Elements

The Periodic
and
Table
 Imagine going to a grocery store
with no organization!
• It was a mess!
• Difficult to find
information.
• Difficult to look for
necessary items
 Pre-Periodic Table Chemistry …
• …was a mess!
• No organization of
elements.
• Difficult to find information.
• Chemistry didn’t make
sense.
Why is the Periodic Table
important?
• The periodic table is the
most useful tool to a
chemist.
• It organizes lots of
information about all the
known elements.
 HISTORY OF THE PERIODIC TABLE

Johann Dobereiner – first chemist to recognize that

groups of elements with similar properties
exist.
- triad
John Newlands – devised the first periodic table
- increasing atomic mass
- law of octaves
HISTORY OF THE PERIODIC TABLE
>Dmitri Ivanovich Mendeleev is the
“father” of the Periodic Table
>Mendeleev arranged the elements
in the periodic table in order of
increasing atomic mass.
>This table was not accurate, he
changed multiple elements around
to make them fit just right
>The Periodic Table was worked on
by multiple other scientists to get it
the way it looks today
PICTURE OF PERIODIC TABLE IN 1869
 Henry Moseley

In 1913, through his work with X-rays, he

determined the actual nuclear charge (atomic
number) of the elements*. He rearranged the
elements in order of increasing atomic number.
 The Periodic Law
In the modern periodic table
elements are arranged in
order of increasing atomic
number.
Julius Lothar Meyer and Dmitri
Ivanovich Mendeleev
Periodic Law states: When
elements are arranged in
order of increasing
atomic number, there is a
periodic repetition of
their physical and
chemical properties.
 Which of the following occur(s)
periodically?
1. Formation of typhoon
2. New Year’s Eve
3. Leap Year
4. Thunderstorm
5. Independence Day
Interactive Periodic Table
How to read the Periodic Table
 What this says is
 Element’s name is Germanium
 Element’s symbol is Ge
 Each element has a different name
and symbol to tell them apart
 How to read the Periodic Table
 The atomic mass is how much the
element weighs

 All elements’ masses are

different!!
How to read the Periodic Table
 The atomic number is how many
Protons are in the nucleus

 Each element also has a different

atomic number
How to read the Periodic Table

 Periods in the Periodic Table are the horizontal rows (7 periods or series)
 Period 6 – Lanthanides
 Period 7 - Actinides
How to read the Periodic Table

 The other way to classify elements is by groups or families,

which are vertical columns.
 They are classified by physical or chemical properties
 Families on the Periodic Table
• Columns are also grouped
into families.
• Families may be one column,
or several columns put
together.
• Families have names. (Just
like your family has a
common last name.)
 Groups or Families
• Alkali metals • Noble Gases
• Alkaline Earth metals • Transition Metals
• Boron Group • Inner Transition
• Carbon Group Metals
• Nitrogen Group
• Oxygen Group
• Halogens
Review Question
 What is the Atomic Number,
Mass, Name and Symbol for
the element in yellow?
Groups or Families
• Groups 1 to 2 and 13 to 18 – Representative or
main group elements
• Groups 3 to 12 – Transition elements
• The separate two rows at the bottom of the
periodic table – Inner transition elements
The elements can be grouped into three
broad classes based on their general
properties.
 Properties of Metals

• Metals are good conductors of heat

and electricity.
• Metals are shiny.
• Metals are ductile (can be
stretched into thin wires).
• Metals are malleable (can be
pounded into thin sheets).
• A chemical property of metal is its
reaction with water which results in
corrosion.
• Solid at room temperature except
Hg.
Properties of Non-Metals
• Non-metals are poor
conductors of heat and
electricity.
• Non-metals are not ductile or
malleable.
• Solid non-metals are brittle and
break easily.
• They are dull.
• Many non-metals are gases.
Properties of Metalloids or Semimetals
• Metalloids (metal-like) have
properties of both metals and non-
metals.
• They are solids that can be shiny or
dull.
• They conduct heat and electricity
better than non-metals but not as
well as metals.
• They are ductile and malleable.
 Exercise
Tell whether the given element is a metal, a
nonmetal or a metalloid based on its position in the
periodic table.
1. Group 2, Period 2 5. Group 1, Period 1
2. Group 14, Period 3 6. Group 5, Period 7
3. Group 11, Period 4 7. Group 16, Period 6
4. Group 17, Period 5 8. Group 7, Period 5
Answers:
1. Metal
2. Metalloid
3. Metal
4. Nonmetal
5. Nonmetal
6. Metal
7. Metalloid
8. Metal
Properties and Uses of Elements
Hydrogen
• Hydrogen belongs to
a family of its own.
• Hydrogen is a
diatomic, reactive
gas.
• Hydrogen is
promising as an
alternative fuel source
for automobiles
 Alkali Metals
• 1st column on the
periodic table (Group 1)
not including hydrogen.
• Very reactive metals,
always combined with
something else in nature
(like in salt).
• Soft enough to cut with a
butter knife
 Alkaline Earth Metals
• Second column on the
periodic table. (Group 2)
• Reactive metals that are
always combined with
nonmetals in nature.
• Several of these
elements are important
mineral nutrients (such
as Mg and Ca)
Transition Metals
• Elements in groups 3-
12
• Less reactive harder
metals
• Includes metals used
in jewelry and
construction.
• Metals used “as
metal.”
Boron Family
• Elements in group
13
• Aluminum metal
was once rare and
expensive, not a
“disposable metal.”
Carbon Family • Elements in group 14
• Contains elements
important to life and
computers.
• Carbon is the basis for
an entire branch of
chemistry.
• Silicon and Germanium
are important
semiconductors.
Nitrogen Family
• Elements in group 15
• Nitrogen makes up over
¾ of the atmosphere.
• Nitrogen and phosphorus
are both important in
living things.
• Most of the world’s
nitrogen is not available
to living things.
• The red stuff on the tip of
matches is phosphorus.
 Oxygen Family or Chalcogens
• Elements in group 16
• Oxygen is necessary for
respiration.
• Many things that stink,
contain sulfur (rotten
eggs, garlic, skunks,etc.)
 Halogens
• Elements in group 17
• Very reactive, volatile,
diatomic, nonmetals
• Always found combined
with other element in
nature .
• Used as disinfectants
and to strengthen teeth.
The Noble Gases
 The Noble Gases
• Elements in group 18
• VERY unreactive,
monatomic gases
• Used in lighted “neon”
signs
• Have a full valence shell.
 Seatwork #5
Tell whether the given element is a metal, a
nonmetal or a metalloid based on its position in the
periodic table.
1. Group 2, Period 5 6. Group 1, Period 2
2. Group 11, Period 4 7. Group 7, Period 7
3. Group 13, Period 4 8. Group 16, Period 5
4. Group 17, Period 6 9. Group 14, Period 5
5. Group 15, Period 4 10. Group 18, Period 5
 Color Coding the Periodic Table
• Write the atomic number of the elements at the upper left corner in each
square
• Write the period and group numbers in the assign position and encircle the
series
• Write the chemical symbols of the following elements in their correct position
in the periodic table
1. Neon – 10
2. Silicon – 14
3. Chromium – 24
4. Selenium – 34
5. Strontium – 38
6. Rhodium – 45
7. Osmium – 76
8. Lead – 82
9. Astatine – 85
10. Protactinium – 91
 Color Coding the Periodic Table
• Color the square for Hydrogen pink.
• Lightly color all metals yellow.
• Place black dots in the squares of all alkali metals.
• Draw a horizontal line across each box in the group of alkaline earth
metals.
• Draw a diagonal line across each box of all transition metals.
• Color the metalloids purple.
• Color the nonmetals orange.
• Draw small brown circles in each box of the halogens.
• Draw checkerboard lines through all the boxes of the noble gases.
• Using a black color, trace the zigzag line that separates the metals
from the nonmetals.
• Color all the lanthanides red.
• Color all the actinides green.
Importance of some elements in the human body
• Choose five (5) elements in the periodic
table which you think are very important
to living things.
• Using the library and/or internet
resources, research on such basic
information as their:
– Discovery
– Uses
– Physical and chemical properties
Create a multimedia
presentation about the five (5)
elements for class sharing.
Criteria:
 Richness and accuracy of
information
 Proper documentation of sources
 Creativity and novelty of
presentation
 Mastery of content and clarity of
presentation
Thank You!