The Periodic Table:

Atomic Trends and

Properties
Periodic Table of Elements
Grouping the elements into similarity of chemical properties started even before many elements
are yet to be discovered and chemists have only a faint idea of atoms and molecules
Antoine Van Lavoisier- the first one to try to group the elements.
•Stoichiometry calculations
•Chemical structure
•Physical properties
•Chemical properties
The periodic table of
elements
Middle of the 19th century a chemist named Johann
Wolfgang Dobereiner (german chewmist)– grouped the
elements according to similarity of their chemical
properties. But since only a limited number of elements are
known during this time, only a handful group of three
elements each were organized.
Alkali formers

Salt formers

Dobereiner triad
John Newlands(1864)
English chemist, noticed that upon arranging the elements
the eighth elements has similar properties with the first. This
became known as the LAW OF OCATVES. This law was not
accepted because it failed to be followed beyond the
element of calcium.
 Lothar Meyer and
Dmitri Mendeleev
❖Five years later, german chemist Lothar
Meyer, arranged the then known 56 elements
according to the deviations in their
properties.
DMITRI MENDELEEV ❖In the same year in Russia, Dmitri
Menedeleev independently created an
almost the same table. But leave a gap for
those elements that are yet to be discovered.
❖Gallium, Ga – Mendeleev call is (Ea) eka-
aluminum
- 68 amu, low melting point and a density of 5.9 g/cm3
• Elements were arranged pin order of increasing atomic mass.
• Some elements are quite misplaced in the table. (Ar and K)
• 1913, Henry Moseley discovered the correlation of atomic number and
x-ray frequency.
• Ar has an atomic number of 18 and K has an atomic number of 19.
• Periodic function of their atomic number and not of their atomic mass.
(Periodic Law)
Groups
and
Periods
 Representative
elements (main
group)
There are 3 major groups in the
periodic table in accordance to the
subshell being filled by the electrons.

GROUP 1A and 2A have their outermost

s-subshell being field.
S- block
P-block
Groups 3A, 4A, 5A, 6A 7A and 8A are
the p-block elements since they are
filling up the outermost p-subshell.
D-block
Periodic Trends and Properties
1.) ionization energy (IE)- this is the energy required to remove an electron in the valence shell
of an atom.
M+ ionization energy M+ + e-
Energy needs to remove one electron its either heat, electromagnetic radiation like light or
ultraviolet radiation.
In group 2A two values of IE are needed in order to remove the two electrons in the valence
shell:
M+ 1st IE M+ + e-
M+ 1st IE M+ + e-
1.Ionizatio
n energy
2. Electron affinity
Electron affinity is the counterpart of ionization
energy. It is the energy released whenever
electrons are added to the valence shell of an
atom.
3. Electronegativity
Electronegativity is the ability of an atom to
attract electrons towards itself in a chemical
bond. Electronegativity is closely related to
ionization energy.
4. Atomic and Ionic
Radius
Defined as the distance from the nucleus to the
outermost energy level of an atom.
5. Metallic Property