CARBON COMPOUNDS

2.1 CARBON COMPOUNDS

1. Carbon compounds are compounds that contain elements carbon, C that

has combined with other elements.

Carbon Compounds
Organic Compunds Inorganic compounds
Examples: Examples:
i) Ethane i) carbon dioxide
ii) glucose ii ) carbon monoxide
iii) protein iii) calcium carbonate
iv) ethanoic acid

2. Hydrocarbon is the simplest organic compound and have only two elements which are
carbon and hydrogen.
3. Non- hydrocarbon compund is organic compund that have elements other than hydrogen
and carbon elements. For example, nitrogen, NH3, oxygen, O2.

Hydrocarbon Non-hydrocarbon
Saturated Unsaturated Examples:
hydrocarbon hydrocarbon
-consists only one - consists at least Ethanol, C2H5OH
single bond between Ethanoic acid, CH3COOH
the carbon atoms. ONE double or triple Methyl methanoate, HCOOCH3
bond between the Chloromethane, CH3Cl
carbon atoms.

4. Organic compounds burned completely in excess oxygen produces carbon

dioxide, CO2 and water, H2O.

Example:
C2H5OH+ 3O2-------> 2CO2+ 3H2O
 Homolog series General formula Functional group
Alkane Cn H2n+2 Single bond between the
n= 1, 2, 3, … carbon atoms
-C–C-
Alkene Cn H2n Double bond between the
n= 2, 3, … carbon atoms
-C=C-
Alcohol Cn H2n+1 OH Hydroxyl group
n= 1, 2, 3, …
- OH
Carboxylic acid Cn H2n+1 COOH Carboxyl group
n= 0, 1, 2, … - COOH
Ester Cm H2m+1 COO CnH2n+1 Carboxylate group
m= 0, 1, 2, … -COOC
n= 1, 2, 3,

Activity 1: Carbon compunds

1. Every member in homologous series have same _____________________________.

2. Functional group is a group of atom that gives same _________________________

3. Every member in homologous series can be prepared by the same

____________________________________________________________
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2.2 ALKANE
1. Alkanes are saturated hydrocarbons.

2. In each alkane molecule, carbon atoms are bonded to four other atoms through single
covalent bond.

3. Naming Alkanes.

The name of a straight chain alkane consists of two parts namely:

(a) parent (according to the number of carbon atoms)
(b) suffix(ends with -ane)

Number of carbon atoms Parent name

1 Meth-

2 Eth-

3 Prop-

4 But-

5 Pent-

6 Heks-

7 Hept-

8 Okt-

9 Non-

10 Dek-
Activity 2: Naming and draw the structural formula of alkane

Alkane
Number of carbon atom Molecular formula Name Structural formula

CnH2n+2
1 CH4 Methane

2 C2H6 Ethane

3 C3H8

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4 . Chemical properties of alkane

(a) Combustion of Alkane

i) Complete combustion

Burnt in excess oxygen to produce CO2 and H20

CH4(g) + 2O2(g)  CO2(g) + 2H2O(ce)

ii ) Incomplete combustion

Burnt in limited oxygen to produce carbon (soot), carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide and water.

2CH4(g) + 3O2(g)  C(p) + CO2(g) + 4H2O(ce)

OR

6CH4(g) + 9O2(g)  2C(p) + 2CO(g) + 2CO2(g) + 12H2O(ce)

(b) Substitution (Halogenation)

- Occurs when an atom or a group of atoms replaces a hydrogen atom in an alkane molecule.

- In this reaction,each hydrogen atom in the alkane molecule replaced by one halogen atom with
presence sunlight or ultraviolet rays.

- Alkenes also can react with bromine gas to produce CH3Br, CH2Br2, CHBr3 and CBr4.

Activity 3: Chemical Properties of Alkane

1. Write a chemical equation for a complete combustion in the following compound:

a) Propane : ___________________________________________________________

b) Butane : ___________________________________________________________________
2. Ethane gas can react with chlorine gas in certain conditions. State the suitable condition for the reaction to
occur. Write a chemical equation for the reaction.

Activity 4: Physical properties of Alkane

1. List the physical properties for alkane.

i.

ii.
___________________________________________________________________________________
iii .

iv.

V.

2.3 ALKENES

1.Alkenes are unsaturated hydrocarbons.

2. Every alkene has at least one double covalent bond between carbon atoms,C = C
in the molecule.
3. All names of alkenes end with–ene.
Activity 5: Naming and drawing the structural formula of alkene

Alkene

Number of carbon atom Molecular formula Name Structural formula

CnH2n
2 C2H4 Ethene

3 C3H6 Propene

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3. Chemical Properties of Alkenes

(a)Combustion of alkenes
(i) Complete Combustion
Burnt in excess oxygen to producecarbon dioxide and water.

C2H4(g) + 3O2 (g)  2CO2 (g) + 2H2O(ce)

ii) Incomplete combustion

Burnt in limited oxygen to produce carbon (soot), carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide and
water.

C2H4(g) + 2O2(g) C(p) + CO2(g) + 2H2O(ce)

OR

3C2H4(g) + 6O2(g) 2C(p) + 2CO(g) + 2CO2(g) + 6H2O(ce)

(c) Addition of alkenes

1) Addition with hydrogen (Hydrogenation)

- Produce alkane
- Catalyst : Nikel or Platinum
- Temperature : 180⁰C
- Example : C2H4(g) + H2(g) C2H6(g)

2) Addition with halogen (Halogenation)

Contoh: Gas etena dialirkan ke dalam air bromin. Warna perang air bromin menjadi
tidak berwarna.

C2H4(g) + Br2(ce) C2H4Br2(ce)

3) Addition with hydrogen halide

Contoh: Ethene gas reacts with hydrogen chloride at room temperature to produce
chloroethane gas

C2H4(g) + HCl(g) C2H5Cl(ce)

4) Addition with water (hydration)

- Produce alcohol
- Satu campuran alkena dan stim dialirkan melalui asid asid fosforik, H3PO4
- Temperature: 300⁰C
- Pressure : 60 atm
- Example : C2H4(g) + H2O(ce) C2H5OH(ce)
5) Addition with a hydroxyl group
Example: Ethene gas is flowed into an acidic potassium manganate (VII) solution
Color purple becomes colorless indicating the formation of ethane-1,2-diol
C2H4(g)+H2O+ [O] C2H4(OH)2
6) Polymerization reaction
- The reaction of combining monomers to form polymers
- Example: Ethene combines chemically to form polyethene or polythene at a
temperature of
100⁰C to 300⁰C and a pressure of 2000 atm.

CH2= CH2+ CH2= CH2 –CH2– CH2– CH2– CH2–

Aktivity 6: Chemical Properties of Alkene

1. Heks-1-ene is a liquid at room temperature. Explain why heks-1-ene cannot conduct
electricity.

2. Draw a structural formula for the following chemical reaction.

3. Fill in the blanks.

a) Ethene reacts with gas

Catalyst: ___________________________________________________

Chemical equation:

________________________________________________________________________

b) Ethene reacts with acidified potassium manganate (vii)

Catalyst: ___________________________________________________
Observation:

________________________________________________________________________
Aktiviti 7: Sifat Fizik Alkena

1. List all the physical properties of alkene

i. _________________________________________________________________
ii. _________________________________________________________________
iii. _________________________________________________________________
iv. _________________________________________________________________

V. _________________________________________________________________
2.4 ISOMERISM
1. Isomer is an organic compound that have same molecular but
different structural formula.

2. Isomers have different physical properties but same chemical

properties.

2. Alkyl Group

Alkane Alkyl
Methane, CH4 Metil, —CH3

Ethane, C2H6 Etil, —C2H5

Propane, C2H6 Propil, —C3H7

Butane, C4H10 Butil, —C4H9

Pentane, C5H12 Pentil, —C5H11

Activity 8: Isomerism

1. Draw the structural formula for each of the following alkane.

a) 2-methylbutane b) 2,2 -dimethylpropane

2. Draw isomers for the following pentene.

a) Pent-2-ene b) 3-methylbut-1-ene

]
 2.5 ALCOHOL

General formula:
CnH2n+1OH,
Preparation of ethanol Functional groups: OH- n= 1,2,3…
2 stages:

1. i) Fermentation
ii) Distillation

2. In industry, involved Alcohol Chemical reaction

hydration. 1. Combustion
2. Oxidation
3. Hydration

Physical properties of ethanol

Application
1. Colourless solution
2. Easily to evaporate 1. Cosmetic
3. Soluble in water 2. Solvent
4. Boiling point 78°C 3. Making of ethanoic acid

Alcohol naming steps:

Step 1: Write alkane that have the same number of carbon atoms.
Step 2: Replace the word –a at the end of alkane with –ol
Step 3: Write number of carbon atom in front of –ol to show the position of group of -OH at the
longest chain of carbon atoms.
Chemical Properties of Ethanol

1. Combustion of ethanol
Inexcess oxygen, ethanol burns with blue flame produce carbon dioxide and water.

C2H5OH+ 3O2 2CO2)+ 3H2O

2.Oxidation of ethanol

Ethanol oxidized to ethanoic acid by using an oxidizing agent:

acidified potassium manganate VII, Acidic potassium dichromate,

KMnO4 K2Cr2O7

Example:
C2H5OH + 2 [O] CH3COOH + H2O

3. Dehydration of ethanol
Elimination of water from alcohol. This chemical reaction will change alcohol into alkene.

hot porcelain chips

C2H5OH C2H4 + H2O

Aktivity 9: Naming and drawing the structural formula of alcohol

1. Draw 2 isomers of butanol and name each of them.

a) b)
 2.6 CARBOXYLIC ACID

General formula:
Functional groups: CnH2n+1COOH
Carboxyl (COOH)
n= 0, 1, 2, …
Carboxylic Acid

Physical properties
Usage
-soluble in water -vinegar
-colourless solution -making of varnish
-liquid at room temperature -making of synthetic fibre
-low boiling point -flavour
-sharp odour

Naming of carboxylic acid

Step 1: Get alkane that have same number of carbon atoms
Step 2: Replace the end worf -a in alkane with -oic
Step 3: Add acid name in front of the name
1. With reactive metals

HCOOH + Mg --------------> (HCOO2) Mg + H2

2. With metal carbonates

HCOOH + CaCO3 --------------> (HCOO2) Ca + H20 + CO2

3. With base/alkali

C2H5COOH + ZnO ---------------> (C2H5COO)2Zn + H20

4. With alcohol

HCOOH + C2H5OH ---------------> HCOOC2H5 + H20

Activity 10: Carboxylic acid

1. Draw the structural formula for each of the following carboxylic acid.

a) Ethanoic acid b) Butanoic acid

2. Complete the following chemical equation.

(a) C3H7COOH + ZnO 

_______________________________________
(b) HCOOH + K2CO3 
________________________________________
(c) C4H9COOH + Mg 
________________________________________
(d) CH3COOH + C3H7OH  ______________________

________________
2.7 ESTERS

Preparation:
- Esterification reaction
- Carboxylic acid + Alcohol
Catalyst: H2SO4
General formula
Cm H2m+1 COO
Usage CnH2n+1
m= 0, 1, 2, …
-fragrance n= 1, 2, 3, …:
-flavour
-solvent

Functional group
Physical properties

-colourless Chemical reaction:

-fruit smell
-soluble in water -combustion
-oxidation
- hydration

Examples:

Acid part Alcohol part part Ethyl propanoate

(propanoate) (ethyl)

Methyl propanoate Ethyl etanoate Butyl methanoate

 Activity 11: Ester

1. Draw the structural formula for each of the following esters.

(a) Etil butanoat, C3H7COOC2H5 (b) Propil metanoat, HCOOC3H7

2 . Name and draw the structural formula that formed from the chemical reaction of carnoxyluc
acid and alcohol.

(a) Asid butanoik dan propanol (b ) Propanoic acid and methanol

3. Name the ester, carboxylic acid, and alcohol that involved to produce ester and write
chemical equation for the esterification process.

(a) HCOOC3H7

Ester name: ___________________________________________________________________

Carboxylic acid: ____________________________________________________________________

Alcohol: ______________________________________________________________________

Chemical equation: _______________________________________________________________________

_______________________
(b) C4H9COOC2H5

Ester name: ___________________________________________________________________

Carboxylic acid: ____________________________________________________________________

Alcohol: ______________________________________________________________________

Chemical equation: _______________________________________________________________________

 CARBON COMPOUNDS

2.8 OILS AND FATS

1. Oils and fats are natural esters.

2. Oils and fats can be produced from the reaction between fatty acids and glycerol.

Liquid at room temperature

Obtained from
plants

Examples:
Oils 1. Palm oil
3. Olive oil
Ester
Fats
Solid at room temperature
Two types of fat
1. saturated fat
2. Unsaturated fat Obtained from animals

Saturated fats Unsaturated fats

No double bond between the carbon atoms There is double bond between the carbon
atoms

Solid at room temperature Liquid at room temperature

Examples of saturated fats: Examples of saturated fats:

1) Lauric acid 1) Oleic acid

2) Palmitic acid 2) Linoleic acid
3) Stearic acid
Activity 12: Oils and Fats

1. What is fat?

______________________________________________________________________

2. What are fatty acids?

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