The Periodic Law

The Modern Periodic Table

•The elements are organized by :
•Atomic number
•Chemical Properties
 Groups and Periods
• Groups : vertical column
• 18 groups
• Elements in groups have similar chemical properties.
• Period: horizontal rows
• 7 periods
Groups and Period
Periods
Groups
Trends across the period Metallic and Non- metallic character
Valency chart
Four chemical groups of the periodic table

•Group 1 : Alkali metals

•Group 2: Alkaline earth metals
•Group 7: Halogens
•Group 8 : Noble gases
 Alkali metals
• Metals present: Lithium, Sodium,
Potassium, Rubidium and Caesium.
• They have one electron in its
outermost shell.
• Highly reactive
• Good conductors of heat and electricity
• They are soft metals and can be cut
with knife
• They have low densities
• Shiny surfaces
• Low melting point
 Alkali metals
• They burn in oxygen or air to
form white solid oxides.
• Oxides dissolve in water to
form metal hydroxides which
are alkaline in nature.
•
 Alkali metals
• They react
vigorously with
water to form
metal hydroxide
and release
hydrogen gas
Alkali Metals
• Alkali metals react vigorously
with halides.
• Sodium reacts vigorously with
chlorine to form sodium
chloride.
Trends observed down the group