1

BIKING AND THE PERCEIVED STRESS OF SELECTED BIKERS

WITHIN SANTA CRUZ, LAGUNA

A Research
Presented to
The Faculty of College of Teacher Education - Senior High School
Department
LAGUNA STATE POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY
Sta. Cruz Campus
Sta. Cruz, Laguna

In Partial Fulfilment
of the Requirements for Senior High School
SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY, ENGINEERING, AND MATHEMATICS

COLLADO, JAZMINE FAITH D.

DELACRUZ, ALYSSA R.
TORRES, JILL MAY R.
VALDERAMA, KAYE P.
January 2021
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Republic of the Philippines

Laguna State Polytechnic University
Province of Laguna
SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL

APPROVAL SHEET

This research entitled “BIKING AND THE PERCEIVED STRESS OF

SELECTED BIKERS WITHIN SANTA CRUZ, LAGUNA”, prepared and
submitted by COLLADO, JAZMINE FAITH, DELA CRUZ, ALYSSA, TORRES,
JILLMAY, VALDERAMA,KAYE. In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the
Senior High School with the Strand of SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY,
ENGINEERING AND MATHEMATICS is hereby recommended for acceptance
and approval.

JGENCE JOELLE F. PARCON

Adviser

PANEL OF EXAMINERS

Approved and accepted by the committee on Oral Examination with a

grade of __ 91___.

RAY SAMUEL G. GRECALDA, Ed. D.

Chairman

RICA JANE E. COPIAN DARREL P. RESIPEDA

Member Member

DIANNE BERNADETTE S. PANTE

Member

Accepted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the SENIOR HIGH

SCHOOL with the STRAND of SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY, ENGINEERING AND
MATHEMATICS at the Laguna State Polytechnic University, Santa Cruz Main
Campus, Santa Cruz, Laguna

SHS-079-2021
______________________ SARAH JANINE U. ESGUERRA
Research Contribution No. Senior High School, Research Coordinator
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

The researchers would like to extend their deepest and sincerest

gratitude to all the people who helped in any manner, who have shared their

effort and knowledge in order to make this research study a reality.

To, Hon. Mario R. Briones, the University President of Laguna State

Polytechnic University, for his support to conduct this study.

To, Dr. Florhaida V. Pamatmat, Dean of College of Teacher Education

and Graduate Studies for the encouragement to boost the confidence of the

researcher during the entire study;

Dr. Ray Samuel G. Grecalda, for imparting his knowledge to the

researchers which furthered the research into realization and for the approval

of the letters.

We would like to express our sincere gratitude to our Research

Adviser, Mr. Jgence Joelle Parcon, for the continuous support in completing

our research study. For all the patience, motivation, suggestions, knowledge

and guidance in making this research a success.

We also would like to give our deepest gratitude especially to our

panelist. To our Statistician, Mr. Darrel P. Rasipeda, to our Subject Specialist,

Ms. Rica Jane E. Copian, to our Language Critique, Ms. Dianne Bernadette

S. Pante and to our Research Coordinator Ms. Sarah Janine U. Esguerra,

who is the key person in the completion of this research study. The

researchers sincerely thank them for their expertise and would like to thank

you for your time in providing suggestions and encouragement to allow us to

obtain the necessary information we need to make this study possible.

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To our Respondents who took part in this study, the researchers would

like to thank everyone for their time and cooperation in answering the survey.

To the researcher’s friends and family, for their moral encouragement,

assistance as well as their spiritual support in every path the researchers

take.

Finally, to our Almighty God, for providing us with the wisdom, strength,

support and knowledge we needed in exploring things, for the guidance in

helping surpass all the trials that we encountered and for giving us the

determination to pursue our study and to make this study possible.

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Dedication

This research paper is wholeheartedly dedicated to the researcher’s

families, who served as a source of inspiration, and gave them strength when

they were on the thought of giving up. Who are constantly providing moral and

spiritual support in completion of this piece of work.

To our research adviser and panelists, who assisted and guided them

to make a final output as well as to our friends and classmates who shared

their words of advice and encouragement in order for us to complete this

research paper.

Above all, we dedicated this research paper to ALMIGHTY GOD. We

thank you for your guidance, strength, and skills in allowing us to complete

our research and supporting them through their final work. All of these, we

offer to you.

J.F.D.C

A.R.D

J.M.R.T.

K.P.V
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ABSTRACT

Perceived stress is the feelings or thoughts that an individual has about

how much stress they are under at a given point in time and it turns out a

routine in an individual’s life due to the various internal and external

expectations placed upon their shoulders. It therefore becomes imperative to

understand if a strategy like biking has an impact and relationship with

perceived stress. A total of 50 individuals participated in the study. Perceived

stress scales were used in this study.

Results indicated that there is no significant relationship between

Biking and the Perceived Stress of Selected Bikers within Santa Cruz Laguna.

The Level of perceived stress is interpreted as Highly Stressed and

implications of the present study and future research suggestions are

discussed.
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TABLE OF CONTENTS

Preliminaries Page

TITLE PAGE ………………………………………………………………... I

APPROVAL SHEET ………………………………………………………. II

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT……………………………………………………. III

DEDICATION ………………………………………………………………. V

ABSTRACT …………………………………………………………………. VI

TABLE OF CONTENTS …………………………………………………... VII

LIST OF TABLES…………………………………………………………… IX

LIST OF FIGURES …………………………………………………………. X

CHAPTER

1 THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND

Introduction ………………………………………………………. 1

Background of the Study ………………………………………... 2

Theoretical Framework …………………………………………. 4

Conceptual Framework …………………………………………. 5

Statement of the Problem ………………………………………... 6

Research Hypothesis ............................................................ 6

Significance of the Study ………………………………………... 7

Scope and Limitations of the Study ........................................ 7

Definition of Terms ………………………………………………. 7

2 REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES

Related Literature…………………………………………............. 9

Related Studies……………………………………………………… 18

3 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
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Research Design ……………………………………………......... 25

Respondents of the Study ………………………………............. 25

Research Procedure ………………………………….………...… 26

Research Instruments …………………………………………. 26

Statistical Treatment of Data ….………………………………. 26

4 PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION OF

DATA …………………………………………………………………. 28

5 SUMMARY OF FINDINGS, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS

Summary and Findings …………………………………………. 34

Conclusions ………………………………………………………. 35

Recommendations ………………………………………………. 35

BIBLIOGRAPHY ……………………………………………………............ 37

APPENDICES

A Letter of Approval ………………………………………… 43

B Research Instrument ………………………………….…… 45

C Data Matrix …………………………………………………... 48

CURRICULUM VITAE ………………………………………………………. 49

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LIST OF TABLES

Table Page

1 Table 4: Mean Level of Perceived Stress of Selected Bikers 30

within Santa Cruz Laguna

2 Test of Effect of Biking and the Perceived Stress on the 32

Respondents
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LIST OF FIGURES

Figure Page

1 Research Paradigm of the study 10

2 Biking in terms of Frequency 28

3 Biking in terms of Distance Travelled 29

4 Biking in terms of Purpose 29

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Chapter 1

The Problem and its Background

Introduction

This study is about the effects of biking towards the stress of selected

respondents and to update the evidence on the health benefits of cycling. The

word ‘stress' brings thoughts such as increased rates of depression, anxiety,

cardiovascular disease, and other potentially life-threatening issues to one's

mind. Oftentimes people who are busy at work or even schools are more

prone to it. Busy schedules crammed with studies and activities can take a toll

on a student and professional's physical and mental health

problems.Perceived stress is a global and comprehensive stress construct

that refers to the interaction between the individual and the environment in the

presence of a stressor. The perception of an event as being stressful can

result in a range of physiological, behavioural and psychological changes, and

can lead to cardiovascular disease, increased negative affect, lowered

self-esteem and lowered feelings of control. Hence, it is possible that mental

health outcomes such as anxiety disorders and depression can be

manifestations of chronic, perceived stress.

Cycling as a means for day-to-day travel has gained attention from the

transport and environmental sectors for a number of advantages over

motorized travel. More recently, the health sector has begun to embrace

cycling for its potential to increase physical activity levels in children and

adults. And, at the same time, the previous research that found cyclists

perceived their commute as being less stressful than those who travelled by
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car. Cycling has been shown to be a low-cost mode of transportation as well

as a good form of physical activity.

The researchers believe that this research will contribute to the people

who love biking, especially today in the midst of a pandemic. Also, the

purpose of this study is to find out if there is a significant relationship between

biking and the perceived stress. The main objectives were to ascertain or

identify and examine the specific factors that influence people who undergo

stress to do cycling. The possible limitation of this research is with the sample

size for statistical measurement and time containment in gathering data. The

positive image of cycling.

Background of the Study

The  word ‘stress' brings thoughts such as increased rate of

depression, anxiety, cardiovascular disease, and other potentially

life-threatening issues to one's mind and it is a part of an individuals daily life

including students, professionals and non professionals. Oftentimes people

who are busy at work or even schools are more prone to it. Students face

multiple stressors such as academic overload, constant pressure to succeed,

competition with peers as well as concerns about the future. Stress should not

be considered on its own, but should be associated with potential risk

behaviors leading to onset of substance use and related problems heightened

during the university period (Tavolacci, M. P.,Et al. 2013). Busy schedules

crammed with studies and activities can take a toll on a student and

professionals physical and mental health problems. Men are known to be less

likely to both indicate that they have mental health problems and seek

professional psychological help, unless they are very severely distressed

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(Mackenzie et al., 2006; World Health Organization, 2018). Unsustainable and

damaging coping strategies, often leading to alcohol dependence and drug

misuse, are more common for men (World Health Organization, 2018).

Mental ill-health, especially at the less severe end of the spectrum,

may materialize in ways that do not fit as easily within conventional

approaches to treatment. It is a crucial point that such a large proportion of

our survey participants proactively use mountain biking as a coping strategy.

Adding strength to this is that a slightly larger proportion of males compared

with females claimed they would be depressed if they could no longer engage

in mountain biking; a recognition that mountain biking could be acting as a

substantial protective factor in their lives.

Everyday environmental conditions impact human health. One

mechanism underlying this relationship is the experience of stress but green

outdoor environments like planting, running, walking and cycling have been

found to motivate physical activity and reduce stress levels. Outdoor physical

activity, increased social interaction and it has been cited as a possible

mediating factor in the associations between both physical activity and nature,

with health outcomes serving an overall indirect effect of outdoor physical

activity on health this type of leisure can be stress busting, empowering, and

enjoyable in addition the social interaction can be experienced furthermore

adventurous activities are likely to have lasting benefits to mental health

(Brymer et al., 2010; Ryan et al., 2010; Mitchell, 2013; Martyn and Brymer,

2016). In the context of a society within which most people experiencing

psychological disorders and emotional distress remain both undiagnosed and

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untreated, it is imperative that individuals, in particular those less likely to seek

professional help, find ways to mediate and maintain their own mental health.

Theoretical Framework

This research was based on the study Cycling-related injuries are often

thought to supersede the preventive health benefits. In response to a report

showing increased cycling-related injuries in Australia, Bauman and Rissel

(2009) argued that the cycling-induced benefits for chronic disease

prevention, obesity reduction, and improved mental health are substantial and

that the benefit-to-risk ratio is overwhelmingly positive. Recently, de Hartog et

al. (2010) compared the health benefits against the risks due to traffic

accidents and inhaled air pollution on mortality, when shifting from car to

bicycle in urban commuting. They estimated that the gained life expectancy

due to increased physical activity was many-fold larger (3–14 months gained)

than the lost life expectancy due to increased air pollution (0.8–40 days lost)

and increased traffic accidents (5–9 days lost). As indicated by this brief

overview, there is promising yet limited evidence on cycling-specific health

benefits.

Considering the significant public health in 2008, the US Physical

Activity Guidelines Advisory Committee issued an exhaustive report

summarizing the evidence of health effects of physical activity based on

systematic reviews of hundreds of epidemiological studies (Physical Activity

Guidelines Advisory Committee, 2008). Overall physical activity and leisure

time physical activity have been associated with risk reduction for a number of

diseases and mortality. In addition, various intermediate health indicators,

such as cardiorespiratory fitness, obesity, or biomarkers, show beneficial

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associations with physical activity. Benefits have been observed in the general

population, as well as in children and youth, in the elderly, in different

ethnicities, and in overweight and obese subjects. Table 1 lists the health

outcomes with strong evidence for beneficial associations with physical

activity.

Based on the study of (Kelly et al., 2014; Oja et al., 2011; Saunders,

Green, Petticrew, Steinbach, & Roberts, 2013).effects of cycling have been

conducted. Findings are mostly consistent with effects of overall physical

activity, although inconclusive results are more common, depending on the

health outcome and population studied, and how cycling is The first major

cohort study reporting cycling-specific effect estimates was conducted in

Copenhagen, Denmark (Andersen & Cooper, 2011; Andersen, Schnohr,

Schroll, & Hein, 2000). In a sample of approximately 20 000 study

participants, almost 7000 reported commuting by bike. Adjusted for other

physical activity and various risk factors, cycling to work was associated with

a 28% decrease in all-cause mortality risk. These findings were later

confirmed by Matthews et al. (2007) in a large cohort of Chinese women,

which found a 21% reduction in all-cause mortality for 3.5 hour of cycling per

week, compared to none.

Conceptual Framework

The conceptual framework of this study is presented in the form of a

research paradigm as depicted in the figure 1 below.

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Figure 1: Research Paradigm of the study

Frame 1 shows the independent variables of this study consisting of

frequency (weekly), distance and purpose.

Frame 2 shows the dependent variable which is the perceived stress.

Statement of the Problem

The main purpose of the study was to determine the relationship of

biking to perceived stress.

Specifically, it would answer the following question:

1. How is biking of the respondents described in terms of:

1.1. Frequency,

1.2. Distance, and

1.3. Purpose?

2. What is the level of perceived stress of the respondents?

3. Is there a significant relationship between biking and the perceived

stress of the respondents?

Hypothesis

There is no significant relationship between Biking and the Perceived

Stress of the Selected Respondents within Santa Cruz, Laguna.

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Significance of the Study

The research study aims to focus on bikers. This research intends for

those bikers who became interested during quarantine.

This study will be beneficial to the following:

Bikers. This research intends that Cycling can help to protect you from

serious diseases such as stroke, heart attack, some cancers, depression,

diabetes, obesity and arthritis. Riding a bike is healthy, fun and a low-impact

form of exercise for all ages. And Cycling is easy to fit into your daily routine

by riding to the shops, park, school or work.

Scope and Limitations

The research study will only focus on bikers. Bikers of Santa Cruz,

Laguna are the respondents of this research. Due to lack of time this survey

will not be carried out in other places and respondent response could also

pose a challenge. 

Definition of Terms

The following terms were defined to serve as a guide for the readers to

have a clearer and better understanding of the terms used in this research

study.

Age. Refers to the general population, as well as the children and

youth elderly, and in overweight and obese subjects.

Biking/History Background. This refers to the background of the

bikers that will improve their stress and boost their immune system, physical

and mental health.

Cycling. A very effective and efficient mode of transportation is optimal

for short to moderate distances.

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Distance. Refers to how far the respondents can go while biking.

Educational Attainment. It encourages independence and it will save

you money.

Frequency. This refers to the particular period of time repeated while

biking.

Mental Health. This refers to the less perceived stress, better mental

health, better vitality, and less loneliness.

Perception. This refers to convenience, flexibility and inconvenience

during this pandemic.

Physical Health. Refers to well-being, increased health and fitness.

Reason. How the bikers increased their efforts to promote cycling and

at the same time allow maintaining safe distance from other road users in the

midst of pandemic.

Socio-Economic Status. Refers to an emission free means of

transport bringing numerous environmental benefits in a city. It has a positive

impact on human health and physical activity.

Term. Refers to the bike used for commuting.

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Chapter 2

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES

In this chapter, the researcher discussed the different information from

articles, books, internet and theses which were used as references for the

completion of this thesis. The following are some of the experts and

summaries of articles presented by some local and foreign writers which have

some bearings on the present study.

Related Literature

The following are some of the excerpts and summaries of articles

presented by some local and foreign writers which have some bearings on the

present study.

According to (Berman & Snyder, 2012) state of health and well-being is

not achieved overnight. Health is a continual process through which

individuals develop every aspect of the mind, body and spirit. Stress can

cause a variety of physical symptoms. The American

Psychological Association’s 2010 “Stress in America” report gathered

data about the emotional and physical tolls of stress. Symptoms reported by

Americans included anger, irritability, fatigue, lack of interest, motivation or

energy, headaches, upset stomachs, changes in appetite, and changes in sex

drive (APA, 2010). The survey also reported that as many as nine in ten

adults believe that long term stress can lead to major illnesses including

hypertension, heart disease, obesity, and depression, and as many as 92% of

surveyed adults believe that some types of stress can trigger fatal arrhythmias

and heart attacks in individuals with existing cardiovascular conditions (APA,

2010). Cycling is one of the methods that you can try if you feel that you are
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stressed and according to Garrars et al (2012) cycling has multiple health

benefits, particularly as a form of moderate to vigorous physical activity.

However, a literature review about the impact of transportation infrastructure

on bicycling injuries and crashes indicated that major roads are more

hazardous than minor roads (Reynolds et al., 2009). Some researchers have

wanted to find the connection between road safety and vehicle safety,

provided that bi-directional roads could increase the difficulty of encounters,

as drivers need to search more directions in a short period of time. In addition,

there are signs that, for bi-directional highways, there is a possibility of frontal

collisions between cyclists (Methorst et al., 2017; Schepers et al., 2017).

Roadways and other potential causes that may affect stress on the surface of

the lane. Intersections are dynamic areas where there is a chance for both

riders and vehicles to change directions. Many reports have also suggested a

greater rate of collisions and cycling injury at these sites (Aldred et al., 2018;

Brüde and Larsson, 1993; Miranda Moreno et al., 2011; Wang and Nihan,

2004; Williams, 2015). Although the lack of smoothness will lead to the safety

situation (American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials,

2012) the kind of surface substantially affects the cyclists' comfort because

more vibration results in less comfort for the rider (Olieman et al., 2012).

Concomitant decrease in warmth and protection may be an important cause

of tension when riding. Along the urban roads, bus lanes can lead to

dangerous spots for pedestrians and bicycles, when part or more of the road

is used to patch the road surface or work near the passageways. As a result,

the Government of the Philippines has developed some Construction

Guidelines and Code of Conduct to reduce the negative effects of road work
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activities. Especially relevant to riders, the advice is to include temporary

traffic calming at construction sites, to facilitate the continued growth in cycling

and to encourage the safe use of this form of transport.

According to (F Rajé, A Saffrey - Cycling Embassy, 2016) Searches of

the academic and grey literature were undertaken. These searches centred

on the impacts of cycling at the individual, neighbourhood, town/city, regional

and national levels, with a view to developing an understanding of the benefits

of cycling and the value associated with the mode. The findings of the review

suggest that there is evidence of the value of cycling as a mode of transport.

However, it is less clear what the exact nature of that value would look like:

the valuation and monetization of the complete range of potential benefits of

cycling do not appear to have been widely considered. This is not

unexpected. It is relatively easy to assign financial and economic values to

investment in infrastructure but the monetization of social and individual

impacts is much more challenging. Cycling has been shown to benefit both

the employer and the employee. While it would appear that the benefits in

terms of sick leave are relatively low, the role of cycling facilities for attracting

staff seems to hold great potential. Moreover, the literature suggests that

cycling can assist in meeting strategic goals in diverse areas such as helping

to introduce parity of access to employment opportunities, contribute to retail

and other business vitality, and create vibrant spaces. There is a concern in

the literature that the currently widely-used appraisal methods do not

incorporate the full extent of benefits associated with cycling and this means

that, as the mode competes for funding, it may always be seen as less viable
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than other options. Furthermore, there is little recognition of the disbenefits of

non-cycling modes of transport in current appraisal methods.

Rajé, F., & Saffrey, A. (2016). The value of cycling. Cycling Embassy.

Transport planning remains dominated by models of transport

‘efficiency’, that traditionally treat travel in negative terms as “dead time” that

people seek to minimize (Hannam et al., 2006, p. 12; Jain and Lyons, 2008).

In the last decade we have witnessed the emergence of interest in transport

pleasure within the work of the transport researchers utilizing psychological

theories of travel satisfaction, affect, subjective well-being and life satisfaction

to examine transport experience (Anable and Gatersleben, 2005; Ettema et

al., 2010; Friman et al., 2017). However, this work is still described as ‘in its

infancy’ (Morris and Guerra, 2015, p. 28), and its reliance on quantitative

survey research has resulted in greater attention to the experience of

motorists and public transport users, due to regular difficulties securing

sufficient sample sizes for the active modes in general, and cyclists in

particular (Legrain et al., 2015; Morris and Guerra, 2015). Even where clear

evidence of higher travel satisfaction or enhanced mood amongst cyclists is

shown, these researchers acknowledge lack of understanding around why

this might be occurring. In their recent review of the state of travel satisfaction

research De Vos and Witlox (2017) identify the lack of qualitative research on

the experiences of active transport users in particular as a key reason for this

paucity of knowledge around why cyclists have higher travel satisfaction.

(Aldred, 2015:691). Health researchers have also tended to neglect cycling

enjoyment. The vulnerability of cyclists to injury, abuse and marginalisation

often dominates the cycling research agenda. We acknowledge the critical

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importance of reducing the disproportionate levels of traffic stress (Aldred,

2016), injury and death (Twisk et al., 2017) experienced by cyclists, and note

also that the health gains from active transport, which in almost all populations

are much greater than the injury risks, are unevenly distributed across

sub-groups. For instance, among young adults who already have high levels

of physical activity the additional disease-prevention benefits from cycling may

be less than the acute risks of injury (Woodcock et al., 2014). However

greater attention to and promotion of cycling pleasures is likely to play a key

role in changing the way that cycling is framed, and in rebalancing levels of

‘perceived risk’ in line with actual cycling risk (Götschi et al., 2016). We argue

that research on cycling experience, including our own research with

e-cyclists, provides important insights into the reasons for high mode

satisfaction amongst commuter cyclists.

Recently, policy interest in promoting cycling as a mode of transport

has increased substantially within Europe. Several capitals, such as

Copenhagen, Denmark (in 1995), Helsinki, Finland (2000), Oslo, Norway

(2002), Stockholm, Sweden (2006), Barcelona, Spain (2007), Paris, France

(2007), and Brussels, Belgium (2009), have implemented low-cost rental

systems aimed at stimulating commuters to use bicycles for the typically short

urban trips. “addressing the obesogenic environment to stimulate physical

activity” (Commission of the European Communities 2005). Attitudes and

policies toward active commuting have recently been discussed (Lorenc et al.

2008; Ogilvie et al. 2004). The Transport, Health, and Environment

Pan-European Programme (THE PEP) provides guidance to policy makers

and local professionals on how to stimulate cycling and walking (THE PEP
 14

2009). The promotion of walking and cycling is a promising way to increase

physical activity across the population by integrating it into daily life.

Promoting cycling for health reasons implies that the health benefits of

cycling should outweigh the risks of cycling. Although society may benefit

from a shift from private car use to bicycle use (e.g., reduced air pollution

emission), disadvantages to individuals may occur. Although individuals may

benefit from increased physical activity, at the same time they inhale more

pollutants because of increased breathing rates. The risks of being involved in

traffic accidents may increase, as well as the severity of an accident. A study

in Vancouver, Canada (Marshall et al. 2009), illustrated that, especially in the

city center, high-walkability neighborhoods had high traffic density, leading to

high air pollution concentrations for a traffic-related primary pollutant [nitric

oxide (NO)] but not for a secondary pollutant (ozone). For cycling, similar

issues may occur.

According to Routledge (2016) in cycling and society the international

and interdisciplinary set addresses this topic, examines improvements in

cycling practices and attitudes and opening major critical spaces for thinking

about cycling prospects. The book brings cycling studies from a wide variety

of disciplinary perspectives, including history, sociology, geography, planning,

engineering and technology. The book highlights the past neglect of cycling as

a subject of a sustained analysis by treating it as a varied and dynamic

practice that matters greatly to contemporary social, cultural and political

terms. The remarkable diversity of contemporary cycling, both within and

across cultures is demonstrated by cycling and society. With cycling

increasingly being promoted in car-dominated communities as a solution to

 15

various social issues across a wide variety of policy fields, this book helps to

open up a new field of cycling studies.

According to Demetrio Carmine Festa, Carmen Forciniti (2019) bikes

can contribute to development of sustainable mobility. This requires

interventions to promote the use of bicycles, such as increasing the safety of

cyclists, the construction of bike lanes, provision of ancillary services and the

sharing of bike activities. Many studies focus on bike use in literature and

agree with the application of such interventions. However, these studies are

often related to very different specific urban areas; the transferability of results

and models has not been adequately analyzed. This work examines the

attitudes towards cycling in Rende, a small town in Southern Italy. The aim is

to determine in what conditions the users would be willing to use bicycles in

relation to the trip purpose, the presence or absence of cycle paths, and the

availability of bike sharing services. Different factors, such as age, gender,

and occupation, are taken into account. The results show that the use of

bicycles could be encouraged by the extension of the existing bike network,

the adoption of bike sharing systems and the promotion of specific policies

geared towards sustainable modes of transport. In addition, two things

emerged from the analysis: the importance of examining the tendency of

various groups of users to use bikes and the importance of concentrating

initiatives on consumer segments with higher bike readiness.

According to, Claire D Madigan, Toby Pavey, Amanda J Daley, Kate

Jolly, Wendy J Brown (2018) the evidence of the health effects of weight

cycling I'd inconsistent, with some studies suggesting that it is harmful to

health. Here we investigated whether weight cycling was associated with

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weight change and mental health outcomes in 10,428 participants in the mid-

age cohort of The Australian Longitudinal Study of Women's Health

(ALSWH) over 12 years. In 1998 the women were asked how many times

they had ever intentionally lost at least 5 kg and how many times had they

regained this amount. Women were categorized into four weight pattern

groups: frequent weight cyclers (FWC, three or more weight cycles), low

frequency weight cyclers (LFWC, one or two weight cycles), non-weight

cyclers (NWC), and weight loss only (WL). We used generalized linear

modelling to investigate relationships between weight pattern group, weight

change and mental health outcomes. In 1998, 15% of the women were FWC,

24% LFWC, 46% NWC and 15% were WL. Weight change was similar across

weight pattern groups in women with obesity, however healthy weight and

overweight FWC gained more weight than women who did not weight cycle.

We found no difference in overall mental health scores between groups, but

both LFWC and FWC had higher odds of depressive symptoms (adjusted OR

1.5, 95%CI: 1.1 to 1.9 and 1.7, 95%CI: 1.1 to 2.4, respectively) than.

A new, regional-scale application of low-stress bicycle connectivity

analysis is discussed in this article. While previous network-based evaluations

concentrated on the overall improvement in connectivity that could be

accomplished through the implementation of a package of projects from a

comprehensive bike plan, the goal of this project was to thoroughly assess

possible connectivity improvements through individual improvements at the

investigation and analysis level of the street segment. Levels of traffic stress

were allocated to the road network using scripts and database resources. The

shortest paths were measured between millions of origin and destination

 17

pairs, integrating various computational optimization steps to determine the

road segments that could benefit most from low-stress connectivity. The

resulting ranked list of links offering the greatest connection value helps

planners to more effectively select locations for further investigation and study.

Transportation authorities need effective strategies to assess how

bicycle incidents can be avoided while encouraging cycling practices and

prioritizing investments in safety improvements. In order to better understand

bicycle mode sharing and network connectivity for an area, several studies

have used standalone methods, such as level of traffic stress (LTS) and

bicycle level of service (BLOS). In most cases, however, other research

depends on models of crash severity to clarify what factors lead to the

severity of crashes related to bicycles. By geospatial mapping, this analysis

uniquely compares bicycle LTS with confirmed bicycle accident locations for

four cities in New Hampshire. Using a GIS system, LTS measurements and

crash positions are compared visually. Next, a model of bicycle injury severity,

which integrates measurements of LTS, is created through a system of mixed

logit modeling.

The electrically-assisted cycling market is rising fast. It may play an

important role in the development of sustainable transport systems by

replacing motorized transport. The goal of this research was to evaluate the

potential of e-bikes for low-carbon commuting by examining the motivations,

travel behaviour and experiences of e-bike commuters. For two weeks, we

GPS-tracked outdoor movements of 24 e-bike users in the Netherlands and

used their mapped travel activity as feedback for in-depth follow-up

 18

interviews. The majority of participants moved to the use of cars through

e-bikes. In work-related, single-destination travel, e-bike use was maximum.

The above readings are relevant to the present study in a way that

communication is one of the important independent variables under

interpersonal influences which will be investigated.

Related Study

A review of related studies was made to determine the similarities and

differences in the methodology, variable used, scope and coverage of the

study, findings and conclusions made on the problems which serve as bases

and point of comparison with the present study.

Lebowitz (2019) cited that cycling is a way to reduce stress, many

people accepted and used it like college students. It is one of the methods

included in the mindful McQuade Initiative and was developed to bring mindful

practices to students, faculty, and staff. Mindfulness Programs have been

introduced in-schools, hospitals, and veteran’s centers. These programs are

helpful because they encourage awareness of the current moment to foster

relaxation and calmness. (Mirkin, 2018) Mindfulness training may be helpful

for several individuals at high risk for high stress levels and may help college

students or professionals pay attention, control emotions, teach compassion,

reduce stress and support calming feelings.

Sign (2020) mentioned in his study that during stress the brain needs

time to recover and rebuild connections and different quick stress relief

strategies work. There are healthy ways to keep stress levels in control

including biking. Sign also revealed that exercise releases endorphins,

relieves stress and promotes

 19

Emotional well-being, running, jumping rope, or walking around the

block are good stress relievers. According to some Male and females who

participate in a mass cycling race they feel that cycling helps to relieve their

stress and improve their moods Malchrowicz (2019). Moreover, Kaura et al

(2013) added that riding a cycle or bike are some of the simplest ways out of

de-stressing therapy because it is a Strategies Involved in the Management of

Stress.

Over the past two decades, mountain biking has emerged as an

increasingly popular recreational activity. However, at least in Austria official

trails do not necessarily match the preferences of bikers and therefore they

often ride on unofficial trails or on trails where biking is not allowed. This

behavior can result in conflicts with other trail users, landowners, hunters and

conservationists. With data from an online choice experiment we confirm and

extend results from previous studies on mountain biking, such as riders

preferring technically challenging trails with lots of single track and vertical

climb. However, the specific preferences depend on rider characteristics,

especially experience and age. Through a reenactment of showcase offers

and the calculation of compensating excess for riders within the consider zone

in woodlands near to Vienna, we illustrate how this investigate can give bits of

knowledge around how to alter trails to superior coordinate the interface of

bikers whereas still respecting regulations which are within the interface of

landowners, seekers and environmental concerns.

Trails should vary in their attributes such as vertical climb or length, to

fit the preferences of riders with different socio-demographic background and

 20

experience. Multi-use trails for bikers and hikers can be recommended,

however, horses on the same trails should be avoided.

This study explores the relations between cycling habits, eudaimonic

well-being and positive mood. Specifically, this study investigates whether

cycling contributes to the formation of positive physical, social, and

self-actualization concepts, which in turn could affect the mood and well-being

of travellers. A survey was administered to 1131 inhabitants of the Brisbane

area in Australia to elicit their socioeconomic traits and travel habits, as well

as to measure self-concepts related to self-actualization and the relation

between cycling and mood. Structural equation modelling explored the system

of relations between socioeconomic characteristics, observed travel habits,

and latent self-concepts. The results of this study highlight that there exists a

positive relation between bicycle use, self-actualization on physical,

psychological, social and self-efficacy dimensions and positive mood. Also,

the findings of this study suggest that policy implications follow: (i) active

travel to school and work should be promoted as a mean to increase the

eudaimonic capacity through cycling, as this is one of the most important

capacities for both children and adults; (ii) improvements in cycling

infrastructure would not only foster higher cycling rates, but also reduce stress

for commuter cyclists; (iii) eudaimonic benefits should be included in

multi-criteria and cost-benefit analyses to better grasp cycling benefits.

Bike-sharing is one of the fastest growing new modes of transport in

the world, with more and more schemes opening every year. This paper

examines the trends in a bike-sharing scheme that has been in operation in

Cork since 2014. While many studies exist on how bike-sharing schemes are
 21

changing mobility in cities across the globe, few studies have looked at the

dynamics of these schemes in smaller cities. One of the motivations in looking

at a small city like Cork is to determine if smaller cities derive benefits from

bike-sharing schemes and can bike-sharing schemes provide a prominent

role in these cities. This research found that in a small, compact city like Cork,

average trip times recorded are short with regular uses displaying habitual trip

patterns. This includes using the same bike stations and following similar

routes on a daily or weekly basis. The findings also suggest weather has an

impact upon usage, with longer trips more likely during better weather

conditions. The findings of the paper provide insights to the dynamics of

usage of a smaller bike-sharing scheme and results on how bike-sharing is

offering citizens a new transport alternative.

According to, Sandy J Slater, Richard W Christiana, Jeanette Gustat

(2020) the importance of regularly participating in some form of physical

activity for both physical and mental health is well known and can be

particularly beneficial in protecting the body and reducing the harm caused by

the 2019 coronavirus (COVID-19) There are also positive physical and mental

health effects of proximity to nature or green space. During the COVID-19

pandemic, physical activity opportunities were restricted and susceptible

groups could be more affected than others. Both short-term and long-term

guidelines are given to promote people’s access to green space while

allowing for physical distance.

According to, John Pucher and Ralph Buehler (2017) As argued in

2008 article “Making Cycling Irresistible”, cycling is probably the most

sustainable urban transport mode, feasible not only for short trips but also for
 22

medium-distance trips too long to cover by walking (Pucher & Buehler,

2008). In both direct user costs and public maintenance costs, cycling causes

virtually no environmental harm, encourages wellness through physical

activity, takes up little room and is economical. In short, cycling is

environmentally, socially and economically sustainable until recent decades.

The Transportation Research International Documentation (TRID) index of

transport publications (including both refereed and non-refereed articles,

reports and books) shows an increase from an average of 197 cycling-related

publications per year in 1991-1995 to 610 per year in 2011-2016 (3-fold

growth). According to the Web of Science, the average annual number of

peer-reviewed cycling articles (in the field of transport) rose from only 22 per

year during the period 1991-1995 to 284 per year during the period 2011-2016

(13-fold growth).

According to Devon Paige Willis, Kevin Manaugh, Ahmed El-Geneidy

(2015) in recent years, research on factors that could increase this practice

has grown considerably due to cycling many environmental and public health

benefits. Clear connections have been found between elements of the built

environment and cycling for transportation. However, social and psychological

variables have recently been shown to play an important role in influencing

travel behavior and fashion choice such as, perceptions, attitudes, habits, and

social environments. A consensus shows that social factors clearly have an

impact on the decision to commute by bicycle. Therefore, when trying to

understand or forecast bicycle use, it is important to think beyond the function

of physical and built-environment variables. Implications are raised for future

research design and policy.

 23

In several metallic glasses (MGs) over the last 5 years, the effect of

thermal cycling on structure and properties has been explored. During thermal

cycling, it is essential to create the link between macroscopic mechanical

response and the underlying atomic level mechanism. The mechanisms

underlying the thermal cycling effect's complexity are poorly understood.

Studies have shown that urban cycling levels can be improved by a

network of safe, interconnected, and direct facilities. The city of Edmonton,

Canada, built nearly 20 km of safe cycling lanes on its core residential streets

during the summer of 2017. The more conventional gradual approach to bike

lane design was preferred to a fast and organized network implementation.

We assess the low-stress communication improvements offered by this

network build-out in this paper. First, we identify streets and trails according to

the traffic level.

The pursuit and its participants are led by evolving socio-technical

behaviors occurring within cycling to become increasingly embedded in the

networked digital environment. GPS enabled mobile-technologies have

introduced a new element of competition into recreational riding, whether on

the road, competing over timed virtual segments, or online dissecting and

comparing the data that has been logged and shared via dedicated

ride-logging applications. In order to understand qualitative analysis of these

technologies using reflective diaries and semi.

The studies are somewhat related to the current study since the

suggestions of the author may help improve the relationship of the principals

to the teachers. If the suggestions are taken into account and followed by the
 24

principals, the teachers may feel that the principals are really concerned

about.
 25

Chapter 3

Research Methodology

In this chapter, researchers will present and discuss what will be used

in this study. This section consists of research design, respondents of the

study, sampling techniques, data gathering procedure, research instrument

and statistical treatment of data.

Research Design

In this study, the researchers will employ a descriptive correlational

research method. It is used to describe and measure the degree of

relationship between two or more variables or sets of scores, according to

Creswell. In addition, it is a study in which the researcher is primarily

interested in describing relationships among variables, without seeking to

establish a causal connection.

The purpose of descriptive correlational research is to simply define a

relationship between two variables and to figure out which variables are

connected. The researchers classify this study into surveys that are used for

collecting data. From its result we will then come up to understand our study

and will determine their modalities.

Respondents of the Study

The proponent selected the bikers of Sta. Cruz, Laguna to be the

respondents of the study, preferably the students and workers. The

respondents had come up with a total of fifty (50) bikers.

The respondents will be chosen using the simple random sampling

method, meaning each individual is assigned by numbers, chosen randomly

and entirely by chance, given that they are bikers of Sta. Cruz, Laguna.
 26

According to Tan (2006) simple random sampling is the selection on

random basis of elements from the sampling frame, wherein each element

has an equal chance or probability of being chosen as subject of the study.

Research Instrument

In this study the researchers will be using the questionnaire. The

researcher’s use single selects multiple choice and survey questions. The

questionnaire is a set of orderly arranged questions carefully prepared to

answer by a group of people designed to collect facts and information. The

researchers use chi-square methods to specify if there is a significant

relationship between perceived stress and biking.

Research Procedure

The researchers noticed that biking raised popularity during the

pandemic so called the COVID-19 as well as perceived stress. With that being

said the researchers conducted this study to identify if biking has a relation

with perceived stress of the respondents. The researchers use a

self-structured questionnaire because of the unavailability of standardized

questionnaires that will be useful for the study.

The researchers use messenger to send the questionnaires because of

the current situation during the time of pandemic. The respondents consisted

of 50 bikers in Santa Cruz, Laguna. Since the researchers use google form

the responses of the respondents were encoded automatically and later on

will be gathered, evaluated and analyzed.

Statistical Treatment of Data

The researcher will use the Chi-square method in order to get the

respondents modalities from the questionnaire. A chi-square test is a

 27

statistical test used to compare observed results with expected results. The

purpose of this test is to determine if a difference between observed data and

expected data is due to chance, or if it is due to a relationship between the

variables you are studying. The following statistical treatments were used for

the following statement of the problem.

For SOP 1. How is biking of the respondents described in terms of

1.1 Frequency,

1.2 Distance, and

1.3 Purpose?

For SOP 2. What is the level of perceived stress of the respondents?

For SOP 3. Is there a significant relationship between biking and the

perceived stress of the respondents?

The problems did not require a statistical treatment and were reliant on

the findings of the second and third statement of the problem.

 28

Chapter IV

PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA

This chapter present the findings of the study, analysis, and

interpretation of data gathered that answer the problems of the study effect of

Biking and the Perceived Stress Of Selected Bikers Within Santa Cruz,

Laguna and its impact to the viewers based on order the statement of the

problem and hypothesis of the problem.

Figure 1: Biking in terms of Frequency

Figure 1 shows the respondents describe their biking in terms of

frequency. It illustrates that 50% of which 25 respondents answered they ride

their bikes every day. While 32% and 18%, which is 16 and 9 respondents,

stated that they ride their bikes 1-2 times a week and 3-5 times a week

respectively. It shows the majority of the respondents keep on biking as a

daily activity. This is supported by the study of Atkinson, W. (2004) that shows

research in the individuals who suffer from chronic stress, anxiety and

depression. The reasons for this are varied. Steps risk managers can take to

reduce personal stress, relieve stress, having fun and when they ride their

bike are discussed.

 29

Figure 2: Biking in terms of Distance Travelled

Figure 2 shows the respondents describe their biking in terms of

distance travelled. It illustrates that 62% of which 31 respondents answered

how far the distance travelled by the bikers. While 38% of which 19

respondents stated how near the distance travelled by the bikers. It shows the

majority of the respondents how far they are biking. This is supported by the

study of Atkinson, W. (2004) that shows research in the individuals who suffer

from chronic stress, anxiety and depression. The reasons for this are varied.

Steps risk managers can take to reduce personal stress, relieve stress,

having fun and when they ride their bike are discussed.

Figure 3: Biking in terms of Purpose

Figure 3 shows the respondents describe their biking in terms of

purpose. It illustrates that 60% of which 30 respondents stated that they ride
 30

their bike to relieve stress. While 26% of which 13 respondents stated that

they ride their bike to have fun. And, 14% of which 7 respondents stated that

they ride their bike to be fit. It shows the majority of the respondents relieve

their stress when they ride their bike. This is supported by the study of

Atkinson, W. (2004) that shows research in the individuals who suffer from

chronic stress, anxiety and depression. The reasons for this are varied. Steps

risk managers can take to reduce personal stress, relieve stress, having fun

and when they ride their bike are discussed.

Table 4: Mean Level of Perceived Stress of Selected Bikers within Santa

Cruz Laguna

Statement Mean SD Remarks Verbal

Interpretation
1. I experience 3.18 1.14 Sometimes Not Stress
stress frequently
2. My stress level 3.04 1.21 Sometimes Not Stress
is high
3. My stress 4.2 0.97 Fairly Often Not Stress
decrease when i
ride bike
4. I experience 3.28 1.16 Sometimes Not Stress
mood swings,
difficulty making
decisions,
concentration
5. I ride my bike 3.88 1.00 Fairly Often Not Stress
regularly
6. After biking i feel 4.5 0.76 Very Often Not Stress
relieved
7. I feel better after 4.56 0.67 Very Often Not Stress
biking
8. I ride bike 3.66 1.15 Fairly Often Not Stress
everyday
9. I ride bike 3-5 3.7 1.20 Fairly Often Not Stress
times a week
10. I ride bike 1-2 3.7 1.09 Fairly Often Not Stress
times a week
11. In the last
month how often 3.32 1.07 Sometimes Not Stress
have you felt that
 31

you were unable to

control the
important things in
your life?
12. In the last 2.98 1.09 Sometimes Not Stress
month, how often
have you felt
nervous and
“stressed”?
13. In the last 2.94 1.15 Sometimes Not Stress
month, how often
have you been
upset because of
something that
happened
unexpectedly?
Weighted Mean 3.61 - Highly Stressed

Legend:
Rating Legend Range Verbal Interpretation
5 Always 4.21-5.00 Highly Stressed
4 Often 3.41-4.20 Stressed
3 Sometimes 2.61-3.40 Moderately Stressed
2 Rarely 1.81-2.60 Fairly Stressed
1 Never 1.00-1.80 Not Stressed

Table 4 shows the mean level of Perceived Stress of Selected Bikers

within Santa Cruz Laguna. The respondents agreed on the first question and

got the mean of 3.18 and Sd of 1.14, which means they are not stressed. The

respondents agreed on the second question and got the mean of 3.04 and Sd

of 1.21, which means it is not stressed. The respondents agreed on the third

question and got the mean of 4.2 and Sd of 0.97, which means it is not

stressed. The respondents agreed on the fourth question and got the mean of

3.28 and Sd of 1.16, which means it is not stressed. The respondents agreed

on the fifth question and got the mean of 3.88 and Sd of 1.00, which means it

is not stressed. The respondents agreed on the sixth question and got the

mean of 4.5 and Sd of 0.76, which means it is not stressed. The respondents

agreed on the seventh question and got the mean of 4.56 and Sd of 0.67,
 32

which means it is not stressed. The respondents agreed on the eight

questions and got the mean of 3.66 and Sd of 1.15, which means not

stressed. The respondents agreed on the ninth question and got the mean of

3.7 and Sd of 1.20, which means it is not stressed. The respondents agreed

on the tenth question and got the mean of 3.07 and Sd of 1.09, which means

it is not stressed. The respondents agreed on the eleventh question and got

the mean of 3.32 and Sd of 1.07, which means it is not stressed. The

respondents agreed on the twelve questions and got the mean of 2.98 and Sd

of 1.09, which means it is not stressed. And for the thirteenth question, the

respondents agreed and got the mean of 2.94 and Sd of 1.15, which means it

is not stressed. In conclusion, the weighted mean average of Perceived

Stress of the Selected Bikers within Santa Cruz Laguna resulted as 3.61,

which is Highly Stressed.

Table 5. Test of Effect of Biking and The Perceived Stress on the

Respondents

BIKING DF X-VALUE P-VALUE RESULT

Frequency 6 3.710 0.716 not significant

Perceived Stress
Distance 3 3.720 0.294 not significant

Purpose 6 7.000 0.321 not significant

Note: Significant when p-value < 0.05 and not significant when p-value > 0.05.

Table 5 shows the test of effects of biking on respondents. On

determining the effect of biking on respondents the data gathered by the

researchers. The computed x-value in biking frequency (x=3.710) is

interpreted as not significant and the p-value (p=0.716) is greater than the
 33

level of significance showing not significant. The computed x-value biking

distance (x=3.720) is interpreted as not significant and the p-value (p=0.294)

is greater than the level of significance showing not significant. The computed

x-value biking purpose (x=7.000) is interpreted as not significant and the

p-value (p=0.321) is greater than the level of significance showing not

significant.
 34

Chapter V

SUMMARY, FINDINGS, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS

This chapter presents the summary of the statistical findings,

conclusion and recommendations.

Summary

The main purpose of this study was to determine the Biking and the

Perceived Stress of Selected Bikers within Santa Cruz Laguna. Specifically,

this study aims to find out the appropriate answers to the following questions:

How is biking of the respondents described in terms of: frequency, distance

and purpose? What is the level of perceived stress of the respondents? Is

there a significant relationship between biking and the perceived stress of the

respondents?

This study utilized the descriptive quantitative method. The researchers

used a Google form survey method in order to reveal the answers to each

variable and question. The statistical tools used were sample mean, standard

deviation, P-value and weighted means of the variable.

Summary of Findings

Based on the data gathered, the findings of this study according to the

statement of the problems stated in chapter 1 are the following:

1. How is biking of the respondents in terms of: frequency, distance

and purpose?

The respondents assessed the biking and the perceived stress of

selected bikers within Santa Cruz Laguna in terms of frequency,

distance and purpose. It was shown that the majority of individuals go

 35

biking everyday to lessen their stress, how far they are biking and to

relieve their stress.

2. Level of perceived stress of the respondents is interpreted as

“Highly Stressed”.

3. Is there a significant relationship between biking and the

perceived stress of the respondents?

The study presents that there is no significant relationship

between Biking and the Perceived Stress of Selected Bikers within

Santa Cruz Laguna.

Conclusions

The following conclusions can be drawn that biking has effects towards

perceived stress:

1. The weighted mean of the biking factors in terms of perceived stress

was 3.61.

2. According to the analyzed data, there is no significant relationship

between Biking and the Perceived Stress of the Selected Respondents

within Santa Cruz, Laguna.

Recommendations

Since the majority of the respondents undergo perceived stress,

respondents should be equipped with better life skills like appropriate time

management, study planning, and relaxation techniques like biking. There

is also a need to look into the medical curriculum and incorporate a few

changes keeping in mind the health of the respondents. Future studies need

to be carried out in-order to have an in-depth analysis of the different

strategies and activities to reduce the perceived stress of the people. This
 36

study is irrelevant because the data shows that biking does not reduce the

stress that people are experiencing, therefore biking has no significant

relationship with perceived stress.

The following are the recommendations of the researchers based on

the data and findings gathered from the study.

1. Cycling relieves stress but people should not over do it because it

might make it worse

2. Everyone should also try to use biking as a strategy of relieving stress

because it can benefit your emotional and physical health.

3. This strategy of relieving stress can also be used in Physical

Education subjects so that the student will have their exercise and

relaxation at the same time.

4. Future researchers should research the effects of biking to perceived

stress.
 37

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Willis, D. P., Manaugh, K., & El-Geneidy, A. (2015). Cycling under influence:
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volumes, motor vehicle volumes, and road characteristics including
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Buehler, R., & Dill, J. (2016). Bikeway networks: A review of effects on

cycling. Transport Reviews, 36(1), 9-27.
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 41

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Bertollo, M., Forzini, F., Biondi, S., Di Liborio, M., Vaccaro, M. G.,
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 42

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 43

APPENDICES

A. APPROVAL LETTERS

Republic of the Philippines

Laguna State Polytechnic University

Santa Cruz Main Campus

Santa Cruz, Laguna

Date: May 4, 2021

To whom it may concern:

Salutation,

Good Day!

We, the Grade 12 Senior High School students of Laguna State Polytechnic
University are currently conducting a research study entitled “Biking And The
Perceived Stress Of Selected Bikers Within Santa Cruz, Laguna”.

In connection with this, we would like to ask for your permission to allow us to
conduct the study among the selected respondents within Sta. Cruz Laguna

Your kind cooperation on this matter will be appreciated immensely.

Thank you and God bless!

Respectfully Yours,

JAZMINE FAITH D. COLLADO

ALYSSA R. DELA CRUZ

JILL MAY R. TORRES

KAYE P. VALDERAMA

Researchers
Noted by:

JGENCE JOELLE F. PARCON

Research Adviser
Approved by:

RAY SAMUEL G. GRECALDA, Ed. D

 44

Senior High School Chairperson

Republic of the Philippines

Laguna State Polytechnic University

Santa Cruz Campus
Santa Cruz, Laguna

May 4, 2021

RAY SAMUEL G. GRECALDA, Ed.D.

Senior High School Chairperson
Laguna State Polytechnic University-SCC
Santa Cruz, Laguna

Dear Sir,

Greetings of joy and love!

The undersigned are conducting a research study entitled “Biking And
The Perceived Stress Of Selected Bikers Within Santa Cruz, Laguna” in
partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Senior High School –Science,
Technology, Engineering and Mathematics (STEM) at Laguna State
Polytechnic University.
In line with this, we are asking permission from your good office to
allow the researchers to seek expert assistance from the panel members to
validate the research instrument.
Your kindness and support regarding this matter will be highly
appreciated.
Thank you very much!

Respectfully yours,

JAZMINE FAITH D. COLLADO

ALYSSA R. DELA CRUZ

JILL MAY R. TORRES

KAYE P. VALDERAMA

Researchers
Noted by:

JGENCE JOELLE F. PARCON

Research Adviser

Approved by:
RAY SAMUEL G. GRECALDA, ED.D.
Senior High School Chairperson
 45

B. RESEARCH INSTRUMENT
46
47
 48

C. DATA MATRIX
 49

D. Curriculum Vitae
50
51
52