ELECTRON

CONFIGURATION
 ELECTRONIC CONFIGURATION

• also called electronic structure.

• The electron configuration of an atom is the representation of the arrangement
of electrons distributed among the orbital shells and subshells.
 D

B
L
O
C
S Block k

P
Block

F Block
 The Periodic Table
The periodic table (also known as the periodic table of elements) is
organized so scientists can quickly discern the properties of individual
elements such as their mass, electron number, electron configuration
and their unique chemical properties. Metals reside on the left side of
the table, while non-metals reside on the right. Organizing the elements
to help further our understanding was first provided by Dmitri
Mendeleev.
THE PERIODIC TABLE MODEL
THE DEVELOPERS OF THE
PERIODIC TABLE
 ARISTOLE (367 BC–347 BC)
• Element Theory:
• In classical thought, the four elements earth, water, air, and fire as proposed
by Empedocles frequently occur; Aristotle added a fifth element, aether; it
has been called akasha in India and quintessence in Europe. The concept of
the fiveelements formed a basis of analysis in both Hinduism and Buddhism
 ROBERT BOYLE (1680)
Phosphorus:
• rediscovered phosphorus and published his findings. The discovery of
phosphorus helped to raise the question of what it meant for a
substance to be an element.

• In 1661, Boyle had defined an element as "a substance that cannot be

broken down into a simpler substance by a chemical reaction". This
simple definition served for three centuries and lasted until the
discovery of subatomic particles.
 ANTOINE-LAURENT DE LAVOISIER (1770-1789)
• Elementary Treatise of Chemistry:
• (Elementary Treatise on Chemistry) that described the precise methods
chemists should employ when investigating, organizing, and explaining
their subjects. It was a worthy culmination of a determined and largely
successful program to reinvent chemistry as a modern science. In addition,
it contained a list of 33 elements. Was noted for his discovery of the role
oxygen plays in combustion
 JONS J. BERZELIUS (1828)
• Table of Atomic Weights & Element’s Symbols:
• Swedish chemist born on August 20, 1779 – died on August 07, 1848.
Berzelius was best known for his determination of atomic weights, chemical
notation, isolation and discovery of silicon, selenium, thorium and cerium
periodic table elements.
• proposed in 1813 that chemical symbols be based on the Latin names of the
elements, a proposal generally adopted by the mid-19th century.
 JOHANN W. DOBERENER (1829)
• Dobereiners Triads:
• A German scientist called Johann Dobereiner put forward his law
of triads in 1817. Each of Dobereiner's triads was a group of three elements.
... Dobereiner discovered that the relative atomic mass of the middle
element in each triad was close to the average of the relative atomic masses
of the other two elements.
 ALEXANDRE-EMILE B. DE CHANCOURTOIS (1829)

• Telluric Helix:
• who was the first to organize the elements by atomic weights. He
plotted a graph of the elements around a cylinder with a
circumference equal to 16 units to correspond to the weight of
oxygen.
 JOHN ALEXANDER R. NEWLANDS (1864)
• Law of Octaves:
• Newland's law of octaves was also based on musical notes. He arranged all
the known elements in increasing order of their atomic mass. He found that
in this arrangement, the first and eighth elements are similar in their
chemical and physical properties.
 JULIUS LOTHAR MEYER (1869)
• Periodic Table of 56 Elements:
• Meyer was the first person to recognize the periodic trends in the properties of
elements.
• Lothar Meyer compiled a periodic table of 56 elements based on a regular
repeating pattern of physical properties such as molar volume. In his table, the
elements were arranged in order of increasing atomic weight.
• he used a number referred to as the combining power of each element, later
termed the valence , to link together a particular family. For example, carbon,
silicon, tin, and lead were assigned to the same family because each exhibited a
combining power of four
 DMITRI L. MENDELEEV (1869)
• Father of the Periodic Table:
• When Mendeleev first created the periodic table in the
1860s, it was very different than the modern periodic
table that is in use today.
• One of the biggest differences is that Mendeleev’s
periodic table had several less groups than the modern
periodic table.
• Another major difference in the periodic tables of the
past and present is that Mendeleev organized his table
based on each elements atomic weight, not each
element’s atomic mass. 
 WILLIAM RAMSAY (1894)
• Noble Gases:
• physical chemist who discovered four gases (neon, argon, krypton, xenon)
and showed that they (with helium and radon) formed an entire family of
new elements, the noble gases.
• He was awarded the 1904 Nobel Prize for Chemistry in recognition of this
achievement.
 HENRY G.J. MOSELEY (1913-1914)
• Atomic Numbers & Moseley’s Law:
• discovered the atomic number of each element using x-rays, which
led to more accurate organization of the periodic table.
• Henry Moseley collected the x-ray spectra of a variety of elements
and found that the frequency of x-ray radiation has a precise
mathematical relationship to an element's atomic number.
 GLENN T. SEABORG (1940)
• Transuranium Elements:
• American nuclear chemist best known for his work on isolating and
identifying transuranium elements (those heavier than uranium).
• He shared the 1951 Nobel Prize for Chemistry with Edwin Mattison
McMillan for their independent discoveries of transuranium elements. 
• Seaborgium was named in his honour, making him the only person for
whom a chemical element was named during his lifetime.
PERIODIC TABLE
GROUPS
 ALKALI METALS

The alkali metals are all shiny, soft, highly reactive metals at standard temperature and pressure and
readily lose their outermost electron to form cations with charge +1.
 ALKALINE EARTH METALS

The alkaline earth metals are silvery colored, soft, low-density metals, though are a bit harder than the
alkali metals. These elements all have two valence electrons and tend to lose both to form ions with a two
plus charge.
 CHALCOGENS

This group has six valence electrons. Oxygen and sulfur are non-metals; their elemental form is molecular,
and they can gain two electrons to form ions with a two minus charge.
 HALOGENS

These elements all have seven valence electrons. This group is the first one to consist of entirely
non-metals. They exist as diatomic molecules in their natural state and have a progressive
variation of physical properties (see table below). Fluorine and chlorine exist as gases at room
temperature, bromine as a liquid, and iodine as a solid.
 NOBLE GASSES

The noble gasses are all non-metals and are characterized by having completely filled shells of electrons. In
general this makes them very unreactive chemically since it is difficult to add or remove electrons.
Physically they exist as monatomic gases at room temperature, even those with larger atomic masses.
 INNER TRANSITION METALS

The inner transition metals are the two rows that are at the bottom of the periodic table. They are elements
with atomic numbers 57 - 71 and 89 - 103. Row 6 of the inner transition metals are called the lanthanides,
and row 7 of the inner transition metals are called the actinides. These two rows comprise the f-block of
elements, which means electrons fill the f-orbitals. They are put in their own two rows to keep the periodic
table from becoming too wide.
METALS, NON-
METALS, AND
METALLOIDS
 METALS

Most elements can be considered metals. They are grouped together in the middle to the left-hand side of
the periodic table. The metals consist of the alkali metals, alkaline earths, transition metals, lanthanides,
and actinides.
 NON-METALS

The non-metals or non-metallic elements; hydrogen (H), carbon (C), nitrogen (N), oxygen (O), phosphorus (P), sulphur
(sulfer) (S), selenium (Se), (Uuo may belong here) and the noble gases form a relatively small group with a step like
pattern towards the left-hand side of the periodic table (hydrogen being the odd one out on the right of the table). Non-
metals are not strictly defined, but tend to show characteristic properties like poor heat and electrical conductivity,
form acidic oxides, dull low lustre and brittle, low densities, low melting points and high electro negativity.
 METALLOIDS

Metalloids are the elements found along the stair-step line that distinguishes metals from non-
metals. This line is drawn from between Boron and Aluminum to the border between Polonium
and Astatine. The only exception to this is Aluminum, which is classified under "Other Metals".
Metalloids have properties of both metals and non-metals. Some of the metalloids, such as silicon
and germanium, are semi-conductors. This means that they can carry an electrical charge under
special conditions. This property makes metalloids useful in computers and calculators
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