CARBON AND ITS COMPOUNDS PART -1

(i) It could gain four electrons forming C4– anion. But it

would be difficult for the nucleus with six protons to
hold on to ten electrons, that is, four extra electrons.

(ii) It could lose four electrons forming C4+ cation. But it

would require a large amount of energy to remove four
electrons leaving behind a carbon cation with six protons
in its nucleus holding on to just two electrons.

Molecules formed by the sharing of valence

electrons.
 CARBON AND ITS COMPOUNDS PART -1

These compounds have low melting and boiling points as compared

to ionic compounds

We can conclude that the forces of attraction between the molecules

are not very strong.

Most carbon compounds are poor conductors of electricity

Since these compounds are largely non-conductors of electricity, we

can conclude that the bonding in these compounds does not give rise
to any ions.
 CARBON AND ITS COMPOUNDS PART -1

Explain why carbon forms covalent bond?

OR
Explain why carbon cannot form Ionic compounds ?
OR
Explain why carbon cannot form C+4 or C-4 ions?
CARBON AND ITS COMPOUNDS PART -1
 CARBON AND ITS COMPOUNDS PART -1

Isomerism :
The phenomenon in which 2 or more compounds
have same molecular formula but exhibit different
properties due to difference in their structure (or)
difference in the arrangement of atoms with in the space
is called isomerism. Those compounds are called isomers.
Characteristics of Isomers :
 they have same molecular formula
 they have different structural arrangement
 they shows different physical properties
 they shows different chemical properties
CARBON AND ITS COMPOUNDS PART -1
n - Heptane

Iso- Heptane
Iso- Heptane

neo- Heptane
 CARBON AND ITS COMPOUNDS PART -1

1.How many isomers are possible for the compound with

the molecular formula C4H8? Draw the electron dot
structure of branched chain isomer.

2. How many isomers are possible for the compound with

the molecular formula C4H10? Draw the structure of
branched chain isomer.

3. How many isomers are possible for the compound with

the molecular formula C5H12?

4. How many isomers are possible for the compound with

the molecular formula C6H14?
2. RING CHAIN ISOMERISM :
 2. RING CHAIN ISOMERISM :

1. Draw the structural formula of a cyclic compound with

6 carbons

2. Draw the lewi’s dot structure of a cyclic compound

with 6 carbons
3. FUNCTIONAL ISOMERISM :
 CARBON AND ITS COMPOUNDS PART -2

Homologous series :
A group of organic compounds having similar structure and
chemical properties, successive compounds differ by CH2
group. Characteristics :
They differ by CH2 group ; They differ by 14 u mass
They shows different physical properties
They shows similar chemical properties
They obey same general formula
Ex : Alkane Homologous Series of Alkanes
Methane CH4 CH4
Ethane C2H6 CH3CH3
Propane C3H8 CH3CH2CH3
 Homologous member
Compound General 1st IUPAC name 2nd IUPAC 3rd IUPAC name
formula name

Alkane CnH2n + 2 CH4 Methane C2H6 Ethane C3H8 Propane

Alkene CnH2n C2H4 Ethene C3H6 Propene C4H8 Butene

Alkyne CnH2n – 2 C2H2 Ethyne C3H4 Propyne C4H6 Butyne

Carboxylic CnH2n O2 HCO2H Methanoic C2H4O2 Ethanoic C3H6O2 Propanoic

acid acid acid acid
Aldehydes CnH2n O HCHO Methanal C2H4O Ethanal C3H6O Propanal

Ketones CnH2n O C3H6O Propanone C4H8O Butanone C5H10O Pentanone

Alcohols CnH2n+2O CH3OH Methanol C2H6O Ethanol C3H8O Propanol

Esters CnH2n O2 C2H4O2 Methyl C3H6O2 Methyl C4H8O2 alkylalkano

methanoate ethanoate ate
1. The molecular formula of „A‟ is C10H18 and „B‟ is C18H36. Name the
homologous series to which they belong.

2. Which two of the following compounds could belong to the same

homologous series? C2H6O2,C2H6O, C2H6, CH4O

3. Write the molecular formulae of the third and fifth members of

homologous series of carbon compounds represented by the general
formula CnH2n – 2 .

3. Write the molecular formulae of the third and fifth members of

homologous series of Alkanes

4. An organic compound “X” has the molecular formula C 2H6. Name the
homologous series to which it belongs and write the molecular formula of
5th member in the series.

5. Draw the Lewis dot structure of 3rd member in alkane series.

6. Write the structural formula of 2nd member in alkanes.

1.Assertion (A): CH3OH is less soluble in organic solvents than CH3CH2OH
Reason (R) : Increase in the molecular mass of homologous compounds decreases
solubility in a particular solvent
1.Assertion (A): CH3OH is less soluble in water than CH3CH2OH
Reason (R) : Increase in the molecular mass of homologous compounds decreases
solubility in a particular solvent
IUPAC Nomenclature
2° prefix+1° prefix+Rootword+1° suffix+ 2° suffix
2° Prefix 1° prefix Root word 1° suffix 2° suffix
Substituent's Cyclic No. of Carbon Nature of bond Functional
atoms group
– X = Halo (cyclo) 1 C = meth (-) ane - COOH – oic
acid
– CH3 = Methyl 2 C = eth (=) ene CHO – al
– C2H5 = Ethyl 3 C = prop (≡ ) vne - OH – ol
– NO2 = Nitro 4 C = but C = O – one
5 C = pent R–O–R-
Alkoxy
6 C = Hex R – COO – R -
oate
7 C = Hept
 CARBON AND ITS COMPOUNDS PART -3

1. Combustion :
It is the reaction in which CO2 and H2O are obtained by
burning organic compound.
Flame : It is the region where combustion of gases takes
place.
Blue Flame : (Complete combustion) Also called non -
luminous flame (or) Non sooty flame Obtained when
oxygen is sufficient or in excess. Produces more heat

Yellow Flame : (partial (or) incomplete combustion) Also

called luminous flame (or) sooty flame Obtained when
oxygen is insufficient. Its yellow colour is because of the
presence of unburnt carbon particles. Produces less heat
Chemical properties of Carbon compounds

 Flame test for unsaturated hydrocarbons :

Saturated - Complete combustion, blue, non
luminous, non sooty flame
Unsaturated - Incomplete combustion, yellow,
luminous, sooty flame
 Bromine water test for unsaturated hydrocarbons :
Saturated - Cannot decolourize bromine water
Unsaturated - Decolourize bromine water
 Dehydration of Alcohols
Alcohols Conc.H2SO4 Alkene + H2O
Role of Conc, H2SO4 Dehydrating agent.
Methanol Conc. H2SO4 No reaction possible because
a)
(CH3OH) Alkenes are existing with
(or) minimum tewo carbons
(CH4O)

b) Ethanol Conc. H2SO4 Ethene + H2O

(CH3CH2OH) (CH2 = CH2)
(or) (or)
(C2H6O) (C2H4)
c) Propanol Conc. H2SO4 Propene + H2O
(CH3CH2CH2OH) (CH3 - CH = CH2)
(or) (or)
(C3H8O) (C3H6)

d) Butanol Conc. H2SO4 Butene + H2O

(CH3CH2CH2CH2OH) (CH3 - CH2 - CH = CH2)
(or) (or)
(C4H10O) (C4H8)
e) Pentanol Conc. H2SO4 Pentene + H2O
(CH3CH2CH2CH2CH2OH) (CH3 - CH2 - CH2 - CH = CH2)
(or) (or)
(C5H12O) (C5H10)

Oxidation of A lcohols
Alk. KMnO4
Alcohols Carboxylic acids + H2O
Acid. K2Cr2O7

Role of KMnO4 and K2Cr2O7 is oxidising agents

a) Methanol KMnO4 Methanoic acid + H2O
K2Cr2O7
(CH3OH) (HCOOH)
(or) (or)
CH4O (CH2O2)

b) Ethanol KMnO4
Ethanoic acid + H2O
(CH3CH2OH) K2Cr2O7 (CH3COOH)
(or) (or)
(C2H6O) (C2H4O2)

c) Propanol KMnO4 Propanoic acid + H2O

K2Cr2O7
(CH3CH2CH2OH) (CH3CH2COOH)
(or) (or)
(C3H8O) (C3H6O2)
 KMnO4
d) Butanol Butanoic acid + H2O
K2Cr2O7
(CH3CH2CH2CH2OH) (CH3CH2CH2COOH)
(or)
(or)
(C4H10O) (C4H8O2)

KMnO4
e) Pentanol Pentanoic acid + H2O
K2Cr2O7
(CH3CH2CH2CHCOOH)
(CH3CH2CH2CH2CH2OH)
(or) (or)
(C5H12O) (C5H10O2)
 Esterification
Conc
Carboxylic acid + Alcohol Ester + H2O
H2SO4
(CnH2nO2) (CnH2n+O2) (Alkylakanote)
(CnH2nO2)
Conc
a) Methanoic acid + Methanol Methyl methanoate + H2O
H2SO4
(CH2O2) CH4O (C2H4O2)
(or) (or) (or)
(HCOOH) CH3OH HCOOCH3

Conc
b) Ethanoic acid + Ethanol Ethyl Ethonate + H2O
H2SO4
(C2H4O2) (C2H6O) (C4H8O2)
(or) (or) (or)
(CH3COOH) CH3CH2OH) (CH3COOC2H5)
 Conc
c) Propanoic acid + Propanol Propyl Propanate + H2O
H2SO4
(C3H6O2) (C3H8O) (C6H12O2)
(or) (or) (or)
(CH3CH2COOH) (CH3CH2CH2OH) (CH3CH2COOC3H8)

Conc
d) Butanoic acid + Butanol ButylButanoate + H2O
H2SO4
(C4H8O2) (C4H10O) (C8H16O2)
(or) (or) (or)
(CH3CH2CH2COOH) (CH3CH2CH2CH2OH) (CH3CH2CH2COOC4H10)
Ethyl alcohol & Ethanoic acid

Conc.H2SO4 H2
Alcohol Alkene Alkane
(X) (Y) Ni/Pd (Z)
Alkaline KMnO4 +
acidified K2Cr2O7 H2O

dil.H2SO4
Aldehyde
(Q)
Alkaline KMnO4
acidified K2Cr2O7
Conc.H2SO4 Ester + H2O
Carboxylic Acid + Alcohol
(X) (R)
(P)
 Soaps & Detergents
Soap - C17H35COONa, C15H31COONa.
Micelle - Aggregate of soap molecules (involved in cleaning
action of soap)
Detergents - CH3 – (CH2)11 – C6H4 – SO3Na
CH3 – (CH2)10 – CH2 – SO4Na
Hardness of
water : -Temporary hardness - Bicarbonates of 'Ca' and 'Mg'
Permanent hardness - Chlorides, sulphates of Ca & Mg.
Most dirt is oily in nature and as you know oil does not
dissolve in water. The molecules of soap are sodium or
potassium salts of long chain carboxylic acids. The ionic
end of soap dissolves in water while the carbon chain
dissolve in oil. The soap molecules, thus form structures
called micelles. W here one end of the molecules is
towards the oil droplet while the ionic end faces outside.
This forms an emulsion in water the soap micelle thus
helps in dissolving the dirt in water and we wash our
clothes clean.
A carbon compound ‘A’ having melting point 156K and boiling point
351K, with molecular formula C2H6O is soluble in water in all
proportions.
a. Identify ‘A’ and draw its electron dot structure.
b. Give the molecular formulae of any two homologues of ‘A’.
A compound A (C2H4O2) reacts with Na metal to form a compound ‘B’
and evolves a gas which burns with a pop sound. Compound ‘A’ on
treatment with an alcohol ‘C’ in presence of an acid forms a sweet
smelling compound ‘D’ (C4H8O2). On addition of NaOH to ‘D’ gives back
B and C. Identify A, B, C and D write the reactions involved

From an experiment to study the properties of acetic acid. Answer the

following questions:
a) Name the substances which on addition to acetic acid produce
carbon dioxide gas. Give relevant chemical equation for the above?
b) How is CO2 gas tested in the laboratory?
METALS AND NONMETALS PART -1
S.NO. Metal Colour Density
1 Sodium silvery-white 0.971 g/cc
2 Potassium white with a silvery lustre 0.862 g/cc
3 Lithium silvery-white 0.534 g/cc
4 Calcium silvery-white, 1.55 g/cc
5 Aluminium silvery white to dull gray 2.702 g/cc
6 Copper red-orange color or Red Brown 8.96 g/cc
7 Iron silvery-gray 7.874 g/cc
8 Magnesium silvery white 1.738 g/cc
9 Silver shiny version of gray 10.5 g/cc
10 Zinc silvery. 7.13 g/cc
11 Gold reddish yellow 19.32 g/cc
12 Osmium blue-gray 22.6 g/cc
Reactions of metals with Acids :
Acid/Form HCl + M (M>H) H2SO4 + M (M>H) HNO3 + M (M>H)

MCl/MCl2/MCl3 + MSO4/M2SO4 /M2(SO4)3 + H2 M(NO3)2 + H2

Very dilute H2 With Mg,Mn,Zn
MCl/MCl2/MCl3 + H2 MSO4/M2SO4 /M2(SO4)3 + H2 MNO3/M(NO3)2 +
Dilute H2O + NO/
Zn,Mg -N2O
MCl/MCl2/MCl3 + H2 MSO4/M2SO4 /M2(SO4)3 + H2 MNO3/M(NO3)2 +
Hot dilute H2O + NO

Moderately MSO4/M2SO4 /M2(SO4)3 + MNO3/M(NO3)2 +

Conc. MCl/MCl2/MCl3 + H2 SO2 + H2O H2O + NO

MSO4/M2SO4 /M2(SO4)3 + MNO3/M(NO3)2 +

Concentrated MCl/MCl2/MCl3 + H2 SO2 + H2O H2O + NO2

Hot MSO4/M2SO4 /M2(SO4)3 + MNO3/M(NO3)2 +

concentrated MCl/MCl2/MCl3 + H2 SO2 + H2O H2O + NO2
Reactions of metals with Acids :
2. Abnormal Reactions Of HNO3 :
Metals like Mg, Mn and Zn only can liberate Hydrogen gas
with very dilute nitric acid along with the formation of
Metal nitrate, but in moderate conc/conc/hot conc form,
they cannot liberate hydrogen gas instead of that liberate
NO or NO2 as nitric acid is a strong oxidising agent, it
oxidizes hydrogen gas to water. Highly reactive metals with
very dilute nitric acid also cannot liberate hydrogen gas as
they are strong reducing agents.
Mg + 2HNO3 (Very dilute) → Mg(NO3)2 + H2 ↑
Mn + 2HNO3 (Very dilute) → Mn(NO3)2 + H2 ↑
Zn + 2HNO3 (Very dilute) → Zn(NO3)2 + H2 ↑
2K + HNO3 (Very dilute) → KNO3 + NO + H2O
Reactions of metals with Acids :

1. Abnormal Reactions Of Copper :

a) Copper can react with – Hot Conc.HCl

b) Copper can react with - Hot.Dil.H2SO4
- Conc.H2SO4
c) Copper can react with – Dil.HNO3
- Conc.HNO3
 1
N + MSO4(aq)
2
8
MSO4(aq)+Fe

4
SO
MSO4(aq)+X(g)

a q. N
di
l.H
2
eSO 4

SO
7 aq. F 3

4
NaOH(aq)
Na2MO2 + X(g) Metal M Z(s) + X(g)
H2O(g)
O2
O3

conc.HNO3
4
N
H
6
dil. Z(s)
y
M(NO3)2(aq)+X(g) v er
5

MO(aq)+ H2O + Y(g)

X  NO3 2  H 2 

Metal X V ery dilute

dilute Metal P
H 2O  NO  Y  NO3 2 HNO3
Metal Y V ery dilute PNO3  NO  H 2O

Conc Metal Z

Z  NO3 2  NO2  H 2O
 METALS AND NONMETALS PART -2
Chemical bond & properties of Ionic and
covalent compounds
METALS AND NONMETALS PART -2
Chemical bond & properties of Ionic and
covalent compounds
 Ore
Hand picking
by W ashing
Concentration of ore
Froth flotation
Magnetic Separation
Extraction of crude
metal from the ore

Metals of high Metals of low Displacement

reactivity Metals of medium reactivity from aqueous
reactivity solutions (or)
heating
Sulphide ore
Carbonate Sulphide
Halides Oxides ore ore
Roasting

Calcination Roasting Oxides

Electrolysis of
molten ore Reduction

Oxide of metal Metal

Metal
(eg: Na, Mg, A l etc...)
Refining
Chemical Reduction Reduction of metal (eg: A g)
A uto Reduction
Displacement method Refining of metal Distillaion
Electrolytic reduction (eg. Cu, Zn, etc...) Poling
Liquation
Electrolytic refining
 ORE

Concentration of ore

Ore of Metal M Ore of metal N Ore of metal O

Process P Process Q
Process R Process S

M is deposited
at cathode Crude metal Crude Crude
M is obtained metal O metal O

Pure metal

Refining
Alloys :
Alloys, in general, are stronger and harder, less
malleable, less ductile, and more corrosion-
resistant than the alloy’s main metal. An alloy
mixture is stronger because it contains atoms of
different sizes from different elements.
ACIDS BASES AND SALTS
i,ii,iv only
Y X
CHEMICAL REACTIONS AND EQUATIONS