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INORGANIC
PHARMACEUTICAL
CHEMISTRY
Rowel P. Catchillar, MS
The Basics of…

THE PERIODIC TABLE OF ELEMENTS

Things to remember… Things to remember…

Periods & Groups
The periodic table has a total of 7
periods and 18 groups.
Groups A are referred to as
representative elements (___ and ___
block)
Groups B are transition elements (___
block)
Inner transition elements include
_______ and ______ series (___
block)
Group IA: Alkali Metals
Group IIA: Alkaline Earth Metals
Group VIA: Chalcogens
Group VIIA: Halogens
Group VIIIA: Noble Gases
(Sometimes Group O)
Group IB: Coinage elements
IIB: Volatile elements

The Periodic Table Group 1A: Alkali Metals

Most reactive group

Valence electron: 1
Activity ⬆ with atomic number
Alkalinity ⬆ with atomic number
Degree of solvation ⬇ with atomic
number

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Group 1A: Alkali Metals Group 1A: Alkali Metals

HYDROGEN
Lithium carbonate
Aka: “inflammable air”
Quilonium
Preparation: LANE PROCESS &
Lithane
MESSERSCHMIDT PROCESS: 99% PURE
Indication: Bipolar disorder
HYDROGEN
Component of Lithia water
Lightest _____
Cation: ____ or ____; Anion: _____
Isotopes:
1H- most abundant; ______
2H- heavy hydrogen; _____
3H- radioactive: ______

Bipolar Disorder Group 1A: Alkali Metals

Compound Important Notes
Li2O Flux in ceramic glazes
LiF manufacture of ceramics
Lithium stearate cosmetics, in plastics, and as a
LiC18H35O2 lubricant in powder metallurgy
LiCl manufacture of mineral water, esp.
lithia water
LiAlH4 reducing agent, esp. in
pharmaceutical and perfume
manufacturing
LiOH absorb carbon dioxide, esp. in
spacesuits

Group 1A: Alkali Metals Sodium Acetate

SODIUM Urinary and systemic alkalizer

the cation of choice to optimize the Diuretic
pharmaceutical utility of organic Antacid
medicaments Tests:
Most abundant ___________ cation Zinc uranyl acetate
(ZnUO2(CH3COO)4)
Mg uranyl acetate (MgUO2(CH3COO)4)
Cobalt uranyl acetate

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Sodium Bicarbonate Sodium carbonate

Baking soda Forms:

Systemic antacid decahydrate is washing soda, sal
Carbonating agent soda, soda crystal
Side effects: Sesquihydrate is trona, urao
Systemic alkalosis Anhydrous is soda ash, calcined
Rebound hyperacidity soda
Edema

Sodium carbonate Sodium dihydrogen phosphate

primary standard for acid-base Fleet enema

titrations Cathartic
manufacture of “soda lime glass” Source of P or phosphate
Preparation: Solvay Process
Efflorescence: loss of water of
crystallization

Na metabisulfite Sodium chloride

Na2S2O5 rock salt

sodium pyrosulfite halite
Water soluble anti-oxidant table salt
soler salt
Uses:
Electrolyte replenisher
Tonicity adjuster
Condiments
Preservative

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Sodium citrate Sodium fluoride

Alkalizer first fluoride compound used in

buffer water fluoridation
diuretic anticariogenic (2%solution)
expectorant stimulator of bone formation
Anticoagulant
Sodium citrate is the anticoagulant of
choice for most routine coagulation
studies (Harr, 2007)

Sodium hydroxide Sodium phosphate

caustic soda reducing agent

sosa
Lye
Saponifying agent
Titrant for acids
Component of soda lime (Ca(OH)2;
NaOH, KOH)  CO2 absorber
NaOH is a deliquescent substance.

Sodium hypochlorite Sodium iodide

Dakin’s solution*; chlorox solubilizer of iodine

Daikin’s Solution: 5% NaClO Expectorant
Modified Dakin’s Solution is Diluted Antifungal
NaClO solution, NF Treatment of goiter
Labarraque’s Solution: oxidizing and
bleaching agent
Disinfectant
Bleaching agent

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Sodium lactate Sodium nitrite

Antacid (management of acidosis) Salitre (in Philippine market)

Diuretic Vasodilator
Preservative
Treatment of cyanide poisoning
NaNO2 is highly correlated to brain
tumors, and digestive tract cancer
(Pszezola, 1998) due to
nitrosamine production

Clinical Correlation: Sodium nitrate

CN Poisoning Chile Saltpeter

NaNO2 Fertilizer (believed to be the oldest
Amyl nitrite known inorganic fertilizer)
Sodium thiosulfate Manufacture of explosive
Others: Guggenheim process  extraction
Methylene blue process from ore
Hydroxocobalamin

Sodium sulfate Sodium tartrate

Glauber’s salt primary standard of KFR for water

Sal mirabile content determination
Saline cathartic (+) K  Rochelle salt

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Sodium thiocyanate Sodium thiosulfate

NaSCN photographer’s hypo; prismatic

Hypotensive agent rice
Chemical antidote in cyanide
poisoning
Management of iodine toxicity
(converts iodine to harmless
iodide)  Treatment of iodism:
NaCl

Group 1A: Alkali Metals Group 1A: Alkali Metals

POTASSIUM (K) POTASSIUM (K)

AKA: kalium
Most abundant and predominant
______________ cation
Deficiency: hypokalemia 
paralysis
Toxicity: Hyperkalemia  cardiac
arrest
Glass modification:
Potassium gives glass brown and light
resistant
MnO2: masks blue-green color
Boron / Borates: decreases the
coefficient of expansion
Pb: increase refractive index
Pharmacologic action:
Diuretic; muscle contraction

Potassium Compounds K dihydrogen phosphate

K Acetate Cathartic
K bicarbonate
K carbonate
Carbonate Of Potash
Salt of tartar
Salt of wormwood
Pearl ash

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K chloride Darrow’s Solution

Kalium durules® KCl

Electrolyte replenisher (slow IV NaCl
drip) Na lactate
Source of potassium Water for injection
IMPORTANT NOTE: Never give by
rapid IV push

K citrate K hydroxide

diuretic caustic potash, lye potash

expectorant Saponifying agent
diaphoretic “Saponification value”
Hard soap was made using
soda; soft soap with potash.

K bromide K Iodide

Depressant Same as sodium iodide

Component of many reagents
Wagner’s
Mayer’s
Valser’s Reagent

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Sulfurated Potash K chlorate

liver of sulfur Oxidizing agent

heparis sulfur Component of gargle and
(K2Sx.K2S2O3) mouthwashes
Preparation of white lotion
(+) zinc sulfate  antipsoriasis

K nitrate K permanganate

salt peter, salitre, sal prunelle Mineral chameleon

Diuretic Oxidizing agent
Meat preservative Antiseptic (1:5000)
VS in permanganometry
KMnO4  valence of Manganese?
BQ: In Permanganometry, what
indicator?

K sodium tartrate K thiocyanate

Rochelle salt hypotensive agent

Sal signette
cathartic
sequestering agent
Citrate vs Tartrate: Denige’s
reagent

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K bitartrate Group 1A: Alkali Metals

“The only insoluble potassium salt” AMMONIUM

Cream of tartar Only hypothetical alkali metal
Creamor Preparation: Haber Process
Cathartic Pcol action:
Diuretic
Buffer
Expectorant
Anti-cariogenic

Ammonium acetate NH4 Carbonate

spirit of Minderesus sal volatile

Styptic Hartshorn
preston salt
baker’s ammonia
Uses
expectorant(ammonium)
antacid (carbonate)
respiratory stimulant

Ammonium chloride Ammoniated mercury

Muriate of Hartshorn HgNH2Cl

Urinary acidifier White precipitate
Diuretic Topical anti-infective
expectorant

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Ammonium iodide 16O ammonia

Source of iodine Degree Baume

Expectorant 10% NH3
Antifungal

Group 1A: Alkali Metals Sige nga…

CESIUM Earth? Rock salt?

Catalyst in polymerization of resin Lithane? Caustic soda?
forming material Baking soda? Sosa?
First element discovered by the use Urao? Salitre?
of spectroscope Fleet enema? Chile salt peter?
Sodium Glauber’s salt
pyrosulfite? Photographer’s
Table salt? hypo

Sige nga… Sige nga…

Kalium? Pearl ash? Muriate of Heparis sulfur

Salt of tartar? Baker’s ammonia hartshorn Salt of
Kalium durules? Lye potash? White wormwood
Caustic potash? Sal signette precipitate
Liver of sulfur? Sal prunelle 10% NH3
Salt peter? Cream of tartar? Sal volatile
Chile salt peter? Spirit of
Mineral minderesus?
chameleon Hartshorn?

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Group IB: Coinage Metals Group IB: Coinage Metals

Properties: COPPER
Can occur in free metal state Syn: Cuprum
Complexes / chelates Only reddish metal
Very malleable 3rd most malleable metal
Easy to recover from ore 3rd best conductor
Component of HEMOCYANIN
(respiratory pigment) and cytochrome
oxidase

Group IB: Coinage Metals Wilson’s Disease

COPPER
2 important of alloys:
Brass: Cu +Zn
Bronze: Cu + Sn
Pharmacologic actions:
Protein precipitant
Enhances physiological utilization of iron
Toxicity: Wilson’s disease (Antidote:
penicillamine)

Copper (II) sulfate Copper aceto-arsenate

Cupric sulfate Cu3(AsO3)2.Cu(C2H3O)2

CuSO4.5H2O Insecticide
blue vitriol, blue stone
Uses
Component of Benedict’s, Barfoed’s
and Fehling’s ingredient
Antidote for Phosphorous poisoning
Ingredient of Bordeaux mixture

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Cuprous citrate Cupric hydrogen arsenite

Hatchett’s brown “Scheele’s green”

Antringent (8%)

Group IB: Coinage Metals Silver nitrate

Aka: argentum, shining, bright Lapiz infernulariz, lunar caustic,

Oligodynamic property (germicidal indelible ink, caustic pencil
action) Treatment of warts
Toxicity: argyria Eye antiseptic for newborn babies
Antidote: NSS of mother with gonorrhea
Wet dressing for 3rd degree burn at
0.5%

Ammoniacal silver nitrate Silver Proteinates

Ag(NH3)2NO3
Mild Silver Argyrol Eye antiseptic, for
Howe’s solution Proteinate vaginitis
Dental protective Strong Silver Protargol Germicide for ear
Desensitizing agent Proteinate and throat
Colloidal Silver Collargol General germicide
Proteinate
Colloidal Silver Lunosol *silver protein
Chloride stabilizer: Disodium
EDTA

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Group IB: Coinage Metals Gold Preparations

Compound Synonyms Uses
GOLD Aurothioglucose Solganal®  Treatment of
Aka: Aurum, shining dawn, king of (IM) gout and R.A
all metals  Felty's
Most malleable and ductile syndrome (RA,
Best conductor of electricity neutropenia,
Dissolved by: splenomegaly)
Gold Na Myochrysine® Treatment of gout
Aqua regia thiomalate (IM) and R.A
Selenic acid (H2SeO4) > the only Auranofin Ridaura® Given orally for
SINGLE acid that can dissolve gold RA

Group IIA: Alkaline Earth Group IIA: Alkaline Earth

Metals Metals
BERYLLIUM MAGNESIUM
Never employed in medicine because 2nd most abundant intercellular cation
it is the most toxic metal Present in chlorophyll (Significance:
Fluorescent lamp Photosynthesis)
Present in grignard’s reagent
Natural sources:
As silicates: (talc, asbestos)
As CO3 ( magnesite, dolomite)
As SO4 ( kieserite )

Group IIA: Alkaline Earth Detection of Magnesium

Metals
MAGNESIUM p-nitrobenzene resorcinol / Magneson
Pcol action: I in alkaline solution  blue lake
Laxative Oxine reagent  yellow precipitate
Diphenylcarbazide violet- red
Depressant
Quinalizarin reagent – blue precipitate
Natural Ca- channel blocker
Magnesium vs Beryllium both
Antidote: Ca gluconate
produces blue precipitate with
quinalizarin reagent; addition of
bromine water differentiates the two.

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Magnesium carbonate
Magnesia
Antacid, laxative
Magnesium sulfate
Epsom salt
Cathartic (PO)
Anticonvulsant (IM)
Pre-eclampsia triad
HPN, proteinuria, edema
Eclampsia
triad + seizure
Antidote for Ba toxicity
Hydrated Mg Silicate
talc, soapstone, French chalk
“softest mineral” known
Uses
Filtering agent
Clarifying agent
Dusting powder
10/16/2014
Magnesium oxide
Calcined Magnesia
Antacid, laxative
Component of universal antidote
(1 part) MgO
(2 parts) Activated charcoal
(1 part) tannic acid
Magnesium hydroxide
milk of magnesia, magnesia
magma
FYI: Do you know milk of amnesia?
same as magnesium carbonate
Component of Maalox
Side effect: diarrhea  add aluminum
hydroxide
Type of bottle for dispensing milk
of magnesia: BLUE BOTTLE
Magnesium citrate
lemonada purganti
purgative lemon
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Group IIA: Alkaline Earth Group IIA: Alkaline Earth

Metals Metals
Calcium Calcium
2nd most abundant cation in Pharmacologic action:
extracellular fluid Blood coagulation factor
major constituent of bones and teeth Important muscle contraction
 hydroxyapatite Important release of neurotransmitter
Primary element of bones and teeth,
Vitamin D is needed for its maximum
(98-99%)
absorption

Group IIA: Alkaline Earth Calcium bromide

Metals
Calcium Sedative – depressant
Deficiency states:
Osteoporosis: most common bone
disorder; defective bone resorption
Osteomalacia: defective bone
mineralization in adult
Rickets: defective bone mineralization
in children
Hypocalcemia

Calcium carbonate Calcium chloride

precipitated chalk “muriate of lime”

prepared chalk Ca replenisher
calcite
marble
Limestone
Uses:
Antacid
Ingredient of toothpaste
Dentifrice

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Calcium gluconate Calcium hydroxide

Ca supplement and replenisher slaked lime

milk of lime
calcium hydrate
Uses:
Antacid
saponifying agent
prevention of milk curdling 
promoting digestability of the milk

Calcium lactate Calcium biphosphate

Ca supplement source of Ca and PO4

Calcium oxide Calcium phosphate

Lime bone ash

Quicklime Antacid
Calx
Uses
Component of Bordeaux mixture
Insecticide

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Calcium hypochlorite Calcium sulfate

chlorinated lime CaSO4. ½ H2O or 2H2O

chloride of lime plaster of paris (hemihydrate
Uses form)
Disinfectant gypsum (dihydrate)
bleaching agent terra alba
Uses:
Rodenticide
prep of surgical casts and dental
impressions

Dibasic calcium phosphate Group IIA: Alkaline Earth

Recommended calcium salt as
electrolyte replenisher
Metals
STRONTIUM
Use: manufacture of flares
Radioactive strontium is used as bone
scanner
Strontium has an affinity for bones and
useful in studying bone lesions

Strontium chloride Group IIA: Alkaline Earth

Metals
Sensodyne™ BARIUM
temperature desensitizing agent Aka: heavy
Toxicity: Baritosis
Antidote: Epsom salt

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Barium sulfate Barium hydroxide

radiopaque subs used for GIT CO2 absorber

imaging
Doesn’t dissociate in the GIT
CO2 absorber

Group IIA: Alkaline Earth Group IIB: Volatile Metal

Metals
RADIUM Property:
Discovered by Curie Exhibit autocomplexation
Board Question: What is the FIRST
radioactive element discovered by
curie? POLONIUM.
Radioactive element use for:
Cancer radiotherapy
Diagnostic purpose

Group IIB: Volatile Metal Zinc chloride

ZINC Burnett’s disinfectant fluid

Present in insulin Uses:
Deficiency: Parakeratosis Disinfectant/antiseptic
Toxicity: Metal Fume Fever dentin desensitizer
Antidote: NaHCO3 corrosive

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Zinc oxide Zinc sulfide

zinc white white lotion ingredient

lassar’s paste Zinc sulfate + Sulfurated potash
Component of calamine lotion Only “white sulfide”
calamine lotion (Ashton, 2005) Lithopone : 30% ZnS, 70% BaS
Calamine (Zinc Carbonate) 15% Uses
zinc oxide 5% Parasiticide
glycerin 5% topical protectant
water 75%) Antiseptic

Zinc sulfate Hydrated zinc silicate

ZnSO4. 7H2O natural calamine

white vitriol Use: topical protectant
Uses:
Emetic
astringent

Zinc- eugenol cement Group IIB: Volatile Metal

dental protective CADMIUM

Pcol action: astringent
Other use: manufacture of stink
bomb
Poisoning: “Itai-Itai Disease”
Management: Palliative therapy, EDTA
immediately given after exposure

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Cadmium Compounds Group IIB: Volatile Metal

Cadmium chloride MERCURY (Hg)

Emetic Aka: QUICKSILVER, messenger of
Cadmium sulfide gods
Anti-seborrheic Industrial use: thermometer,
Cadmium sulfide amalgams (dental cement)
Only “yellow sulfide” Disease: Minamata disease, “Pink
Disease” Erethism
Antidote: EDTA

Group IIB: Volatile Metal Mercurous chloride

MERCURY (Hg) Board Questions: HgCl or Hg2Cl2

All mercury salts are poisonous. The Calomel
best antidote is SODIUM Use: cathartic
FORMALDEHYDE SULFOXYLATE.
Question: How to remove mercury
that falls into cracks? Cover with
sulfur

Mercuric chloride Mercury Iodides

Corrosive sublimate Mercurous iodide

Disinfectant Treatment of syphilis
Mercuric iodide
Stimulant of indolent ulcers
Mercuric potassium iodide
Mayer’s reagent

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Mercury compounds Group IIIA: Boron Group

Mercuric oxide BORON

“yellow precipitate” Industrial use: in vulcanizing rubber
Ammoniated Mercury In glass  decreases coefficient of
“white precipitate” expansion
Water soluble mercury
mercury (10-20%)
cetyl alcohol (70%)
SLS, dioctyl sodium sulfosuccinate,
glycerin and water

Boric acid Sodium tetraborate

H3BO3 Na2B4O7. 10H2O

sal sativum Borax
Toxicity: lobster appearance Dobell’s solution
Uses: Uses:
Buffer (ophthalmic soln 2%) Antiseptic
antiseptic Eye wash
tonicity adjusting agent Wet dressing for wounds

Group IIIA: Boron Group Aluminum chloride

ALUMINUM Astringent
Most abundant metal Antiseptic
3rd most abundant element antiperspirant/ deodorant
Pharmacologic uses:
Astringent
Burns (aluminum foil)
Toxicity: Shaver’s Disease

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Alum Aluminum hydroxide

M+2M+32(SO4).24H2O ampojel, cremalin gel

M+ is monovalent (Na, K, NH4) Antacid / protectant
M+3 is trivalent (Al, Tl, Cr or Fe) Disadvantages: constipation and
[AlNH4(SO4)2. 12H2O] – NH4 salt phosphate deficiency
[AlK(SO4)2. s12H2O] – K salt
Uses
Astringent
Antiperspirant/deodorant

Aluminum phosphate Aluminum carbonate

Phosphagel treatment of phosphatic calculci

Uses
Antacid
Astringent
Demulcent
Advantage: do not interfere with
PO4 absorption

Aluminum oxide Aluminum silicate

Alumina kaolin
treatment of silicosis Aka: china clay, native hydrated
aluminum silicate
Use: adsorbent in diarrhea
bentonite
Aka: soap clay, mineral soap, native
colloidal hydrated aluminum silicate,
WILHINITE
Suspending agent

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Aluminum silicate Group IIIA: Boron Group

pumice – volcanic origin GALLIUM

Use: dental abrasive Pcol use: treatment of cancer-related
Feldspar hypercalcemia by binding with
Potassium aluminum silicate  most transfer
common rock Nonpharma: substitute for mercury in
manufacture of arc lamps
Thallium
Green twigs
Use: ant poison, insecticide

Group IVA: Carbon Group Group IVA: Carbon Group

CARBON Forms:
The only element that can form bond CRYSTALLINE
with itself (catenation) Graphite
Diamond (purest native form of
uncombined carbon)
AMORPHOUS
bituminous (soft coal)
anthracite (hard coal)
coke (impure form of carbon)

Carbon dioxide Carbon trioxide

treatment of acne, warts, corns, Antacid

calluses, eczema pharmaceutical for effervescent
Solid CO2  dry ice tablet

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Carbon monoxide Group IVA: Carbon Group

Toxicity  210x greater affinity to GERMANIUM

hemoglobin than oxygen leading to possesses s immune system
asphyxia then death enhancing and antitumor effect
Treatment: Eka silicon – Germanium
100% oxygen Eka aluminum – Gallium
Artificial air (80% He + 20% O2) Eka boron – Scandium
Hyperbaric oxygen Eka manganese – technetium
Germanium dioxide
increases RBC production

Group IVA: Carbon Group Silicon dioxide

SILICON Glidant
2nd most abundant element
Toxicity: Silicosis (condition
resembling TB in symptoms
develops after long exposure)

Glass: Na2CO3 + pure silica Kaolin

Type General Description Uses Bolus alba

I highly resistant Parenterals
China clay
borosilicate glass Kaolinite
II treated soda lime Parenterals Porcelain clay
glass
Native Hydrated aluminum silicate
III soda lime glass Parenterals
Use: Adsorbent
NP general purpose NP
soda lime glass

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Siliceous earth Bentonite

Fuller’s earth Naturally occurring aluminum

Diatomaceous earth silicate
Kieselguhr most abundant of all clays
Celite suspending agent

Talc Attapulgite

Hydrated magnesium silicate Hydrated magnesium-aluminum

clarifying agent, dusting agent silicate
polymagma, diatabs, quintess

Simethicone Silica gel fume

polymeric dimethyl siloxane condensation of silica vapor

Anti-flatulent

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Silica gel Group IVA: Carbon Group

hydrolysis of orthosilicates TIN

Aka: stannum
Use: preparation of tin cans
Stannous Chloride + Metallic gold (in
weakly acidic solution)  PURPLE OF
CASSIUS

Alloys of Tin Tin Compounds

Babbit: 80% Tin, 20% Antimony Stannous fluoride

Gun metal: 10% tin, 90% copper SnF2
Pewter: 80% tin, 20% lead Anticariogenic (8%)
Rose metal: 25% tin, 25% lead; Stannic oxide
50% bismuth SnO2
Solder : 50% tin, 50% lead Germicide
Plumber’s solder: 33% Tin; 67%
lead

Group IVA: Carbon Group Group IVA: Carbon Group

LEAD LEAD
Aka: plumbum Source of poisoning
Pharmacologic use Lead pipes
Astringent Paints
protein precipitant Batteries
Poisoning: Plumbism
Antidote:
EDTA
Ca Versenate

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Lead (II) acetate Lead subacetate

sugar of lead, burrow’s solution Goulard’s extract

Plumbous acetate (lead (II) acetate + PbO)
Indication: Skin inflammation

Lead (II) oxide Group IVA

Litharge® TITANIUM
Astringent Aka: Titan (Son of the earth)
Use: powerful reducing agent
Titanium (IV) oxide
Titanium dioxide
Opaquant (Ocusert®)
UV Ray protectant

Group IVA Group VA: Nitrogen Group

ZIRCONIUM NITROGEN
Use: same with Aluminum but Aka: Mephitic air, azote, without
banned due to granuloma life
formation Most abundant gas in air: 71% N2,
Former Official Compounds: 29%O2
Oxide & CO3Both used as
antiperspirant and for athlete’s foot

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Nitrogen Nitrous oxide

N≡N (very stable)  inert “Laughing gas”

atmosphere for readily oxidizable
substances
Refrigerant (Liquid N2)
Container: Black
Dinitrogen monoxide
Uses
Inhalational anesthetic
S/E: diffusion hypoxia
Container: Blue

Nitrogen Dioxide Nitrogen trioxide

Air pollutant Oxidizing agent

(vs) Nitrite  Vasodilator; For (vs) Nitrate  preservative
cyanide poisoning

Aromatic spirit of ammonia Group VA: Nitrogen Group

spirit of hartshorn, spirit of sal PHOSPHORUS

volatile Aka: light carrier, St. Elmo’s fire
respiratory stimulant 2 forms:
White: poisonous
Red: non-poisonous
PO4: Antacid; Cathartic

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Group VA: Nitrogen Group Arsenic (III) trioxide

ARSENIC As2O3
Aka: Lewisite metal Insecticide
Insecticide: Copper Aceto Arsenate Anti-leukemia
Toxicity: Aldrich-Mee’s Line
Antidote: BAL
Test in As detection
Marsh Test (Modified form of this test is
GUTZEIT TEST)
Fleitmann’s Test

Arsenic (III) iodide Group VA: Nitrogen Group

AsI3 ANTIMONY
Primary standard in the Stibium
preparation of cerric sulfate Antiseptic
internal protective for ulcer
Board Ques: What is the concentration
of Bismuth as ointment? 30%
Cause: Dark stool; blue-black gums
Antidote: BAL/Dimercaprol

Bismuth Salts Milk of Bismuth

Bismuth subcarbonate Bismuth cream

Bi Subgallate (Bismuth subnitrate + Bismuth
Bi subnitrate hydroxide)
Uses
Use: Antacid
Antacid Internal protective especially for
Astringent gastric patient
antiseptic H. pylori infection

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Group VB Group VIA: Chalcogens

TANTALUM
Not affected by any body fluid,
therefore inert in our body
Sheet form use in repair of bones,
nerve and tissue
OXYGEN
Other names:
EMPYREAL AIR (Scheele)
DEPHLOGISTICATED AIR (Priestly)
YNE
ACID FORMER (Lavoisier)
oxys = sour and genes = born

Group VIA: Chalcogens Group VIA: Chalcogens

OXYGEN Sulfur
Most abundant element Other names:
Use: treatment of hypoxia/asphyxia “Sufra”  Arabic term which means
Container: green yellow
Brimstone
Shulbari  enemy of copper
Source
crude furnace
Calcarone: Synthesized via Frasch
Process

Group VIA: Chalcogens Sulfur Varieties

Sulfur Amorphous sulfur

Uses: Liquid sulfur
In preparation of scabicidal and heating sulfur at 160-180oC
keratolytic ointment or lotion Plastic sulfur
stimulant cathartic
resembles rubber
depilatory agent
fumigant Precipitated sulfur / lac sulfur /
anti-dandruff milk sulfur

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Sulfur Varieties Group VIA: Chalcogens

Sublimed sulfur  component of Aka: selena, moon

Vlemincksx’ solution* Essential trace element
*Lime/Calcium Oxide + Sublimed Promotes absorption of Vit. E
sulfur –(boiling)Vleminckx’s solution Use: antioxidant, production of
“red glass”, rubber industry

Selenium Disulfide Group VIB

SeS2  Selsun Blue® (2.5%) CHROMIUM

Anti-dandruff Essential trace element
Glucose tolerance factor
Deficiency: hyperglycemia
K2Cr2O7
Use: powerful oxidizing agent

Group VIB Group VIB

MOLYBDENUM URANIUM
Essential trace element Discovered by Becquerel
Co-factor enzyme Radioactive element used for
Molybdenum Oxide manufacturer of atomic bombs
+ FeSO4 – use: hematinic No pharmaceutical use
Brand name: MOL-IRON

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Group VIIA: Halogens Fluorine Compounds

FLUORINE NaF
Strongest oxidizing agent Use: anti-cariogenic at 2% soln
Superhalogen (Linus Pauling) SnF2
Poisoning: Fluorosis Use: anti-cariogenic at 8% soln
Principal manifestation: Na2FPO3
mottled enamel Use: also anti-cariogenic
abnormal bone growth
Freon
CCl2F2
Use: refrigerant, aerosol propel

Group VIIA: Halogens Chlorine Compounds

CHLORINE Hypochlorite (Na, K)

Aka: dephlogisticated muriatic Use: bleaching agent
acid HCl
“Chloros”  greenish yellow Synonym: Muriatic acid (35-35%
Most abundant extracellular w/w)
anion Use: treatment of achlorhydria
Used as water disinfectant
Chlorides are precipitated with Silver
Nitrate

Group VIIA: Halogens Group VIIA: Halogens

BROMINE BROMINE
Dark reddish brown fuming liquid Pcol action: sedative/depressant
with suffocating odor Poisoning: bromism
Quickly attacks the skin to cause burn Principal manifestation:
that is slow to heal (ammonia water Skin eruption
prevents its action) Psychosis
Weakness
Headache
Antidote: NaCl and NH4Cl

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Group VIIA: Halogens
BROMINE
Bromine 10th N solution
Koppeschaar’s solution
Three Bromide Elixirs (Na, K, NH4)
Group VIIA: Halogens
.IODINE
Iodine isotopes have wide use in
diagnosis and therapy
Deficiency: Goiter
Toxicity: Iodism
Iodine preparations:
Phenolated Iodine Solution
Boulton’s solution  antibacterial
and irritant
Povidone-iodine- BETADINE
10/16/2014
Group VIIA: Halogens
. IODINE
Most metallic halogen
Uses
EXPECTORANT
Anti-fungal
Antibacterial (1:5000 or 0.02%)
(greater antibacterial activity versus
Chlorine and Bromine of the same
strength); same strength as KMnO4
Iodine preparations:
Iodine solution – 2% I2 in H2O
Strong iodine soln aka : Lugol’s
soln (5% iodine in water with KI)
Iodine tincture
disinfectant (2% Iodine solution;
50% alcohol with KI)
Group VIIA: Halogens
Only metallic and synthetic
halogen resembling iodine
Only radioactive halogen
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Group VIIB Manganese Compounds

MANGANESE KMnO4
Co- factor in: mineral chameleon
Protein synthesis Uses
Phosphorylation Oxidizing agent
Fatty acid and cholesterol synthesis antiseptic
Poisoning: Parkinson-like MnO2
mask blue green color of the glass

Group VIIB Group VIIIA: Noble Gases

TECHNETIUM Unreactive; monovalent

1st element produced artificially Inert gases
(“technetos”  artificial) Noble gases
Used in preparation of Stable gases
radiopharmaceutical

Group VIIIA: Noble Gases Group VIIIA: Noble Gases

HELIUM NEON
2nd most lightest gas For advertising
Toxicity (inhalation): “Donald
duck-like sound”
Uses:
Carrier/diluents of medically
important gases
component of artificial gas

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Group VIIIA: Noble Gases Group VIIIA: Noble Gases

ARGON KRYPTON
Most abundant noble gas Have inhalational anesthetic activity
Substitute for N2 in providing inert Ramsay and Travers isolated krypton
atmosphere in liquid residues from argon
XENON
Investigational with inhalatory
anesthetic activity
Least abundant of all noble gas
(Stanley and Moghissi, 1975)

Group VIIIA: Noble Gases Group VIIIB: Triads

RADON First triad: Fe, Co, Ni

Aka: NITON Second Triad: Rh, Ru, Pd
Synthetic noble gas Third Triad: Os, Ir, Pt
Used for treatment of CA (cervical
CA)

Group VIIIB: Triads Group VIIIB: Triads

IRON IRON
Present in proteins: Iron is best absorbed in the
Hemoglobin duodenum.
Tranferrin Mucosal block postulation by Hahn is
Ferritin the best known hypothesis of iron
Cytochrome-oxidase enzyme absorption
Enhance absorption of Most important element in
Vitamin C
engineering
Copper

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Group VIIIB: Triads Iron Forms

Iron Cast iron or pig iron

Use: hematinic from blast furnace (92-94% iron)
Toxicity Cementite or white cast iron
GIT distress solid solution of hard, brittle iron
cardiac collapse carbide
hemochromatosis
Antidote: Deferroxamine

Iron Forms Iron Forms

Gray cast iron Chalybeate water

aka graphite scales; liquid iron is run iron in solution with ferrogenous taste
into sand molds and allowed to cool Misch metal
Wrought iron 70% Cerium + 30% Iron
removal of impurities of cast irons
(99.9% iron)
Iron pyrite aka “fool’s gold” is a
native iron sulfide

Ferrous sulfate Iron Compounds

green vitriol Ferrous gluconate: Fergon®

Uses: Ferrous fumarate: Toleron®
Hematinic Adv: Less irritating to the GI tract
Most economical and most
satisfactory form of iron
preparation
S/E: constipation

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Ferrous carbonate Ferric chloride

chalybeate pills Astringent

ferrunginous pills Styptic
Hematinic Detection of tannin

Ferric ferrocyanide Ferrous ferricyanide

Fe4[Fe(CN)6]3 Fe3[Fe(CN)6]2
Prussian blue Turnbull’s blue

“Prussian blue and turnbull’s blue

have different chemical formula, yet
they are identical”

Ferric Oxide Ferrous ammonium sulfate

Makes calamine pink Mohr salt

Used in analytical chemistry

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Iron sorbitex Ferric subsulfate solution

Complex of iron, sorbitol, citric Monsel solution

acid and dextrin

Group VIIIB: Triads Cobalt Compounds

COBALT Cobaltous chloride

Essential in development of CoCl2
erythrocytes and hemoglobin Aka: lover’s ink, sympathetic ink
Component of vitamin B12 Use: desiccators’ indicator
Deficiency: megaloblastic anemia blue color  anhydrous
pink color  hydrous
2. Cobalt meta-aluminate
“Thenard’s blue”

Group VIIIB: Triads Group VIIIB: Triads

NICKEL PLATINUM
Aka: old nick’s copper Low oxidation potential and low
Fossil fuel reactivity  noble metal
OSMIUM Catalyst in finely divided steel
Heaviest/densest metal PALLADIUM
Osmic acid and Osmium tetroxide Catalyst in finely divided steel
Both are used in staining microorganism
for microscopic study especially electron
microscopy

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