ORGANIC

CHEMISTRY
(HYDROCARBONS AND FUNCTIONAL
GROUPS)
TOPICS
• Objectives • General Formulas and
• Introduction Structures
• Nomenclature
• Classification of
Hydrocarbons • Reactions of
• Definition of Terms
Hydrocarbons
• Alkanes, Alkenes and • Aromatic
Alkynes Hydrocarbons

DANICA ORGANIC CHEMISTRY (HYDROCARBONS AND FUNCTIONAL GROUPS)

OBJECTIVES
1. Define the term organic chemistry,
2. Differentiate organic chemistry from inorganic chemistry,
3. Give the difference between aliphatic and aromatic
hydrocarbons,
4. Name some hydrocarbons using IUPAC and common names,
5. Give the structures of the functional groups,
6. Memorize the IUPAC rules in naming hydrocarbons,
7. Identify the importance and uses of some hydrocarbons.
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INTRODUCTION

ORGANIC
WHAT IS
CHEMISTRY
ORGANIC
CHEMISTRY?
IS A BRANCH OF CHEMISTRY THAT
DEALS WITH CARBON
COMPOUNDS.

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CLASSIFICATION OF HYDROCARBONS
HYDROCARBONS

ALIPHATIC HYDROCARBONS AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS

SATURATED UNSATURATED
HYDROCARBONS HYDROCARBONS

BENZENE AND FUSED-RING AROMATIC

ALKANES CYCLOALKANES DERIVATIVES HYDROCARBONS

ALKENES ALKYNES

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DEFINITION OF TERMS
Hydrocarbons- usually they contain hydrogen atoms and perhaps other
atoms, such as oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur, and halogens.
Aromatic hydrocarbons- contain benzene rings; six-membered rings of
carbon atoms with alternating single and double carbon-carbon bonds or
similar structural features.
Aliphatic hydrocarbons- contain no benzene rings, usually straight chain and
sometimes closed chain.
Saturated hydrocarbons- carbon to carbon single bond, usually soluble in
water.
Unsaturated hydrocarbons- contains double(=) or triple carbon to carbon
bond, usually insoluble in water.
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DEFINITION OF TERMS
Alkane- also called as paraffins; a hydrocarbon in which all carbon atoms are
bonded to the maximum number of hydrogen atoms.
Cycloalkanes- are saturated hydrocarbons in which the carbon atoms form a
ring.
Alkene- it contains a carbon-carbon double bond; also olefins
Alkynes- are unsaturated hydrocarbons containing a carbon-carbon triple bond
Benzene- six-membered rings of carbon atoms with alternating single and
double carbon-carbon bonds

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GENERAL FORMULAS AND STRUCTURES
Alkane- CnH2n+2
if n=1 therefore: CH4 Alkynes- CnH2n-2
if n=2 therefore: C2H6 if n=5 therefore: C5H8
Cycloalkanes- CnH2n if n=6 therefore: C6H10
Alkene- CnH2n
if n=3 therefore: C3H6
if n=4 therefore: C4H8

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ALKANE, ALKENE AND ALKYNE
GREEK PREFIXES NO. OF CARBON ALKANE ALKENE ALKYNE
ATOMS
Meth 1 Methane not possible not possible
Eth 2 Ethane Ethene Ethyne
Prop 3 Propane Propene Propyne
But 4 Butane Butene Butyne
Pent 5 Pentane Pentene Pentyne
Hex 6 Hexane Hexene Hexyne
Hept 7 Heptane Heptene Heptyne
Oct 8 Octane Octene Octyne
Non 9 Nonane Nonene Nonyne
Dec 10 Decane Decene Decyne
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ALKANE, ALKENE AND ALKYNE
Possible branches or substituents attached to the carbon atom in the
hydrocarbon chain.
Halogen Branch

a. Halogen Group F H -fluoro

H H H H H H
Br -bromo I -iodo
Cl -chloro H C C C C C C C H
H H H Br I Cl F
4-bromo-2-chloro-1-fluoro-3-iodoheptane
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ALKANE, ALKENE AND ALKYNE

b. Alkyl Group- use the name with –yl ending if it becomes a branch
methane -methyl CH3-
ethane -ethyl CH3-CH2-
propane -propyl CH3-CH2-CH2-
butane -butyl CH3-CH2-CH2-CH2-
pentane -pentyl CH3-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-

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ALKANE, ALKENE AND ALKYNE

Alkyl branch
H H H H H H H

H C C C C C C C H
H H H H CH3 H H

3-methylheptane
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NOMENCLATURE OF ALKANES

A nomenclature of these substances has developed

over the years as a way of understanding and classifying
their structures. This nomenclature is now formulated
rules agreed upon by the International Union of Pure
and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC).
The first four alkane such as; methane, ethane,
propane, butane have long recognized names.

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NOMENCLATURE OF ALKANE

H H H
H C H H C C H
H Methane H H Ethane

H H H H H H H
H C C C H H C C C C H
H H H Propane H H H H Butane
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NOMENCLATURE OF ALKANE

Condensed Formula

CH4 CH3-CH3 CH3-CH2-CH3 CH3-CH2-CH2-CH3

Methane Ethane Propane Butane

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NOMENCLATURE OF ALKANE

Rules in Naming Alkane

1. Locate the longest continuous chain in the series of carbon
atoms. Assign a number to the carbon atom starting from the
end closest to the branch.
H
9 8 7 6 5 4 3
CH3-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-C-CH3
2CH
2
1 Parent chain name: nonane
CH3
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NOMENCLATURE OF ALKANE

Rules in Naming Alkane

2. Alphabetized the alkyl and halogen branches and assign a
number to where it is attached.
CH3
9 8 7 CH 6
25 4 3 2 1
CH3-CH2-CH2-C-CH2-CH-CH-CH2-CH3
CH3 Cl F
name: 4-chloro-3-fluoro-6-ethyl-6-methylnonane
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NOMENCLATURE OF ALKANE

Rules in Naming Alkane

3. Use the Greek prefixes (di-, tri-, tetra-, penta-) for more than
one same branches.
Br CH3
5 6 7 8 9 10
3CH-CH-CH-CH-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH3
4
2CH2 Br CH3
1CH3
name: 3,5-dibromo-4,6-dimethyldecane
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NOMENCLATURE OF ALKANE

Rules in Naming Alkane

4. Use commas between number and dashes between numbers
and words in naming the IUPAC formulas. Do not leave spaces
in the name.

Format: (number of location)-(branch name)(name of parent chain)

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NOMENCLATURE OF ALKANE

Examples:
CH2
CH3-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-C-CH3
CH3 4-methyloctane

CH3-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH-CH2-CH2-CH3
2-ethyloctane CH3

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NOMENCLATURE OF ALKANE

name: 2-chloro-7-fluoro-4-ethyl-6-methylnonane
CH3
CH2 CH3
CH3-CH2-CH2-C-CH2-CH-CH-CH2-CH3
Cl F

DANICA
NOMENCLATURE OF ALKANE

Br CH3
CH-CH2-CH-CH-CH2-CH-CH2-CH3
CH2 Br CH3
CH3
name: 3,5-dibromo-6,8-dimethyldecane

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CYCLOALKANES

Cycloalkanes- are aliphatic hydrocarbons

and by the name itself “cyclo” means a
closed chain; saturated hydrocarbons in
which the carbon atoms form a ring.

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CYCLOALKANES
Structural Formula H H
H H H H H C C H
C H C C H H H
H H
H
C C H
H
C C H H C C H
H H H C C H
Molecular Formula H H
C3H6 C4H8 C5H10
cyclopropane cyclobutane cyclopentane
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NOMENCLATURE OF CYCLOALKANES
Rules in Naming Alkane
Cycloalkanes are alkanes in which bond is formed between
the two terminal carbons in the chain to form cyclical or ring
structure. The prefix cyclo- is written before the name
designating the carbon number in the ring (e.g. cyclopentane).

1. Substituents are named similarly to straight-chained alkanes.

The carbons in the ring are numbered so that the substituents
have the smallest numbers.
2. Add the prefix cyclo- to the alkane name.
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CYCLOALKANES

F H
Cl H
C2
H C3 2 C Br
Br H 4 1
H
C1 3C H C C Br
H
H H
1-bromo-2-chlorocyclopropane 1,2-dibromo-3-fluorocyclobutane

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NOMENCLATURE OF ALKENE

Alkenes are hydrocarbons with the general formula C nH2n

containing a carbon-carbon double bond. The simplest alkene is
ethylene (common name), has a condensed formula of
CH2=CH2. Ethylene is a gas with a sweetish odor which is
obtained from refining of petroleum and plants also produced.
In ethylene and other alkenes, all atoms are connected to the
two carbon atoms of double bond lie in a single plane.

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NOMENCLATURE OF ALKENE

Rules in Naming Alkene

1. Find the longest chain containing the double bond and assign
a number to the carbon atom nearest to the double bond.
2. Indicate the number of the carbon atom where the double
bond is located.
CH3-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH=CH-CH2-CH3
3-octene
3. For branching alkene, the branch chains are named as in
alkanes.
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NOMENCLATURE OF ALKENE

Rules in Naming Alkene

3. For branching alkene, the branch chains are named

as in alkanes.

CH3-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH=CH-CH2-CH3
3-octene
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NOMENCLATURE OF ALYKNE

Alkynes are unsaturated hydrocarbons, containing a

carbon-carbon triple bond. The simplest alkyne is
acetylene (common name); or ethyne (IUPAC name).
H-C C-H
Acetylene has linear molecule. It is a very reactive gas,
used to form other chemical compounds and plastics. It
burns with oxygen in the oxyacetylene torch to give a
very hot flame. Acetylene is produced commercially
from methane.
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NOMENCLATURE OF ALKYNE
Rules in Naming Alkyne

Note: The alkynes are

named by IUPAC rules in the
same way as the alkenes.

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REACTIONS OF ALKANES AND CYCLOALKANES
1. Combustion
Alkanes and cycloalkanes can be oxidized by
burning in the presence of excess molecular
oxygen called combustion producing carbon
dioxide and water and releasing large amount of
energy.
CnH2n+2 + O2 CO2 + H2O + heat energy
Alkane Oxygen carbon dioxide water

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REACTIONS OF ALKANES AND CYCLOALKANES
Example of combustion reaction

CH4 + 2O2 CO2 + H2O + heat energy

Methane Oxygen carbon dioxide water

+ 9O2 6CO2 + 6H2O + heat energy

Cyclohexane Oxygen carbon dioxide water

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REACTIONS OF ALKANES AND CYCLOALKANES
2. Halogenation
Alkanes and cycloalkanes can also react with a halogen
in a reaction called halogenations. Halogenation is a
substitution reaction that is a reaction that results in the
replacement of one group for another.
H H

R C H + Br2 R C H + H-Br

H H
Methane bromine bromomethane H bromide
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REACTIONS OF ALKENES
1. Hydrogenation
R
R R
C H R C H
+
C R C H
H
R R R

Alkene hydrogen alkane

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REACTIONS OF ALKENES
2. Hydration
R
R R
C H R C H
+
C R C OH
OH
R R R

Alkene water alcohol

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REACTIONS OF ALKENES
3. Halogenation
R
R R
C X R C X
+
C R C X
X
R R R

Alkene water alkyl dihalide

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REACTIONS OF ALKENES
4. Hydrohalogenation
R
R R
C H R C H
+
C R C X
X
R R R

Alkene hydrogen halide alkyl halide

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