4/7/20

Trends in Chemical Properties

Refresh: • Identify, with reason, the smallest Helium, even though it has more particles,
it has a more significant effective nuclear
atom from the periodic table. charge than hydrogen, pulling the electrons
in closer
Objectives:
Keywords/ processes
Oxide
Grade 4 Grade 5 Grade 6 Amphoteric

• Define amphoteric. • Explain how metal • Predict reactions

• Define oxide. and non-metal oxides between halogens and
• State the trend in can be either basic or halides.
oxides across a period. acidic. • Predict reactions
• Describe the chemical between alkali metals
properties within the and water.
halogen group. • Predict reactions
• Describe the chemical between halogens and
properties within the alkali metals.
alkali metal group.

Recall &
Describe & explain Apply and evaluate
remember
 Chemical Properties Within a Group: Alkali
Metals
• The alkali metals are characterized by having one valence
electron
• They form the ion M+ in ionic compounds by losing this electron
– e.g. Li  Li+ + e-
• On descending group 1 the atomic radius increases and the
ionization energy decreases
• The reactions of the alkali metals with water therefore become
more vigorous further down the group
• This is because less energy is required to
remove the valence electron from atom

Objective: • Describe the chemical properties within the alkali metal group.
 Progress check
Write balanced chemical equations for the
reactions between each alkali metal with water.

Objective:
 Metal and Non-Metal Oxides
• An oxide is formed from the combination of an element with oxygen
• We make use of the charge on the metal cation to deduce the chemical
formula of a metal oxide, taking the charge on the oxide ion to be 2-
– e.g. sodium oxide
– 2 Na+ ions combine with 1 O2- ion to form Na2O

Practice - Identify the following metal oxides that form for:

• Lithium
• Calcium
• Aluminum
• Cesium
• Strontium
Objective: • Define oxide.
• Explain how metal and non-metal oxides can be either basic or acidic.
 Metal and Non-Metal Oxides
• The corresponding oxides of non-metals are less straightforward and
need to be memorized for carbon, nitrogen, sulfur, phosphorus, and
halogens:
– CO, CO2
– NO, NO2
– SO2, SO3
– P4O6, P4O10
– F2O, Cl2O, Br2O, I2O

Objective: • Define oxide.

• Explain how metal and non-metal oxides can be either basic or acidic.
 Metal and Non-Metal Oxides
• Metal oxides are considered basic in solution since they react with water
to form metal hydroxides (eg. Calcium oxide):
– CaO(s) + H2O(l)  Ca(OH)2(aq)
• In contrast, oxides of the non-metals are considered acidic as they react
with water to form acidic solutions (eg. Carbon dioxide):
– CO2(g) + H2O(l)  H2CO3(aq)
• Practice – Construct balanced equations for the reaction of water and
the following:
– Sodium oxide Ne e
– Magnesium oxide the d to m
re e
met action morize
– Sulfur dioxide al o s
xide of non
– Nitrogen dioxide wat s -
er! with
– Phosphorus pentoxide (P4O10)
Objective: • Define oxide.
• Explain how metal and non-metal oxides can be either basic or acidic.
 Some Interesting Oxides

• Silicon dioxide, SiO2, does not dissolve in water

• However, it is classified as an acidic oxide because it can react with
sodium hydroxide, NaOH to form sodium silicate, Na2SiO3(aq) and water
– SiO2(s) + 2NaOH(aq)  Na2SiO3(aq) + H2O(l)
• Aluminum oxide, Al2O3 is classified as an amphoteric oxide
• This means it can react both as an acid and as a base
– Acid: Al2O3(s) + 2NaOH(aq) + 3H2O(l)  2NaAl(OH)4(aq)
– Base: Al2O3(s) + 6HCl(aq)  2AlCl3(aq) + 3H2O(l)
• There is a trend from basic through amphoteric to acidic oxides across
the period from left to right

Objective: • Define amphoteric.

• Describe the trend in oxides across a period.
 Chemical Properties Within A Group:
Halogens
• The halogens are characterized by their seven valence electrons
• This gives them the tendency to gain an electron to attain the
noble gas configuration: e.g. Cl + e-  Cl-
• The halogens exist as diatomic molecules, X2
• Fluorine and chlorine are gases, bromine is a liquid, iodine and
astatine are solids at room temperature and pressure
• The halogens form ionic compounds with metals and covalent
compounds with non-metals
• Generally, halogens are highly reactive, though the reactivity
decreases down the group
• This is because the atomic radius increases down the group
making it less easy to gain an electron
Objective: • Describe the chemical properties within the halogen group.
 Reactions Between Halogens and Alkali
Metals
• The halogens, X2, react with the alkali metals, M(s) to form ionic alkali
metal halide salts, MX(s)
• In the ionic compound, MX(s), the cation is M+ and the anion is X-
• 2M(s) + X2(g)  2MX(s)
• e.g. sodium and chlorine gas
• 2Na(s) + Cl2(g)  2NaCl(s)

Practice: Write balanced chemical equations for the reactions between:

• Rubidium and fluorine gas
• Lithium and bromine
• Potassium and chlorine gas
Objective: • Predict reactions between halogens and alkali metals.
 Reactions Between Halogens and Halides

• A solution of a more reactive halogen, X2(aq), will react with a solution of

halide ions, X-(aq) formed by a less reactive halogen
• e.g. chlorine gas and potassium bromide
• Cl2 + 2Br-  Br2 + 2Cl-

Practice: Write balanced chemical equations for reactions between:

• chlorine gas and potassium iodide
• chlorine gas and lithium fluoride
• iodine and potassium bromide
• bromine and potassium iodide

Objective: • Predict reactions between halogens and halides.

 Reactions between halogens and halides
(displacement reactions)

Objective: • Predict reactions between halogens and halides.