A1 (28 Days) 154

A2 (14 Days) 219

A3 (7 Days) 150
Table 4.1: A result from the Compressive Strength Test of Concrete Cinder: Control

The Researchers used three Controlled Samples with different curing days of

Concrete Cinder to measure and compare the other samples with a commercially used

Concrete Cinder. This is to know whether or not the other samples are comparable or

better than a commercially used concrete cinder (Control).

Furthermore, the results showed that A2 Concrete Cinder, which was cured for 14

days, is the strongest among the three samples. Followed by it is the A1, cured for 28

days, and A3, cured for 7 Days.

Concrete Cinder: 1000g Rubber, 0g Compressive Strength (psi)

Paper

B1 (28 Days) 91

B2 ( 14 Days) 216
 33

B3 (7 days) 112
Table 4.2: A result from the Compressive Strength Test of Concrete Cinder: (1000g)
Rubber

Three samples of concrete cinder with 1000g of crumb rubber and 0g of paper

were made on different curing days. Results showed that B2 or the 14-day cured sample

got the highest psi with 216 psi in terms of compressive strength. Followed by B3, which

was cured for 7 days, with 112 psi. While, the 28-day sample (B1) obtained the lowest

pressure with 91 psi.

Concrete Cinder: .250g Paper, 750g Compressive Strength (psi)

Rubber

C1 (28 Days) 65

C2 (14 Days) 247

C3 (7 Days) 125
Table 4.3: A result from the Compressive Strength Test of Concrete Cinder: (.0250g)
Paper and 750g Rubber

A total of three concrete cinder samples were prepared on different curing days

with an amount of 750g of crumb rubber and 0.25g of paper. As shown in the results, the

sample which was cured for 14 days (C2) got 247 psi; the highest psi among the three.

Next was C3, which was cured for 7 days with 125 psi. The sample of 28 days (C1) had

the lowest of all the three samples at 65 psi.

Concrete Cinder: .500g Paper, 500g Compressive Strength (psi)

Rubber

D1 (28 Days) 43
 34

D2 (14 Days) 65

D3 (7 Days) 173
Table 4.4: A result from the Compressive Strength Test of Concrete Cinder: (0.500g)
Paper and 500g Rubber

In the table above, results are presented for three samples of concrete cinder with

0.50g of paper and 500g of crumb rubber at different curing days that underwent

compressive strength tests. Based on the results, D3 (7 days) achieved the highest

strength with 173 psi. This was followed by D2, which was cured for 14 days with 65

psi. As for the 28-day sample (D1), it ended up with only 43 psi, the lowest of the

three.

Concrete Cinder: .750g Paper, 250g Compressive Strength (psi)

Rubber

E1 (28 Days) 25

E2 (14 Days) 152

E3 (7 Days) 195
Table 4.5: A result from the Compressive Strength Test of Concrete Cinder: (0.75g)
Paper and (250g) Rubber

The table shows the result for the compressive strength of the concrete cinder

with a mixture of 0.75g of paper and 250 g of rubber on different curing days. The

shortest period of curing (7 days, E1) garnered a greater amount of compressive strength

(195 psi) than the second sample, E2 (14 days), which had 152 psi, and E1 (28 days),

which had the lowest total of compressive strength (25 psi).

Concrete Cinder: 1000g Paper, 0g Compressive Strength (psi)

Rubber
 35

F1 (28 Days) 40

F2 (14 Days) 245

F3 (7 Days) 116
Table 4.6: A result from the Compressive Strength Test of Concrete Cinder: (1000g)
Paper and (0g) Rubber

Three samples of concrete cinder made from 1000 grams of paper were tested to

measure the sample’s compressive strength. Each sample has different curing days: F1

(28 days), F2 (14 days), and F3 (7 days). The result indicated that F2 (14 days) acquired

the highest compressive strength of 245 psi, followed by F3 (7 days) with 116 psi, and F3

(7 days) with a compressive strength of 40 psi, which is the lowest amongst all samples.

95% Confidence
Std. Interval for Mean
CHB Mixture N Mean Std. Error Variance Median Min. Max. Range Skewness
Deviation
Lower Upper
Bound Bound

Paper 0gsm and

150.0 219.0
Rubber 0gsm 3 174.3333 38.73414 22.36316 1500.333 154.0000 78.1124 270.5543 69.00 1.711
(Commercial) 0 0
 36

Paper 0gsm and 216.0

3 139.6667 66.93529 38.64511 4480.333 112.0000 -26.6098 305.9432 91.00 125.00 1.542
Rubber 1000gsm 0

Paper 0.250gsm
247.0
and Rubber 3 145.6667 92.74337 53.54541 8601.333 125.0000 -84.7206 376.0540 65.00 182.00 .953
0
750gsm

Paper 0.500gsm
173.0
and Rubber 3 93.3333 69.78777 40.29199 4870.333 64.0000 -80.0291 266.6958 43.00 130.00 1.557
0
500gsm

Paper 0.750gsm
192.0
and Rubber 3 123.0000 87.19518 50.34216 7603.000 152.0000 -93.6048 339.6048 25.00 167.00 -1.331
0
250gsm

Paper 1000gsm 103.6355 10740.33 245.0

3 133.6667 59.83403 116.0000 -123.7784 391.1117 40.00 205.00 .745
and Rubber 0gsm 8 3 0

Table 4.7 : (ANOVA Table: Descriptive comparison between mixtures of crumb rubber
and paper additives)

Based on the statistical data gathered during the compression strength test, the

researchers were able to draw conclusions from the data. For each group, the mean was

calculated by identifying its lower and upper bounds and determining its standard

deviation. According to this table, the compressive strength tests of the commercially

used concrete cinders showed 174 psi, followed by 250 gsm of paper and 750 gsm of

crumb rubber with 145 psi, while the concrete cinder with 1000 gsm of rubber achieved

139 psi, the cinder with 1000 gsm of papers achieved 134 psi, the structural cinder with

750 gs of papers and 250gsm of rubber reached 123 psi. Lastly, a cinder with 500gsm of

both crumb rubbers and papers had the lowest compression strength of 93 psi.

1. On how durable are commercial concrete cinders and different concrete cinders with

mixture of crumb rubber and papers when tested for compression: (a) Paper 0 gsm and

Rubber 0 gsm - Commercial; (b) Paper 0 gsm and Rubber 1000 gsm ; (c) Paper 0.25
 37

gsm and Rubber 750 gsm ; (d) Paper 0.50 gsm and Rubber 500 gsm ; (e) Paper 0.75

gsm and Rubber 250 gsm ; and (f) Paper 1000 gsm and Rubber 0 gsm.

Figure 4.1: Bar Graph of Mean Durability of Concrete Cinders Mixture of Crumb

Rubber Using the Compressive Test on Curing Days

Compressive Test Results (psi)

CHB Mixture on Curing Days Mean
28 Days 14 Days 7 Days

Paper 0gsm and Rubber 0gsm (Commercial) 154 219 150 174.33
 38

Paper 0gsm and Rubber 1000gsm 91 216 112 139.67

Paper 250gsm and Rubber 750gsm 65 247 125 145.67

Paper 500gsm and Rubber 500gsm 43 64 173 93.33

Paper 750gsm and Rubber 250gsm 25 152 192 123.00

Paper 1000gsm and Rubber 0gsm 40 245 116 100.25

Table 4.7: Durability of Commercial Concrete Cinders and Concrete Cinders with
Mixture of Crumb Rubber and Papers Using the Compressive Test on Curing Days

The figure 4.1 as supplement on the table 4.7 shows the compressive test results

(in psi) on curing days of 28 days, 14 days, and 7 days of different CHB Mixture. The

mean of compressive test results on curing days are as follows: (a) commercial concrete

cinders got a mean of 174.33 psi; (b) the concrete cinders with mixture of 1000gsm

crumb rubber got a mean of 139.67 psi; (c) the concrete cinders with mixture of 250 gsm

of paper and 750 gsm of crumb rubber got a mean of 145.67 psi ; (d) the concrete cinders

with mixture of 500 of gsm paper and 500 gsm of crumb rubber got a mean of 93.33 psi;

(e) the concrete cinders with a mixture of 750 gsm of paper and 250 gsm of crumb rubber

got a mean of 123.00 psi; and (f) the concrete cinders with a mixture of 1000 gsm of

paper got a mean of 100.25 psi. The highest mean compressive results psi obtained by the

commercial concrete cinders, while, the lowest psi obtained by the concrete cinders with

a mixture of 500 gsm of paper and 500 gsm of crumb rubber.

The data also reveals the lowest recorded compressive results on the following

curing days: (a) on 28 days obtained by concrete cinders with mixture of 750 gsm of

paper and 250 gsm of crumb rubber with 25 psi; (b) on 14 days obtained by concrete

cinders with mixture of 500 gsm of paper and 500 gsm of crumb rubber with 54 psi; and
 39

(c) on 7 days obtained by concrete cinders with mixture of 1000 gsm of crumb rubber

with 112 psi.

The data results also recorded the highest durability results on the following

curing days: (a) on 28 days obtained by commercial concrete cinders with 154 psi; (b) on

14 days obtained by concrete cinders with mixture of 250 gsm of paper and 750 gsm of

crumb rubber with 247 psi; and (c) on 7 days obtained by concrete cinders with mixture

of 750 gsm of paper and 250 gsm of crumb rubber with 192 psi.

2. On significant difference among commercial concrete cinders and different

concrete cinders with mixture of crumb rubber and papers on the durability when tested

for compression.

Sum of Mean Verbal

df F p Decision
Squares Square Interpretation

Between
10693.611 5 2138.722
Groups
Failed to No
Within 0.340 0.879 Reject Significant
75591.333 12 6299.278
Groups Ho Difference

Total 86284.944 17

Table 4.8: Test of Significant Difference Among Commercial Concrete Cinders and
Different Concrete Cinders with Mixture of Crumb Rubber and Papers on the Durability
when Tested for Compression (psi Results)

The table shows the test of significance among different mixtures of concrete

cinders using One-way ANOVA with a p-value of 0.879 that is greater than the alpha

value of 0.05, thus, the null hypothesis was not rejected, indicating that the mixtures do

not differ significantly. This result is consistent with the findings of Mohamed et al.
 40

(2020) who found out that adding crumb rubbers to concrete can be used as an added

component but the effect it gives to the compressive strength of concrete is not that big as

compared to the papers wherein this does not inherently imply that the integration of

these materials is not advantageous in other ways, such as enhancing the durability and

sustainability of the concrete. To thoroughly comprehend the effects of these additives on

concrete properties, additional research and analysis may be necessary. In addition, the

study revealed that adding paper to concrete can considerably increase its compressive

and flexural strengths. This result is corroborated by previous research, such as that of

Solahuddin and Yahaya (2021), who discovered that paper waste can be used as an

additive to enhance the mechanical properties of concrete.With these results, it is safe to

imply that both additives neutralize and balance each other out, resulting in the same

durability as the commercially used concrete cinder.

On the basis of the results of the One-way ANOVA test and previous research, it

can be concluded that using pulverized rubber and paper refuse as additives in concrete

cinders can produce the same level of durability as commercially available concrete

cinders. This discovery is significant in terms of sustainability because it provides a

method for reusing refuse materials and minimizing their environmental impact.

This means that there is not enough evidence to support the claim that there is a

significant difference between commercial concrete cinders and among different mixtures

of concrete cinders. In effect, it is safe to claim that the added component of papers and

crumb rubber in concrete cinders have the same durability using the compressive test (in

psi) as the commercial concrete cinders.

 41

Indeed, the use of repurposed materials, such as paper and rubber dust, in the

production of concrete cinders not only provides an environmentally sustainable solution

for waste disposal, but also offers a number of benefits. Adding papers and rubber

fragments to concrete cinders, for instance, can increase their impact resistance, decrease

their thermal conductivity, and improve their insulation properties (Ramesh, et al.,2017).

Furthermore, the use of these materials can result in cost savings because they are readily

available and relatively less expensive than conventional materials. Incorporating waste

materials into construction materials, such as concrete cinders, can also contribute to a

circular economy, which seeks to reduce waste production and encourage resource

conservation. By reusing materials such as paper and tyres, waste can be diverted from

landfills, thereby decreasing environmental impact and enhancing sustainability.

CHAPTER V:

SUMMARY OF FINDINGS, CONCLUSION, AND RECOMMENDATION

 42

This chapter presents the summary of findings, conclusions, and

recommendations. The researchers investigate the durability of concrete cinders with

different mixtures of crumb rubber and papers using a compressive test.

Summary of Findings

The findings from the data which had undergone statistical treatment to the

following statements:

1. On how durable are commercial concrete cinders and different concrete cinders with

mixture of crumb rubber and papers when tested for compression.

(a) commercial concrete cinders have a mean of 174.33 psi.

(b) the concrete cinders with a mixture of 1000gsm crumb rubber got a mean of

139.67 psi.

(c) the concrete cinders with a mixture of 250 gsm of paper and 750 gsm of crumb

rubber got a mean of 145.67 psi.

(d) the concrete cinders with a mixture of 500 gsm paper and 500 gsm of crumb

rubber got a mean of 93.33 psi.

(e) the concrete cinders with a mixture of 750 gsm of paper and 250 gsm of crumb

rubber got a mean of 123.00 psi.

(f) the concrete cinders with a mixture of 1000 gsm of paper got a mean of 100.25 psi.

The study examined the durability of concrete cinders with papers and crumb

rubbers as added components when tested for compression. Commercial concrete

cinders were compared to concrete cinders mixed with varying amounts of crumb

rubber and paper. The results showed that the commercial concrete cinders had a mean
 43

compression strength of 174.33 psi. The concrete cinders with 1000gsm of crumb

rubber had a lower mean compression strength of 139.67 psi. The concrete cinders

with 250 gsm of paper and 750 gsm of crumb rubber had a mean compression strength

of 145.67 psi, while the concrete cinders with 500 gsm of paper and 500 gsm of crumb

rubber had a significantly lower mean compressive strength of 93.33 psi. The concrete

cinders with 750 gsm of paper and 250 gsm of crumb rubber had a mean compression

strength of 123.00 psi, while the concrete cinders with 1000 gsm of paper had a mean

compression strength of 100.25 psi. Overall, these results suggest that the addition of

crumb rubber and paper to concrete cinders can affect their compression strength, with

higher amounts of paper resulting in lower strength. Cabahug et al. (2016) conducted a

study on concrete hollow blocks (CHB) integrated with crumb rubber at varying

proportions and found that as the percentage of crumb rubber aggregates increased, the

compressive strengths of the CHB decreased. This finding aligns with the lower mean

compressive strength of the concrete cinders with crumb rubbers observed in the

study.
 44

2. On significant difference among commercial concrete cinders and different concrete

cinders with mixture of crumb rubber and papers on the durability when tested for

compression.

The computed One-way ANOVA test of significance among different mixtures of

concrete cinders with a p-value of 0.879 that is greater than the alpha value of

0.05, thus, the null hypothesis is failed to reject.

The study shows that There is no significant difference among commercial

concrete cinders and different concrete cinders with a mixture of crumb rubber and

papers on the durability when tested for compression. Both commercial concrete cinders

and a concrete cinder that are integrated with crumb rubber and paper have the same

durability.

Conclusion

Based on the findings, the following conclusions are drawn:

1. On how durable are commercial concrete cinders and different concrete cinders with

mixture of crumb rubber and papers when tested for compression.

(a) The highest mean compressive results psi obtained by the commercial concrete

cinders, while, the lowest psi obtained by the concrete cinders with a mixture of

500 gsm of paper and 500 gsm of crumb rubber.

(b) The highest compressive result recorded is on 14 curing days obtained by concrete

cinders with mixture of 250 gsm of paper and 750 gsm of crumb rubber, while, the

lowest recorded compressive result is on 28 curing days obtained by concrete

cinders with mixture of 750 gsm of paper and 250 gsm of crumb rubber.
 45

2. On significant difference among commercial concrete cinders and different concrete

cinders with mixture of crumb rubber and papers on the durability when tested for

compression.

According to the data shown by the study: there is not enough evidence to support

the claim that there is a significant difference between commercial concrete cinders

and among different mixtures of concrete cinders. In effect, the added component of

papers and crumb rubber in concrete cinders have the same durability using the

compressive test (in psi) as the commercial concrete cinders.

Recommendations

To make the results more accurate and feasible, the researchers highly recommend

the use of ACI(American Concrete Institute) Mixing method in making the prototype. By

doing so, the prototype will have a more accurate approach since the ACI mixing method

will be focusing on its water-cement ratio. According to an engineering site, Pavement

Interactive, The intended compressive strength serves as the basis for the ACI method's

selection of the water-cement ratio, which is subsequently used to determine the

necessary cement content.

 46

References:

ACI Mix Design – Pavement Interactive. (n.d.).

https://pavementinteractive.org/reference-desk/design/mix-design/aci-mix-design/
Bhandari, P. (2020). What Is Quantitative Research? | Definition, Uses & Methods.
Retrieved 5 February 2023, from
https://www.scribbr.com/methodology/quantitative-research/
Birhane, S., Mesfin, M., & Koshe, W. (2017). Experimental study on some mechanical

properties of papercrete concrete. Adv. Mater, 6(1), 1-6.

Cabahug, R. R., Bacol, J. L., Lagutin, P. S., Luniza, L. B., Mamon , G. H. & Pilapil, P. G..

(2016). Crumb Rubber Tire as Partial Replacement for Fine Aggregates in

Concrete Hollow Blocks. Mindanao Journal of Science and Technology, 14(1).

Retrieved from http://ejournals.ph/form/cite.php?id=12585

Deloney, M. L. (2021, October 26). Hollow block: Advantages & disadvantages of

hollow block: Hollow Concrete Block Size: Application of Hollow Block.

CivilJungle. from https://civiljungle.com/hollow-block/

EcoTyre Waste Management Inc. (n.d.). End of Life Tires are still recyclable! | EcoTyre

Waste Management Inc. http://ecotyre.com.ph/2022/03/end-of-life-tires/

Kiprop, J. (2018, November 20). How many trees does it take to make 1 ton of paper?

WorldAtlas.

https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/how-many-trees-does-it-take-to-make-1-ton-

of-paper.html

Lijun Yang, Shanqing Li, (2019). "Analysis of the Effect of Substitution Rate on the
Mechanical Properties of Recycled Concrete Hollow Block", Advances in
Materials Science and Engineering, vol. 2019, Article ID 7546376, 12 pages,
2019. https://doi.org/10.1155/2019/7546376
 47

Liu, H., Wang, X., Jiao, Y., & Sha, T. (2016). Experimental Investigation of the

Mechanical and Durability Properties of Crumb Rubber Concrete. Materials

(Basel, Switzerland), 9(3), 172. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma9030172

Meng, Y., Ling, T.-C., & Mo, K. H. (2018, August 11). Recycling of wastes for

value-added applications in concrete blocks: An overview. Resources,

Conservation and Recycling.

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0921344918302805?fbclid

=IwAR29kNmpOmNx0E65MKmX1waYYBqHOsK8RrEP2fONFVUB2_9Ddoc

89ddDQgY

Mohamed Amin, M. A., Mohd Zuki, S. S., Shahidan, S., Ghadzali, N. S., Mohamed

Nazri, F., Abdul Rahim, M., Mohammad Azmi, M. A., & Ibrahim, M. H. (2022).

Mechanical behavior of concrete containing crumb rubber as partial fine

aggregates replacement. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental

Science, 1022(1), 012043. https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1022/1/012043

Okeyinka, O. M. (2016, January 1). THE APPLICABILITY OF RECYCLED WASTE

PAPER AS LIGHTWEIGHT BUILDING MATERIALS. CORE.

https://core.ac.uk/outputs/82961060

Pavlu, T, Fortova, K, Divis, J, & Hajek, P (2019). The utilization of recycled masonry

aggregate and recycled EPS for concrete blocks for mortarless masonry.

Materials, mdpi.com, https://www.mdpi.com/479756

Pawliszyn, J. (2012). Comprehensive Sampling and Sample Preparation. ISBN:

978-0-12-381374-9
 48

Raoelivololona, T. (2020). Paper recycling for the making of constructions materials |

MATEC Web of Conferences.

https://www.matec-conferences.org/articles/matecconf/abs/2020/03/matecconf_ic

ome2017-2018_01041/matecconf_icome2017-2018_01041.html

Ramesh, M., Palanikumar, K., & Reddy, K. R. (2017). Plant fiber based bio-composites:

Sustainable and renewable green materials. Renewable & Sustainable Energy

Reviews, 79, 558–584.

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S136403211730730X?via%3d Ihub

Senthil Vadivel, T., Doddurani, M., & Thenmozhi, R. (2013, November). Experimental

Study On Crumb Rubber Hollow Concrete Block. ResearchGate.

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/325041671_Experimental_Study_On_C

rumb_Rubber_Hollow_Concrete_Block

Sodupe-Ortega, E., Fraile-Garcia, E., Ferreiro-Cabello, J., & Sanz-Garcia, A. (2016).

Evaluation of crumb rubber as aggregate for automated manufacturing of

rubberized long hollow blocks and bricks. Construction and Building Materials,

106, 305–316. doi:10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2015.12.131

Subject and Course Guides: Quantitative and Qualitative Research: What is

Quantitative Research? (n.d.).

https://libguides.uta.edu/quantitative_and_qualitative_research/quant

Surendran, A. (2018, July 6). Quantitative Observation: Definition,

Characteristics and Examples. QuestionPro.

https://www.questionpro.com/blog/quantitative-observation/

https://www.thenbs.com/knowledge/what-is-papercrete
 49

Syed, K. B., Yousuf, M., & Ayaz, M. D. (2016). A Study of Papercrete towards Building
Sustainable and Resilient Infrastructure. I-Manager's Journal on Structural
Engineering, 5(2), 27-31.
http://ezproxy.usc.edu.ph/login?url=https://www.proquest.com/scholarly-journals/
study-papercrete-towards-building-sustainable/docview/1839452664/se-2
What is papercrete? (2017, July 12). NBS.

IOP Conf. Series: Materials Science and Engineering 327 (2018) 032034

doi:10.1088/1757-899X/327/3/032034

https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1757-899X/327/3/032034/pdf

Thermal Conductivity — An Overview - Thermtest. (2018, November 13). Medium.

https://medium.com/@thermtest/thermal-conductivity-an-overview-384ce872aec0

The purpose and function of insulation. Attic Insulation Houston - Ultimate Radiant

Barrier & Insulation Houston, TX. (n.d.).

https://www.ultimateradiantbarrier.com/the-purpose-and-function-of-insulation/

Uma, SG, Muthulakshmi, S, & Hemalatha, G (2021). Study on light weight concrete using

steel cinders. Materials Today: Proceedings, Elsevier,

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2214785321010993

What Is Sustainable Development? (2022, March 7). Monash Sustainable Development

Institute. https://www.monash.edu/msdi/about/sustainable-development/what-is-it

Yang, L., & Li, S. (2019). Analysis of the Effect of Substitution Rate on the Mechanical

Properties of Recycled Concrete Hollow Block. Advances in Materials Science

and Engineering, 2019, Article ID 546376, 12 pages,

https://doi.org/10.1155/2019/7546376
 50

APPENDICES

APPENDIX A: LETTERS AND CERTIFICATIONS

51
 52

APPENDIX B: DOCUMENTATION

MATERIALS:

Crumb Rubbers

Papers
 53

Papers
 54

PROTOTYPE MAKING:
55
 56

DATA GATHERING:
 57

APPENDIX C: RESULTS
58
59
60
61
62
 63

Appendix D: Bionotes

Ms. Mary Charlotte A. Gubaton is a science, technology, engineering, and mathematics

student. She finished her elementary studies at the National College of Business and Arts
in 2017. In 2018, he continued his junior high school studies at the National College of
Business and Arts. She is a Grade 12 senior high school student at San Beda University
in Manila, taking up the STEM strand.
 64

Mr. Arleigh Cruz Javaluyas, Jr. is a Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics
student. He finished his Elementary studies at Holy Rosary Colleges Foundation in the
year 2017. In the same year, he went to Maria Assumpta Seminary as a Seminarian and a
Junior High school student. In 2018, he continued his Junior High school studies in Lasal
Tech Inc. As of writing, he is a grade 12, Senior High School student in San Beda
University - Manila, taking up STEM strand. On 2019, his Science Investigatory Project
entitled: “Mini GreenHouse”, won TOP 10 and TOP 20 for the whole school.
 65

Ms. Arwyn Bernadette Pahilga, born on October 31, 2003, is a current Senior High
School STEM student from San Beda University-Manila. She graduated Junior High
School at Navotas National Science High School with high honors. In 2019, she and her
team garnered 2nd place in the Innovation category for the Division Science and
Technology Fair with their study entitled “Cytotoxicity Assay and Adhesion Strength of
an Improvised Enhanced Metal Coating from Rotten Egg and Vinegar”. She plans to
pursue a BS in Aircraft Maintenance Technology before Flying School.
 66

Mr. Jamil Cres Paligutan is a Grade 12 Senior High School student at San Beda
University, which is well-known for its excellence and competence. With an eye to the
future, he is now looking into their educational options and considering pursuing a degree
in civil engineering.
 67

Mr. Jericho Suaverdez graduated from Junior High School at St. Paul University Quezon
City in 2020, and he received a silver loyalty award for studying there for 10 years. He
consistently maintained good grades throughout his junior high school years and was part
of the robotics group during 9th grade. In 7th grade, he received a certificate for his
project during National Language Month. Mr. Jericho Suaverdez is also a student athlete
who represents the school during taekwondo competitions, and he has brought pride to
St. Paul by winning 10 gold medals, 12 silver medals, and 4 bronze medals. Currently,
Jericho Suaverdez is studying at San Beda University Manila, and he is currently in 12th
grade. He has been awarded 'with honors' with an average grade of 90.2.