1.

Differentiate between the three classes of aliphatic hydrocarbons

2. Recognize the importance of common hydrocarbons used in daily activities
3. Write the molecular, expanded and condensed structural formulas of common
hydro carbons

II. PRESENTATION OF THE LESSON:

When we talk about carbon compounds, we mean compounds containing carbon or

simply organic compounds. This morning, you probably put on some piece of clothing made from an
artificial fiber, such as rayon, nylon, orlon, or polyester. You may have ridden to school on a car or
tricycle that have rubber tires. When you bought a pack of notebook paper, it was covered with a plastic
wrap. At lunch, you drink may have been in a plastic cup. When you comb your hair, you may use a
plastic comb. Methane is also used as fuel for cooking, ethylene helps in inducing fruits to ripen. All of
these materials, synthetic fibers, rubbers, and plastics are produced from petroleum. Petroleum is
almost entirely composed of hydrocarbons-the study of organic chemistry.

Recall that hydrocarbons are composed of only carbon and hydrogen. Hydrocarbons are
classified as aromatic or aliphatic. Aromatic hydrocarbons contain one or more benzene rings and all
other hydrocarbons are aliphatic hydrocarbons. Aliphatic compounds may have carbon atom bonded in
rings or chains. The chain compounds may be further classified on the basis of the individual carbon-
carbon bonds. Aliphatic hydrocarbons are classified into groups: alkanes, alkenes, alkynes and cyclic
aliphatic hydrocarbons. Alkanes are hydrocarbons in which the carbon atoms are bonded by single
bonds. Alkenes are hydrocarbons that contain a carbon to carbon double bond. In alkynes, one of the
carbon-carbon bonds is a triple bond. Cyclic aliphatic hydrocarbons have carbon atoms that form a ring.

Our focus for this lesson is on ALIPHATIC HYDROCARBONS only. Let’s start with…….

ALKANES
Alkanes have a general formula of CnH2n+2.The name of an alkane is made by adding the suffix –“
“ane” to a stem that indicates the number of carbon atoms in the compound. Different stems will also
be used to give the names of the alkanes.

No. of Carbon STEM

atoms
1 Meth-
2 Eth-
3 Prop-
4 But-
5 Pent-
6 Hex-
7 Hept-
8 Oct-
9 Non-
10 Dec-
 Using the general formulas of the aliphatic hydrocarbons:

Alkane - Cn H2n+2
EXAMPLE: 2 Carbon atom alkane = Cn H2(n)+2 C2 H 2 (2) +2 ===== C2H6 ====ETHANE

ALKENES
Alkenes are hydrocarbons having at least one double bond. The simplest member of the
alkene family is ethane or ethylene, a plant hormone that induces fruit ripening. Alkenes having only
one double bond has a general formula of C2H2n.A straight –chain alkene has a name made by adding the
suffix “ene”- to the stem of an alkane.

Alkene------- CnH2n
EXAMPLE: 2 Carbon atom alkene = CnH2n C2H2(2) ==== C2H4 ====== ETHENE

ALKYNES
Hydrocarbons containing at least one triple bond are called alkynes.The simplest alkyne
is acetylene or ethyne. Acetylene is the substance that gives a very high temperature when
burned in an oxyacetylene torch,a device used in welding.Alkynes containing only one triple
bond have a general formula of CnH2n-2.Astraight-chain alkyne is named by adding the suffix”yne”-
to the stem of an alkane.
Alkyne-------- CnH2n-2

EXAMPLE: 2Carbon atom alkyne == CnH2n-2 C2H2(2)-2 === C2H4-2 C2H2==ETHYNE

Now, how about writing the structural formulas of aliphatic hydrocarbons? We have 2
kinds of structural formulas 1.) expanded 2.) condensed
Expanded structural formula, the bonding of the carbon atoms is shown as well as the
bonding of the hydrogen atoms to the carbon atom whether in a single bond ,double bond,
triple bond with which they are associated while condensed structural formula, the number
of hydrogen atoms associated with each carbon atom in a hydrocarbon is shown. Expanded
structural formula is based on the molecular formula while condensed structural formula is
based on the expanded structural formula.
 EXAMPLES:
MOLECULAR FORMULA: C2H6
H H
| |
EXPANDED STRUCTURAL FORMULA: H-C-/C-H
| |
H H

CONDENSED STRUCTURAL FORMULA: CH3--CH3

III. LEARNING ACTIVITIES:

Practice Task 1- Write the molecular formula of the following hydrocarbons:

EXAMPLE: C2H6

1. 3 C alkane 3. 6 C alkane 5. 10 C alkene

2. 5 C alkene 4. 4 C alkyne

Practice Task 2- Write the expanded structural formula of the above hydrocarbons following the
molecular formulas.
H
|
EXAMPLE: C2 H4- H-C=C-H
|
H

1. 3 C alkene 3.6 C alkene 5.10 C alkene

2.5 C alkene 4.4 C alkene

Practice Task 3- Write the condensed structural formula

EXAMPLE: C2 H4 –C H 2 =C H 2

1.3 C alkyne 3. 6 C alkyne 5. 10 C alkyne

2. 5 C alkyne 4. 4 C alkyne
IV. GENERALIZATION:

1. From the presentation and performed activities, what did you learn about hydrocarbons?
2. How would you differentiate an expanded structural formula from the condensed structural
formula?
3. Why are hydrocarbons useful in our daily life activities?

V. EVALUATION:

Match column A with column B by writing the letter of the corresponding answer:

A B

1. Suffix –ane A. double bond

2 Suffix- ene B. triple bond

3. Suffix –yne C. single bond

Give the practical use of the following hydrocarbons:

1. Methane 3.acetylene
2. Ethene

VI. REMARKS: