STAR COACHING CENTRE ALIGARH

[ORGANIC CHEMISTRY AND POLYMERS]

Organic Chemistry: The chemistry of hydrocarbon and their derivatives is called
organic chemistry.
OR
The branch of chemistry which deals with the chemistry of carbon and living things.
OR
Berzelius (1808) defined organic chemistry as the chemistry of substances found in
living matter and gave the vital force theory.
Synthesis of urea: The first organic compound (urea) synthesised in laboratory, by
Wohler.

2NH4CNO NH2CONH2
Urea

Organic chemistry is important because it is the study of life and all ofthe
chemical reactions related to life. Several careers apply an understandingof
organic chemistry, such as doctors, veterinarians, dentists, pharmacologists,
chemical engineers, and chemists. Organic chemistry plays a part in the development
of common household chemicals, foods, plastics, drugs, and fuels most of the
chemicals part of daily life.
Hydrocarbons: The compounds made up of carbon and hydrogen are called
hydrocarbons.
eg’s: CH4, C2H6, C2H4, C2H2
Types of Hydrocarbons:
1. Saturated Hydrocarbons
2. Unsaturated Hydrocarbons
Saturated hydrocarbons: The hydrocarbons contain carbon‐carbon single bond are
called saturated hydrocarbons. They are also called Open chain compounds or
alkanes or Acyclic compounds or aliphatic compounds.
➢ The general formula of alkane is CnH2n+2
➢ It burns with blue flame.
➢ Generally not very reactive.
Example: methane, ethane, propane etc.

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eg. Ethane is a member of the alkane family whose structure is drawn below:

Structure of ethane

Unsaturated Hydrocarbons: The hydrocarbons contain carbon‐carbon double and

triple bond are called unsaturated hydrocarbons. They are also called Open chain
compounds or Acyclic compounds or aliphatic compounds.
➢ It burns with sooty flame.
➢ More reactive than saturated hydrocarbons.
➢ The double-bonded compounds are called alkenes.
➢ The general formula for alkenes is CnH2n
➢ The triple bonded compounds are called alkynes.
➢ The general formula for alkynes is CnH2n-2.

eg. Ethene (unsaturated hydrocarbon) is produced by most fruits and vegetables. It

speeds up ripening. The figure below show the effects of ethene on bananas.

eg. Ethyne (C2H2) (unsaturated hydrocarbon) is also called acetylene. It is burned in

acetylene torches, like the one pictured in the figure below. The flame of an
acetylene torch is so hot that it can melt metal.

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Catenation: The self-linking tendency of carbon is called catenation.
OR
The unique tendency of carbon to form large number of organic compounds by self-
linking is called catenation.

Homologous Series:
The series of carbon compounds which is differ by a –CH2 or 14 u, is called
homologous series and the individual members are called homologous. e.g., The
homologous series of alkene group is

Alkene CnH2n

The general characteristics of this series are :

➢ Differ by –CH2 or 14 u.

➢ Same functional group.

➢ Chemical properties are almost similar.

➢ Same general formula.

➢ All the members can be prepared by almost similar methods.

➢ With increase in the molecular weight of a series, the physical properties

varies gradually.

Functional Group: The atom or group of atoms which is responsible for the chemical
properties of the molecule, is called functional group.
OR
Functional group decide or determine the properties of organic compounds.

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 ➢ Double and triple bonds are also functional groups
➢ The examples are alcohol group (—OH), aldehyde group (—CHO) and
carboxylic acid group (—COOH) etc.

Examples of functional groups:

Nomenclature of Organic Compounds:

Common name (Common system): Before the IUPAC system of nomenclature, organic
compounds were named after the sources of origin, for example, urea was so named
because it was obtained from the urine of mammals. Formic acid was so named since it was
extracted from red ants called formica.

I UP AC (International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry) System:

This is simple, systematic and scientific method of nomenclature of organic

compounds.

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IUPAC = Prefix + word root + primary suffix + secondary suffix

(i) Word root: Indicate the number of carbon atoms.

Number of carbon atom Word root

C1 Meth-
C2 Eth-
C2 Prop-
C4 But-
C5 Pent-
C6 Hex-
C7 Hept-
C8 Oct-
C9 Non-
C10 Dec-

Eg. Methane word root= meth

Eg. Ethane word root = eth

Eg. Propane word root = prop

(ii) Suffix: Suffix are of two types, primary suffix and secondary suffix.
(a) Primary Suffix: It indicates the type of bond in the organic compound.

(b) Secondary Suffix: Secondary suffix is used to represent the functional group.

Functional group Sec.suffix

alkane -ane

alkene -ene

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 alkyne -yne

alcohol -ol

aldehyde -al

ketone -one

carboxylic acid -oic acid

ester -oate

Ether oxy

(iii) Prefix: The atom or group of atoms or functional is attached to carbon in the
form of branch is called prefix.

—F Fluoro
— Cl Chloro
— Br Bromo
— NO Nitroso
— NO2 Nitro
— CH3 Methyl
— OCH3 Methoxy

—OH hydroxy

—CHO Formyl or keto

Naming of Compounds Containing Functional Groups:

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The order of decreasing priority for the functional group is:
Carboxylic acid > esters > amide > nitrile>aldehydes > ketones > alcohol > amines >
hydrocarbons > ethers > alkylhalides.

IUPAC = Prefix + word root + primary suffix + secondary suffix

Common and IUPAC name of alkanes

Structure Common name IUPAC name

CH3-CH2-CH2-CH3 n-Butane Butane

(CH3)2CH CH3 iso-Butane 2-methyl propane

CH3(CH2)4CH3 n-hexane Hexane

CH3.(CH3)2.C.CH3 neo pentane 2,2-di methyl propane

CH4 methane methane

CH3-CH3 Ethane Ethane

CH3-CH2-CH3 Propane Propane

Common and IUPAC name of alkenes

Structure Common name IUPAC name

CH2=CH2 Ethylene Ethene

CH3-CH=CH2 Propylene Propene

CH3-CH2-CH=CH2 Unsym butylene 1-butene

CH3-CH=CH-CH3 Sym butene 2-butene

Common and IUPAC name of alkynes

Structure Common name IUPAC name

H-C≡C-H Acetylene Ethyne
Methyl acetylene/
CH3-C≡C-H Propylene Propyne

Ethyl acetylene/
CH3-CH2-C≡C-H Butylene 1-butyne

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 Di methyl acetylene
CH3-C≡C-CH3 Butylene 2-butyne

Common and IUPAC name of alcohols

Structure Common name IUPAC name

CH3-OH Methyl alcohol Methanol

CH3-CH2-OH Ethyl alcohol Ethanol

CH3-CH2-CH2-OH n- Propyl alcohol Propanol

CH3-CH(OH)-CH3 iso-propyl alcohol 2-propanol

Common and IUPAC name of aldehydes

Structure Common name IUPAC name

HCHO Formaldehyde Methanal

CH3CHO Acetaldehyde Ethanal

CH3-CH2-CHO Propanaldehyde Propanal

Common and IUPAC name of Ketones

Structure Common name IUPAC name

CH3COCH3 Acetone Propanone

CH3-CH2-CO-CH3 Ethyl methyl ketone Butanone

Common and IUPAC name of Carboxylic acid

Structure Common name IUPAC name

HCOOH Formic acid Methanoic acid

CH3COOH Acetic Acid Ethanoic acid

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 CH3-CH2COOH Propionic acid Propanoic acid

CH3-CH2-CH2-COOH n-butyric acid Butanoic acid

Common and IUPAC name of Esters

Structure Common name IUPAC name

H-CO-OCH3 Methyl formate Methyl methanoate

CH3-CO-OCH2-CH3 Ethyl acetate Ethyl ethanoate

Common and IUPAC name of Ethers

Structure Common name IUPAC name

CH3-O-CH3 Dimethyl ether Methoxy methane

CH3-CH2-O-CH2-CH3 Diethyl ether Ethoxy ethane

CH3-O-CH2-CH3 Ethylmethylether methoxy ethane

Common and IUPAC name of alkyl halides

Structure Common name IUPAC name

CH3-Cl Methyl chloride Chloromethane

CH3-CH2-Br Ethyl bromide Bromoehtane

Naming of Alicyclic compounds

Alicyclic hydrocarbons are named by attaching the prefix cyclo–

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Question.1 Write IUPAC names of the following compounds.

Question.2 Write IUPAC names of the following compounds.

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e. CH3-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH3

f. CH3-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CHO

g. CH3-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2OH

h. CH3-CH2-CH2-CH=CH-CH3

i. CH3-CH2-CH2-CH2-COOH

j. CH3-CH2-CH2-CH(Cl)-CH3
Question. 3 Write IUPAC names of the following compounds.

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Question. 4 Write IUPAC names of the following compounds.

Isomerism:

The compound having same molecular formula but differ in properties are known as
isomers and the phenomenon is known as isomerism.

There are two main types of isomerism:

1. Structural isomerism

2. Stereoisomerism

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1. Structural Isomerism:
In this type of isomerism, compounds have same molecular formula but different
structures.It can further be of following types:

i. Chain Isomerism
ii. Position Isomerism
iii. Funtional Isomerism
iv. Metamerism

(i) Chain Isomerism

It arises when two or more compounds have similar molecular formula but different
carbon skeletons, e.g.,

(ii) Position Isomerism

When two or more compounds have same molecular formula but different position of
functional groups or substituents, they are called positional isomers and the
phenomenon is called position isomerism

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(iii) Functional Isomerism
It arises when two or more compounds have the same molecular formula but
different functional group. e.g., C3H6O represents an aldehyde and a ketone as

(iv) Metamerism

It arises due to different alkyl groups on either side of the same functional group in a
molecule.

e.g. C2H5-O-C2H5 , CH3-O-C3H7

Alkanes (Saturated Hydrocarbons):

The hydrocarbons contain carbon‐carbon single bond are called saturated
hydrocarbons. They are also called Open chain compounds or alkanes or Acyclic
compounds or aliphatic compounds. The general formula of alkane is CnH2n+2
Example: methane, ethane, propane etc.

Methods of Preparation of Alkanes:

(i) From hydrogenation of alkenes and alkynes

(ii) By decarboxylation:
In this method, when sodium or potassium salts of carboxylic acids react with
Soda lime then formed alkane.

(iii) By Wurtz reaction

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(iv) By reduction of alkyl halides

Reducing agents like Zn/HCl, HI/Red P, H2/Pd can also be used.

(v) By Kolbe’s electrolysis

Physical Properties of Alkanes

• The first four members are colourless gas, next thirteen members are
colourless liquids and next higher members are colourless solids.
• Alkanes being non-polar in nature, soluble in non-polar solvents but insoluble
in polar solvent such as water.
• Boiling point of alkanes increase with increased number of carbon atoms.
• Boiling point of alkanes decreases on branching. (BP 𝖺 VAF (van der Waals’
forces).

Chemical Properties of Alkanes:

(i) Halogenation of alkanes (Chlorination):

(ii) Combustion

Due to the evolution of a large amount of heat during combustion, alkanes are used
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as fuels.

(iii) Controlled oxidation

(i) Aromatisation

(V)

(VI)

Alkenes (Unsaturated Hydrocarbons):

The hydrocarbons contain carbon‐carbon double and triple bond are called
unsaturated hydrocarbons. They are also called Open chain compounds or Acyclic
compounds or aliphatic compounds.
➢ The double-bonded compounds are called alkenes.
➢ The general formula for alkenes is CnH2n
➢ The triple bonded compounds are called alkynes.
➢ The general formula for alkynes is CnH2n-2.
Eg”s: ethane, propene, ethyne, propyne

Methods of Preparation of Alkenes:

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(i) From aIkynes

Physical Properties of Alkenes:

• Alkenes exist naturally in all three states. The first three alkenes are gases,
and the next fourteen are liquids. Alkenes higher than these are all solids.
• All alkenes are insoluble in water, due to the weak van der Waal forces.
• But alkenes are soluble in organic solvents like benzene or acetone because
here the van der Waal forces will be replaced by new ones, making alkenes
fully soluble.
• The boiling points of alkenes depend on their molecular structure. The bigger
their molecular chain the higher the boiling points. So the higher alkenes have
very high boiling points

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 • The polarity of alkenes will depend on their functional groups

Chemical Properties of Alkenes:

(i) Addition of halogens

Note: Addition of hydrogen halides HCI, HBr, HI add up to alkenes to form alkyl
halides as per their reactivity order HI > HBr > HCI

(ii) Addition reaction of HBr to unsymmetrical alkenes (Markownikoff’s rule)

According to Markownikofrs rule, the negative part of the addendum (adding molecule)
gets attached to that carbon atom which possesses lesser number of hydrogen atom.

Anti-Markownikoff addition or peroxide effect or kharash effect In the presence of

organic peroxide, addition of only HBr molecule on unsymmetrical alkene takes place
contrary to the Markownikoffs rule.

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Uses of Hydocarbons:

• Hydrocarbons are widely used as fuels. For example LPG (liquefied

petroleum gas), CNG (Liquefied natural gas).

• They are used in the manufacturing of polymers such as polyethene,

polystyrene etc.
• These organic compounds find their application in the manufacturing of drugs
and dyes as a starting material.
• They serve as lubricating oil and grease.
Trivial system
• The name of the gas methane CH4 released from marsh is marsh gas.
• CH3OH obtained from wood is called wood-spirit.
• The acid obtained from vinegar (Latin name acetum) is called Acetic acid
(CH3COOH).
• Formic acid (H.COOH) obtained from a type of red ant (Latin name formica).
• Sour milk (Latin name Lactum) derived from lactic acid.
Some important formula

Name Functional Common General IUPAC Name

group Name formula
Alkanes (C - C) -ane CnH2n+2 -ane
or
Paraffins
Alkenes (C = C) -ylene CnH2n -ene
or
Olefines
Alkynes (C = C) -Acetylene CnH2n-2 -yne
or
Acetylene
Alkyl --------- -yl CnH2n+1 -yl
Radical
Alcohols --------- -Alcohol CnH2n+1 -ol
.OH

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