The Periodic

Table
By Aditi Atmasidha

Introduction
Many scientists tried to arrange elements in a group
or table having certain characteristics to arrange in
chronological order, this table later came to be
known as the Periodic table.
Initially very few elements were represented by
their pictorial signs. Later more and more elements
were discovered. They were represented by their
symbols as suggested by Berzelius.
For example:
C carbon
N nitrogen
Ca calcium

Pictorial signs for

Elements

Early Discoveries and ideas

about Periodic Table
Studies of Different Scientists.

Johann Dobereiner
Johann Dobereiner was the first scientists who
tried to classify elements. He arranged the
elements of similar chemical properties in a group
of three of their increasing atomic weights.
He found that the atomic weight of middle weight
= arithmetic mean of other two elements. He
named the group of these three elements as
triads. But he could not arrange all the available
elements in a triad.

Dobereiners Triads

John Newlands Octaves

He arranged the known elements in the
increasing number of their atomic weights. He
found that the properties of every eighth element
is same as property of first element like an octave
of music.
But the element with higher atomic weights do
not follow these rules.

Dimitri Mendeleev
Mendeleev arranged elements in the increasing
order of their atomic weights. He found that
properties of elements are periodic functions of
their atomic weights. He kept three vacant places
in his periodic table for three unknown elements
and predicted their properties.
He named these elements as Eka-Boron, EkaAluminum And Eka-silicon. After discovery their
properties were found to be true and were named
as scandium, gallium and germanium.

Drawbacks of Mendeleevs
periodic Table
Isotopes have separate places in his periodic
table.
Some elements having higher atomic weight were
placed before elements having lower atomic
weights.
Noble gases do not have place in his periodic
table.
Elements with different chemical properties are
placed in the same group while with same
properties are placed in different group.

Mendeleevs periodic
Table

The Modern Periodic Table

Exploitation

Introduction.
It was suggested by Moseley. Modern periodic law
says the properties of elements are periodic
functions of their atomic number.
The periodic table is an arrangement of the
elements according to similarities in their
chemical and physical properties.
Periodic table is displayed in seven different rows
called PERIODS.

Periods of Periodic Table

Periods

Description of that period

1st period

Hydrogen & Helium

2nd period

Eight elements starts from lithium and ends with neon

3rd period

Eight elements starts sodium and ends with Argon

6th period

Thirty - two elements lanthanides are present.

7th period

Thirty two elements actinides are present.

Groups of Periodic table

Group 1

Alkali Metals

Group 2

Alkaline Earth Metals

Group 7
Group 8

Halogens
Noble Gases

Groups of Periodic table

Alkali Metals
Thealkali metalsare agroupin theperiodic table
consisting of thechemical elementslithium(Li),sodium
(Na),potassium(K),rubidium(Rb),caesium(Cs),and
francium(Fr).
The alkali metals have very similar properties: they are all
shiny,soft, highlyreactivemetals at
standard temperature and pressureand readily lose their
outermost electronto formcationswithcharge+1. They
can all be cut easily with a knife due to their softness,
exposing a shiny surface that tarnishes rapidly in air due
tooxidation.Because of their high reactivity, they must be
stored under oil to prevent reaction with air, and are found
naturally only insaltsand never as the free element.

Alkali Metals { Examples }

Alkali metal

Lithium

Sodium

Potassium

Melting point

180.54C,

97.72C,

63.38C,

Boiling point[8]

Density
(g/cm3)

1342C,

0.534

883C,

759C,

0.968

0.89

Alkali Metal { Reactions }

Metals

Lithium

Sodium

Potassium

Reaction
with
water

Fizzes and floats on

water, Lithium
Hydroxide is
produced in Liquid
state and Hydrogen
escapes.

Fizzes more
strongly
Sodium
Hydroxide is
produced and
Hydrogen
escapes.

Burst into flame due to

heat liberation,
Potassium Hydroxide
is produced and
Hydrogen burns with
flame.

Reaction
with air

Burns in air to
produce solid
Lithium Oxide.

Burns in air to
produce solid
Sodium Oxide.

Burns in air to produce

solid Potassium Oxide.

Alkali Metals
react strongly
with Halogens
to form Halides.
{ NaCl }

Alkali Metals react

strongly with Halogens
to form Halides.
.{ KCl }

Reaction Alkali Metals react

with
strongly with
Halogens Halogens to form
Halides. { LiCl }

Alkali Metal { Uses }

Lithium

Sodium

Potassium

Batteries

Street lamps to give

orange glow

Potassium nitrate is used

as fertilizer and
explosive.

Medicines to treat
mental disorder

Alloyed with potassium

to make material for
transferring heat in
Nuclear reactor.

In the body potassium

ions are used for control
of water content of the
blood.

Sodium Hydroxide is
used to prepare
cosmetics, soaps etc.

In the body potassium

ions are needed to send
nerve impulses.

In the body Sodium ions

are needed to send nerve
impulses.

Alkaline Earth Metals

Thealkaline earth metalsare agroupof
chemical elementsin theperiodic tablewith very
similar properties. They are all shiny, silverywhite, somewhatreactivemetals at
standard temperature and pressureand readily
lose theirtwo outermost electronsto form
captionswith charge2+ and an oxidation state,
or oxidation number of +2. The alkaline earth
metals areberyllium(Be),magnesium(Mg),
calcium(Ca),strontium(Sr),barium(Ba), and
radium(Ra).

Alkaline Earth Metals

{ Examples }
Melting point

Boiling point

Density

(C)

(C)[6]

(g/cm3)

Beryllium

1287

2469

1.85

Magnesium

650

1090

1.738

Calcium

842

1484

Alkaline earth metal

1.54

Alkaline Earth Metals

{ Reactions }
Metals

Beryllium

Magnesium

Calcium

Strontium

With oxygen
in Air

No reaction

Forms
Magnesium
Oxide on the
metal surface.

Forms
Calcium
Oxide on the
metal surface.

Forms
Strontium
Oxide on the
metal surface.

With pure
oxygen

Forms
Beryllium
Oxide.

Forms
Magnesium
Oxide.

Forms
calcium
Oxide.

Forms
Strontium
Oxide.

With Water

No reaction

Magnesium
Hydroxide &
release
Hydrogen

Calcium
Hydroxide &
release
Hydrogen

Strontium
Hydroxide &
release
Hydrogen

Alkaline Earth Metals { Uses}

Beryllium

Magnesium

Calcium

Alloyed with other

metals to form strong
and light weight alloys.

Use din fireworks to

Used in production of
make brilliant white light. baking powder,
bleaching powder
medicines and plastics.

Rods are used in

nuclear reactors to
control speed of
Neutrons.

Alloyed with other metals

to make strong and light
weight alloy which can be
used to make bicycle
frames.

It is needed in the body

for the formation of
strong and healthy bones
and teeth.

Combines with
aluminum, silicon and
oxygen to form mineral
called Beryl.

Green plants need

magnesium to make
chlorophyll.

In human body it is
needed for contractions
of muscles.

Emerald and aqua

marine are two varieties

It is needed in the body

for the formation of

Calx- Latin name for

lime { Calcium Oxide }

Halogens { Salt Formers }

Thehalogensorhalogen elementsare agroupin
theperiodic tableconsisting of five chemically
relatedelements:fluorine(F),chlorine(Cl),bromine
(Br),iodine(I), and astatine(At). The group of
halogens is the onlyperiodic table groupthat contains
elements in all three familiarstates of matterat
standard temperature and pressure. All of the
halogens form acids when bonded to hydrogen. Most
halogens are typically produced frommineralsorsalts
. The middle halogens, that is, chlorine, bromine and
iodine, are often used asdisinfectants. The halogens
are also all toxic.

Halogens {Examples}
Halogen

Melting point
(C)

Boiling point
(C)[18]

Density
(g/cm3at 25 C)

Fluorine

219.62

188.12

0.0017

Chlorine

101.5

34.04

0.0032

Bromine

7.3

58.8

3.1028

Halogens { Reactions }
Halogens

Fluorine

Chlorine

Bromine

With noble gases

Most reactive
element. Reacts
with Nobel gases
to form
compounds.

No reaction

No reaction

With water

Reacts vigorously
with water to
form Hydrogen
Fluoride and
oxygen.

Dissolves in water
and reacts with it
to form
Hydrochloric acid
and
Hypochlorous
acid .

Dissolves in water
and reacts with it
slowly to form
Hydrogen
bromide and
Hypobromous
acid .

Halogens {Uses}
Fluorine

Chlorine

Bromine

One of the component

of CFC.

One of the component

of CFC.

Used with silver in

traditional photography.

Hydrogen Fluoride
dissolves glass and is
used in etching glass
surface.

In combination with
sodium as rock salt.

Sodium Fluoride
Used as water
prevents tooth decay
disinfectant in the
and is added in
manufacture of bleach.
drinking water supplies.
Combines with Calcium To produce acid which
to form Fluorite, it is
has many uses in
used to make ornaments Industry.
and Jewelry.

Nobel Gases
Helium

Neon

Argon

Krypton

Xenon

Lighter than
air. Used to
lift
meteorologica
l balloons in
the
atmosphere.

Produces red
light with
electrical
current flows
through it.

Used in wire
filament
bulbs.

Used in lamps
that produce
light of high
intensity.

To make
bright light in
photographer
s flash gun.

Mixes with
oxygen to
help deep sea
diverse
breathe under
water.

Used in lights
for
advertising
displays.

Used in
making
silicon and
germanium
crystals for
electronic
industries.

Used for
airport
landing lights
and in light
houses.

Hydrogen
Has unique properties, its properties do not
match well with properties of other elements.
It has no neutrons only one proton and one
electron, this makes Hydrogen the lightest atom.
It is colourless gas without any odour or smell and
is most common element in the universe.

Reactions of Hydrogen
It combines with carbon to make Hydrocarbons found
in oil.
Combines with nitrogen to make ammonia for use in
fertilizers.
It burns itself when heated
If it is mixed with air or oxygen before it is ignited it
explodes and can cause great deal of damage.
It can form many compounds by mixing with Carbon,
Oxygen, Halogens.
It is component of acids ,hydroxides, hydrogen
carbonates.
Hydrogen is used as fuel in car.

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