Name: Shakina Fyffe

Grade: 10J
Date: February 18, 2022
Subject: Chemistry
Topic: Periodic Table
 PART1
1. Describe the historical development of the periodic
table.

Ask most chemists who discovered the periodic table, and you will almost
certainly get the answer Dmitri Mendeleev. Certainly, Mendeleev was the first to
publish a version of the table that we would recognize today, but does he deserve
all the credit?

A few other chemists before Mendeleev were investigating patterns in the

properties of the elements that were known at the time. The earliest attempt to
classify the elements was in 1789, when Antoine Lavoisier grouped the elements
based on their properties into gases, non-metals, metals and earths. Several other
attempts were made to group elements together over the coming decades. In 1829,
Johann Doeringer recognised triads of elements with chemically similar properties,
such as lithium, sodium and potassium, and showed that the properties of the
middle element could be predicted from the properties of the other two.

It was not until a more accurate list of the atomic mass of the elements became
available at a conference in Karlsruhe, Germany in 1860 that real progress was
made towards the discovery of the modern periodic table.

This area of the website celebrates the work of many famous scientists whose quest
to learn more about the world we live in and the atoms that make up the things
around us led to the periodic table as we know it today.

PICTURE OF Dmitri Mendeleev

 Arrangement of the Periodic Table
The periodic table, also called the periodic table of elements, is an
organized arrangement of the 118 known chemical elements. The
chemical elements are arranged from left to right and top to bottom in
order of increasing atomic number, or the number of protons in
an atom's nucleus, which generally coincides with increasing atomic
mass.
The horizontal rows on the periodic table are called periods, where
each period number indicates the number of orbitals for the elements
in that row, according to Los Alamos National Laboratory. (Atoms
have protons and neutrons in their nucleus, and surrounding that, they
have their electrons arranged in orbitals, where an atomic orbital is a
math term that describes the location of an electron as well as its
wave-like behavior.)
For instance, period 1 includes elements that have one atomic orbital
where electrons spin; period 2 has two atomic orbitals, period 3 has
three and so on up to period 7. The columns, or groups, on the
periodic table represent the atomic elements that have the same
number of valence electrons, or those electrons in the outermost
orbital shell. As an example, elements in Group 8A (or VIIIA) all
have a full set of eight electrons in the highest-energy orbital,
according to chemist William Reusch, on his webpage at Michigan
State University. Elements that occupy the same column on the
periodic table (called a "group") have identical valence electron
configurations and consequently behave in a similar fashion
chemically. For instance, all the group 18 elements are inert gases,
meaning they don't react with any other elements.

Part B: Periodic Trends

A). Physical and chemical properties of The Alkali Metals
Physical properties
 Very low densities (most can float)
 Soft enough to be cut with a knife

Chemical Properties
 React violently with water
 React with halogen family to form salts
 Outer shell only contains 1 electron.

Physical and chemical properties of The Alkaline Earth Metals

Physical properties
 Silver colored metals
 More dense and harder than the Alkali Metals

Chemical Properties
 Highly reactive (but not quite as reactive as alkali metals)
 Outer shell only contains 2 electrons

Physical and chemical properties Transition Metals

Physical Properties
  Shiny
 Good Conductors
 High Melting Points
 High Densities
 Very malleable and ductile
 Hard, strong and tough

Chemical Properties

 Not very reactive

 Some will react with oxygen to form rust (or
something similar)

Physical and chemical properties Group VII

Physical Properties
Fluorine- Yellow gas
Chlorine- Green gas
Bromine- Volatile brown liquid
Iodine- Volatile purple solid

Chemical Properties
  Halogens are very reactive

Physical and chemical properties Noble Gases

Physical Properties
 All the noble gases are monoatomic
 Colourless, odourless and tasteless
 Sparingly soluble in water
 Have very low melting and boiling points because the only type of
interatomic interaction in these elements is weak dispersion forces.
 Helium has the lowest boiling point (4.2 K) of any known
substance

Chemical Properties
 Very stable
 Do not react with other elements
 Outer electron shell is full

Physical and chemical properties Period III

Physical Properties
  soft
 silvery-white metals

Chemical Properties
 First three are metallic
 Silicon is giant covalent
 the rest are simple molecules.

B). Compare the reactions of Elements

The Alkaline Earth Metals- They readily give up their two
valence electrons to achieve a full outer energy level, which is the most
stable arrangement of electrons. As a result, they are very reactive,
although not quite as reactive as the alkali metals in group 1.
Group VII- Group 7 elements react by gaining an electron. As you
move down the group, the amount of electron shielding increases,
meaning that the electron is less attracted to the nucleus.

Period III- The increasing number of protons in the nucleus as you go

from sodium across to argon.
C). Explain the trends across elements

Alkaline Earth Metals- The reactivity of group 1 elements increases as

you go down the group because: the atoms become larger. the outer
electron becomes further from the nucleus. the force of attraction
between the nucleus and the outer electron decreases.

Group VII
 The ionization energy of the elements within a period generally
increases from left to right. This is due to valence shell stability.
 The ionization energy of the elements within a group generally
decreases from top to bottom. This is due to electron shielding.
 The noble gases possess very high ionization energies because of
their full valence shells as indicated in the graph. Note that helium
has the highest ionization energy of all the elements.
Period III
Atomic radii- the number of protons in the nucleus increases so … ...
therefore the force of attraction between the nucleus and the electrons
increases … and the atomic radius decreases.
electronegativity- Electronegativity increases across a period
because the number of charges on the nucleus increases.
ionization- The first ionisation energy generally increases across period
3. ... This is because the first ionization energy: decreases from
magnesium to aluminum then increases again, and. decreases from
phosphorus to sulfur then increases again.

Energy- Increase
D). Transition Metals- Used in the manufacture of various items such as
Jewelry, medicine, electric, appliances and automobiles.

Noble Gases- Helium is used in filling balloons.

Oxygen -Helium mixture is used in the treatment of asthma.
Neon is used for filling sodium vapour lamps.

Bibliography
 TEXTBOOK- Chemistry for CSEC by
Heineman
 WEBSITE: https://www.britannica.com/science/transition-metal